-
Research ArticleBifurcation of Traveling Wave Solutions for
(2+1)-DimensionalNonlinear Models Generated by the Jaulent-Miodek
Hierarchy
Yanping Ran,1,2 Jing Li,1 Xin Li,1 and Zheng Tian1
1College of Applied Science, Beijing University of Technology,
Beijing 100124, China2School of Mathematics and Statistics,
Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Jing Li;
[email protected]
Received 27 June 2014; Accepted 15 July 2014
Academic Editor: Yonghui Xia
Copyright © 2015 Yanping Ran et al. This is an open access
article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Four (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations, generated
by the Jaulent-Miodek hierarchy, are investigated by thebifurcation
method of planar dynamical systems.The bifurcation regions in
different subsets of the parameters space are obtained.According to
the different phase portraits in different regions, we obtain kink
(antikink) wave solutions, solitary wave solutions,and periodic
wave solutions for the third of these models by dynamical
systemmethod. Furthermore, the explicit exact expressionsof these
bounded traveling waves are obtained. All these wave solutions
obtained are characterized by distinct physical structures.
1. Introduction
In [1–4], four (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear models gen-erated by
the Jaulent-Miodek hierarchy were developed.These nonlinear models
are completely integrable evolutionequations. There are many
approaches to investigate nonlin-ear evolution equation, for
example, the inverse scatteringmethod, the Bäcklund transformation
method, the Darbouxtransformation method, the Hirota bilinear
method [1–3, 5–8], and the dynamical systems method [9–11]. The
Hirotabilinear method [3] is used to formally derive the
multiplekink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions of
thesemodels. By applying the direct symmetry method [4],
groupinvariant solutions and some new exact solutions of
the(2+1)-dimensional Jaulent-Miodek equation are obtained.Dynamical
systems method is a very effective method toresearch qualitative
behavior for traveling wave solutions ofthese completely integrable
evolution equations. In [11], onlyconsidering bifurcation
parametric 𝑐, some exact travelingwave solutions are given by
applying themethod of dynamicalsystems for these models. In this
paper, all wave solutionsare given by the method of dynamical
systems under moregeneral parametric conditions. Some computer
symbolicsystems such as Maple and Mathmatic allow us to
performcomplicated and tedious calculations.
Four (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear models generated bythe
Jaulent-Miodek hierarchy [3] are given by
𝑤𝑡= − (𝑤
𝑥𝑥− 2𝑤3)𝑥−
3
2
(𝑤𝑥𝜕−1
𝑥𝑤𝑦+ 𝑤𝑤𝑦) ,
𝑤𝑡=
1
2
(𝑤𝑥𝑥− 2𝑤3)𝑥−
3
2
(−
1
4
𝜕−1
𝑥𝑤𝑦𝑦+ 𝑤𝑤𝑦) ,
𝑤𝑡=
1
4
(𝑤𝑥𝑥− 2𝑤3)𝑥−
3
4
(
1
4
𝜕−1
𝑥𝑤𝑦𝑦+ 𝑤𝑥𝜕−1
𝑥𝑤𝑦) ,
𝑤𝑡= 2 (𝑤
𝑥𝑥− 2𝑤3)𝑥−
3
4
(𝜕−1
𝑥𝑤𝑦𝑦− 2𝑤𝑥𝜕−1
𝑥𝑤𝑦− 6𝑤𝑤
𝑦) ,
(1)
where 𝜕−1𝑥
is the inverse of 𝜕𝑥with 𝜕
𝑥𝜕−1
𝑥= 𝜕−1
𝑥𝜕𝑥= 1 and
𝜕−1
𝑥= ∫
𝑥
−∞
𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡. (2)
We will study the third model given by
𝑤𝑡=
1
4
(𝑤𝑥𝑥− 2𝑤3)𝑥−
3
4
(
1
4
𝜕−1
𝑥𝑤𝑦𝑦+ 𝑤𝑥𝜕−1
𝑥𝑤𝑦) . (3)
By introducing the potential
𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝑢𝑥(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) , (4)
Hindawi Publishing CorporationAbstract and Applied
AnalysisVolume 2015, Article ID 820916, 14
pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/820916
-
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis
to remove the integral term in the system (3), we obtain
thefollowing equation
𝑢𝑥𝑡+
1
4
𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
−
2
3
𝑢2
𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥+
3
16
𝑢𝑦𝑦+
3
4
𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑦= 0. (5)
We are interested in thewave solutions of the system (3) inthis
paper. Motivated by [9], we obtain dynamical propertiesof (11) and
different wave solutions of the system (3) indetail. This paper is
organized as follows. In Section 2, weestablish the traveling wave
equation (3) for the third modelof (1). Furthermore, we obtain the
first integral of dynamicalgoverning equation of the system (11).
Then, we analyze thebifurcation behaviors of the system (11). Phase
portraits inthe different subsets of parameter space will be
presented inSection 3. In Section 4, using the information of the
phaseportraits in Section 3, we analyze all the possible
travelingwave solutions of the system (11). Some explicit
parametricrepresentations of traveling wave solutions of (3) and
thesystem (11) are also obtained. The final section includes
briefsummary, future plans, and potential fields of
applications.
2. Traveling Wave Equation for the System (3)
We assume that the traveling wave transform of the system(3) is
in the form
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = Ψ (𝜉) ,
𝜉 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡,
(6)
where 𝑐 is propagating wave velocity. Let 𝑘 = 𝑟, 𝑐 = 1,
thetraveling wave transform of (6) is equivalent to 𝜉 = 𝑥 +𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡
[11]. So, our traveling wave transform is more general.According to
physical meaning of traveling wave solutions ofthe system (3), we
always assume that 𝑐 > 0, 𝑘 ̸= 0, and𝑟 ̸= 0. Now, substituting
(6) into (5), we have the travelingwave equation
−𝑘𝑐𝑢𝜉𝜉+
𝑘4
4
𝑢𝜉𝜉𝜉𝜉
−
3
2
𝑘4𝑢2
𝜉𝑢𝜉𝜉+
3
16
𝑟2𝑢𝜉𝜉+
3
4
𝑘2𝑟𝑢𝜉𝜉𝑢𝜉= 0.
(7)
Integrating (7) with respect to 𝜉 once, we have
−16𝑘𝑐𝑢𝜉+ 4𝑘4𝑢𝜉𝜉𝜉− 8𝑘4𝑢3
𝜉+ 3𝑟2𝑢𝜉+ 6𝑘2𝑟𝑢2
𝜉= 0. (8)
Setting 𝑢𝜉= 𝜑, (8) becomes
−16𝑘𝑐𝜑 + 4𝑘4𝜑𝜉𝜉− 8𝑘4𝜑3+ 3𝑟2𝜑 + 6𝑘
2𝑟𝜑2= 0. (9)
Furthermore, (8) can be rewritten as
4𝑘4𝜑𝜉𝜉+ (3𝑟2− 16𝑘𝑐) 𝜑 + 6𝑘
2𝑟𝜑2− 8𝑘4𝜑3= 0. (10)
Letting 𝜑 = 𝑦, then we have the following planar system
𝑑𝜑
𝑑𝜉
= 𝑦,
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜉
= −
(3𝑟2− 16𝑘𝑐)
4𝑘4
𝜑 −
3𝑟
2𝑘2𝜑2+ 2𝜑3.
