Research Question:

11 + 12 September 2012PhD Days 2012 Presentation by Dr Ursula Schinzel

Why are People in Luxembourg Happy?

Language as an Identifier of Culture in the Grand Duchy

byDr Ursula Schinzel 00352.621.322.543

[email protected]

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Research Question:Research Question:

The purposes of this study:The purposes of this study:1.1.to explain where Luxembourg fits to explain where Luxembourg fits in on Hofstede’s 7 dimensions of in on Hofstede’s 7 dimensions of cultureculture2.2.to explain Luxembourg people’s to explain Luxembourg people’s high scores on the measure of high scores on the measure of happiness happiness

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Review of the LiteratureReview of the Literature Participant Observation (Primary Data)Participant Observation (Primary Data) Interviews (Primary Data)Interviews (Primary Data) Questionnaires (Primary Data)Questionnaires (Primary Data)

MethodsMethods

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Literature ReviewLiterature Review The era before The era before

Hofstede:Hofstede: Maslow, AbrahamMaslow, Abraham McClelland, DavidMcClelland, David Herzberg, FrederickHerzberg, Frederick Rockeach, MiltonRockeach, Milton Hall, EdwardHall, Edward Kluckhohn, Florence and Strodtbeck, FredKluckhohn, Florence and Strodtbeck, Fred

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The era after Hofstede:The era after Hofstede: Triandis, HarryTriandis, Harry Smith, Peter, B.Smith, Peter, B. Schwartz, ShalomSchwartz, Shalom Trompenaars, Fons & Hamden-Turner, CharlesTrompenaars, Fons & Hamden-Turner, Charles De Mooij, MariekeDe Mooij, Marieke Inglehart, RonaldInglehart, Ronald The GLOBE, House, Robert; Hanges, Paul…The GLOBE, House, Robert; Hanges, Paul… Schein, EdgarSchein, Edgar Bond, Michael, HarrisBond, Michael, Harris Mintzberg, HenryMintzberg, Henry Minkov, MichaelMinkov, Michael Hofstede, Gert JanHofstede, Gert Jan McSweeneyMcSweeney

The era besides The era besides Hofstede:Hofstede:

Scholz, Christian; Böhm, HansScholz, Christian; Böhm, Hans Lewis, Richard D.Lewis, Richard D. Spizzo, DanielSpizzo, Daniel

The era beyond Hofstede:The era beyond Hofstede: Aaker, JenniferAaker, Jennifer Briley, DonnelBriley, Donnel Nakata, CherylNakata, Cheryl Kirkman, Hong, Benet-Martínez, Leung, Hermans, Kempen….Kirkman, Hong, Benet-Martínez, Leung, Hermans, Kempen….


The era before Hofstede (- 1980):The era before Hofstede (- 1980): Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow David McClelland David McClelland Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzberg Milton Rockeach Milton Rockeach Edward Hall Edward Hall Florence Kluckhohn Florence Kluckhohn Fred Strodtbeck Fred Strodtbeck

Culture TheoriesCulture Theories

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Hofstede’s Era (1980-2000):Hofstede’s Era (1980-2000): Christian ScholzChristian Scholz Hans Böhm Hans Böhm Richard D. LewisRichard D. Lewis Daniel Spizzo Daniel Spizzo


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The era after Hofstede (2000 - ):The era after Hofstede (2000 - ): Harry Triandis, Harry Triandis, Peter B. Smith, Peter B. Smith, Shalom Schwartz, Shalom Schwartz, Fons Trompenaars & Charles Hamden-Turner, Fons Trompenaars & Charles Hamden-Turner, Marieke De Mooij Marieke De Mooij Ronald Inglehart Ronald Inglehart The GLOBE: Robert House, Paul Hanges… The GLOBE: Robert House, Paul Hanges… Edgar Schein, Edgar Schein, Michael Harris Bond, Michael Harris Bond, Henry Mintzberg Henry Mintzberg Michael Minkov Michael Minkov Gert Jan Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, McSweeneyMcSweeney


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New theories:New theories: Jennifer Aaker Jennifer Aaker Donnel Briley Donnel Briley Cheryl Nakata Cheryl Nakata Kirkman, Hong, Benet-Martínez, Leung, Kirkman, Hong, Benet-Martínez, Leung,

Hermans, Kempen….Hermans, Kempen….


