Animal Therapy for PTSD 1 Running head: THE SUCCESS OF ANIMAL THERAPY FOR VETERANS DIAGNOSED WITH PTSD How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Whitney Palsa and Gregory Roberts, MS University of Arkansas Fort Smith Department of Psychology
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Animal Therapy for PTSD 1
Running head: THE SUCCESS OF ANIMAL THERAPY FOR VETERANS DIAGNOSED WITH PTSD
How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Whitney Palsa and Gregory Roberts, MS
University of Arkansas Fort Smith
Department of Psychology
Animal Therapy for PTSD 2
Check List and Scoring of the PROSPECTUS
POINTS Item Check Contents
3 Cover Page 1. Header with page# (This will continue throughout the paper.)2. Running head: THE RUNNING HEAD IS WRITTEN IN ALL CAPS3. Title of your paper: Upper and Lower Case Letters. It must reflect your
main variables and the intended participants.4. Authors: Your name and Rita L. Barrett, Ph.D.5. Institution and Department***ALL MARGINS ARE TO SET AT 1 INCH (top, bottom, left and
right margins)***
2 Check List Before you submit your final manuscript, review this list. To be sure that each item is completed, check it off.
3 Keywords1. Center a list of 7 – 10 words that can be used to specifically and
uniquely about your study. These will include your main variables and additional search words
2. Each Keyword should contain no more than 2 words
2 Table of Contents1. In Roman numeral format2. Include the correct page numbers
2 List of Figures**Include this page even if you do not have “Figures”.**
5 Introduction1. State the problem of which you are intending to research. ‘Must be 1
(one) full page [21 full lines of text.] 2. Answer these questions: What is the problem? What is the significance
of the problem in everyday living? What are the current solutions/resolutions to the problem? What needs to be done to treat, resolve, and prevent this problem?
30 Literature Review (Do not use this word in your paper, use the title of your prospectus.)
1. Are the references properly cited in APA format? Do all of the references cited here appear on the reference page?
2. Be sure that there are NO quotations and that you have not plagiarized; paraphrase what you have read.
3. Do you have the required number of pages (21 lines per page constitutes a complete page; this is EXCLUSIVE of the section title)
4. Are your paragraphs at least 8 sentences in length?
10 Rationale1. Approx. two connecting sentences from Lit Review.2. Sentences about a particular study or group of studies noted in the Lit
Review upon which you are proposing your study. 3. State whether you are replicating a study, replicating with a change or
that you are proposing to address a question that is missing from the literature. [Preferably the latter.]
5 Variable Chart1. Draw a diagram that depicts the levels of your main variables and
which variables you intend to compare/test. 2. The organizational chart format slide within MS PowerPoint is a
good choice.
3 List of Appendices 1. Have you listed each Appendix in the order in which it appears
and included the page numbers?2. Appendix A Consent Form and Ethics Certification3. Appendix B Instrument 4. Appendix C Key Code 5. Appendix D Debriefing form6. Appendix E SPSS Variable View
45 Appendices Appendix A Consent form (3 pts) and Ethics Certification (10 pts)= __Appendix B Instrument(s) (20 pts) = ___Appendix C Key Code for Instrument(s) (5 pts) = ___Appendix D Debriefing Form (2 pts) = ___Appendix E SPSS Variable View ( 5 pts) = ___
8 References
1. Do all references cited in the page appear on the reference page? Are all references properly cited in APA format (e.g., punctuation, capitalization, etc.)?
2. Is this the LAST PAGE of your paper?
3. There should be 7 empirical studies and 1 review article.
Prospectus Check List (continued)
Animal Therapy for PTSD 4
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a highly discussed issue among soldiers, veterans,
psychologists, and doctors. Animal-assisted therapy is a fairly new type of out-patient treatment.
There is limited research on animal therapy to aid in the coping of post-traumatic stress disorder
in veterans. This study looks at the effects of animal-assisted therapy with veterans who have
been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. We will exam the individuals with treatment
such as group therapy or medication compared to individuals with animal therapy as treatment.