(11)
Obviously, the above system (11) is aHamiltonian
systemwithHamiltonian function
𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) =
𝑦2
2
+
(3𝑟2− 16𝑘𝑐)
8𝑘4
𝜑2+
𝑟
6𝑘2𝜑3−
𝜑4
2
.(12)
In order to research the system (11), let 𝑎 = −(3𝑟2
−16𝑘𝑐)/4𝑘
4, 𝑏 = −3𝑟/2𝑘2; the system (11) becomes
𝑑𝜑
𝑑𝜉
= 𝑦,
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜉
= 𝑎𝜑 + 𝑏𝜑2+ 2𝜑3.
(13)
The Hamiltonian function of (13) is
𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) =
1
2
𝑦2−
𝑎
2
𝜑2−
1
3
𝑏𝜑3−
1
2
𝜑4. (14)
3. The Bifurcation Analysis of the System (11)
In this section, our aim is to study the traveling wave
solu-tions of the system (11) by applying bifurcation method
andqualitative theory of dynamical systems [9, 10]. Throughsome
special phase orbits, we obtain smooth periodic wavesolutions,
solitary wave solutions, kink and antikink wavesolutions, and so
on. Fixing 𝑐, we discuss the phase portraitof the system (11) along
with the changes of parameters 𝑟and 𝑘 so as to study traveling wave
solutions of the system(11). Further more, through the traveling
wave solutions ofthe system (11) and the potential relation (4),
traveling wavesolutions of the system (3) will be obtained.
3.1. Phase Portraits and Qualitative Analysis of the System
(11).In order to investigate the phase portrait of the system
(11),we set
𝑓 (𝜑) = 𝑎𝜑 + 𝑏𝜑2+ 2𝜑3= 𝜑 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝜑 + 2𝜑
2) . (15)
Let Δ = (33𝑟2 − 128𝑘𝑐)/4𝑘4. Obviously, 𝑓(𝜑) has atleast one zero
point (𝜑
0, 𝑓(𝜑0)) = (0, 0). The number of the
singular points of the system (11) may be decided by the signof
Δ. Obviously, the system (11) has only one trivial singularpoint
(0, 0). Thus the other singular points of the system (11)are given
as follows. (1) When Δ < 0, the system (11) hasonly one trivial
singular point (0, 0); (2) when Δ > 0, thesystem (11) has two
singular points (𝜑
1,2, 0), where 𝜑
1= (3𝑟 +
2𝑘2√Δ)/8𝑘
2> 𝜑2= (3𝑟 − 2𝑘
2√Δ)/8𝑘
2; (3) when Δ = 0,the system has a second-order singular point
(𝜑
3, 0), where
𝜑3= 𝜑1= 𝜑2.
We notice that the Jacobian of linearized system of thesystem
(11) at the singular points is given by
𝐽 (𝜑𝑖, 0) = −𝑓
(𝜑𝑖) , (𝑖 = 0, 1, 2, 3) . (16)
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3
Thus, the characteristic values of linearized system of
thesystem (11) at (𝜑
𝑖, 0) are 𝜆 = ±√𝑓(𝜑
𝑖). From the qualitative
theory of dynamical system, we know that
(i) if 𝑓(𝜑𝑖) > 0, (𝜑
𝑖, 0) is a saddle point;
(ii) if 𝑓(𝜑𝑖) < 0, (𝜑
𝑖, 0) is a center point;
(iii) if 𝑓(𝜑𝑖) = 0, (𝜑
𝑖, 0) is a degenerate saddle point.
Let
𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = ℎ, (17)
where ℎ is Hamiltonian value. When 𝑟2 ≥ 4𝑘𝑐,
𝐻(𝜑, 0) =
𝑎
2
𝜑2+
𝑏
3
𝜑3+
1
2
𝜑4= 0 (18)
has four real roots.It is well known that the planar Hamiltonian
system is
determined by its potential energy level curve and its
singularpoint in the form of (𝜑∗, 0). So, we are interested in
lookingfor the possible zeros of (15) and determining whether
thereare heteroclinic orbits, homoclinic orbits, periodic orbits
atdifferent singular points.
In order to find the heteroclinic orbits and the
homoclinicorbits of the system (11), let
𝑓(𝜑) = 𝑎 + 2𝑏𝜑 + 6𝜑
2= 0. (19)
From (19), we can get the following expressions of its
roots:
𝜑∗
1=
3𝑟 + √27𝑟2− 96𝑘𝑐
12𝑘2
,
𝜑∗
2=
3𝑟 − √27𝑟2− 96𝑘𝑐
12𝑘2
.
(20)
Substituting (20) into (15), we can get
𝑓 (𝜑∗
1) = − ((3𝑟 + √27𝑟
2− 96𝑘𝑐)
× (15𝑟2− 64𝑘𝑐 + 𝑟√27𝑟
2− 96𝑘𝑐)) (288𝑘
6)
−1
,
𝑓 (𝜑∗
2) = − ((−3𝑟 + √27𝑟
2− 96𝑘𝑐)
× (−15𝑟2− 64𝑘𝑐 + 𝑟√27𝑟
2− 96𝑘𝑐)) (288𝑘
6)
−1
,
(21)
−𝑓 (𝜑∗
1) − 𝑓 (𝜑
∗
2) = −
𝑟 (−𝑟2+ 4𝑘𝑐)
2𝑘6
.(22)
Theorem 1. When 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, from (22), one has
thefollowing.
(i) When 𝑟 = ±2√𝑘𝑐, there are two heteroclinic orbitsformed by
the saddle points (±2√𝑘𝑐, 0).
(ii) When 𝑟 ∈ (−4√3𝑘𝑐/3, −2√𝑘𝑐) ∪ (2√𝑘𝑐, 4√3𝑘𝑐/3),there are no
heteroclinic orbits, while there are homo-clinic orbits formed by
other saddle points except fortwo saddle points (±2√𝑘𝑐, 0).
Proof. When 𝑟 = ±2√𝑘𝑐, we have 𝜑0,2= −√𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2< 0 and
𝑓(−√𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2) < 0. According to the qualitative theory of
dynamical system, (𝜑0,2, 0) are saddle points. Furthermore,
when 𝑟 = ±2√𝑘𝑐, −𝑓(𝜑∗1) = 𝑓(𝜑
∗
2) holds. Similarly, if 𝑟 ∈
(−4√3𝑘𝑐/3, −2√𝑘𝑐)∪ (2√𝑘𝑐, 4√3𝑘𝑐/3), we have that (𝜑1,2, 0)
is the saddle point and −𝑓(𝜑∗1) ̸= 𝑓(𝜑
∗
2) holds. Applying
Theorems 1 and 2 [12], Theorem 1 is proved.
In order to give the details of the bifurcation, if 𝑐 > 0,𝑘
> 0, we can obtain the following six bifurcation boundaries:
𝐿1: 𝑟 = −
4√3𝑘𝑐
3
,
𝐿2: 𝑟 = −2√𝑘𝑐,
𝐿3: 𝑟 = −
8√66𝑘𝑐
33
,
𝐿4: 𝑟 =
8√66𝑘𝑐
33
,
𝐿5: 𝑟 = 2√𝑘𝑐,
𝐿6: 𝑟 =
4√3𝑘𝑐
3
.
