Research Center Juelich Institute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR) K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS,

K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Pool Spreading and Vaporization

of Liquid Hydrogen

by

Karl VERFONDERN 1) and Bernd DIENHART 2)

1) Research Center Juelich, Germany2) Cologne, Germany


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Cryogenic Pool Phenomena

150 l of LN2 spilled on water


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Computer Model LAUV Simulation of radial spreading of a cryogenic liquid on the

basis of the shallow-layer differential equations; Instantaneous and continuous release on solid, humid,

or liquid ground; Heat conduction equation applied, if ground is solid; Ice formation, if ground is water; Atmospheric convection and insolation neglected; Validation against

LN2 and LH2 spill tests and LNG spill test data from literature


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Cryogenic Pool Behavior (1)


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LN2 Spill Tests on Water (KIWI) at FZJ


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NASA LH2 Spill Tests (1980)

Courtesy Jose Chirivella, Ergo-Tech Systems Inc.

4.6 m radius spill pond


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LAUV Postcalculation of NASA Test #6


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WE-NET LH2 Spill Tests (1993 + 2000)

Courtesy Keiko Chitose, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries


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BAM LH2 Spill Tests in Cottbus (1994)


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LAUV Postcalculation – LH2 Spill on Water


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LAUV Postcalculation – LH2 Spill on Al Plate


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Conclusions

Phenomena of cryogen pool spreading and vaporization are principally understood.

Modeling efforts have led to simplified, but appropriate simulation of phenomena.

Experimental data basis for LH2 is still very poor and needs further extension.


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Thank Youfor Your Attention

Email: [email protected]

Phone: +49-2461-613438


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Backup Slides


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Experiments on Pool SpreadingYear Institution / Location Release 1960 1968

1968-69 1971

1971-72 1971-72

1972 1973 1973 1973 1974

1974-75 1975 1975 1975 1976 1976 1977 1978 1980 1980 1980

1979-81 1986 1987 1994 1994

Arthur D. Little Inc., USA TRW System, USA Bureau of Mines, Bruceton, USA Esso Research, Matagorda Bay, Texas, USA American Gas Association, San Clemente, USA Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, USA Gaz de France, Nantes, France Shell Research Ltd., UK US Coast Guard, China Lake, CA, USA Shell Research Ltd., UK American Gas Association, Ohio, USA Japan Gas Association, Sodegaura, Japan LNG Research Center, MIT, USA LNG Research Center, MIT, USA Japan Gas Association, Sodegaura, Japan LNG Research Center, MIT, USA LNG Research Center, MIT, USA LNG Research Center, MIT, USA Lawrence Livermore Lab, China Lake, USA Lawrence Livermore Lab, China Lake, USA Shell Research Ltd., Maplin Sands, UK NASA, White Sands, USA LNG Research Center, MIT, USA British Gas, Midlands Research Station, UK Lawrence Livermore Lab, Nevada, USA BAM, Cottbus, Germany BAM, Cottbus, Germany

LH2 on solid LNG on solid LNG, LN2 on water LNG on water LNG on solid LNG, LN2 on water LNG on solid LNG on water LNG on water LNG on water LNG on solid LNG on solid LN2, LCH4, LC2H6 on water LN2, LCH4, LNG on solid LNG on water LN2, LCH4 on water LNG on solid LNG, LPG on water LNG on water LN2, LNG on water LNG, LPG on water LH2 on solid LN2, LPG, LCH4 on water LNG on solid LNG on solid LH2, LPG on solid LH2 on water

xxx: experiments with data on pool spreading


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Model Developments on Pool Spreading

Year Author Model Application Ground 1972 1973 1974 1974 1975 1977 1978 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1983 1983 1985 1987 1990 1994

Burgess Fay Raj

Lind Otterman Opschoor

Stein Shaw

Georgakis Fleischer

Raj Dodge

Brandeis Waite Alp

Webber McFarlane Dienhart

LNGVG SPILL

SPILLS

DMODEL

COBRA GASP EVAP LAUV

LNG, instantaneous LNG, instantaneous LNG, instantaneous LNG, instantaneous LNG LNG, instantaneous LNG LNG LNG, instantaneous water-insoluble substances Cryogens water-insoluble substances LNG LNG, instantaneous LNG cryogens, slowly boiling liquids cryogens cryogens

Water

1978 1981 1983 1987 1994

Shaw Raj

Jensen Webber Dienhart

SPILL

GASP LAUV

LNG cryogens cryogens cryogens, slowly boiling liquids cryogens

Solid ground

xxx: model based on shallow-layer equations


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Nukiyama Curve for LH2


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LH2 Regression Rate

Zabetakis (1960)

Research Center Juelich Institute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR) K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS,

Documents

safety research

hydrogen safety

reactor technology isr

water slide

karl verfondern

bernd dienhart

literature slide

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