Research Article Infection and Coinfection of Human ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2013/236081.pdf · Transplant Recipients ... immunocompromised adult from a respiratory sample

Hindawi Publishing CorporationClinical and Developmental ImmunologyVolume 2013 Article ID 236081 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013236081

Research ArticleInfection and Coinfection of Human Rhinovirus C in Stem CellTransplant Recipients

Filippo Canducci1 Maurizia Debiaggi2 Elisa Rita Ceresola3 Michela Sampaolo3

Emilio Paolo Alessandrino4 Roberto Brerra2 Aurora Piazza2 and Massimo Clementi3

1 Universita degli studi dellrsquoInsubria Via Ravasi 2 21100 Varese Italy2 University of Pavia Corso Strada Nuova 65 27100 Pavia Italy3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Via Olgettina 58 20132 Milan Italy4 Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Viale Camillo Golgi 19 21100 Pavia Italy

Correspondence should be addressed to Filippo Canducci canduccifilippohsrit

Received 31 July 2012 Accepted 30 January 2013

Academic Editor Rossana Cavallo

Copyright copy 2013 Filippo Canducci et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

In 54 adult stem cell transplant recipients the presence and persistence of human rhinoviruses (including the novel lineage C)were evaluated by molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis independently from respiratory symptoms In the same group ofpatients the presence of other coinfecting respiratory pathogens including the novel enterovirus 109 was also evaluated

1 Introduction

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are common agents of humaninfections [1] Due to their similar genomic organizationthey are classified within the same family Picornaviridaetogether with the human enteroviruses (HEV) [2 3] How-ever the common genomic features reflect modestly thecharacteristics of these viruses in terms of tropism andpathogenic potential HRVs generally cause mild infectionsreplicating in the upper respiratory tract but in infantsand immunocompromised patients HRVs can reach thelower respiratory tract causing serious illnesses and act aspathogens or copathogens in bronchitis bronchiolitis andpneumonia [4 5] Recently a new HRV lineage designatedHRV-C has been identified using molecular methods andassociated with severe clinical presentations in infants andimmunocompromised adults [6] The majority of HEVsinstead replicate in the gastrointestinal tract eventuallyspreading to other organs such as the heart or the centralnervous system giving rise to serious diseases Only a fewHEV genotypes can occasionally be identified in the res-piratory secretions of patients with lower respiratory tractinfections [5 7] Moreover a novel HEV (HEV 104) was

identified in Switzerland and later in other countries oftenin association with respiratory signs [7 8] Finally a novelHEV (HEV 109) was molecularly identified in the nose andthroat swab samples collected between June 2007 and June2008 from children enrolled in a cohort study of influenza-like illness in Nicaragua in some cases also associated withenteric symptoms [9]

In the present study the prevalence and persistenceand the pathogenic potential of HRVs were retrospectivelyevaluated bymolecular analysis and phylogenetic reconstruc-tion in sequential nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained fromimmunosuppressed hematopoietic stem cell transplantationadult recipients In the same cohort the presence of othercoinfecting respiratory pathogens including the novel HEV109 was also evaluated

2 Methods

A total of 175 archived respiratory samples (nasopharyngealaspirates) were obtained from 50 allogeneic and 4 autolo-gous haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient patientsrecruited at the Division of Hematology IRCCS PoliclinicoSan Matteo (Pavia Italy) regardless of respiratory symptoms

2 Clinical and Developmental Immunology

HRV-C

HRV

28HRV

53ID

36ID

39ID

32HRV

55HRV

15HRV

74HRV

49HR

V30

HRV23

HRV2

ID7ID2

6

ID4

ID25

ID11

ID9

ID19

ID6

ID5

HRV16HRV78

HRV12HRV75

HRV64HRV94ID331

ID229

HRV73

HRV41ID29

HRV39ID33ID40ID35

HRV65

HRV-B

HRV-A

ID160

HRV

48HRV

52HRV

70HRV

17HRV

4HRV

35HRV

27HRV

93

HRV

14HRV

6

HRV

37HRV

3

HRV-C8

ID342

ID336

ID286

ID324

HRV-C2

HRV-C11

HRV-C5 01

ID343

ID329

HRV-C19

ID333

ID318

ID330

HRV

-C9

ID8ID3

ID12H

RV11

HRV24

HRV76

ID133

ID222HRV34

HRV46ID161

HRV44

HRV59HRV38ID117HRV10HRV7

HRV88ID127ID147

HRV89HRV36

Figure 1 Genotyping of human rhinoviruses amplified from transplant patients Genetree of human rhinovirus VP1 sequences Referencesequences were obtained from the Picornavirus Study Group database (httpwwwpicornastudygroupcom) Samples amplified frompatients are indicated by a filled black circle