(23)
All these bifurcation boundaries divide the parameterspace into
seven regions (see Figure 1(a)) in which differentphase portraits
exist. All the corresponding phase portraitswill be shown in Figure
2.
If 𝑐 > 0, 𝑘 < 0, there is one bifurcation boundary:
𝐿7: 𝑟 = 0. (24)
In this case, the corresponding phase portraits in
twobifurcation regions 𝐹
7and 𝐹
8(see Figure 1(b)) will be shown
in Figure 3.Assuming that the following conditions hold:
𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, Δ ≥ 0. (𝐼)
Therefore, we can obtain the phase portraits of the system
(11)in Figure 2.
Set
ℎ𝑖= 𝐻 (𝜑
𝑖, 𝑦) . (25)
According to Figure 2, we obtain Case 1 as follows.
Case 1. Suppose that 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, and Δ ≥ 0, in
additionto one of conditions (1)–(12), we can obtain the sign of
𝑓(𝜑
𝑖)
and the relation among ℎ(𝜑𝑖, 0) by choosing suitable 𝑟, 𝑘,
and
𝑐, respectively.
(1) When 𝑟 < −4√3𝑘𝑐/3, the fact is that ℎ0< ℎ1< ℎ2
exists and the system (11) has two saddles at (𝜑1,2, 0) and
a center at (0, 0) determined by (16). When ℎ ∈ (ℎ0, ℎ1),
the system (11) has a family of periodic orbits in which
theperiodic orbit Γ
1is included (see Figure 2(a)). When ℎ ∈
(−∞, ℎ0) ∪ (ℎ2,∞), periodic orbits become open curves.
-
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis
L1
L2L3L4
L5
L6
k−5
−10
−15
5
10
15
0
1 2 3 4 5
(a) 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, Δ ≥ 0
L7
−1
1−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−0.5 0.50
(b) 𝑘 < 0, 𝑐 > 0
Figure 1: Transition boundaries on (𝑘 − 𝑟) plane of system
(10).
(2) When 𝑟 = −4√3𝑘𝑐/3, the coefficient of 𝜑 vanishes.Both
singular points (𝜑
0,1, 0) are degenerated to (𝜑
0, 0) and
(𝜑2, 0) becoming a saddle point in the system (11) (see
Figure 2(b)). In the system (11), all the level curves
areopen.
(3) When −4√3𝑘𝑐/3 < 𝑟 < −2√𝑘𝑐, the fact is that ℎ1<
ℎ0< ℎ2exists and the system (11) has two saddles at (𝜑
0,2, 0)
and a center at (𝜑1, 0). When ℎ = ℎ
0, the system (11) has
homoclinics orbit Γ4and a special orbit Γ
5(see Figure 2(c)).
When ℎ ∈ (ℎ1, ℎ0), the system (11) has a family of periodic
orbits in which the periodic orbit Γ6is included. When ℎ →
ℎ−
0, periodic orbits become the homoclinic orbit Γ
4. When
ℎ ∈ (−∞, ℎ1), periodic orbits become open curves.
(4) When 𝑟 = −2√𝑘𝑐, the system (11) has two saddles at(𝜑0,2, 0)
and a center at (𝜑
1, 0), where 𝜑
2= 2𝜑1= −√𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2,ℎ1= −9𝑐
2/4𝑘4< ℎ0= ℎ2. When ℎ = ℎ
0, the system (11) has
heteroclinic orbits consisting of Γ10
and Γ11, which connects
two saddles (𝜑0,2, 0) (see Figure 2(d)). When ℎ ∈ (ℎ
1, ℎ0),
the system (11) has a family of periodic orbits in which
theperiodic orbit Γ
12is included. But when ℎ → ℎ−
0, periodic
orbits become the heteroclinic orbit Γ10and the orbit Γ
11.
(5) When −2√𝑘𝑐 < 𝑟 < −8√66𝑘𝑐/33, we can obtain ℎ2<
ℎ1< ℎ0and the system (11) has two saddles at (𝜑
0,2, 0) and a
center at (𝜑1, 0) (see Figure 2(e)).The system (11) has a
family
of open curves.(6) When 𝑟 = −8√66𝑘𝑐/33, both singular points
(𝜑
1,2, 0)
are degenerated to (−2√66𝑘𝑐/11, 0); (𝜑0, 0) becomes a saddle
in the system (11) (see Figure 2(f)). The system (11) has
afamily of open curves.
(7) When 𝑟 = 8√66𝑘𝑐/33, both singular points (𝜑1,2, 0)
are degenerated to (2√66𝑘𝑐/11, 0), (𝜑0, 0) becomes a saddle
in the system (11) (see Figure 2(g)). The system (11) has
afamily of open curves.
(8)When 8√66𝑘𝑐/33 < 𝑟 < 2√𝑘𝑐, the system (11) has
twosaddles at (𝜑
0,1, 0) and a center at (𝜑
2, 0). The system (11) has
a family of open curves (see Figure 2(h)).(9) When 𝑟 = 2√𝑘𝑐, the
system (11) has two saddles at
(𝜑0,2, 0) and a center at (𝜑
1, 0), where 𝜑
2= 2𝜑1= −√𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2,ℎ2= −9𝑐
2/4𝑘4< ℎ0= ℎ1. When ℎ = ℎ
0, the system (11) has
heteroclinic orbits consisting of Γ13
and Γ14, which connects
two saddles (𝜑0,2, 0). When ℎ ∈ (ℎ
1, ℎ0), the system (11) has
a family of periodic orbits in which the periodic orbit Γ15
isincluded (see Figure 2(i)). But when ℎ → ℎ+
0, periodic orbits
become the heteroclinic orbit Γ13and the orbit Γ
14.
(10) When 2√𝑘𝑐 < 𝑟 < 4√3𝑘𝑐/3, the system (11) has
twosaddles at (𝜑
0,1, 0) and a center at (𝜑
2, 0) and ℎ
2< ℎ0< ℎ1
exists. When ℎ = ℎ0, the system (11) has homoclinics orbit
Γ7and a special orbit Γ
8. When ℎ ∈ (ℎ
0, ℎ1), the system (11)
has a family of periodic orbits in which the periodic orbit
Γ9
is included (see Figure 2(j)). When ℎ → ℎ+0, periodic orbits
become the homoclinics orbit Γ7.When ℎ ∈ (ℎ
1,∞), periodic
orbits become open curves.(11) When 𝑟 = 4√3𝑘𝑐/3, the coefficient
of 𝜑 vanishes.
Both singular points (𝜑0,2, 0) are degenerated to (𝜑
0, 0) and
(𝜑1, 0) becoming a saddle in the system (11) (see Figure
2(k)).
In the system (11), all the level curves are open.(12) When 𝑟
> 4√3𝑘𝑐/3, the system (11) has two saddles
at (𝜑1,2, 0) and a center at (0, 0) and ℎ
0< ℎ2< ℎ1exists.
When ℎ ∈ (ℎ0, ℎ2), the system (11) has a family of periodic
orbits in which the periodic orbit Γ16is included. When ℎ ∈
(−∞, ℎ0) ∪ (ℎ1,∞), periodic orbits become open curves (see
Figure 2(l)).
