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Global Minds Fund
MAIZE MEAL FORTIFICATION
AND ITS IMPACT ON MAIZE
PORRIDGE QUALITYFilip Van Bockstaele, Lien Bierens, Tom Hellemans, Quentin Johnson, Anna Verster & Lieven Bauwens
3th International Conference on Global Food Security, 04-12-2017
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY, SAFETY AND HEALTH
RESEARCH GROUP OF CEREAL AND FEED TECHNOLOGY
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FOOD FORTIFICATION
2
OIL
Vitamin
A,E
CEREALS
Fe, Zn
Vit. B1, B2, B3,
B6
Folic acid
Vitamin A
Vitamin
A
SALT SUGAR
Iodine
MILK
Vit A,D
Ca
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FORTIFICATION: MAIN ADVANTAGES
Preventive population-wide approach
Consistent delivery
Safe in low daily doses
Minimal behaviour change
Low cost
Multiple micronutrient delivery
Enhances other health strategies
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HOW IS MAIZE MEAL FORTIFIED?
Maize/corn
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HOW IS MAIZE MEAL FORTIFIED?
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Flour fortification: large scale operations
Premix Feeder
Flour In
Flour Out
Mixing Conveyor
≠ streams
Packaging
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FORTIFICATION PROGRAMMES:
Fortification operation: relatively easy
Setting up national fortification programmes: challenge!
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gouvernement industry
fortified
distribution consumer
Legislation
Technical standards
Inspection/control
Information
Quality assurance
Quality control (fast
methods)
Premix/feeder technology
Are products accepted
Are products bought?
Are products consumed?
Micronutrient status?
=> Continuous monitoring
system needed!
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MAIZE FORTIFICATION IN AFRICA
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CONDITIONS OF A SUCCESFUL NATIONALFORTIFICATION PROGRAM
*Political support
*Industry support
*Consumer acceptance
Mandatory legislation
National implementation
No cultural or other objection
Availability of micronutrient premix
Low cost economically sustainable
8* Requires a private-public-civic partnership
No organoleptic
changes of the
cooked product
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WHICH FE SOURCE TO CHOOSE?
WHO guidelines on maize fortification (2016)
Relative
Bioavailability
>100
100
100
75
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RESEARCH SETUP 1
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RESEARCH SETUP 1
Porridge evaluation
Cooking trials
Pasting experiments:
rheometer
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ΔE
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SUPER
SPECIAL
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PASTING PROFILE
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SUPER SPECIAL
DA
Y 1
WE
EK
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CONCLUSIONS RESEARCH SETUP 1
No systematic differences in porridge colour or pasting
behaviour due to
Iron or zinc source
Storage time
However:
porridge was made with demi-water => reality = tap
water!
No full premix was used
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RESEARCH SETUP 2
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SPECIAL
MAIZE
MEAL
• 1 week storage
• 25°C
• 35% RH
Demi-water Tap water
• Cooking trials
• Pasting experiments
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ΔE
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Significantly different
from other Fe sources
ΔE = 2 -> visible
colour difference in
porridge
-> in contrast with
Haybech et al. (2016):
visible colour change
only from ΔE > 3
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PASTING
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Demi- water
Tap water
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RESEARCH SETUP 3
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SPECIAL
MAIZE
MEAL
• 1 week storage
• 25°C
• 35% RH
Demi-water Tap water
• Cooking trials
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ΔE
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DEMI WATER
TAP WATER
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ΔE
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Significantly different
ΔE = 2 -> visible
colour difference in
porridge
-> in contrast with
Haybech (2016):
visible colour change
only from ΔE > 3
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CONCLUSIONS RESEARCH SETUP 2&3
Differences in porridge colour or pasting behaviour due
to
Water composition (demi or tap)
Interaction Fe-source and tap water
Fe fumarate (20 ppm Fe)
NaFeEDTA (45 ppm Fe)
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RESEARCH SETUP 4
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SPECIAL
MAIZE
MEAL
Stainless
steel
Aluminum
• Cooking trials
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ΔE
ΔE=2
ΔE=2Aluminum
causes
more
yellow
colour
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TAKE HOME MESSAGES
Visible colour change in ‘pap’: ΔE ~ 2
Porridge colour influenced by many factors:
Storage conditions of maize meal, maize
composition, premix composition, water composition
and type of cooking pot
Interaction between Fe-source and minerals in tap
water was observed
NaFeEDTA can be applied without major discoloration
below 40 ppm of Fe
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Smarter Futures team & supporting partners
www.smarterfutures.net
Fortification Working Group of South Africa
VLIR-UOS – Global Mind Fund: capacity building
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Filip Van BockstaelePh.D
RESEARCH GROUP OF CEREAL AND FEED
TECHNOLOGY
E [email protected]
T +32 9 243 24 94
M +32 498 24 44 63
www.ugent.be
Ghent University
@ugent
Ghent University