Six participants, three male and three female, age 25-35, who served in the Iraq or Afghanistan
wars, will be selected in this study. The questionnaire will be designed to record progress or
regress in the symptoms of PTSD. We hypothesize that there will be successful effects with
animal assisted-therapy for dealing with PTSD among recent veterans.
Animal Therapy for PTSD 5
Keywords
Animal-assisted Therapy
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Veterans
Afghanistan/Iraq War
Out-patient Therapy
Longitudinal Study
Canine Therapy
Animal Therapy for PTSD 6
Table of Contents
Abstract 4
Keywords 5
List of Figures 7
I. Introduction 8
II. Literature Review 9
III. Rationale 12
IV. Operational Definitions 13
V. Methods 14
A. ParticipantsB. InstrumentsC. Procedures
VI. Variable Chart 16
VII. List of Appendices 17
A. APPENDIX A: Consent Form 18B: APPENDIX B: Survey of Animal Therapy Manage in Veterans 26C. APPENDIX C: Key Code 28D. APPENDIX D: Debriefing Form 30E. APPENDIX E: Statistical Analysis (ATMPV variable view) 31
References 32
Animal Therapy for PTSD 7
List of Figures
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Animal Therapy for PTSD 8
Introduction
Post-traumatic stress disorder has recently attracted public attention because of the
impact of international terrorism. The understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder is
incomplete. (Zohar, 2008) Thousands of service men and women of all ranks have been
psychologically wounded and subsequently diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder or
symptoms of PTSD. (Murray, 2007) With so many soldiers returning home with this disorder, it
is important that we find proper treatments for these individuals. Veterans deal with flashbacks,
long periods of alerted states, and avoiding possible situations that may influence the memory of
the event. Animal assisted therapy is a new type of treatment for veterans dealing with the
psychological issues of PTSD. In this study, we plan to look at animal-assisted therapy for
veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. We will attempt to observe the effects of
traditional therapy, such as medications or group therapy, and then observe the effects of animal-
assisted therapy. This will be a comparative study with different types of therapy for the service
men and women with post-traumatic stress disorder. We believe that if the success rate is high in
coping with the symptoms of PTSD, we must suggest the treatment of PTSD be individually
examined and studied more on a psychological level. We will be using this data and information
collected to further the understanding for treatment of recent veterans that are diagnosed or
dealing with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Animal Therapy for PTSD 9
Defining Animal Therapy and PTSD with the Success Rate for Veterans
Animal assisted therapy (AAT) is defined as a form of therapy that involves using the
animal as a fundamental part of a person’s treatment. (Uyemura, 2012) There is a human-animal
bond that is instilled with any patient who experiences this type of therapy. The American
Veterinary Medical Association’s Committee on the human-animal bond defines the human-
animal bond as, “a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and other
animals that is influenced by behaviors that are essential to the health and well-being of both.
This includes, but is not limited to, emotional, psychological, and physical interactions of other
people, other animals, and the environment.” (Uyemura, 2012) Pet interaction, whether active or
passive, tends to lower anxiety levels in subjects, and thus decrease the onset, severity, or
progression of stress-related conditions. Pet ownership and other animal contact, such as petting
animals and watching fish in an aquarium, have specifically been demonstrated to provide
cardiovascular benefits. (Strecker, 2011) Oxytocin levels are one of the scientific correlations to
the much anecdotal research developed for patients being treated with animal therapy. Oxytocin
is a very powerful, social hormone that lowers blood pressure and heart rate. Uyemura says
animal-assisted therapy is here to stay simply because the oxytocin effect is undeniable.