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5
0
−2
−1
y 1
2
10−2−3 −1−4−5−6
𝜑
(a) 𝑟 < −4√3𝑘𝑐/3
y
0
−2
−4
−8
−6
4
6
8
2
10−2−3 −1−4−5 2
𝜑
(b) 𝑟 = −4√3𝑘𝑐/3
y
0
−2
−4
4
2
10−2−3 −1−4
𝜑
(c) −4√3𝑘𝑐/3 < 𝑟 < −2√𝑘𝑐
0
−2
−1
y 1
2
0 0.5−1−1.5 −0.5−2−2.5
𝜑
(d) 𝑟 = −2√𝑘𝑐
0
−2
−1
y 1
2
0 0.5−1−1.5 −0.5−2−2.5
𝜑
(e) −2√𝑘𝑐 < 𝑟 < −8√66𝑘𝑐/33
0
−2
−1
y 1
2
0 0.5−1−1.5 −0.5−2−2.5
𝜑
(f) 𝑟 = −8√66𝑘𝑐/33
0
−2
−1
y 1
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5−0.5
𝜑
(g) 𝑟 = 8√66𝑘𝑐/33
0
−2
−1
y 1
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5−0.5
𝜑
(h) 8√66𝑘𝑐/33 < 𝑟 < 2√𝑘𝑐
0
−2
−1
y 1
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5−0.5
𝜑
(i) 𝑟 = 2√𝑘𝑐
y
0
−2
−4
4
2
10−1 42 3
𝜑
(j) 2√𝑘𝑐 < 𝑟 < 4√3𝑘𝑐/3
10−1 4 52 3
𝜑
−2
y
0
−2
−4
−8
−6
4
6
8
2
(k) 𝑟 = 4√3𝑘𝑐/3
y
0
−2
−4
4
2
10−1 4 5 62 3
𝜑
(l) 𝑟 > 4√3𝑘𝑐/3
Figure 2: The bifurcation phase portraits in different regions
of Figure 1(a) for the system (11).
-
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis
y
𝜑
1 2 3 4−1−2−3−4−5
10
5
0
0
−5
−10
(a) 𝑟 < 0
y
𝜑
1 2 3 4 5−2 −1−3−4
10
5
0
−5
−10
(b) 𝑟 > 0
Figure 3: The bifurcation phase portraits in different regions
of Figure 1(b) for the system (11).
1 2 3 4−1−2−3−4
0.2
0.1
00
−0.1
−0.2
𝜒
(a) 𝜑1(𝜉)
1 2 3 4−1−2−3−4
0.2
0.1
0
0
−0.1
−0.2
𝜉
(b) 𝑤1(𝜉) (𝑐1= 0)
Figure 4: The periodic wave solutions of the system (11) and the
system (3) when 𝑟 < −4√3𝑘𝑐/3, 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, and Δ ≥ 0.
Assuming that the following conditions
𝑘 < 0, 𝑐 > 0 (𝐼𝐼)
hold, according to Figure 3, we obtain Case 2 as follows.
Case 2. Suppose that 𝑘 < 0, 𝑐 > 0, similarly, we have
thefollowing.
(13)When 𝑟 < 0, the system (11) has two saddles at (𝜑1,2,
0)
and a center at (0, 0) and ℎ0< ℎ1< ℎ2exists. When ℎ ∈
(ℎ0, ℎ1)∪(ℎ1, ℎ2), the system (11) has a family of periodic
orbits
in which the periodic orbit Γ17is included; under other
cases,
periodic orbits become open curves (see Figure 4(a)).
(14) When 𝑟 > 0, the system (11) has two saddles at(𝜑1,2, 0)
and a center at (0, 0) and ℎ
0< ℎ2< ℎ1exists. When
ℎ ∈ (ℎ0, ℎ2) ∪ (ℎ2, ℎ1), the system (11) has a family of
periodic
orbits in which the periodic orbit Γ18is included; under
other
cases, periodic orbits become open curves (see Figure 4(b)).
4. Smooth Solitary Wave Solutions, PeriodicWave Solutions, and
Kink Wave Solutionsfor the System (11) and the System (3)
In this section, we will seek all traveling wave solutions
whichcorrespond to the special bounded phase orbits of the
system(11) in Section 3.The explicit expressions of the system (3)
are
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7
also obtained by all traveling wave solutions of the system
(11)and the relation (4).
4.1. Smooth Solitary Wave Solutions, Periodic Wave Solutions,and
Kink and Antikink Wave Solutions of the System (11).From the
qualitative theory of dynamical system, we knowthat a smooth
solitary wave solution of a partial differ-ential system
corresponds to a smooth homoclinic orbitof a traveling wave
equation. A periodic orbit of travelingwave equation corresponds to
a periodic traveling wavesolution of a partial differential system.
Similarly, a smoothheteroclinic orbit of traveling wave equation
corresponds to asmooth kink (antikink) wave solution of a partial
differentialsystem.
According to the above analysis, in this section, we con-sider
the existence and the explicit exact expressions ofsmooth periodic
wave solutions, smooth solitary wave solu-tions, and smooth kink
(antikink) wave solutions for thesystem (11) and the system (3)
under the parameter conditions(𝐼) and (𝐼𝐼).
Firstly, we consider the existence of smooth periodic
wavesolutions under parameter conditions (𝐼) and (𝐼𝐼).
Proposition 2. (i) When 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, and Δ ≥ 0, thesystem
(11) has a family of smooth periodic wave solutions (seeFigure 2),
which correspond to 𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = ℎ, ℎ ∈ 𝐼, where 𝐼 isone of intervals
in (1), (3), (4), (9), (10), and (12) of Case 1.
(1) When 𝑟 < −4√3𝑘𝑐/3, ℎ ∈ (ℎ0, ℎ1), where ℎ
0< ℎ1< ℎ2
in Case 1(1) (see Figure 2(a)).
(2) When −4√3𝑘𝑐/3 < 𝑟 < −2√𝑘𝑐, ℎ ∈ (ℎ1, ℎ0), where
ℎ1< ℎ0< ℎ2in Case 1(3) (see Figure 2(c)).
(3) When 𝑟 = −2√𝑘𝑐, ℎ ∈ (ℎ1, ℎ0), where ℎ
1< ℎ0= ℎ2in
Case 1(4) (see Figure 2(d)).
(4) When 𝑟 = 2√𝑘𝑐, ℎ ∈ (ℎ2, ℎ0), where ℎ
2< ℎ0= ℎ1in
Case 1(9) (see Figure 2(i)).
(5) When 2√𝑘𝑐 < 𝑟 < 4√3𝑘𝑐/3, ℎ ∈ (ℎ0, ℎ1), where ℎ
2<
ℎ0< ℎ1in Case 1(10) (see Figure 2(j)).
(6) When 𝑟 > 4√3𝑘𝑐/3, ℎ ∈ (ℎ0, ℎ2), where ℎ
0< ℎ1< ℎ2
in Case 1(12) (see Figure 2(l)).
(ii) When 𝑘 < 0, 𝑐 > 0, the system (11) has a familyof
smooth periodic wave solutions (see Figure 2), which corre-spond
to𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = ℎ, ℎ ∈ 𝐼, where 𝐼 is one of the intervals in(13) and
(14) of Case 2.
