Research Final Draft (Part2) (3)

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Moringga oleifera, also known as “Malunggay”, is known worldwide especially in the

Asian countries that cures specific bacterial infection. It is a plant that is mainly used in cooking

and many other Philippine dishes but malunggay has other purposes aside from being an

ingredient in cooking, it is also used to kill certain bacteria species. It is said that it contains

antibacterial components and is also used to treat open wounds by extracting its leaves to help

aid in blood clot. There is also another plant that is commonly found in the country which is the

Zingiber officinale, also known as “Ginger”, is a pungent aromatic rhizome which is commonly

used as an additive flavor for cooking; as tribal ornaments for religious or superstitious beliefs;

and also used as a medicinal plant and is also known to have antibacterial components. One

bacterium which is commonly known to be found almost anywhere in the surroundings is the

Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is found mainly on the nose and on the skin of humans,

and in this manner about 20% of the human population are long term carriers of Staphylococcus

aureus. In other words, this bacterium is the most common and abundant in the society. This

bacteria specie can cause a range of illness from minor skin infections such as pimples, impetigo

and boils. Though the treatment of choice for Staphylococcus aureus is penicillin, other

biologists seek out more practical and natural alternatives.

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The research study aims to compare the antibacterial effects of Malunggay (Moringa

oleifera) leaf and Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) extracts on the growth of Staphylococcus

aureus bacteria. The purpose of this study is to know whether which extract is more effective in

inhibiting the growth of bacteria specifically Staphylococcus aureus, and also we may be able to

know whether which extract will be much recommended for antibacterial purposes.

We, the researchers of this study chose Malunggay leaf and Ginger root extract because

both of them are commonly known to be natural antibacterial and they are found to be abundant

in the country; we also chose Staphylococcus aureus bacteria because it is known to be the most

common bacteria that can be found in the environment especially the human skin. This study was

based on previous researches that tests whether or not Malunggay leaf and Ginger root extracts

have antibacterial effects and the result of these studies have shown positive results of

antibacterial effectiveness. So this study focuses on comparing the antibacterial effects of both

extracts.

This study is significant because it focuses about environmental and health related issues.

The study benefits the society in terms of preventing sickness and diseases, and helps maintain

proper hygiene and sanitation in the society. This study is also a good source of medical interests

because it focuses on natural antibacterial alternatives rather than the artificially prepared

commercial products which are highly sold competitively in the market. In this study, it gives

nature a sense of importance not just maintaining the balance of the eco-system but also to help

individuals live in a better and much healthy lifestyle.

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Review of Related Literature

Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera)

Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) is a popular plant known for nutritional value as well as a

herbal medicine. Malunggay is a plant that grows in the tropical climates such as the Philippines,

India and Africa. It is widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as herbal medicine for a

number of illness and other practical uses.

Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) has been used as herbal medicine in many cultures for

hundreds of years; Malunggay is known as a very nutritious plant where it is used to combat

malnutrition in third world countries especially for infants and nursing mothers.

Malunggay as anti-infectious: Antibacterial; Anti Fungal. In late 1940's, the Department

of Biochemistry at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore (PLN Rao) have found that

Moringa Oleifera leaves contain a compound "pterygospermin" that is known in medical science

as having antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti fungal properties.

http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/malunggay.htm

Malunggay seed and leaf (Moringa oleifera) extracts kill Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria (Bayero Journal of Pure

and Applied Sciences, 2010). It is also confirmed that there is germ-fighting ability of water-

based extracts of Moringa (Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 2010)

however, the presence of oil along many other organic compounds in crude extract increases the

content in organic matter of the treated water (Ndabigengesere, 1998) and prevents its storage

and consumption for more than 24 hours (Jahn, 1988). This fact represents a disadvantage for its

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application at full-scale water treatment and highly recommends purification of crude extract

(Ghebremichael et al., 2005).

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger is the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale. The taste of ginger is distinct,

brought about by the zingerone and shogoal substances that it has is giving the plant its pungent

properties. As herbal medicine, ginger has long been used as a cold, cough, fever, and sore throat

remedy. Ginger has been used as herbal medicine in many cultures for hundreds of years, ginger

claimed to have many medicinal value, from antibacterial, anti- inflammatory to anti nausea and

treatment of sore throat. Ginger is popularly used for sore throat prevention and treatment.