Assisted-animal therapy is not limited to dogs. There are many doctors that prescribe horses,
cats, rabbits, and even birds as the form of medication for psychological disorders. Animal-
assisted therapy began in the early 1990’s, and thus is a relatively new field. (Uyemura, 2012)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans is described in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV) as the development of characteristic symptoms after
exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that
Animal Therapy for PTSD 10
involves death or serious injury, or other threat to one’s physical integrity. Experts in the study
of PTSD configured 30% of Vietnam veterans, 10% of Gulf War veterans, and 11-20% of Iraq
and Afghanistan veterans have some level of post-traumatic stress disorder. Women are more
prevalent to be diagnosed with this disorder than men. Each case is individual and has profound
effects on their daily lives. According to Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Psychiatry, some
symptoms of PTSD include flashbacks, avoiding situations that could possibly remind them of
the event, and feeling alerted longer than average. These symptoms can last four weeks or
longer. Post-traumatic stress disorder leads to higher, prolonged levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a
primary stress hormone that heightens our senses when the body is faced with a threat or a
traumatic event. Veterans who go untreated have a high risk of committing suicide. Treatments
for PTSD following Dr. B. Kolk include medication, group therapy, individual psychotherapy,
behavioral or cognitive therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.
Antidepressants, anti-anxiety, and adrenergic are prescribed as forms of medicine.
A relatively new type of action for veterans dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder is
animal-assisted therapy. It is used as an out-patient treatment. E. Johnson, a therapist, defines
this as a level of care with the least amount of restriction. This therapy can be structured or not.
The US Army is calling canine therapy an innovative approach to help soldiers to recover from
PTSD. Each dog is specially trained to meet the needs of each patient. The dogs, provided by
and funded through the Hospital of Veteran Affairs (VA), are trained to help jolt a veteran from a
flashback, dial 9-1-1, and even sense a panic attack before it starts. The reactions the dog
exhibits to help prevent the onset of panic attacks and flashbacks include licking, nudging with
their nose, or simple persistence to being petted. (Nauert, 2010)
Animal Therapy for PTSD 11
There are some solid reasons for dogs as therapy for veterans with post-traumatic stress
disorder. Psychology Today tells of some reasons to support animal therapy. Dogs are vigilant
and protective. A soldier is never alone on the battlefield and the dog serves as their battle
buddy, always by their side. Dogs are very responsive to authority. Many military personnel
return from their deployments and have difficulty functioning in their relationships. They are
used to giving and getting orders and dogs respond very well to rules and boundaries.
Sometimes veterans realize that the skills they learned and used in the service weren't
transferable or respected in the civilian sector. This can be devastating when they were well-
respected for their position in the military. Dogs do not judge or noticed differences between a
soldier or a civilian. Dogs help veterans to relearn trust. It can be very difficult to feel safe in
the world after certain experiences, and being able to trust the immediate environment can take
some time. Dogs help healing by being trustworthy. Pets for Patriots, Pets for Vets, and Vets
Adopt Pets are just a few organizations that support and help promote animal therapy for PTSD.
They adopt out dogs for veterans who are in need of help with disorder. Shelter dogs can be
used as therapy dogs as well as pure bred dogs. After the collection of literary data, we propose
that there is a possible positive outcome with animal therapy for veterans suffering from post-
traumatic stress disorder. The literature discussed gives a clear suggestion of gathering data to
imply animal-assisted therapy could be successful in the aid of PTSD among recent veterans in
the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.
Animal Therapy for PTSD 12
Rationale
We hypothesize that animal therapy has successful results with recent veterans suffering
from post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, we intend to provide evidence that an assisted
animal role is a key aspect in the treatment of PTSD.
Animal Therapy for PTSD 13
Operational Definitions
Demographic Variables
1. Age: Age is defined as the number of chronological years since birth.
2. Sex: Sex is defined as either male or female.
3. Classification: Classification is defined as then treatment the veterans are receiving compared to
non-animal treatment or animal treatment.
Main Variables
1. Post-traumatic stress disorder: PTSD is defined as the disorder that is diagnosed to veterans after
a severely traumatic experience.
2. Animal-assisted therapy: AAT is defined as the aid of animals in the treatment of PTSD.
3. Longitudinal study: Longitudinal study is defined as a study conducted over a long period of
time with the same population, which is periodically assessed regarding a particular behavior.
4. Out-patient therapy: Out-patient therapy is defined as a type of treatment with the least amount
of restriction.
Animal Therapy for PTSD 14
Methods
Participants.
Adult veterans that have been diagnosed with PTSD from a local VA Hospital will be
used for this study. This population will be adult ages twenty-five to thirty-five. This being a
new kind of treatment, recent veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars will be suitable.
