Research Process Piyush Sharma
Research process
May 25, 2015
Research Process
Piyush Sharma
1. Formulating the Research Problem
Clarify the problem on following basis
States of nature
Relationship between variables
Resolve Ambiguities (if any)
Rephrase the problem into meaningful terms from an analytical point of view.
2. Extensive Literature Survey
Academic Journals
Conference Proceedings
Govt. Reports
Books etc.
3. Development of Working Hypothesis
According to Coffey – “A hypothesis is an attempt at explanation, a provisional supposition made in order to explain scientifically some facts or phenomenon.”
Sources of Hypothesis
Observation
Reflection
Deduction
3. Development of Working Hypothesis
Origin Of Hypothesis
Induction by Simple Enumeration
Method of Agreement
Analogy
Characteristic of a good hypothesis
Non-Contradictoriness
Definite and Clear
Verifiable and Simple
4. Preparing the Research Design
Defining the information needed.
Designing the exploratory, descriptive, and casual phases of the research.
Specifying the measurement and scaling procedures.
Constructing and pretesting a questionnaire or any other for data collection.
Developing a plan of data analysis.
Considerations: Research Design
The means of obtaining the information.
The availability of skills of the researcher and his staff (if any).
The time available for research.
The cost factor available for research.
5. Determining the Sample Design
6. Collecting the Data
Primary Data
By observation
Personal Interview
Telephone Interviews
Mailing Questionnaires
Secondary Data
Surveys by other researchers
Surveys by Govt. etc
7. Analysis of Data
8. Interpretation
Reference and Bibilography
Research Methodology - Mukul Gupta, Deepa Gupta.
Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques) 2nd Revised Edition – C.R. Kothari
Someone named “Marcela” who uploaded a PowerPoint Presentation on the same topic.
Thank You
Piyush Sharma
1. Formulating the Research Problem
Clarify the problem on following basis
States of nature
Relationship between variables
Resolve Ambiguities (if any)
Rephrase the problem into meaningful terms from an analytical point of view.
2. Extensive Literature Survey
Academic Journals
Conference Proceedings
Govt. Reports
Books etc.
3. Development of Working Hypothesis
According to Coffey – “A hypothesis is an attempt at explanation, a provisional supposition made in order to explain scientifically some facts or phenomenon.”
Sources of Hypothesis
Observation
Reflection
Deduction
3. Development of Working Hypothesis
Origin Of Hypothesis
Induction by Simple Enumeration
Method of Agreement
Analogy
Characteristic of a good hypothesis
Non-Contradictoriness
Definite and Clear
Verifiable and Simple
4. Preparing the Research Design
Defining the information needed.
Designing the exploratory, descriptive, and casual phases of the research.
Specifying the measurement and scaling procedures.
Constructing and pretesting a questionnaire or any other for data collection.
Developing a plan of data analysis.
Considerations: Research Design
The means of obtaining the information.
The availability of skills of the researcher and his staff (if any).
The time available for research.
The cost factor available for research.
5. Determining the Sample Design
6. Collecting the Data
Primary Data
By observation
Personal Interview
Telephone Interviews
Mailing Questionnaires
Secondary Data
Surveys by other researchers
Surveys by Govt. etc
7. Analysis of Data
8. Interpretation
Reference and Bibilography
Research Methodology - Mukul Gupta, Deepa Gupta.
Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques) 2nd Revised Edition – C.R. Kothari
Someone named “Marcela” who uploaded a PowerPoint Presentation on the same topic.
Thank You
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Transcript
Research ProcessPiyush Sharma
Define Research Problem
Review the literature
Formulate Hypothesis
Design ResearchCollect DataAnalyze Data
Interpret And Report
1. Formulating the Research Problem
• Clarify the problem on following basis• States of nature• Relationship between variables
• Resolve Ambiguities (if any)• Rephrase the problem into meaningful terms from an
analytical point of view.
Choosing a research topic
Criteria
Clarity
Data recollection
Needed elements
Viability
Justification
Objectives
2. Extensive Literature Survey
• Academic Journals• Conference Proceedings• Govt. Reports• Books etc.
3. Development of Working Hypothesis
• According to Coffey – “A hypothesis is an attempt at explanation, a provisional supposition made in order to explain scientifically some facts or phenomenon.”
• Sources of Hypothesis• Observation• Reflection• Deduction
3. Development of Working Hypothesis
• Origin Of Hypothesis• Induction by Simple Enumeration• Method of Agreement• Analogy
• Characteristic of a good hypothesis• Non-Contradictoriness• Definite and Clear• Verifiable and Simple
4. Preparing the Research Design
1. Defining the information needed.
2. Designing the exploratory, descriptive, and casual phases of the research.
3. Specifying the measurement and scaling procedures.
4. Constructing and pretesting a questionnaire or any other for data collection.
5. Developing a plan of data analysis.
Res
earc
h D
esig
n
Exploratory
ConclusiveDescriptive
Casual
Considerations: Research Design
• The means of obtaining the information.• The availability of skills of the researcher and his staff (if
any).• The time available for research.• The cost factor available for research.
5. Determining the Sample Design
• Simple Random Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling
• Cluster Sampling• Systematic Sampling
Probability Sampling
• Convenience• Judgmental• Quota• Snowball
Non- Probability Sampling
6. Collecting the Data
• Primary Data• By observation• Personal Interview• Telephone Interviews• Mailing Questionnaires
• Secondary Data• Surveys by other researchers• Surveys by Govt. etc
Data recollection
Trustworthy and valid
Process
1. Choose instrument 2. Apply 3. Coding 4. Prepare
analysis
Instruments
Focus groups, interviews,
observation, surveys and questionnaires,
scale of values
7. Analysis of Data
8. Interpretation
Reference and Bibilography
• Research Methodology - Mukul Gupta, Deepa Gupta.
• Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques) 2nd Revised Edition – C.R. Kothari
• Someone named “Marcela” who uploaded a PowerPoint Presentation on the same topic.
THANK YOU
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