(1) When 𝑟 < 0, ℎ ∈ (ℎ0, ℎ1)∪(ℎ1, ℎ2), where ℎ
0< ℎ1< ℎ2
in Case 2(13) (see Figure 3(a)).
(2) When 𝑟 < 0, ℎ ∈ (ℎ0, ℎ2)∪(ℎ2, ℎ1), where ℎ
0< ℎ2< ℎ1
in Case 2(14) (see Figure 3(b)).
Secondly, we discuss the existence of solitary wave solu-tions
under group (I). We can summarize the results for thesystem (11)
from Figures 2(c) and 2(j).
Proposition 3. Under conditions (𝐼), one has following
results.
(i) When −4√3𝑘𝑐/3 < 𝑟 < −2√𝑘𝑐, the system (11) hasa smooth
solitary wave solution of valley type, whichcorresponds to the
orbit Γ
4of𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = ℎ
0.
(ii) When 2√k𝑐 < 𝑟 < 4√3𝑘𝑐/3, the system (11) hasa smooth
solitary wave solution of peak type, whichcorresponds to the orbit
Γ
19of𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = ℎ
0.
Finally, we mention the conditions of existence for kinkwave
solutions of the system (11).
Proposition 4. When conditions (𝐼) hold, the system (11)
hassmooth kink (antkink) under one of the following conditions:
(1) 𝑟 = −2√kc, the system (11) has smooth kink whichcorresponds
to the orbits Γ
9and Γ
10of 𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = ℎ
0
(see Figure 2(d));
(2) 𝑟 = 2√kc, the system (11) has smooth kink whichcorresponds
to the orbits Γ
14and Γ15
of 𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = ℎ0
(see Figure 2(i)).
4.2. Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of the System (11) and
theSystem (3). Firstly, wewill obtain some explicit expressions
oftraveling wave solutions for the system (11) when conditions(𝐼)
and (𝐼𝐼) hold. Furthermore, using potential (4) for thesystem (3),
its exact traveling wave solutions are given asfollows.
We only choose one of the periodic orbits to calculateperiodic
wave solutions.
(1) Periodic wave solutions for the system (11) and thesystem
(3).
There are periodic orbits such as Γ1, Γ6, Γ9, Γ12, Γ15, Γ16,
Γ17, and Γ
18(see Figures 2(a), 2(c), 2(d), 2(i), 2(j), 2(l), 3(a),
and 3(b)), which correspond to periodic wave solutions forthe
system (11). We only choose one of the periodic orbits(see Figure
2(a)) to calculate periodic wave solutions. Thismethod can be used
for other periodic orbits.
When 𝑟 < −4√3𝑘𝑐/3 (see Figure 2(a)), we notice thatthere are
periodic orbit Γ
1and two special orbits Γ
2, Γ3passing
the points (𝜑4, 0), (𝜑
5, 0), (𝜑
6, 0), and (𝜑
7, 0). In the (𝜑, 𝑦)-
plane the expressions of the orbits are given as
𝑦 = ±√−
(3𝑟2− 16𝑘𝑐)
8𝑘4
𝜑2−
27𝑟
𝑘2𝜑3+ 𝜑4+ ℎ
= ±√(𝜑 − 𝜑4) (𝜑 − 𝜑
5) (𝜑 − 𝜑
6) (𝜑 − 𝜑
7),
(26)
where 𝜑4< 𝜑5< 0 < 𝜑
6< 𝜑7.
Substituting (26) into 𝑑𝜑/𝑑𝜉 = 𝑦 and integrating themalong Γ
1, Γ2, and Γ
3, it follows that
±∫
𝜑
𝜑5
1
√(𝜑 − 𝜑4) (𝜑 − 𝜑
5) (𝜑 − 𝜑
6) (𝜑 − 𝜑
7)
𝑑𝑠 = ∫
𝜉
0
𝑑𝑠.
(27)
-
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis
Completing the above integral, we obtain one of the
periodictraveling wave solutions (see Figure 4(a)) of (26):
𝜑1(𝜉)
= 𝜑4+
(𝜑5− 𝜑4) 𝑠𝑛 (𝜉, 𝜑
4, 𝜑5, 𝜑6, 𝜑7)
1 − ((𝜑6− 𝜑5) / (𝜑6− 𝜑4)) 𝑠𝑛 (𝜉, 𝜑
4, 𝜑5, 𝜑6, 𝜑7)
,
(28)
where 𝑠𝑛(𝜉, 𝜑4, 𝜑5, 𝜑6, 𝜑7) = 𝑠𝑛
2(√2(𝜑
5− 𝜑7)(𝜑4− 𝜑6)𝜉/2,
(𝜑6− 𝜑5)(𝜑7− 𝜑4)/(𝜑7− 𝜑5)(𝜑6− 𝜑4)).
Noting (6), we obtain the the following exact periodicwave
solutions of the system (11) from (28):
𝑞1(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
= 𝜑4+
(𝜑5− 𝜑4) 𝑠𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝜑
4, 𝜑5, 𝜑6, 𝜑7)
1 − ((𝜑6− 𝜑5) / (𝜑6− 𝜑4)) 𝑠𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝜑
4, 𝜑5, 𝜑6, 𝜑7)
,
(29)
where 𝑠𝑛(𝑥,𝑦, 𝑡,𝜑4,𝜑5,𝜑6,𝜑7) = 𝑠𝑛
2(2√(𝜑
5− 𝜑7)(𝜑4− 𝜑6)(𝑘𝑥+
𝑟𝑦− 𝑐𝑡)/2, (𝜑6−𝜑5)(𝜑7−𝜑4)/(𝜑7−𝜑5)(𝜑6−𝜑4)). 𝑞1(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is
one of the smooth periodic wave solutions of the system
(11).Since 𝑢
1(𝜉) = ∫ 𝜑
1(𝜉)𝑑𝜉, integrating (28) about 𝜉, by (6),
we can obtain one of smooth wave solutions 𝑢1(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) of
sys-
tem (5). Applying the potential (4), the periodicwave
solutionfor the system (3) is obtained as follows:
𝑤1(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝑘𝑞
1(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) + 𝑐
1, (30)
where 𝑐1is a constant.
Noting (6), the periodic traveling wave solution𝑤1(𝜉) for
the system (3) is obtained (see Figure 4(b)).
Remark 5. In [11], some periodic wave solutions of the
system(11) are obtained, but the periodic wave solutions of
thesystem (3) are not given. The periodic wave solutions of
thesystem (3) cannot be derived by themethod [3]. In this paper,we
obtain all periodic wave solutions of the system (11) andthe system
(3).
(2) Solitary wave solutions for the system (11) and thesystem
(3).
When −4√3𝑘𝑐/3 < 𝑟 < −2√𝑘𝑐, from the phase portrait(see
Figure 2(c)), we notice that there are a homoclinic orbitΓ4and a
special orbit Γ
5passing the points (𝜑
8, 0), (𝜑
9, 0), and
(0, 0). In (𝜑, 𝑦)-plane, the expressions of the orbits are
givenas
𝑦 = ±√𝜑2(𝜑 − 𝜑
8) (𝜑 − 𝜑
9), (31)
when𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = 0, where 𝜑8= (𝑟 − 2√𝑟
2− 4𝑘𝑐)/2𝑘
2< 𝜑9=
(𝑟 + 2√𝑟2− 4𝑘𝑐)/2𝑘
2< 0.