Ginger is also widely used as herbal medicine to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting associated

with motion sickness. Leaves of ginger plants have also been used for food flavoring and in

traditional medicine.

The Philippine Department of Health has endorsed ginger as an alternative herbal

medicine for its anti bacterial properties and its efficacy for controlling sore throats, lowering

cholesterol levels and nausea.

Ginger can be a medicine used as anti-infection, antibacterial, antifungal and

antiparasitic. Ginger's effects against infection have also been confirmed by laboratory science to

kill cold viruses at a concentration of less than one part per million. Ginger contains a chemical

called “zingibain” that kills and dissolves parasites and their eggs.

http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/ginger.html

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Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (In Greek, staphyle means “bunch of grapes”; In Latin, coccus

means “spherical bacterium”, aureus means “golden” or “golden staph” (pronounced “staff’) is

the most common species of staphylococcus bacteria causing infections in human.

Staphylococcus aureus lives as a part of the normal skin flora in the nose or on the skin in 20-

30% of healthy people (staph carriers). However, in even slightly injured skin or mucosa, staph

may cause styes, pimples, folliculitis, furuncles, boils, swimmer’s ear, sinusitis, epiglotitis,

whitlow, breast infection, impetigo, cellulitis, genital infection, scalded skin syndrome or other

staph infections. Infections of internal organs include urinary tract infections, arthritis,

pneumonia, infection of veins (thrombophlebitis), lymph nodes (lymphadenitis) or lymph vessels

(lymphangitis), bone infection (osteomyelitis), or life threatening sepsis (staph blood invasion),

infection of heart valves (endocarditis), meningitis, “flesh eating bacteria” infection (necrotizing

fasciitis) and toxic shock syndrome. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins may cause food

poisoning.

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are among the most common

causes of hospital-acquired infections, like bloodstream infections, infections of surgical wounds

or pneumonia. Staph may also appear in vascular and urinary catheters, prosthetic joints and

heart valves. Staph skin infection usually appears as a red, warm, painful swelling with a blister,

ulcer, or crust, and drainage. Infection may spread into the deeper tissues, like the bones.

http://www.healthhype.com/staphylococcus-aureus.html

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Review of Related Studies

According to Jimenez, M. Q. (April 2011) in the Comparative Study on the Effectiveness

of Pulverized Citrus Seed, Sodis and Malunggay seed against coliform organisms as method of

water disinfectant and its acceptability among selected Households in Barangay concepcion,

Kabasalan Zamboanga Sibugay; malunggay had a positive effect of disinfecting water from

coliform organisms.

According to Bidaure, C. (2009) in his studies the Effect of Water Disinfection

Promotion on the utilization of Boiling, Solar Disinfection and Malunggay Seed Powder as

methods of water disinfection in Barangay Pangi, Ipil Zamboanga Sibugay; malunggay had been

confirmed to be a good disinfectant.

According to Wood, C.D. (1988) in his studies the comparison of Efficacy of Ginger with

Various Antimicrobial Sickness Drugs; ginger has been proven to have antimicrobial properties.

According to Chan, E.W.C. (2008) in his studies the Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibition

Properties of Leaves and Rhizomes of Ginger specie; ginger has been confirmed to be a good

antimicrobial.

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Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The concept of the research is a comparative study where the process is based upon

comparison of two independent variables with its effect to the dependent variable. The

independent variables, which are the Malunggay leaf and Ginger root extract, are the ones to be

tested whether or not it will affect the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Fig. 1 Diagram of Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Malunggay leaf extract

Ginger root extract

EXTRACTION

CONTROL

H2O Solution (Distilled Water)

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Zones of Inhibition in culture of Staphylococcus aureus

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Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study is to compare the antibacterial effects of Malunggay leaf

(Moringga oleifera) and Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) extract on the growth of

Staphylococcus aureus. More specifically the study aims to answer to following problem:

1. If both extracts (Malunggay leaf and Ginger root) are effective on inhibiting the growth

of Staphylococcus aureus.

