Research Program D: Biological Management of Nitrogenous Chemicals in Small Systems: Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, and N-Disinfection By-Products (N-DBPs) Mary Jo Kirisits, Jerry Speitel, Kerry Kinney, Michal Ziv-El, Emily Palmer, Ethan Howley, Abel Ingle, Ryan Howell University of Texas at Austin Dave Reckhow, Chul Park, Soon-Mi Kim University of Massachusetts (Amherst) Jess Brown, Carollo Engineers 1
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Research Program D: Biological Management of Nitrogenous ... · Initial Experimental Design • Four flasks: 1. SMP + heterotrophs 2. Acetate + heterotrophs 3. SMP + heterotrophs
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Research Program D: Biological Management of
Nitrogenous Chemicals in Small Systems: Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, and N-Disinfection By-Products (N-DBPs)
Mary Jo Kirisits, Jerry Speitel, Kerry Kinney, Michal Ziv-El, Emily Palmer, Ethan Howley, Abel Ingle, Ryan Howell
University of Texas at Austin
Dave Reckhow, Chul Park, Soon-Mi Kim University of Massachusetts (Amherst)
Jess Brown, Carollo Engineers
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Introduction • Brief Description: Examine biological management of the nitrogenous
• Anticipated target utility characteristics: Utilities with source water containing ammonia or nitrate
• Continuum of technology development:
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NO3- NO2
- NO N2O N2
NH4+ NO2
- NO3-
Precursors N-DBPs
D1: Nitrification • Isolate and concentrate natural organic matter (NOM) for use in bench-
scale nitrifying filters
• Examine nitrification at the bench scale for different NOM sources
• Determine if production of soluble microbial products (SMP) can be leveraged to spur removal of trace organic contaminants (TrOC) via heterotrophs
• Examine ammonia and TrOC removal at the pilot scale
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D1: Nitrification
Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Isolation and Concentration
Jonathan Herrboldt
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Introduction Brief Description: Obtain a concentrated NOM solution for use in nitrification (and other) experiments. Process • Step 1: NOM isolation • Step 2: NOM concentration
Materials Setup originally part of EPA-funded work to study treatment of stormwater runoff
Source: Ingenloff, 2011
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5.0-μm and 0.5-μm filters • Reduces fouling of ion exchange
Ammonia removal complete and stable for groundwater with GAC but not with sand.
Disturbance
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Even small increase in AOC affected nitrification, negatively in GAC and potentially positively in sand biofilters.
Impact of AOC Addition on Groundwater Nitrification AOC addition (75 μg-C/L)
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Nitrification with Surface Water Feed
Nitrification in GAC and sand were similarly unstable (clogging and DO limitation), but GAC was more robust after several disturbances.
Disturbance
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Conclusions From Run 1 • High concentrations of AOC in the surface water source will cause
unstable nitrification. Simulate groundwater concentrations in reconstituted organic matter feeds. • Sand biofilters resulted in low (groundwater) or unstable (surface
water) nitrification, Sand is not a good “no sorption” control for TrOC. Use only GAC biofilters.
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Run 2: Updated set-up, sampling plan, and
current status
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Biofilter Set-up: Run 2 Reconstituted organic matter (1 mg/L DOC)
Surface water Groundwater
TrOC presence (5 µg/L)
Yes
Ammonia presence (1 mg-N/L)
Yes No Yes No
10 minute simulated EBCT at full-scale in each biofilter
GAC
(Aqu
aCar
b 82
0)
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Experiment Stages and Sampling Plan
Stages: 1) Inoculation with raw groundwater (2 weeks). 2) Acclimation to reconstituted waters (2 months). 3) Robustness tests (3 months). 4) Assess sorption versus biodegradation (1 week).
Analytical analyses and frequency: Twice/week: NH3 Weekly: NO2
-, NO3-, pH, DO, turbidity, HPC
Monthly: TrOC, DOC, AOC, N-DBPs.
Microbial community analyses (DNA): Monthly: Fingerprint using MiSeq Illumina and abundances using qPCR
a) Bacteria and Archaea 16S rRNA gene. b) Ammonia oxidizer amoA gene.