Substituting (31) into 𝑑𝜑/𝑑𝜉 = 𝑦 and integrating themalong Γ
4and Γ5, we have
±∫
𝜑
𝜑9
1
√𝜑2(𝜑 − 𝜑
8) (𝜑 − 𝜑
9)
𝑑𝑠 = ∫
𝜉
0
𝑑𝑠. (32)
Completing the above integral, we obtain the following soli-tary
wave solution (see Figure 5(a)) of the system (11):
𝜑2(𝜉) =
2𝜑8𝜑9
(𝜑8− 𝜑9) cosh ((√2/2)√𝜑8𝜑9𝜉) + 𝜑8 + 𝜑9
.
(33)
Noting (6), we obtain the following exact solitary wavesolutions
(see Figure 5(a)) of the system (11) from (33):
𝑞2(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
= −
2𝑎𝑘2
2√𝑟2− 4𝑘𝑐 cosh ((√2𝑎/2) (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)) − 𝑟
,
(34)
where 𝑞2(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is a solitary wave solution of the system
(11).
Since 𝑢(𝜉) = ∫𝜑(𝜉)𝑑𝜉, integrating (33) about 𝜉, we
canobtain𝑢2(𝜉)
= 2√2tanh−1((𝑟 + 2√𝑟
2− 4𝑘𝑐) tanh (√2𝑎𝜉/4)2𝑘2√𝑎
) .
(35)
According to (6), wave solutions of traveling wave equation(7)
from (5) are able to obtain
𝑢2(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
= 2√2tanh−1 ((𝑟 + 2√𝑟2 − 4𝑘𝑐)(√2𝑎 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
4
)
× tanh(√2𝑎 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
4
)
× (2𝑘2√𝑎)
−1
) ,
(36)
where 𝑢2(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is one of the smooth wave solutions of
(5).
We substitute (36) into the potential𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝑢𝑥(𝑥, 𝑦,
𝑡)
as defined in (4) to obtain
𝑤2(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = − (2𝑘
3𝑎 (𝑟 + 2√𝑟
2− 4𝑘𝑐))
× ((5𝑟2+ 4𝑟√𝑟
2− 4𝑘𝑐 − 4𝑘
4𝑎 − 16𝑘𝑐)
× cosh(√2𝑎 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
4
)
2
−4𝑟√𝑟2− 4𝑘𝑐 + 5𝑟
2+ 16𝑘𝑐)
−1
,
(37)
where 𝑤2(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is a solitary wave solution of the system
(3).
Using travelingwave transform (6), the solitary wave
solution𝑤2(𝜉) of the system (3) is obtained (see Figure 5(b)).
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 9
1 2 3 40−1−2−3−4
y
𝜉−0.1
−0.2
−0.3
−0.4
−0.5
−0.6
−0.7
(a) 𝜑2(𝜉)
1 2 3 40−1−2−3−4
y
𝜉−0.1
−0.2
−0.3
−0.4
−0.5
−0.6
−0.7
(b) 𝑤2(𝜉)
Figure 5: The solitary wave of the system (11) and the system
(3) when −4√3𝑘𝑐/3 < 𝑟 < −2√𝑘𝑐, 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, and Δ ≥
0.
When 2√𝑘𝑐 < 𝑟 < 4√3𝑘𝑐/3 (see Figure 2(j)), the
expres-sions of the homoclinic orbit Γ
7and the special orbit Γ
8
passing the points (𝜑11, 0), (0, 0), and (𝜑
12, 0) are given as in
(𝜑, 𝑦)-plane:
𝑦 = ±√𝜑2(𝜑 − 𝜑
11) (𝜑 − 𝜑
12), (38)
when𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = 0, where 0 < 𝜑11= (𝑟 − 2√𝑟
2− 4𝑘𝑐)/2𝑘
2<
𝜑12= (𝑟 + 2√𝑟
2− 4𝑘𝑐)/2𝑘
2.Substituting (38) into 𝑑𝜑/𝑑𝜉 = 𝑦 and integrating them
along Γ19and Γ20, we have
±∫
𝜑11
𝜑
1
√𝜑2(𝜑 − 𝜑
11) (𝜑 − 𝜑
12)
𝑑𝑠 = ∫
𝜉
0
𝑑𝑠. (39)
Completing the above integral, we obtain the following soli-tary
wave solution (see Figure 6(a)) of the system (11):
𝜑3(𝜉) =
2𝜑8𝜑9
(𝜑9− 𝜑8) cosh ((√2/2)√𝜑8𝜑9𝜉) + 𝜑8 + 𝜑9
.
(40)Noting (6), we obtain the following exact wave solutions
of the system (11) from (40)𝑞3(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
=
2𝑘2𝑎
2√𝑟2− 4𝑘𝑐 cosh ((√2𝑎/2) (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)) + 𝑟
,
(41)
where 𝑞3(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is a solitary wave solution of the system
(11).
Since 𝑢(𝜉) = ∫ 𝜑(𝜉)𝑑𝜉, integrating (40) about 𝜉, we
canobtain
𝑢3(𝜉) = −2√2tanh−1(
(−𝑟 + 2√𝑟2− 4𝑘𝑐) tanh (√2𝑎𝜉/4)2𝑘2√𝑎
) .
(42)
According to (6), one of the smooth wave solutions of (5) isable
to obtain
𝑢3(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
= −2√2tanh−1 (((−𝑟 + 2√𝑟2 − 4𝑘𝑐)
× tanh(√2𝑎 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
4
))
× (2𝑘2√𝑎)
−1
) .
(43)
Substitute (42) into the potential 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝑢𝑥(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
as defined in (4) to obtain
𝑤3(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = (2𝑘
3𝑎 (𝑟 − 2√𝑟
2− 4𝑘𝑐))
× ((−5𝑟2+ 4𝑟√𝑟
2− 4𝑘𝑐 + 4𝑘
2𝑎 + 16𝑘𝑐)
× (cosh(√2𝑎 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
4
))
2
−4𝑟√𝑟2− 4𝑘𝑐 + 5𝑟
2− 16𝑘𝑐)
−1
,
(44)
where 𝑤3(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is a solitary wave solution of the system
(3).
Applying (6), the solitary wave solution 𝑤3(𝜉) is obtained
for
the system (3) (see Figure 6(b)).
-
10 Abstract and Applied Analysis
1 2 3 40−1−2−3−4
y
𝜉
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
(a) 𝜑3(𝜉)
1 2 3 40−1−2−3−4
y
𝜉
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
(b) 𝑤3(𝜉)
Figure 6: The solitary wave of the system (11) and the system
(3) when 2√𝑘𝑐 < 𝑟 < 4√3𝑘𝑐/3, 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, and Δ ≥
0.
Remark 6. In [11], only one solitary wave solution of peaktype
wave solutions of the system (3) is obtained. However,the solitary
wave solutions of system (3) cannot be foundby Hirota’s bilinear
method [3]. Fortunately, we obtain allsolitary wave solutions of
the system (11) and the system (3).
(3) Kink (antikink) wave solutions for the system (11) andthe
system (3).