2. Which between the two extracts (Malunggay leaf and Ginger root) is more effective in

inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Hypotheses

The hypotheses for this study are:

H1 Both extracts (Malunggay leaf and Ginger root) are effective in inhibiting the

growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

H2 There is significant difference between both extracts’ (Malunggay leaf and Ginger

root) effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of our study is limited only in comparing the antibacterial effects of

Malunggay leaf (Moringa oleifera) and Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) extract on the growth of

Staphylococcus aureus. It was conducted only in one of the laboratories inside the school’s

vicinity. Further findings beyond the scope will not be subjected in the assessment.

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CHAPTER II

METHOD

This research study was conducted in order to determine the antibacterial effects of

Malunggay leaf and Ginger root extract on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The advantages

and disadvantages as well as the reliability of the research instruments and materials used are

also part of the objectives. In order to answer these research goals, we, the researchers,

conducted this experiment in line with this topic. Specifically, there are two extracts prepared,

the Malunggay leaf and Ginger root extract, each prepared with ten different concentrations each

having three trials with punched filter discs in order to determine accurately which variant is

more recommended to be used. Distilled water solution served as the control of the experiment

for reference of the two prepared extracts. Bacteria culture of Staphylococcus aureus were then

obtained after the extracts were prepared. The punched filter paper discs were soaked in each of

the extracts prepared and was added in each Petri dish of cultured Staphylococcus aureus and

was then incubated to at least 36 degrees Celsius (body temperature) inside an incubator for 24

hours. After that, cultured Staphylococcus aureus in agar mediums placed into Petri dishes with

the added extracts were then observed and measured for appearances of zones of inhibition using

a Vernier caliper. Then, observed data were gathered from this research experiment and then

computed for interpretation and analysis using Weighted Mean and T-test method.

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Research Design

The experimental method of research was used for this study. To define the experimental

type of research, it is a study of cause and effect. It differs from non-experimental methods in

that it involves the deliberate manipulation of one variable, while trying to keep all other

variables constant. The experimental method is usually taken to be the most scientific of all

methods, also called as the 'method of choice'. The main problem with all the non-experimental

methods is lack of control over the situation. The experimental method is a means of trying to

overcome this problem.

Setting

The experiment took place in one of the Science Laboratory rooms of PG or ST buildings

in San Pedro College Davao City, wherein the research instruments and materials used for the

experiment are already complete and provided by the school itself.

Research Instruments

Petri dish - a transparent glass or plastic plate with cover used to contain the culture of

various microorganisms.

Vernier caliper - a measuring device with a vernier scale used for measuring very fine

measurements.

Pipette - a slender tube attached to or incorporating a bulb, for transferring or measuring

out small quantities of liquid, especially in a laboratory.

Beaker - a lipped cylindrical glass container for laboratory use; used for stirring, mixing,

heating, weighing liquid solutions or chemicals.

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Erlen Meyer Flask - is a widely used type of laboratory flask which features a flat

bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck.

Test tube - a thin glass tube closed at one end, used to hold small amounts of material for

laboratory testing or experiments.

Test tube rack – a rack used for putting the test tubes.

Graduated cylinder - a thick-walled glass tube used for measuring out volumes of liquid.

Punched Filter paper discs - a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a

liquid or air flow. It is used to separate fine solids from liquids or air.

Forceps - an instrument with two movable arms that are joined at one end, used for

picking up and holding things.

Alcohol lamp - a lamp filled with alcohol that is used for heating, burning and sterilizing.

Inoculating loop - a short metal stick with a small loop at the tip of its end used for

streaking bacterial culture.

Mortar and Pestle - is a tool used to crush, grind, and mix solid substances. The pestle is a

heavy bat-shaped object, the end of which is used for crushing and grinding. The mortar is a

bowl, typically made of hard wood, ceramic or stone.

Blender - an electronic instrument used for blending, mixing, liquefying and extract

preparation of organic or inorganic substances.

Hot Plate - is a portable self-contained tabletop small appliance that features one, two or

more gas burners or electric heating elements.

Sieve Cloth - it is a clean piece of cloth used for sieving small and large solid particles to

obtain pure liquid solution widely used in extraction process.