as described [10 11] Respiratory samples were consecutivelyobtained after informed consent from October 1st 2004 toApril 2007 From one to nine samples from each patient werecollected every 30 days up to 180 days after transplantationAt each time point all the clinical data were collected RNAwas purified from all samples using the Qiagen RNAmini kit(Qiagen Germany) following the manufacturer protocol ToinvestigateHRV infections all samples were subjected to firstround amplification after sample extraction using PrimersP1-1 (CAA GCA CTT CTG TYW CCC C) and P3-1 (ACGGAC ACC CAA AGT AG) and semi-nested amplificationwas performed using forward primer P1-1 and three reversed

primers P2-1 (CAA GCA CTT CTG TYW CCC C) P2-2(TTA GCC ACA TTC AGG AGC C) and P2-3 (TTA GCCGCA TTC AGG GG) as described previously [12] SinceHEV 109 was initially cross-amplified also with the previousamplification protocol (designed to amplify the widest num-ber of Picornaviruses) we decided to further evaluate HEV109 prevalence by using specific primers targeting the NTRregion ofHEV 109 (EV109VP1 123F 51015840-GGAGACTGGAGCAAC TAG TAA AG-31015840 EV109 VP1 363R 51015840-GGT GAA CATTTC CAA TTT CCT ACG-31015840)

All the amplification products were sequenced bidi-rectionally to confirm amplification specificity and virus

Clinical and Developmental Immunology 3

Table 1 Picornavirus positive samples Samplesrsquo ID (as shown in the phylogenetic tree) and time of collection are shown Result ofphylogenetic subtyping coinfections and respiratory symptoms are also reported

Patient Sample ID Days from transplantation Picornavirus subtype Coinfections Respiratory symptoms

1ID4 15 HRV-A2 hMPV hCoV NoID5 25 HRV-A2 hMPV NoID9 35 HRV-A2 No

2 ID333 30 HRV-C19 hMPV Rhinorrhea

3ID6 minus5 HRV-A2 hMPV hCoV NoID7 15 HRV-A2 NoID11 35 HRV-A2 hMPV No

4 ID26 15 HRV-A2 No5 ID229 60 HRV-A7341 Pharingodinia6 ID33 minus30 HRV-A65 Rhinorrhea7 ID318 0 HRV-C19 No8 ID331 60 HRV-A6494 No9 ID336 15 HRV-C8 No

10ID19 minus5 HRV-A2 hMPV NoID40 30 HRV-A65 RhinorrheaID29 60 HRV-A41 Rhinorrhea

11 ID343 30 HRV-C19 No

12 ID35 minus5 HRV-A65 hMPV RhinorrheaID25 0 HRV-A2 hMPV hCoV Rhinorrhea

13 ID342 90 HRV-C8 hCoV Rhinorrhea

14 ID39 15 HRV-A53 TussisID32 30 HRV-A53 No

15 ID329 15 HRV-C19 No

16 ID133 15 HRV-A65 NoID160 60 HRV-B Rhinorrhea

17 ID286 0 HRV-C2 No

18 ID127 15 HRV-A88 NoID147 60 HRV-A88 Pharyngodynia

19 ID222 120 HRV-A76 No20 ID161 90 HRV-A44 No21 ID117 90 HRV-A10 PIV3 Rhinorrhea

22ID3 minus5 HRV-A11 hMPV NoID8 15 HRV-A11 hMPV NoID12 30 HRV-A11 hMPV No

23 ID36 0 HRV-A53 No24 ID175 180 HEV-109 PharingodiniahMPV human metapneumovirus hCoV human coronaviruses PIV3 parainfluenza virus type 3

typing by phylogenetic analysis Molecular identification andtyping of enterovirus and rhinovirus positive samples wereperformedwithMEGA31 software after ClustalW alignmentand manual sequence editing with BioEdit Phylogeneticrelationships were estimated using MEGA V31 (neighbor-joining method by using Tajima-Nei model as estimated by

using Modeltest the 120572 value used in MEGA was previouslyestimated directly from the data by using PAUP)

Since multiple infections are frequently detected in respi-ratory samples of patients with respiratory symptoms and tobetter clarify the pathogenetic role of picornaviruses in coin-fections all specimens positive for HRVs or HEV 109 were


also assayed for the presence of other thirteen respiratoryviruses including parainfluenza viruses (PIV 1ndash3) influenzaA and B viruses human metapneumovirus (hMPV) humanrespiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and adenoviruses usinga multiplex PCR strategy (Seeplex RV12 ACE DetectionSeegene Rockville) Moreover rhinovirus positive sampleswere also tested for human bocaviruses (hBoV) humancoronaviruses (hCoV) and of the recently identified WUand KI polyomaviruses using protocols described previously[13 14]

