Research !!. Philosophy The foundation of human knowledge A search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather thanobservational.

Research !!

Philosophy

The foundation of human knowledge A search for a general

understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather thanobservational means

The most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group

Particular set or system of beliefs resulting from the search for knowledge about life and the universe

Search

To look into carefully or thoroughly in an effort to find or discover something

To investigate

Research

Careful and diligent search Systematic investigation aimed at the

discovery of and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws

Logical reasoning Scientific process

Knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method . Knowledge gathered by observation and experimentation, critically tested, systemized and brought under general principles

Science

Why research

We are curious by nature and want to find out the truth about the universe, humans and their lives and processes

We love to gain more and more knowledge

We do not want to believe in anything that is not logical but is told by authorities and hence we want to test and challenge the authority by research

We want to test and challenge the theories by conducting researches

Research

Applicable in both Natural sciences Social sciences……only methods may be different

Research in natural sciences is more sensitive or social sciences??

Types of research

Basic research – concerned with basic principles

Action research – utility of basic principles in natural settings, to give solution of a problem

Evaluative research – involves decision making

Approaches to inquiry

Qualitative versus quantitative

Historical Qualitative (ethnographic)

Descriptive Correlational Experimental

Research A process……..a series of actions or

operations leading to some results!! Based on previous observations and

theories Test the theories A theory is a set of facts in their

relation to one another or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena

Process of research

Thought process concerning the topic of interest

Reading relevant literature Agreeing or disagreeing with different

theories Making new assumptions Testing the assumptions or challenging

the theories Deciding a method of conducting the

research

Process

Conducting the research Reaching to results Interpretation of results and

concluding the research

Steps involved in research

Focus on the area of interest Read the relevant material Define the problem statement,

formulate research questions Literature review including books,

journals, magazine articles, documentaries…

Formulation of hypothesis/hypotheses

Steps involved in research

Operational definitions- define the terminologies, variables

Assessing the practical feasibility of research

Decide a research design: exploratory, co relational or causal

Decide upon the method- choose the target population

…steps involved in research Choose the sample size and sampling

technique such as random, convenient or any other

Decide upon how to collect data – interviews, questionnaires or any other

Data collection-on individual basis or in group form?

Equipment/material required for research

Pilot work

…steps involved in research Identify the statistical analysis needed Formulating a timetable Ethical feasibility of research Conduct the research Data analysis Interpretation of results Report writing Dissemination

Conclusion

Research is a continuous processResearch tries to answer research questions and at the same time leads to new research questionsNever useless even if the hypothesis is rejected, always a useful process !!