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Dropper - a small tube instrument with a rubber squeeze tip used for transferring small

amounts of liquid solution from one container to another.

Incubator – a machine that incubates different biological organisms.

Research Procedure

First, we prepared the two extracts, the Malunggay leaf and Ginger root extracts. In order

to obtain accurate and reliable results, the two extracts were prepared with ten different

concentrations each having three trials designated with 3 punched filtered paper discs in each

Petri dish with their prepared culture medium. The water-based extraction was the method used

in the process. We then prepared the culture of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by asking from

the laboratory stock room of the school if they have a source where we could get the bacteria.

After Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was requested and identified, we made a preparation of the

culture obtaining pure Staphylococcus aureus each gently streaked to the culture mediums in the

Petri dishes. A water solution was included to serve as the control of the experiment for

reference of the two extracts’ antibacterial effects. Punched filter paper discs were then used for

soaking in each of the extracts prepared. The punched filter paper discs obtaining the extracts

were then placed in each of the Petri dish of cultured Staphylococcus aureus and then incubated

to at least 36 degrees Celsius (body temperature) inside an incubator for at least 24 hours. After

24 hours of growth and inhibition, cultured Staphylococcus aureus in Petri dish with the added

extracts were observed and measured for appearances of zones of inhibition using a Vernier

caliper for accurate and precise measurements. Then, observed data were then gathered from this

research experiment and were then computed for interpretations and analysis using Weighted

Mean and T-Test statistical tool.

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Research Statistical Tool

The research statistical tools used for this study are Weighted Mean and T-Test. The

weighted mean was used to get the total average of the data gathered while the T-Test was used

for comparison of the two independent variables.

Weighted Mean - is the central tendency of a collection of numbers taken as the sum of the

numbers divided by the size of the collection. This was used to get the total average

measurements of the zones of inhibitions.

T-Test - is any statistical hypothesis test in which it assesses whether the means of two groups

are statistically different from each other. This was used to compare the extracts’ antibacterial

effects to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

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CHAPTER III

RESULTS

Table 1

Antibacterial Effects of Malunggay Leaf (Moringa oleifera) extracts on the Growth of

Staphylococcus aureus

Extracts Measurements of Zones of Inhibitions (mm)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Malunggay Leaf

Trial 1 12.08 14.12 10.40 10.68 10.94 12.50 8.30 9.84 9.48 11.02

Trial 2 11.72 10.52 12.06 9.86 10.78 13.40 9.06 8.54 10.38 9.06

Trial 3 12.70 11.38 10.06 10.64 11.34 9.38 9.62 8.10 9.70 8.84

Average 12.17 12.01 10.84 10.39 11.02 11.76 8.99 8.83 9.85 9.64

Table 2

Antibacterial Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Root extracts on the Growth of

Staphylococcus aureus

Extracts Measurements of Zones of Inhibitions (mm)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Ginger Root

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Trial 1 5.20 11.00 9.84 9.46 8.24 9.00 8.84 11.60 9.92 9.06

Trial 2 5.68 8.40 8.70 8.00 7.16 10.20 9.18 9.42 8.70 6.44

Trial 3 6.84 9.32 10.76 6.78 8.46 9.74 9.90 8.44 10.08 6.88

Average 5.91 9.57 9.77 8.08 7.95 9.65 9.31 9.82 9.57 7.46

Table 3

Antibacterial Effects of Distilled water (control) on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus

Measurements of Zones of Inhibitions (mm)

Distilled Water T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

100 % 5.13 5.12 5.10 5.21 5.43 5.11 5.32 5.11 5.30 5.23

Table 4

Comparison of Antibacterial Effects between Malunggay leaf (Moringa olifera) and Ginger root

(Zingiber officinale) extracts using T-test

Comparison p-value Interpretation

Malunggay and Ginger 0.004 Malunggay has higher significant value

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CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

This study is focused on the Antibacterial effects of Malunggay leaf (Moringa oleifera)

and Ginger Root (Zingiber officinale) Extract on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The

impact of this study is dependent on the rise and innovation for future usage of natural

antibacterial treatment specifically for Staphylococcus aureus, the pimple-causing bacteria,

wherein 20% of human population is long term carriers of this bacterium.