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What did he do?What did he do? Born in the Netherlands in 1928Born in the Netherlands in 1928 IBM HRM research in the 1960sIBM HRM research in the 1960s 116,000 questionnaires116,000 questionnaires Identified 4 cultural dimensions, later added more:Identified 4 cultural dimensions, later added more:

IDV/COLL, UAI, PDI, MAS/FEM, IDV/COLL, UAI, PDI, MAS/FEM, LTO, IVR, MON.LTO, IVR, MON.

Dared to contradict Maslow, Herzberg, McClellandDared to contradict Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland Brought cultural research from the US to EuropeBrought cultural research from the US to Europe Emeritus Professor at Maastricht UniversityEmeritus Professor at Maastricht University http://www.geerthofstede.nl/http://www.geerthofstede.nl/ Start at 2:36Start at 2:36

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Geert Hofstede (1928- )Geert Hofstede (1928- )

11 + 12 September 2012PhD Days 2012 Presentation by Dr Ursula Schinzel 10

Culture is measured in terms of all of the following: symbols, heroes, rituals, values, practices, norms, beliefs, self-perceptions, cognitive ability and behaviours.


Heroes are persons that serve as model, i.e. S.A.R. Grand-Duc Henri, Jean-Claude Juncker,Andy+Franck Schleck,Charly Gaul,Obama, Merkel, Hollande…


Symbols are words, gestures, pictures or objects, i.e. jargon, dresses, hairstyle, flags or status symbols.


Rituals are collective activities (Schouberfouer), ways of greeting (Moien), social and religious ceremonies (Octave).


Values are broad tendencies, feelings that come in pairings like evil versus good, dirty versus clean, dangerous vs safe, forbidden vs permitted, moral vs immoral, ugly vs beautiful, unnatural vs natural, irrational vs rational.


Hofstede’s Dimensions of CultureHofstede’s Dimensions of Culture

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Masculinity versusFemininity (MAS)

Power Distance Index (PDI)

Long-Term versus Short-Term

Orientation(LTO)Indulgence versus

Restraint (IVR)

UncertaintyAvoidance (UAI)

Individualism versus Collectivism

(IDV)

Monumentalism(MON)

Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture - Explained Easily :http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gJzRS0I7tA&feature=related


Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)defined as “people looking after themselves

and their immediate family only, versus people belonging to in-groups that look after

them in exchange for loyalty”.Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)defined as “the extent to which people

feel threatened by uncertainty and ambiguity and try to avoid these

situations”.Power Distance Index (PDI)defined as “the extent to which less

powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally”.

Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)defined as “the dominant values in a

masculine society are achievement and success; the dominant values in a feminine society are caring for others and quality of

life”.


Long-Term versus Short-Term Orientation(LTO)

defined as “the extent to which a society exhibits a pragmatic future-orientated perspective rather than a conventional historic or short-term point of view”.Indulgence versus Restraint (IVR)

defined as “Indulgence stands for enjoying life and having fun. Restraint stands for regulation of these by strict

social norms”.Monumentalism (MON)

defined as “ veneration of heroes by buildings, songs, music, celebrations”.