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Nitrification Run 2 Stage 1:
Raw Groundwater Stage 2:
Reconstituted Waters
First Monthly Sampling
Contamination
Nitrification start-up was rapid and has been mostly stable for the 20 minute simulated EBCT.
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D1: Nitrification
Pilot Testing Jess Brown
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Synergizing with WRF 4559: Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Chemical Contaminants using Biofiltration
• Eric Dickenson (SNWA) is the PI, Jess Brown involved as a Co-PI • Task 1: Literature Review • Task 2: CEC Indicator Compound Assessment • Task 3: Biofiltration Pilot Testing (3 sites)
• Target Contaminants: TOC, NH3, N-DBP precursors, taste & odor, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, Mn
• Evaluate impact of media type, EBCT, contaminant spiking, and upstream treatment
Pilot Testing at Houston’s East Water Purification Plant
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Raw Water Blending
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Flocculation & Sedimentation
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Ozone Contactors & Filters
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Scope of Work for Project D1
• Leverage 6-mo biofiltration pilot study at Houston (in operation for 3 wk) • Task 1: Microbial Community Analysis • Task 2: Phosphatase Analysis • Task 3: Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) & Biomass Quantification • Task 4: System Shutdown Robustness Tests (Phase 5 of Pilot Testing) • Task 5: Distribution System Simulation • Analytical work will be done at UT-Austin and UMass- Amherst • Data shared freely between WRF and WINSSS Project D teams
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D1: Nitrification
Impact of Soluble Microbial Products on Trace Organic Contaminant Biodegradation
Emily Palmer
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Research question: Do SMP produced by nitrifying bacteria aid in the removal of TrOC by heterotrophic bacteria?
Background – SMP
• Definition: organic compounds produced during substrate metabolism and biomass decay
• Contain carbon and electrons • Humic substances, proteins, and
carbohydrates
• Size: <1 kDa to >100 kDa
• Produced by heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms
Ni et al., 2011
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SMP are biodegradable
• Nitrifying bacteria produce SMP
• Heterotrophic microorganisms can survive on SMP produced by nitrifying bacteria
• Therefore, heterotrophs and nitrifiers have a symbiotic relationship
Kindaichi et al., 2004
Microbial community of reactor fed no organic carbon:
50% heterotrophs, 50% nitrifiers
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Hypothesis: SMP aids TrOC biodegradation
• Nitrifier SMP stimulates heterotrophs to utilize more complex carbons • Leads to production of enzymes for complex carbon degradation
• TrOC are complex carbons as well
• Enzymes for SMP biodegradation also might degrade TrOC
• Additionally, SMP supplies heterotrophs with a carbon source
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Experimental Method
Produce nitrifier SMP Shielded
from light
26 °C
Agitated at 125 RPM Air supplied
pH maintained at 7.8
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Experimental Method
Produce nitrifier SMP
[C] = 5.6 mg/L C 41
Experimental Method
Produce nitrifier SMP
Acclimate heterotrophs to simple (acetate) or complex
Two biofilters in series: • 1.59-min EBCT (each) • 0.77 gpm/ft2 loading rate • 3 mL/min flow rate
• 4.32 L/day
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Experiment Status
• One biofilter moved to 25°C room • Temperature lowered (5 °C increments) to achieve nitrite accumulation • Supplement influent with iron • Send samples for N-DBP formation studies to UMass-Amherst
Next Steps
• Denitrification achieved • Optimizing concentration of acetate to decrease backwash frequency
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Outputs and Outreach Completed: • “Removal of ammonia and trace organic compounds in drinking water nitrifying biofilters: temporal variations in organic
compound removal and microbial community structure“, AWWA Biological Drinking Water Treatment Symposium; January 2016.
Scheduled: • “Impact of soluble microbial products on trace organic contaminant removal from drinking water”, TX Water; April 2016. • “Case Study: Ammonia and trace contaminant removal in bench- and pilot-scale biofilters: microbial community
structures, robustness, and nitrogen disinfection byproducts”, ACE, June 2016.
Anticipated:
•White paper for WINSSS website, Fall 2016.
•Manuscripts for submission to a technical journal •Nitrification (bench-scale) Fall 2016 •Nitrification (pilot-scale) Fall 2016 •N-DBPS, Spring 2017 •Denitrification, Summer 2016