Malunggay has long been known to have natural antibacterial properties and the same

also with Ginger root they both have natural antibacterial properties. In this study, we performed

an experiment to compare which extract is more effective in inhibiting the growth of bacteria

prepared in designated cultured mediums; the zones of inhibition determine the effectiveness of

the extract’s antibacterial properties to Staphylococcus aureus and that both of the extracts

prepared showed positive results and these results show that malunggay leaf extract provided

better results and larger zones of inhibition compared to that of the ginger root extract.

To determine if results are significantly different, T-test method was used and the results

showed that there is a significant difference of 0.004 which is lesser than 0.05, because a result

higher than 0.05 shows no significant difference. This implies that malunggay leaf extract is a

more effective antibacterial than the ginger root extract.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

In this study, the antibacterial effects of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaf and Ginger root

(Zingiber officinale) extract on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria showed significant

difference in their results. The study determined the potency of the plant extracts on

Staphylococcus aureus, which are the common acne causing bacteria. Nutrient mediums were

used for bacterial culture and test. Different concentrations of the Malunggay leaf and Ginger

root extracts were prepared in liquid form and further filtered. Distilled water was used as the

control in the experiment for basis of the two extracts. Discs containing the plant’s extracts were

inoculated on the bacterial culture and incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. Data

gathered after the experiment was analyzed and interpreted using Weighted Mean and T-Test

method. Malunggay extract with 10% concentration showed the optimum result on inhibiting the

growth of Staphylococcus aureus with 12.17mm zone of inhibition whereas; Ginger extract in its

80% concentration had a zone of inhibition of 9.82mm. Based on the table and statistical data

presented, Malunggay and Ginger have a 0.004 value less than 0.05 which shows that there is a

significant difference between the two extracts. This data gathered indicates that Malunggay is

more effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus than the Ginger.

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Conclusion

Based on the results data gathered, the researchers arrived to the following conclusions:

1. Both Malunggay leaf extract and Ginger root extract show positive result on inhibiting

the growth of Staphylococcus aureus on a specified medium.

2. Based on the results obtained on table 2 the list of concentrations and its zone of

inhibitions, Malunggay leaf extract with 10% concentration showed optimum results on

inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with an average of 12.17 compared to

Ginger roots extract’s strongest inhibiting concentration of 80% with an average of 9.82.

3. Malunggay leaf extract is more effective compared to Ginger root extract in inhibiting the

growth of staphylococcus aureus.

Recommendation

To the future researchers, we would like to recommend further study on the behavior of

Malunggay and Ginger on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. We recommend conducting an

experiment with only malunggay extracts to determine its behavior. We would also like to

recommend the use of Ethanol in the process of extraction because it is more likely to produce

pure extracts of different concentrations. We would also recommend conducting purification of

crude extracts on the extraction of Malunggay and Ginger to obtain pure extracts.

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REFERENCES

Bidaure, C. (2009). The Effect of Water Disinfection Promotion on the utilization of Boiling,

Solar Disinfection and Malunggay Seed Powder as methods of Water Disinfection in

Barangay Pangi, Ipil Zamboanga Sibugay.

Chan, E.W.C. (2008). The Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibition Properties of Leaves and

Rhizomes of Ginger specie.

Ernst, E., Pittler, M.H. (2000). Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review

of randomized clinical trials. B J Anaesth. 84(3), 367-371. Retrieved October 4, 2011

from http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/ginger.htm

Freeman-Cook, L., Freeman-Cook, K.D. (2005). Staphylococcus aureus Infections.

HealthHype.com. Retrieved October 4, 2011 from

http://www.healthhype.com/staphylococcus-aureus.html

Gonlachanvit, S., Chen, Y.H., Hasler, W.L., et al. (2003). Ginger reduces hyperglycemia-evoked

gastric dysrhythmias in healthy humans: possible role of endogenous prostaglandins. J

Pharmacol Exp Ther. 307(3), 1098-1103. Retrieved October 4, 2011 from

http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/ginger.htm

Jimenez, M. Q. (2011). The Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Pulverized Citrus Seed,

Sodis and Malunggay seed against coliform organisms as method of water disinfectant

and its acceptability among selected Households in Barangay concepcion, Kabasalan

Zamboanga Sibugay.