LuxembourgLuxembourg

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Unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchyUnitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Grand Duke: HenriGrand Duke: Henri Prime Minister: Jean-Claude JunckerPrime Minister: Jean-Claude Juncker Official languages: Luxembourgish, French, GermanOfficial languages: Luxembourgish, French, German Capital Luxembourg (90,000 inhabitants)Capital Luxembourg (90,000 inhabitants) Size: 2,586 km2Size: 2,586 km2 Population total: 511,000Population total: 511,000 Motto: “Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn” Motto: “Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn” “We want to remain what we are” “We want to remain what we are” Anthem: “Ons Heemecht” – “Our Homeland”Anthem: “Ons Heemecht” – “Our Homeland”

Queen Mary II and Marie-Astrid


Data Analysis: Data Analysis: ParticipantParticipant

ObservationObservation

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HRone

American Chamber of Commerce

Chamber of Commerce and Sacred Heart University Luxembourg

PaperJam Business Club

European Commission

Luxembourg prefers:Meeting in person, in a Hotel or Bank. Over Cocktail with Champagne/Lunch or Dinner

LPRA – Luxembourg Professionals Recruiters Association

Brasseries, Restaurants,Hotels, Bars.

Femmes Leaders Luxembourg

POG – Personnel Officer’s Group

Libreria Italiana

BEE SECURE

Fairs‘Foires’

University Luxbg


PDI = 35(mQVAL7 – mQVAL2) + 25(mQVAL23 – mQVAL26) + C (pd)PDI = 35(mQVAL7 – mQVAL2) + 25(mQVAL23 – mQVAL26) + C (pd) UAI = 40(m QVAL20 – mQVAL16) + 25(mQVAL24 – mQVAL27) + C (ua)UAI = 40(m QVAL20 – mQVAL16) + 25(mQVAL24 – mQVAL27) + C (ua) IDV = 35(mQVAL4 – mQVAL1) + 35(mQVAL9 – mQVAL6) + C (ic)IDV = 35(mQVAL4 – mQVAL1) + 35(mQVAL9 – mQVAL6) + C (ic) MAS = 35(mQVAL5 – mQVAL3) + 35(mQVAL08 – mQVAL10) + C (mf)MAS = 35(mQVAL5 – mQVAL3) + 35(mQVAL08 – mQVAL10) + C (mf) LTO = 40(mQVAL18 – mQVAL15) + 25(mQVAL28 – mQVAL25) + C (ls)LTO = 40(mQVAL18 – mQVAL15) + 25(mQVAL28 – mQVAL25) + C (ls) IVR = 35(mQVAL12 – mQVAL11) + 40(mQVAL19 – mQVAL17) + C (ir)IVR = 35(mQVAL12 – mQVAL11) + 40(mQVAL19 – mQVAL17) + C (ir) MON = 35(mQVAL14 – mQVAL13) + 25 (mQVAL22 – mQVAL21) + C MON = 35(mQVAL14 – mQVAL13) + 25 (mQVAL22 – mQVAL21) + C

(mo)(mo)

Culture Calculation FormulasCulture Calculation Formulas

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension:Interviews’ and Questionnaires’ Results in Collaboration with Lindab Buildings DiekirchTable 1 Comparison Luxembourg – Luxembourg with Luxembourgish nationality (Lux. Nat.) – Hofstede’s estimates on Luxembourg (on a scale from 1-100, 1 being the lowest and 100 the highest score)

Luxembourg Lux. Nat. Hofstede’s estimates on Luxembourg

PDI 36 29 40UAI 97 95 70IDV 51.5 34 60MAS 47 54 50LTO 69 65 64IVR 53.5 55 56MON 10 24 -


Table 2 Cultural dimensions in Luxembourg - Lux. Nat. – France – Germany – UK – Belgium FR – Belgium NL – Italy – the Netherlands NL – China – USA – Japan (on a scale from 0-100) (0=lowest, 100=highest)Luxbg Lux.

Nat.France Germany UK Belgium

FRBelgium NL

Italy NL China USA Japan

PDI 36 29 68 35 35 68 61 50 38 80 40 54UAI 97 95 86 65 35 93 97 75 53 30 46 92IDV 51.5 34 71 67 89 71 78 76 80 20 91 46MAS 47 54 43 66 66 60 43 70 14 66 62 95LTO 69 65 63 83 51 82 82 61 67 87 26 88IVR 53.5 55 48 40 69 57 57 30 68 24 68 42MON 10 24 16.5 9.9 35.4 - - 35.2 11.

