Research Logics: A pictorial overview of two perspectives

Research

Logics 1

The Wheel of Science

Interpretive SensemakingResearc

hLogics

2

Research

Logics 1

The Wheel of Science(A glossed pictorial overview of a common/traditional research paradigm aligned with a functionalist or positivist approach and based on the scientific method)

Logical Deduction

MeasurementStatistical or Verbal Summarization

Creative Leaps

Observations

Empirical Generalizations

Theories

Hypothesis

Slides compliments of Lori Kendall, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Originally adapted from Adler and Clark, How It’s Done, Wadsworth 2003, adapted from Walter Wallace The Logic of Science in Sociology, Aldine 1971.

Wallace’s Wheel of Science

Logical Deduction

MeasurementStatistical or Verbal Summarization

Creative Leaps

Empirical Generalizations

Theories

Hypothesis

Wallace’s Wheel of Science

Observations

INDUCTIVE LOGIC DEDUCTIVE LOGIC

Slides compliments of Lori Kendall, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Originally adapted from Adler and Clark, How It’s Done, Wadsworth 2003, adapted from Walter Wallace The Logic of Science in Sociology, Aldine 1971.

Logical Deduction

MeasurementStatistical or Verbal Summarization

Creative Leaps

Empirical Generalizations

Theories

Hypothesis

Deductive Research: Hypothesis Testing

Observations

Slides compliments of Lori Kendall, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Originally adapted from Adler and Clark, How It’s Done, Wadsworth 2003, adapted from Walter Wallace The Logic of Science in Sociology, Aldine 1971.

Logical Deduction

MeasurementStatistical or Verbal Summarization

Creative Leaps

Empirical Generalizations

Theories

Hypothesis

Inductive Research: Simplified View

Observations

Slides compliments of Lori Kendall, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Originally adapted from Adler and Clark, How It’s Done, Wadsworth 2003, adapted from Walter Wallace The Logic of Science in Sociology, Aldine 1971.

Logical Deduction

MeasurementStatistical or Verbal Summarization

Creative Leaps

Empirical Generalizations

Theories

Hypothesis

Inductive Research: Retroduction and Reflexivity

Sensitizing Concepts

Observations

Slides compliments of Lori Kendall, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Originally adapted from Adler and Clark, How It’s Done, Wadsworth 2003, adapted from Walter Wallace The Logic of Science in Sociology, Aldine 1971.

Sta1s1cal or Verbal Summariza1on

Theories

Crea1ve Leaps

Observa1ons

Empirical Generaliza1ons

Inductive Research: Theoretical Sampling

Sensitizing Concepts

Sampling

Slides compliments of Lori Kendall, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Originally adapted from Adler and Clark, How It’s Done, Wadsworth 2003, adapted from Walter Wallace The Logic of Science in Sociology, Aldine 1971.

Logical Deduction

MeasurementStatistical or Verbal Summarization

Creative Leaps

Observations

Empirical Generaliza1ons

Theories

Hypothesis

Wallace’s Wheel of Science

Sensitizing Concepts

Slides compliments of Lori Kendall, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Originally adapted from Adler and Clark, How It’s Done, Wadsworth 2003, adapted from Walter Wallace The Logic of Science in Sociology, Aldine 1971.

Interpretive SensemakingResearc

hLogics

2

(A glossed pictorial overview of an interpretive research logic, which demonstrates an inductive, emergent, and generative attitude toward inquiry)

What are my fundamental premises?

Reality is out there already, to be discovered

The world is best known through scientific methods

Reality is a social construction

We can only understand the world through experience

There are things in the world that are wrong and need to be fixed

Meanings are rhizomatic

The world tends toward social order

Slides from Annette Markham, University of Aarhus. Developed as part of a presentation on Symbolic Interaction at the Association of Internet Researchers annual conference. Feel free to use/adapt for your own use, with a general nod in my direction, if possible.

Semiotics

Symbolic interactionism

Social Constructionism

Performance Theory

sensemaking

Communication as Ritual

Femimism

Actor Network Theory

Structuration

Post-humanism Etc., etc.

Object of inquiry

What are my theoretical

inspirations? How do I tend to

think about or study the world

around me?

Slides from Annette Markham, University of Aarhus. Developed as part of a presentation on Symbolic Interaction at the Association of Internet Researchers annual conference. Feel free to use/adapt for your own use, with a general nod in my direction, if possible.

Grounded Theory

Case Study

Ethnography

Object of inquiry

What sort of methodological approach do I tend to use?

Phenomenology

Slides from Annette Markham, University of Aarhus. Developed as part of a presentation on Symbolic Interaction at the Association of Internet Researchers annual conference. Feel free to use/adapt for your own use, with a general nod in my direction, if possible.

What are we choosing as the point of analysis?

Why do it? What is our goal?

How are we cutting into the topic?

Where are we? What is our standpoint? Where are we starting from? To go where?

When are we doing research?

Who are the relevant actors/participants, beyond the obvious (human and non human)?

Object of inquiry

Object of Analysis?

How am I ‘cutting into’ the

phenomenon?

Slides from Annette Markham, University of Aarhus. Developed as part of a presentation on Symbolic Interaction at the Association of Internet Researchers annual conference. Feel free to use/adapt for your own use, with a general nod in my direction, if possible.

Object of inquiry

Object of Analysis?

Participate and observe

Follow the Plot, Story, or Allegory

Situate into the culture

Follow the metaphor

Follow the meme

What are some of my

tools or attitudes for ‘collecting’

information? Follow the movements

Follow the intersections

Follow the Thing

Follow the …etc., etc.

Find and follow patterns

Document rituals, rites, relations

Test hypotheses through experiments Design interventions

and test results

Slides from Annette Markham, University of Aarhus. Developed as part of a presentation on Symbolic Interaction at the Association of Internet Researchers annual conference. Feel free to use/adapt for your own use, with a general nod in my direction, if possible.

Object of inquiry

Object of Analysis?

What stuff am I

actually analyzing?

Naturally occurring discourse

Contrived Discourse(interviews, focus groups)

Actions or evidence of actions. Behaviors.

Traces of presence or movement.

Cultural/Social Outcomes

Structures, Meaning, Norms, Institutions

Objects, Things

Absence. Silence. Deletions.

Technologies

Sensemaking or evidence of sensemaking

Slides from Annette Markham, University of Aarhus. Developed as part of a presentation on Symbolic Interaction at the Association of Internet Researchers annual conference. Feel free to use/adapt for your own use, with a general nod in my direction, if possible.

Object of inquiry

Object of Analysis?

Discourse analysis

ConversationAnalysis

Linguistic Analysis

Narrative Analysis

Metaphor Analysis

Visual Analysis

With what

analytical tools?

…and other forms of coding, categorizing or otherwise making sense of materials

Slides from Annette Markham, University of Aarhus. Developed as part of a presentation on Symbolic Interaction at the Association of Internet Researchers annual conference. Feel free to use/adapt for your own use, with a general nod in my direction, if possible.

To DescribeTo UnderstandTo ExplainTo PredictTo Control

To Critique

To PublishTo Prove YourselfTo get a gradeTo get noticed

To tell the storyTo give account

To build theory

To fix some problem in

society

Object of inquiry

Object of Analysis?

Why?

Slides from Annette Markham, University of Aarhus. Developed as part of a presentation on Symbolic Interaction at the Association of Internet Researchers annual conference. Feel free to use/adapt for your own use, with a general nod in my direction, if possible.