Three females and three males will be adequate amount of mixed genders for this study. Race or
ethnicity is not necessary to consider in this study. A consent form will be supplied for the
participants, which will be located in appendix A. There will be no compensation supplied for
this study. These participants will be drawn from a population of outpatient clients.
Instrument(s).
This project will be asking the veterans a series of questions that will be before their
treatment and after their treatment with the animals. This will be a self reporting questionnaire.
Animal Therapy Manage PTSD in Veterans (ATMPV) is the name of this questionnaire. It will
be typed, structured two-step questionnaire. This will have five close ended questions before
AAT and five close ended questions after AAT. These clients will be asked to complete the
consent form located in Appendix A. The director of the local VA Hospital will be solicited for
the permission to recruit the individuals for this passive study. Animal Therapy Manage PTSD
in Veterans (ATMPV) will reflect and help validate my research hypothesis. A debriefing form
will be provided and located in Appendix D of the research prospectus.
Procedures.
After the approval from the local VA Hospital, this study will allow us to discuss with the
veterans that have been selected for animal therapy. This project will introduce myself with my
name and state that I have a few questions to further the understanding of animal therapy among
Animal Therapy for PTSD 15
veterans with post traumatic stress disorder. This study should inform the possible participants
this is an assignment for my Research Methods class this semester to aid in achieving my degree.
This will be a longitudinal study. Animal assisted therapy (AAT) is goal-directed intervention in
which an animal that meets specific criteria is an integral part of the treatment process. This
project will be conducting a series of questions that will be relevant before AAT and after the
AAT. Though other animals are used for therapy, a canine is the most common mammal used
for therapy in PTSD. The dogs are selected to highly specialize in needs of each participant.
The animals are typically trained by a non-profit organization. They are trained to respond
appropriately to the individual in many different situations. This project will give them the paper
questionnaire before they begin the canine therapy. Then after an allotted time, judged by the
individual and VA director, this study will require the participants to return and complete a
similar questionnaire as to the results of animal therapy on their PTSD. The cooperation,
experiment, and questionnaire completed by the subjects will possibly solidify that animal
therapy has a positive effect on PTSD. This collection of data will be necessary to show the
effects of animal therapy for veterans diagnosed with PTSD.
Animal Therapy for PTSD 16
Sex
3 Male Veterans
3 Female Veterans
AgeMales
between 25-35
Females between
25-35
Variable Chart: Sex, Age, and Classification
Animal Therapy for PTSD 17List of Appendices
A. APPENDIX A: Consent Form and Ethics Certification 18
B: APPENDIX B: Questionnaire of Animal Therapy Manage PTSD in Veterans 26
C. APPENDIX C: Key Code 28
D. APPENDIX D: Debriefing Form 30
E. APPENDIX E: Statistical Analysis 31 [Copy of SPSS variable view.]
Animal Therapy for PTSD 18
APPENDIX A: Consent Form
Informed Consent Form
University of Arkansas Fort SmithDepartment of Psychology
Title of the Research Project:
How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
The purpose of the How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder study is to further the research and better understand the effects of animal-assisted therapy on veterans that are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Please read this form and feel free to ask questions you may have before agreeing to participate in this research.
PROCEDURES
If you agree to participate in this study, after you have asked any questions concerning the study and signed this consent form, you will be asked to complete two surveys: one survey asks you to describe your current treatment and symptoms you are dealing with at the moment . In a second survey you will be asked about your animal treatment and the symptoms you are experiencing after the animal-assisted therapy. Completion of these surveys will take approximately 10 minutes.
You will be asked to allot 10 minutes of your time to complete the surveys for this study. Your participation will take place in your present location and will begin immediately after you have completed this consent form.
The completion of the surveys is expected to take approximately 10 minutes, but you may have extra time if you wish. This survey contains close ended questions about your symptoms and medical treatment that you have been given by the doctor. You will also be asked a second set of closed ended questions that will constitute the symptoms you are dealing with and the reaction to the animal-assisted therapy.