Kumar, N.A., Pari, L. (2003). Antioxidant action of Malunggay, Moringa oleifera Lam.

(drumstick) against antitubercular drugs induced lipid peroxidation in rats.

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MedicalHealthGuide.com. Retrieved October 4, 2011 from

http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/malunggay.htm

Shukla, S., Mathur, R., Prakash, A.O. (1988). Biochemical and physiological alterations in

female reproductive organs of cyclic rats treated with aqueous extract of (Malunggay)

Moringa oleifera L. MedicalHealthGuide.com. Retrieved October 4, 2011 from

http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/malunggay.htm

Sripramote, M., Lekhyananda, N. (2003). A randomized comparison of ginger and vitamin B6 in

the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 86(9), 846-853.

Retrieved October 4, 2011 from http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/ginger.htm

Wood, C.D. (1988). The Comparison of Efficacy of Ginger with Various Antimicrobial Sickness

Drugs.

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APPENDICES

Appendix A – Letter of Permission

December 7, 2011

Engr. Leonora C. GustiloDirector of LaboratoriesSan Pedro College

Dear Ma’am,

We the students of Biology Department are conducting a research entitled “A Comparative Study on the Antibacterial Effects of Malunggay Leaf (Moringa oleifera) and Ginger Root (Zingiber officinale) extract on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus”..For us to be able to get the data needed for our thesis, we are planning to conduct the research procedure in any of the available laboratories of this institution. We are aiming to conduct our experiment for the duration of the whole semester starting December 10, 2011 onwards.

With this, we are asking for your permission to allow us to use the laboratory room and equipments.These are the following laboratory apparatus needed for the research procedure.

-TEST TUBES W/ RACKS -GLASS SLIDES W/ COVER SLIPS-BEAKER -FORCEPS-GRADUATED CYLINDER -SPATULA-BLENDER -VERNIER CALIPER-PETRI DISH -HOT PLATE-MORTAR AND PESTLE -MHA AGAR-MICROSCOPE -STAPH IN TSB-ERLEN MEYER FLASK -INOCULATING LOOP-ALCOHOL LAMP -GRADUATED CYLINDER

We are looking forward for your positive response. Thank you and God bless

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Respectfully Yours,

Michael Edbert P. Vego

Paolo Antonio A. Colmenares

Noted By:

Prof. Meriane Pascua, MSbio Biology Coordinator

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Appendix B – Pictures

Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) was used as the culture medium in the experiment.

Culture mediums poured into designated Petri dishes.

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Blending Malunggay leaves during extraction process.

Test tubes prepared for containing different concentrations of the extracts.

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Filter paper discs were soaked in different concentrations of the extracts.

Soaked filter paper disc placed on the culture mediums obtained zone of inhibition after 24 hours

of incubation.

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Zones of inhibition were measured using the Vernier caliper.

CURRICULUM VITAE

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Name: Michael Edbert P. Vego

Age: 20

Sex: Male

Birth Date: July 29, 1991

Address: Blk. 4 lot 11 Agan Homes, Koronadal City,

South Cotabato, Philippines

Name of Father: Dr. Edito T. Vego

Name of Mother: Vivian Maribelle P. Vego

Educational Attainment Year School Attended

Elementary Graduate 2004 Notre Dame of Marbel University –

Elementary Training Department

High School Graduate 2008 Notre Dame of Marbel University –

Integrated Basic Education Department

College PRESENT San Pedro College

Achievements:

Honor student in Nursery and Elementary

Tinig Marista High School Choir

South Cotabato Amateur Swimming Association High School Varsity

BIOMS Club Member

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Name: Paolo Antonio A. Colmenares

Age: 20

Sex: Male

Birth Date: January 13, 1992

Address: Emily Homes, Cabantian Davao City

Name of Father: Antonio P. Colmenares

Name of Mother: Florifes A. Colmenares

Educational Attainment Year School Attended

Elementary Graduate 2004 Colmenares Learning Center, Inc.

High School Graduate 2008 Maryknoll School of Lupon

College PRESENT San Pedro College

Achievements:

1st honor from Nursery to Grade VI

Honor Student in High school

BIOMS Club Member