90 57.2 4.0


Logistic Logistic RegressionRegressionWhat is Logistic Regression?What is Logistic Regression?

Logistic regression allows prediction of group membership, for example, prediction of whether someone is a belly dancer based on gender, occupational category, preferred type of reading material and age. Logistic regression allows to evaluate the odds (the probability) of membership in the group of belly dancers based on the combination of values of the predictor variables, 25 year old female sports professor, teaching hip-hop and reading dance books.


Logistic RegressionDefinition:

Logistic Regression is a statistical method used to model the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable – like for example ‘happiness’ – and a combination of independent variables – like for example ‘taking risk’, ‘free time for life’, ‘level of education’ ‘job level manager or non-manager’, ‘state of health’, ‘religion’.

Logistic Regression is calculated in SPSS. SPSS is a computer program from IBM. SPSS means ‘Statistical Package for the Social Sciences’. Between 2009 and 2010 it was called PASW – ‘Predictive Analytics SoftWare’.


Logistic Regression

Regression Coefficients

Odds Ratios

Taking Risk 0.931 2.538Free Time for Life 0.974 2.647Level of Education -0.930 0.394Contradict boss 1.096 2.993State of health 1.485 4.416Importance of Religion

0.677 1.969

Constant -0.628 0.534

Table Logistic regression – Being happy – Regression coefficient and Odds Ratio


Correlation MatrixTaking Risk

Free Time for Life

Level of Education

Contradict boss

State of health

Importance of Religion

Taking Risk 1.000 -

Free Time for Life

0.214 1.000

Level of Education

0.054 -0.213 1.000

Contradict boss

-0.149 0.126 0.182 1.000

State of health 0.105 0.006 -0.279 -0.233 1.000

Importance of Religion

0.195 -0.101 -0.122 -0.065 0.086 1.000


Constant -0.628For a person who takes risks +(0.931)x1And who takes free time for himself/herself

+(0.974)x1

Who has a high level of education +(-0.930)x1Who dares to contradict the boss +(1.096)x1Whose state of health is good +(1.485)x1For whom religion is important +(0.677)x1

e = 3.605z = 3.605 = 36.7817 + 1 = 37.7817logit = p

with z = with the constantp= p= p = 0.97 The probability for this person to be happy is 0.97. This is a very high probability,

near 1.

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Logistic Regression: Logistic Regression: The probability of The probability of Luxembourgers of Luxembourgers of being happybeing happy

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Who does Not take risk

Probability of being

happy = 0.97

Person 1

Person 2

Probability of being

happy = 0.94

Who takes free time for life for him/herselfWho has a high level of educationWho dares to contradict the bossWhose state of health is goodFor whom religion is important

Who takes riskWho takes free time for life for him/herselfWho has a high level of educationWho dares to contradict the bossWhose state of health is goodFor whom religion is important


Correlation among all variables in SPSSCorrelation among all variables in SPSS

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PDI UAI IDV MAS LTO IVR MON HAPPY

GENDER AGE EDUCATION

PDI -

UAI -.021 -

IDV .135 -.011 -

MAS .206* -.060 .517** -

LTO .138 .059 .030 .000 -

IVR .031 .043 .318** .272** .042 -

MON .068 .023 .245** .129 -.089 .244** -

HAPPY .038 .160 .045 .014 .268** .293** .001 -

GENDER -.030 .073 -.041 -.012 .004 -.029 -.105 .029 -

AGE -.117 .031 -.059 .022 -.076 .108 -.312** .040 -.128 -

EDUCATION .037 -.155 .106 .094 .119 .112 .060 .082 .120 -.025 -

RANK.