3 Results and Discussion

Thirty seven out of the 175 samples (from 23 transplantpatients) tested positive for HRV infection

Eight of the 23 HRV positive patients were also coin-fected by one or more respiratory virus (Table 1) thirteenof the 23 patients were asymptomatic Subtyping of HRVsamples allowed to identify 15 HRV-A strains 1 HRV-Bstrain and 7 HRV belonging to the novel C lineage (Table 1and Figure 1) In 2 out of the 7 HRV-C samples coinfec-tions with hMPV or hCoV were identified and both weresymptomatic All of the other monoinfected HRV-C positivesamples were asymptomatic Finally 8 out of the 15 HRV-A strains and the HRV-B strains resulted to be associatedwith upper respiratory symptoms such as rhinorrhea phar-ingodinia or tussis being 4 of them coinfected with otherpathogens

The novel HEV 109 could be identified in a symptomaticimmunocompromised adult from a respiratory sample col-lected at the beginning of 2006 The tedious pharngodyniasuffered by this patient in the absence of other coinfectingrespiratory viruses suggests a direct pathogenetic role of thisvirus as speculated in initial observations [9] Overall HRVinfections were common and frequently asymptomatic inthis group of patients including the majority of rhinovirusesinfections due to HRV-C strains In two patients with rhin-orrhea the HRV-C strains were detected together with othercoinfecting viral pathogens These results do not confirm thepreviously observed high pathogenic potential of this lineageat least in immunocompromised hosts [6]

As previously documented for hMPV infections inimmunocompromised patients [10 11] not only sequentialinfections by differentHRV subtypeswere identified (patients10 and 16) but long (up to 45 days) viral shedding wasobserved in four out of 23 patients (patients 1 3 18 and22) not constantly associated with symptoms Nevertheless asrecently suggested symptomatic or asymptomatic viral infec-tions can trigger acute rejection and obliterative bronchiolitisin lung transplant recipients and warrant a continuous mon-itoring in immunocompromised patients with methods ableto identify an always wider panel of potential viral pathogens[15]

Contribution

F Canducci and M Debiaggi contributed equally to thisstudy

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to Rosa Angela Pignataro for samplesequencing

References

[1] A C Palmenberg D Spiro R Kuzmickas et al ldquoSequencingand analyses of all known human rhinovirus genomes revealstructure and evolutionrdquo Science vol 324 no 5923 pp 55ndash592009

[2] B A Brown K Maher M R Flemister et al ldquoResolvingambiguities in genetic typing of human enterovirus species Cclinical isolates and identification of enterovirus 96 99 and 102rdquoJournal of General Virology vol 90 no 7 pp 1713ndash1723 2009

[3] M S Oberste S Penaranda K Maher and M A PallanschldquoComplete genome sequences of all members of the specieshuman enterovirus Ardquo Journal of General Virology vol 85 no6 pp 1597ndash1607 2004

[4] Z Piotrowska M Vazquez E D Shapiro et al ldquoRhinovirusesare a major cause of wheezing and hospitalization in childrenless than 2 years of agerdquo Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal vol28 no 1 pp 25ndash29 2009

[5] B Winther F G Hayden and J O Hendley ldquoPicornavirusinfections in children diagnosed by RT-PCR during longi-tudinal surveillance with weekly sampling association withsymptomatic illness and effect of seasonrdquo Journal of MedicalVirology vol 78 no 5 pp 644ndash650 2006

[6] S K P Lau C C Y Yip H W Tsoi et al ldquoClinical featuresand complete genome characterization of a distinct humanrhinovirus (HRV) genetic cluster probably representing a pre-viously undetected HRV species HRV-C associated with acuterespiratory illness in childrenrdquo Journal of Clinical Microbiologyvol 45 no 11 pp 3655ndash3664 2007

[7] C Tapparel T Junier D Gerlach et al ldquoNew respiratoryenterovirus and recombinant rhinoviruses among circulatingpicornavirusesrdquo Emerging Infectious Diseases vol 15 no 5 pp719ndash726 2009

[8] A Piralla F Rovida F Baldanti and G Gerna ldquoEnterovirusgenotype EV-104 in humans Italy 2008-2009rdquo Emerging Infec-tious Diseases vol 16 no 6 pp 1018ndash1021 2010

[9] N L Yozwiak P Skewes-Cox A Gordon et al ldquoHumanenterovirus 109 a novel interspecies recombinant enterovirusisolated from a case of acute pediatric respiratory illness inNicaraguardquo Journal of Virology vol 84 no 18 pp 9047ndash90582010