CONFIDENTIALITY/SAFEGUARDS
Animal Therapy for PTSD 19
Every effort will be taken to protect the identity of the participants in this study. The information that you provide will be identified by code number only. It will not be associated with your name or any other personally identifying information either in filing or in any reports or presentations of this study or its results. The only individuals who will have access to the information that you provide to the study are the research staff and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at University of Arkansas Fort Smith. The IRB has been created to protect the rights of the individuals who are participating in research studies. No information about you or provided by you during this research will be disclosed to others without your written permission.Your identity will not be revealed in any report or publication of this study or its results. Any information obtained for this study that can be identified with you will remain confidential to the fullest extent permitted by law. Your name will not appear anywhere on the surveys that you complete. Any documents that have your name and/or other identifiable information (e.g., this consent form) will be kept in locked file cabinets to which only the Principle Investigator will have access.
RISKS
There are no known serious risks related to participation in this study. If you should feel uncomfortable in answering any question in any of the surveys, please be assured that you may omit answering these questions without penalty of any kind.
BENEFITS
There are no direct benefits to you for participating in this study. Your participation is of great importance, however, to the student researcher who is conducting this study (under the direction of the Principle Investigator, Dr. Rita Barrett) as part of the course requirements for all students enrolled in Research Methods in Psychology section 2613, Summer 2012 at University of Arkansas Fort Smith. The results of this study will be made available to you at the end of the present semester (see Contact Information below).
RIGHT TO WITHDRAW
Your participation in this research is strictly voluntary. Your decision to participate or not participate in this study will not affect your current or future relations with the University of Arkansas Fort Smith. If you do decide to participate in the study, you are free to withdraw at any time without affecting that relationship.
CONTACT INFORMATION
If you wish to talk to anyone about this research because you think that you have not been treated fairly or think that joining the study has hurt you, or would like to learn more about the study and its results, please feel free to call Dr. Rita L. Barrett at 443-885-3823. Her office is located in the Department of Psychology in the Vines Building, Room 118. You may also contact Dr. J. Jonah Jameson, Coordinator of the IRB. .
YOU WILL BE OFFERED A COPY OF THIS FORM TO KEEP.
Animal Therapy for PTSD 20
PARTICIPANT COPY
How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Participation Consent Form
You are making the decision whether or not to participate in the How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Your signature indicates that you have read and understood the information provided and have decided to participate in the study.
I am willing to participate in this study, and verify that I am 18 years of age or older.
______________________________________ Participant’s Name (PRINTED)
______________________________________ _________________________Participant’s Name (SIGNATURE) Date
______________________________________ Signature of Witness (Researcher) (PRINTED)
______________________________________ ________________________Signature of Witness (Researcher) (SIGNATURE) Date
Animal Therapy for PTSD 21
OFFICE COPY
How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Participation Consent Form
You are making the decision whether or not to participate in the How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Your signature indicates that you have read and understood the information provided and have decided to participate in the study.
I am willing to participate in this study, and verify that I am 18 years of age or older.
______________________________________ Participant’s Name (PRINTED)
______________________________________ _________________________Participant’s Name (SIGNATURE) Date
______________________________________ Signature of Witness (Researcher) (PRINTED)
______________________________________ ________________________Signature of Witness (Researcher) (SIGNATURE) Date
Animal Therapy for PTSD 22
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS – FORT SMITHResearch Participant Information and Consent Form
Title of the Study: How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Principal Investigator: Rita L. Barrett, PhD (phone: 479.788.7532) (email: [email protected])
Student Researcher: Whitney L. Palsa (phone: 479.252.1427)
DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH
You are invited to participate in a research study about the effects of animal therapy with veterans who have been dealing with the symptoms and issues of PTSD. You have been asked to participate because you have firsthand experience with service as a recent veteran and coping with PTSD. The purpose of How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is to better understand the effects of animal treatment on the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. This study will include 6 veterans, 3 being female and 3 being male. All participants have been diagnosed with PTSD or the symptoms of this disorder. This study will be conducted in your present location.
WHAT WILL MY PARTICIPATION INVOLVE?
