Research Methodology-Dr.faiz- Part I

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RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

DR. FAIZ AHMED

PART I

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Lecture I

Research Methodology- What is research/Types of research/Research

questions/Objectives/literature identification and citation & reference

writing techniques.

WHAT IS RESEARCH

Any honest attempt to study a problem systematically or to

add to mans knowledge of a problem may be regarded as research. (Theodorson and Theodorson 1969 cited in Reber

1995, p.663)

WHAT IS RESEARCH

The application of the scientific method

A systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information

(data)

WHAT IS RESEARCH

1. Logical and systematic it should be reasonable and understood by others.

2. Creative It leads to new solution, theory or technology. 3. Generalizable- It investigates a small sample which can be

generalized to a large population.

4. Replicable others can test the findings by repeating it. 5. Presentation It includes presentation to others

(Oral/Writing).

WHY RESEARCH

To investigate some existing situation or problem. To provide solutions to a problem.

To explore and analyse more general issues. To construct or create a new procedure or system.

To explain a new phenomenon. To generate new knowledge.

A combination of two or more of any of the above. (Hussey and Hussey 1997)

RESEARCH QUESTION

What do I want to know?

Is it answerable?

Is it researchable?

Is it significant?

Can I do it?

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

What kind of work do I need to do in order to answer my

question?

What steps do I need to take?

Objectives are statements of what you intend to do to find

the answer to your research question

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Examples

To identify a problem

To develop a solution

To design and implement the solution

To assess its impact

RESEARCH METHODS

The ways one collects and analyzes data

To How to identify a problem

To How to develop a solution

To How to design and implement the solution

To How to assess its impact

TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. Exploratory research

Takes place where there is little or no prior knowledge of a phenomenon.

This type of research attempts to gain some familiarity with the

appropriate concepts and looks for patterns or ideas without any

preconceived ideas or explanation.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

2. Descriptive research

Describes a particular phenomenon, focusing upon the

issue of what is happening, or how much of it has happened, rather than

why it is happening.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

3. Explanatory research

This type of research is involved in explaining why something happens, and

assessing causal relationships between variables.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

4. Pure research

Pure research takes place to explore a particular concept, or issue, without

regard for a specific problem, and may be carried out to simply gain a

better understanding of the overall concepts.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

5. Applied research

Applied research is undertaken to solve a specific problem or provide a

solution to a practical question.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

6. Primary research

Refers to research that has involved the collection of original data specific

to that particular research project, for example through using research

methods such as questionnaires or interviews.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

7. Secondary research

Refers to research where no such original data is collected, but the research

project uses existing (or secondary) sources of data, for example census or

archive data.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

8. Theoretical research

Theoretical research generally uses the findings from existing works to

develop new ideas through analysing existing theory and explanations.

These new ideas are not tested through collecting evidence in the form of

primary data.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

9. Empirical research

Empirical research supports the development of new ideas through the

collection of data (empirical = observation or measurement rather than

theoretical reasoning).

HOW TO START??

1. Locate and read a few articles from within a field you are comfortable with.

2. Read topics that are of interest to you.

3. Read the abstract first.

4. Identify the research question and objectives.

6. What were the methods chosen to collect data?

7. What were the most important findings?

8. Do not be over-concerned with statistical analysis.

9. Be critical but objective.

CHOOSE SOME

APPROPRIATE

ARTICLES, AND BEGIN

TO READ!

LITERATURE IDENTIFICATION

1. Books

2. Research Articles

3. Conference papers

4. Magazines/Periodicals

5. Websites/Blogs

6. Newspapers

7. Interviews

8. Talks

RESEARCHER/RESEARCH

GROUP/LAB/CONFERENCE

IDENTIFICATION

LITERATURE IDENTIFICATION

Printed versions/Online versions

1. Elsevier

2. Springer

3. Taylor & Francis

4. Sage publications

5. Wiley-Blackwell

6. Locke Science

REFERENCE & CITATION

1. A way of giving credit for someone's thinking, writing or research.

2. You mark the material when you use it (a citation) and give the full

identification at the end (a reference).

3. In academic writing you are obliged to attribute every piece of material

you use to its author.

WHY REFERENCES & CITATIONS?

1. Credit sources of information & ideas

2. Reader can locate for further information if required

3. Validate arguments

4. Increase and spread knowledge

5. Show depth, breadth & quality of your reading!

REFERENCING STYLE

American Psychological Association - APA style

Article in a Journal:

Author last name, Author first name. (Year). Title of article. Title of

Journal, volume number, page number range.

Article in a Book:

Author last name, Author first name. (Year). Title of Book. State of

Publication: Name of Publisher.

REFERENCING STYLE

Journal - Ahmed, F. C., & Sekar, S. P. (2014). Using Three-Dimensional

Volumetric Analysis in Everyday Urban Planning Processes. Applied Spatial

Analysis and Policy, DOI 10.1007/s12061-014-9122-2.

Conference - Ahmed, F. C., & Sekar, S. P. (2013). Three-dimensional (3D)

volumetric analysis as a tool for urban planning: a case study of Chennai.

WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment (pp. (1) 731-742).

Southampton, UK: WIT Press.

Citation - (Ahmed & Sekar, 2014)

Citation - (Ahmed & Sekar, 2013)

MENDELEY

MICROSOFT WORD

References

1. Guthrie, G. (2010). Basic research methods - An entry to Social Science research.

Los Angles : Sage.

2. 2. Linda, G. (2013). Architectural Research Methods, New Jersey: John Wiley &

Sons.

3. 3. Robert K, Y. (2009). Case study research: Design & Methods. London: Sage.