When 𝑟 = −2√𝑘𝑐 (see Figure 2(d)), in (𝜑, 𝑦)-plane,
theexpressions of the heteroclinic orbits Γ
10and Γ11passing the
points (𝜑13, 0), (0, 0) are given as
𝑦 = ±√𝑐𝜑2
𝑘3+ 2
√𝑘𝑐
𝑘2𝜑3+
1
2
𝜑4,
(45)
when𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = 0, where 𝜑13= −√𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2< 0.
Substituting (45) into 𝑑𝜑/𝑑𝜉 = 𝑦 and integrating themalong Γ
10and Γ11, we have
∫
𝜑
𝜑13
1
√𝜑2(𝜑 + √𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2)
2
𝑑𝑠 =
√2
2
∫
𝜉
0
𝑑𝑠, (46a)
−∫
𝜑
𝜑13
1
√𝜑2(𝜑 + √𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2)
2
𝑑𝑠 =
√2
2
∫
𝜉
0
𝑑𝑠. (46b)
Completing the above integral (46a), we obtain the followingkink
wave solution of the system (11) (see Figure 7(a)):
𝜑4(𝜉) = −
√𝑘𝑐 (1 − tanh (√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))2𝑘2
.(47)
Noting (6), we obtain the exact wave solution of the system(11)
from (47). Consider
𝑞4(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = −
√𝑘𝑐 (1 − tanh (√2𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡) /2𝑘2))2𝑘2
,
(48)
where 𝑞4(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is a kink wave solution of the system
(11).
Since 𝑢(𝜉) = ∫ 𝜑(𝜉)𝑑𝜉, integrating (47) about 𝜉, we
canobtain
𝑢4(𝜉)
= −(
1
2𝑘2
√𝑘𝑐𝜉 +
√2
4
× ( ln(1 + tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉
2𝑘2))
+
√2
4
ln(1 − tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉
2𝑘2)))) .
(49)
According to (6), kink wave solutions of (5) are able to
obtain
𝑢4(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
= −(
1
2𝑘2
√𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
+
√2
4
( ln(− tanh(√2𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
2𝑘2
) − 1)
+
√2
4
ln(1 − tanh(√2𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
2𝑘2
)))) .
(50)
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 11
2 40−2−4
y
𝜉
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
(a) 𝜑4(𝜉) = −(√𝑘𝑐(1 − tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2)))/2𝑘2
2 40−2−4
y
𝜉
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
(b) 𝑤4(𝜉) = √𝑘𝑐(−1 + tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))/2𝑘
2 40−2−4
y
𝜉
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
(c) 𝜑4 (𝜉) = √𝑘𝑐(1 + tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))/ − 2𝑘2
2 40−2−4
y
𝜉
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
(d) 𝑤4 (𝜉) = √𝑘𝑐(1 + tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))/ − 2𝑘
Figure 7: The kink (antikink) wave solutions of the system (11)
and the system (3) when 𝑟 = −2√𝑘𝑐, 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, and Δ ≥
0.
Using the potential (4), the kink wave solution for thesystem
(3) are obtained as follows:
𝑤4(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = −
√𝑘𝑐 (1 − tanh (√2𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡) /2𝑘2))2𝑘
,
(51)
where 𝑤4(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is the smooth kink wave solution of the
system (3). The smooth kink wave solution 𝑤4(𝜉) of the sys-
tem (3) is obtained from (51) (see Figure 7(b)).
Analogously,completing the above integral (46b), we have the
followingantikink wave solution
𝜑4 (𝜉) = −
√𝑘𝑐 (1 + tanh (√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))2𝑘2
, (52)
𝑤4 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = −
√𝑘𝑐 (1 + tanh (√2𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡) /2𝑘2))2𝑘
,
(53)
for the system (11) and the system (3), respectively (seeFigures
7(c) and 7(d)).
When 𝑟 = 2√𝑘𝑐 (see Figure 2(i)), in (𝜑, 𝑦)-plane, theexpressions
of the heteroclinic orbits Γ
13and Γ14passing the
points (0, 0), (𝜑14, 0) are given as
𝑦 = ±√𝑐𝜑2
𝑘3− 2
√𝑘𝑐
𝑘2𝜑3+
1
2
𝜑4,
(54)
when𝐻(𝜑, 𝑦) = 0, 𝜑14= √𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2> 0.
-
12 Abstract and Applied Analysis
Substituting (54) into 𝑑𝜑/𝑑𝜉 = 𝑦 and integrating themalong Γ
13and Γ14, we have
∫
𝜑14
𝜑
√2
√𝜑2(𝜑 − √𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2)
2
𝑑𝑠 = ∫
𝜉
0
𝑑𝑠, (55a)
−∫
𝜑14
𝜑
√2
√𝜑2(𝜑 − √𝑘𝑐/𝑘
2)
2
𝑑𝑠 = ∫
𝜉
0
𝑑𝑠. (55b)
Completing the above integral (55a), we obtain the exact
kinkwave solution of the system (11) (see Figure 8(a)):
𝜑5(𝜉) =
√𝑘𝑐 (1 + tanh (√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))2𝑘2
.(56)
Noting (6), we obtain the following exact wave solution of
thesystem (11) from (56):
𝑞5(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
=
√𝑘𝑐 (1 + tanh (√𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡) /2𝑘))2𝑘2
,
(57)
where 𝑞5(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is a kink wave solution of the system
(11).Since 𝑢(𝜉) = ∫ 𝜑(𝜉)𝑑𝜉, integrating (56) about 𝜉, we can
obtain
𝑢5(𝜉) = (
√𝑘𝑐
2𝑘2𝜉 −
√2
4
× ( ln(tanh(√𝑘𝑐𝜉
2𝑘
) − 1)
−
√2
4
ln(1 + tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉
2𝑘2)))) .
(58)
According to (6), the traveling wave solution of (5) is able
toobtain
𝑢5(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
= (
√𝑘𝑐
2𝑘2(𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
−
√2
4
( ln(tanh(√𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
2𝑘
) − 1)
−
√2
4
ln(1 + tanh(√2𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡)
2𝑘2
)))).
(59)
Applying the potential (4), the kink wave solution of thesystem
(3) is obtained as follows:
𝑤5(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
=
√𝑘𝑐 (1 + tanh (√𝑘𝑐 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑟𝑦 − 𝑐𝑡) /2𝑘))2𝑘
,
(60)
where 𝑤5(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is the smooth kink wave solution of the
system (3).Noting (6), we can obtain the smooth kink wave
solution
𝑤5(𝜉) of the system (3) (see Figure 8(b)). Analogously, com-
pleting the above integral (55b), we obtain the exact
antikinkwave solution:
𝜑5 (𝜉) =
√𝑘𝑐 (1 − tanh (√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))2𝑘2
,
𝑤5 (𝜉) =
√𝑘𝑐 (1 − tanh (√𝑘𝑐 (𝜉) /2𝑘))2𝑘
,
(61)
for the system (11) and the system (3), respectively (seeFigures
8(c) and 8(d)).
Remark 7. In [3], applying the necessary condition for thekink
waves to exist, multiple kink solutions and multiplesingular kink
solutions of the system (3) are formally derived.By the special
traveling wave transform in [11], no kink(antikink) solutions of
the system (11) and system (3) areobtained. In this paper, not
considering the necessary con-dition for the kink waves to exist
[3], we obtain all kink andantikink wave solutions of the system
(11) and the system (3)by the bifurcation method of dynamical
systems.