If you decide to participate in this research you will be asked if you agree to partake in this study, After you have asked any questions concerning the study and signed this consent form, you will be asked to complete two surveys: This survey contain close ended questions about your symptoms and medical treatment that you have been given by the doctor. This second survey is set of closed ended questions that will constitute the symptoms you are dealing with and the reaction to the animal-assisted therapy. You will be asked to complete 2 surveys or interviews. Your participation will last approximately 5 min per session and will require 2 sessions which will require 10 min in total approximation time.
ARE THERE ANY RISKS TO ME?
There are no known serious risks related to participation in this study. If you should feel uncomfortable in answering any question in any of the surveys, please be assured that you may omit answering these questions without penalty of any kind.
ARE THERE ANY BENEFITS TO ME?
There are no direct benefits to you for participating in this study. Your participation is of great importance, however, to the student researcher who is conducting this study (under the direction of the Principle Investigator, Dr. Rita Barrett) as part of the course requirements for all students enrolled in Research Methods in Psychology section 2613, Summer 2012 at the University of
Animal Therapy for PTSD 23
Arkansas- Fort Smith. The results of this study will be made available to you at the end of the present semester (see Contact Information below).
HOW WILL MY CONFIDENTIALITY BE PROTECTED?
Every effort will be taken to protect the identity of the participants in this study. The information that you provide will be identified by code number only. It will not be associated with your name or any other personally identifying information either in filing or in any reports or presentations of this study or its results. The only individuals who will have access to the information that you provide to the study are the research staff and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at University of Arkansas Fort Smith. The IRB has been created to protect the rights of the individuals who are participating in research studies. No information about you or provided by you during this research will be disclosed to others without your written permission. Your identity will not be revealed in any report or publication of this study or its results. Any information obtained for this study that can be identified with you will remain confidential to the fullest extent permitted by law. Your name will not appear anywhere on the surveys that you complete. Any documents that have your name and/or other identifiable information (e.g., this consent form) will be kept in locked file cabinets to which only the Principle Investigator will have access.
WHOM SHOULD I CONTACT IF I HAVE QUESTIONS?
You may ask any questions about the research at any time. If you have questions about the research after you leave today you should contact the Principal Investigator Rita L. Barrett, PhD at 479.788.7532. You may also call the student researcher, Whitney L. Palsa at 479.252.1427. If you are not satisfied with response of research team, have more questions, or want to talk with someone about your rights as a research participant, you should contact the Dr. Sydney Fulbright, coordinator of the UA Fort Smith IRB at 479.788.7552 Your participation is completely voluntary. If you decide not to participate or to withdraw from the study it will have no effect on your grade in this class.
Animal Therapy for PTSD 24
PARTICIPANT COPYHOW ANIMAL THERAPY HELPS VETERANS WITH POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Participation Consent Form
You are making the decision whether or not to participate in the How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Your signature indicates that you have read and understood the information provided and have decided to participate in the study. I am willing to participate in this study, and verify that I am 18 years of age or older.______________________________________ Participant’s Name (PRINTED) ______________________________________ _________________________Participant’s Name (SIGNATURE) Date______________________________________ Signature of Witness (Researcher) (PRINTED) ______________________________________ ________________________Signature of Witness (Researcher) (SIGNATURE) Date
Animal Therapy for PTSD 25
OFFICE COPYHOW ANIMAL THERAPY HELPS VETERANS WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Participation Consent Form
You are making the decision whether or not to participate in the How Animal Therapy Helps Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Your signature indicates that you have read and understood the information provided and have decided to participate in the study. I am willing to participate in this study, and verify that I am 18 years of age or older.
______________________________________ Participant’s Name (PRINTED) ______________________________________ _________________________Participant’s Name (SIGNATURE) Date______________________________________ Signature of Witness (Researcher) (PRINTED) ______________________________________ ________________________Signature of Witness (Researcher) (SIGNATURE) Date
Animal Therapy for PTSD 26
APPENDIX B: Animal Therapy Manage PTSD in Veterans (ATMPV)
Before Animal-Assisted Therapy
1. Which is your hardest symptom to cope with on a daily basis?