.230** .210* -.001 .016 .080 -.043 .090 .006 .162 -.490** -.084

N=134; * p<.05; ** p<.001


ConclusionConclusion

Luxembourgers areLuxembourgers are highly uncertainty avoidanthighly uncertainty avoidant

take their language as identifiertake their language as identifier long-term orientedlong-term oriented

have low power distancehave low power distance highly collectivisthighly collectivist

and are happyand are happy

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HAPPY

HIGH UNCERTAINTY

AVOIDANCE

LOW POWER DISTANCE

HIGH COLLE

CTIVIS

M/

LOW INDIV

IDUALIS

M

LANGUAGE AS

IDENTIFIER

LONG-TERM ORIENTATION


PDI (Power Distance Indicator) in Luxembourg is low with 36/100. •Lux.Nat. have an even lower PDI of 29, compared with China (80) and France (68) •Luxembourg being small, hierarchy is not felt that much, boss and employees meet in the same sport clubs, supermarkets, bars, evening events

EXPLANATIONSEXPLANATIONS


UAI (Uncertainty Avoidance Indicator) is high, near 100 in Luxembourg (97) and Lux.Nat.(95) •Uncertain and unknown situations are avoided, •Secure, regulated, clear life without surprises, is preferred



IDV (Individualism versus Collectivism) is medium (51.5) in Luxembourg and diverges from Lux.Nat. (34). •Lux.Nat. are highly collective people, preferring the well-being of the group and country •This is contrary to people in USA (91) and Italy (76), where people take their time for themselves or their immediate family



MAS (Masculinity versus Femininity) is medium (47) for Luxembourg and Lux.Nat. (54) •This shows a country where the characteristics of a masculine dominant country = competition and success, and those of a feminine dominant country = caring for others and quality of life, are equally distributed •The most masculine countries are Japan (95), Austria and Venezuela, the most feminine are Sweden, Norway and The Netherlands



LTO (Long-Term Orientation versus Short-Term Orientation) is high in Luxembourg (69) and Lux.Nat. (65) •Long-term is characterized by foreseen, and planned events and by perseverance and thrift •Contrary to USA (26) where short-term decisions are taken. •Germany with score of 83 on LTO is the example for a highly long-term oriented country



IVR (Indulgence versus Restraint) is medium in Luxembourg (53.5) and Lux.Nat. (55) •In general people in Luxembourg indulge on life, they love profiting from the benefits of life, they enjoy life •Italy has an IVR of 30, where religion, traditions and social rules limit personal enjoying of life



MON (Monumentalism) is low in Luxembourg (10) but more than the double for Lux.Nat. (24). •Lux.Nat. love their national traditions and nationality, the Grand Ducal family, National Day, National Hymn and are living their national identity. •The USA (54.2) are living a strong MON, contrary to Japan (4); US people love symbols, banner, heroes, their president, elections…



After World War I the need was to assure the national identity, to give value to the concept of ‘citizenship’, why it is important to be ‘Luxembourger’ and the advantages that come with the citizenship. When Nazism (World War II) engulfed small Luxembourg, because for Germans this small land seemed to be German, the Luxembourgish language attained its importance, the discriminating factor to distinguish between who is able to benefit from Luxembourgish citizenship and its advantages, and who not. Luxembourgish language defines the in-group. In order to benefit from all of the advantages of the Luxembourgish nationality, one has to be able to speak Luxembourgish. Luxembourgish is not only a dialect, but the key giving access to the advantages of the rights of the citizenship. French is for bureaucratic problems, German for religious ceremonies, Luxembourgish to define the in-group (Spizzo, 1995).

LANGUAGE AS IDENTIFIERLANGUAGE AS IDENTIFIER


Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture in Luxembourg: in Luxembourg: Why are people in Why are people in

Luxembourg happy?Luxembourg happy?

Luxembourgers are happy because they:are highly uncertainty avoidanttake their language as identifier

are long-term orientedhave low power distance

are highly collectivist


Thank you for your attention

Research Question:

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