From (1) to (12), we can obtain three theorems aboutthe exact
periodic wave solutions and smooth solitary wavesolutions and kink
(antikink) wave solutions for the system(11) and the system
(3).
Theorem 8. When conditions (𝐼) or (𝐼𝐼) hold, one can obtainsome
representative smooth exact periodic wave solutions of thesystem
(11) from the periodic obits (see Figures 2(a), 2(c), 2(i),2(j),
and 2(l)) and Figures 3(a) and 3(b)), which correspondto the
representative smooth exact periodic wave solutions ofthe system
(3), such as the periodic wave solution 𝑞
1(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
of the system (11) corresponding to the periodic wave
solution𝑤1(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) of the system (3).
Theorem 9. Under conditions (𝐼), the following results hold.
(1) When −4√3𝑘𝑐/3 < 𝑟 < −2√𝑘𝑐, the system (11)has an exact
solitary wave solution 𝑞
2(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), which
corresponds to the solitary wave solutions𝑤2(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) of
the system (3).(2) When 2√𝑘𝑐 < 𝑟 < 4√3𝑘𝑐/3, the system
(11) has exact
solitary wave solutions 𝑞3(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), which correspond to
the solitary wave solutions𝑤3(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) of the system (3).
Theorem 10. Under conditions (𝐼), the following results
hold.
(1) When 𝑟 = −2√𝑘𝑐, the system (11) has an exact smoothkink wave
solution 𝑞
4(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), which corresponds to
-
Abstract and Applied Analysis 13
2 40−2−4
y
𝜉
0.5
1
1.5
2
(a) 𝜑5(𝜉) = √𝑘𝑐(1 + tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))/2𝑘2
2 40−2−4
y
𝜉
0.5
1
1.5
2
(b) 𝑤5(𝜉) = √𝑘𝑐(1 + tanh(√𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘))/2𝑘
2 40−2−4
y
𝜉
0.5
1
1.5
2
(c) 𝜑5 (𝜉) = √𝑘𝑐(1 − tanh(√2𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘2))/2𝑘2
2 40−2−4
y
𝜉
0.5
1
1.5
2
(d) 𝑤5 (𝜉) = √𝑘𝑐(1 − tanh(√𝑘𝑐𝜉/2𝑘))/2𝑘
Figure 8: The kink (antikink) wave solutions of system (11) and
(3) when 𝑟 = 2√𝑘𝑐, 𝑘 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, and Δ ≥ 0.
the kink wave solution 𝑤4(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) of the system (3),
respectively.
(2) When 𝑟 = 2√𝑘𝑐, the system (11) has an exact smoothkink wave
solution 𝑞
5(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), which corresponds to the
kink wave solution 𝑤5(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) of the system (3).
5. Discussion
In this work we obtain all wave solutions of the
completeintegrability of the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear
evolutionequation, the third model, by dynamical systems
method.This method can be used for the remaining three models.By
determining the necessary condition for the complete
integrability of these models in [3], multiple kink solutionsand
multiple singular kink solutions were formally derivedfor the third
model. Compared to the method in [3], thenecessary condition which
is among the coefficients of thespatial variables is not necessary
in our method. In [11], onlysolitary wave solutions are obtained by
a special travelingwave transform. To our knowledge, we completely
obtain allsolitary wave solutions and kink (antikink) wave
solutionsfor these models by the bifurcation method of
dynamicalsystem.The idea of applying themethod of dynamical
systemto research the complete integrability can be used for
othermodels.This will be examined in forthcoming works. For
theremaining three models, we can follow the same approach toderive
all wave solutions for them.
-
14 Abstract and Applied Analysis
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interestsregarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of
theNationalNatural Science Foundation of China throughGrantnos.
11072007, 11372014, and 11290152, the Natural ScienceFoundation of
Beijing through Grant no. 1122001, the Inter-national Science and
Technology Cooperation Program ofChina through Grant no.
2014DFR61080, and the ResearchFund for theDoctoral Program ofHigher
Education of Chinathrough Grant no. 20131103120027. All authors
wish to thankprofessor Li Jibin formany valuable suggestions
leading to theimprovement of this paper.
References
[1] X. Geng, C. Cao, and H. H. Dai, “Quasi-periodic solutions
forsome (2 + 1)-dimensional integrable models generated by
theJaulent-Miodek hierarchy,” Journal of Physics A: Mathematicaland
General, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 989–1004, 2001.
[2] X. Geng and Y.Ma, “N-soliton solution and itsWronskian
formof a (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation,”
PhysicsLetters A, vol. 369, no. 4, pp. 285–289, 2007.
[3] A.Wazwaz, “Multiple kink solutions andmultiple singular
kinksolutions for (2+1)-dimensional nonlinearmodels generated bythe
Jaulent-Miodek hierarchy,” Physics Letters A, vol. 373, no. 21,pp.
1844–1846, 2009.
[4] Y. Y. Zhang, X. Q. Liu, and G. W. Wang, “Symmetry
reductionsand exact solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional
Jaulent-Miodekequation,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol.
219, no.3, pp. 911–916, 2012.
[5] R. Hirota, The Direct Method in Soliton Theory, vol.
155,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
[6] W. Hereman and A. Nuseir, “Symbolic methods to
constructexact solutions of nonlinear partial differential
equations,”Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 43, no. 1,
pp. 13–27, 1997.
[7] A.M.Wazwaz, Partial Differential Equations and
SolitaryWavesTheorem, Springer and HEP, Berlin, Germany, 2009.
[8] A. Wazwaz, “Multiple soliton solutions for some (3 +
1)-dimen-sional nonlinear models generated by the Jaulent-Miodek
hier-archy,” Applied Mathematics Letters, vol. 25, no. 11, pp.
1936–1940, 2012.
[9] J. B. Li and G. R. Chen, “Exact traveling wave solutions
andtheir bifurcations for the Kudryashov-Sinelshchikov
equation,”International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 22,
no. 5,Article ID 1250118, pp. 1–19, 2012.
[10] J. Li, Y. Zhang, and X. Zhao, “On a class of singular
nonlineartraveling wave equations (II): an example of Gckdv
equations,”International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in
Applied Sci-ences and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1995–2007,
2009.
[11] H. Liu and F. Yan, “The bifurcation and exact travelling
wavesolutions for (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear models generatedby
the Jaulent-Miodek hierarchy,” International Journal of Non-linear
Science, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 200–205, 2011.
[12] Y. Zhou andQ. Liu, “Bifurcation of travelling wave
solutions fora (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear dispersive long wave
equation,”Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 189, no. 1, pp.
970–979, 2007.
-
Submit your manuscripts athttp://www.hindawi.com
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
MathematicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com
Differential EquationsInternational Journal of
Volume 2014
Applied MathematicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
Probability and StatisticsHindawi Publishing
Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
Mathematical PhysicsAdvances in
Complex AnalysisJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
OptimizationJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
CombinatoricsHindawi Publishing
Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
Operations ResearchAdvances in
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
Function Spaces
Abstract and Applied AnalysisHindawi Publishing
Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical
Sciences
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
Algebra
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume
2014
Decision SciencesAdvances in
Discrete MathematicsJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com
Volume 2014 Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com
Volume 2014
Stochastic AnalysisInternational Journal of