[10] M Debiaggi F Canducci M Sampaolo et al ldquoPersistent symp-tomless human metapneumovirus infection in hematopoieticstem cell transplant recipientsrdquo Journal of Infectious Diseasesvol 194 no 4 pp 474ndash478 2006

[11] M Debiaggi F Canducci C Terulla et al ldquoLong-termstudy on symptomless human metapneumovirus infection inhematopoietic stem cell transplant recipientsrdquo New Microbio-logica vol 30 no 3 pp 255ndash258 2007

[12] B H Tan L H Loo E A S Lim et al ldquoHuman rhinovirusgroup C in hospitalized children Singaporerdquo Emerging Infec-tious Diseases vol 15 no 8 pp 1318ndash1320 2009

[13] F Canducci M Debiaggi M Sampaolo et al ldquoTwo-yearprospective study of single infections and co-infections byrespiratory syncytial virus and viruses identified recently ininfants with acute respiratory diseaserdquo Journal of MedicalVirology vol 80 no 4 pp 716ndash723 2008


[14] M Debiaggi F Canducci R Brerra et al ldquoMolecular epi-demiology of KI and WU polyomaviruses in infants withacute respiratory disease and in adult hematopoietic stem celltransplant recipientsrdquo Journal of Medical Virology vol 82 no 1pp 153ndash156 2010

[15] D Kumar S Husain M H Chen et al ldquoA prospectivemolecular surveillance study evaluating the clinical impactof community-acquired respiratory viruses in lung transplantrecipientsrdquo Transplantation vol 89 no 8 pp 1028ndash1033 2010

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Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom


HRV-C

HRV

28HRV

53ID

36ID

39ID

32HRV

55HRV

15HRV

74HRV

49HR

V30

HRV23

HRV2

ID7ID2

6

ID4

ID25

ID11

ID9

ID19

ID6

ID5

HRV16HRV78

HRV12HRV75

HRV64HRV94ID331

ID229

HRV73

HRV41ID29

HRV39ID33ID40ID35

HRV65

HRV-B

HRV-A

ID160

HRV

48HRV

52HRV

70HRV

17HRV

4HRV

35HRV

27HRV

93

HRV

14HRV

6

HRV

37HRV

3

HRV-C8

ID342

ID336

ID286

ID324

HRV-C2

HRV-C11

HRV-C5 01

ID343

ID329

HRV-C19

ID333

ID318

ID330

HRV

-C9

ID8ID3

ID12H

RV11

HRV24

HRV76

ID133

ID222HRV34

HRV46ID161

HRV44

HRV59HRV38ID117HRV10HRV7

HRV88ID127ID147

HRV89HRV36

Figure 1 Genotyping of human rhinoviruses amplified from transplant patients Genetree of human rhinovirus VP1 sequences Referencesequences were obtained from the Picornavirus Study Group database (httpwwwpicornastudygroupcom) Samples amplified frompatients are indicated by a filled black circle

as described [10 11] Respiratory samples were consecutivelyobtained after informed consent from October 1st 2004 toApril 2007 From one to nine samples from each patient werecollected every 30 days up to 180 days after transplantationAt each time point all the clinical data were collected RNAwas purified from all samples using the Qiagen RNAmini kit(Qiagen Germany) following the manufacturer protocol ToinvestigateHRV infections all samples were subjected to firstround amplification after sample extraction using PrimersP1-1 (CAA GCA CTT CTG TYW CCC C) and P3-1 (ACGGAC ACC CAA AGT AG) and semi-nested amplificationwas performed using forward primer P1-1 and three reversed

primers P2-1 (CAA GCA CTT CTG TYW CCC C) P2-2(TTA GCC ACA TTC AGG AGC C) and P2-3 (TTA GCCGCA TTC AGG GG) as described previously [12] SinceHEV 109 was initially cross-amplified also with the previousamplification protocol (designed to amplify the widest num-ber of Picornaviruses) we decided to further evaluate HEV109 prevalence by using specific primers targeting the NTRregion ofHEV 109 (EV109VP1 123F 51015840-GGAGACTGGAGCAAC TAG TAA AG-31015840 EV109 VP1 363R 51015840-GGT GAA CATTTC CAA TTT CCT ACG-31015840)

All the amplification products were sequenced bidi-rectionally to confirm amplification specificity and virus









11 ID343 30 HRV-C19 No




15 ID329 15 HRV-C19 No

















Contribution


Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
























11 ID343 30 HRV-C19 No




15 ID329 15 HRV-C19 No

















Contribution


Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of























Contribution


Acknowledgment


References






















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
























of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of





















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
















Research Article Infection and Coinfection of Human ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2013/236081.pdf · Transplant Recipients ... immunocompromised adult from a respiratory sample

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