Research and publications Search for literature sources Presentations Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 1
Research and publications
Search for literature sources
Presentations
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 1
Question?
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 2
Is it a necessity to the dentist to be familiar with research methods and the design of a research investigation
Please give your opinion (yes or no) and support it by a couple of sentences. 4 min.
Thank you
Prof. Lydia Katrova
Research process: Principles
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 3
The principles of Gallileo Gallilei: Nature exists independently from our senses.
The nature phenomena could be studied as they are measurable.
Natural phenomena could be reproduced through experimentations
As sequence: The TRUTH IS OBJECTIVE
The most important tool for scientific investigation is the human mind and its ability to think
Science and research principles
Prof. Lydia Katrova
Rene Descartes: “Cogito ergo sum”
Cognitive rules
What is scientific?
Definitions, facts, hypotheses
Methods: Deductions, Inductions
Thesis, Evidences,
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 4
Origination and development of the sciences
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 5
Historical mathematics and philosophy had been defined first (Ancient Greece, BC).
A period of several centuries, connected with the formation and development of the natural sciences follows (for Europe, it began in the late Middle Ages as the most fruitful of discoveries is the period of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance.
Engineering, on the basis of physics and mechanics, associated with industrialization and urbanization, mark excellence during the period of the Bourgeois revolutions in Europe.
Human Sciences – anthropology, sociology, psychology, some medical science, etc. There are only in the second half of the 19th century.
Still later there is an object of life sciences-ecology, bionic, bioethics, etc. – mainly after World War II.
Prof. Lydia Katrova
Major scientific discoveries in the natural sciences and medicine (scientific theories)
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 6
Anatomy of man (1538) Andreas Vesalius The movement of the Earth (1543) Nicolaus Copernicus Blood circulation (1628) William Harvey The theory of gravity (1666) Isaac Newton Micro-organisms (1674) Anton Van Lowenhuck Classification of types of (1735) Carl Linnaeus, The microbial theory (1800s) Louis Pasteur The theory of the atom (1808) John Dalton, Cell nucleus (1831) Robert Brown , The principles of heredity (1850s) Gregor Mendel The periodic table (1860s – 1870s) Dmitry Mendeleyev, Radioactivity (1890s – 1900s) Marie et Pierre Curie, Nature of light (1704 – 1905)Newton, Young, Einstein The theory of relativity (1915 – 1919) Albert Einstein Double Helix DNA (1953) James Watson, Francis Crick,
Prof. Lydia Katrova
Why is it necessary for us to have basic knowledge and skills to apply scientific methods of research?
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 7
Nature of the dental profession: dentist team leader/decision making process;
New trends in the relationship with patients: evidence-based medicine;
Competition: a critical adoption of new methods; New trends in education: critical thinking; Recommendations for the EU's competence of dentists:
professionalism: continuing education; Professional Ethics: respecting the competence limitations; Knowledge society: knowledge itself is a value
Prof. Lydia Katrova
CONTENT OF THE LECTURE 1. Research process: Principles
2. DEFINITION
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4. MAIN STEPS IN RESEARCH PLANING
5. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 8
DEFINITIONS
Knowledge: The acquisition or awareness of facts, data, information, ideas or principles to which one has access through formal or individual study, research, observation, experience or intuition.
Science: A branch of knowledge that produces theoretical explanations of natural phenomena based on experimentation and observation.
Research: Scientific inquiry or an organized quest for new knowledge and better understanding, such as of the natural world or determinants of health and disease. Research can take several forms: empiric (observational), analytic, experimental, theoretical and applied.
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 9
1.3. SCIENTIFIC PROTOCOL
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 10
1. Prerequisite for the comparability and reproducibility of the tests and the validity of the results
2. Definition of: -the subject and object of the study -units of observation or experiment: patients, laboratory animals, including control groups. 3. Description of the criteria for inclusion or exclusion of units
(population). 4. Characterization of the unit of observation (sex, age, material status,
health status). 5. Time/period of observation 6. Definition of hypotheses 7. Equipment 8. Ethical limitations 9. Team
Prof. Lydia Katrova
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Populations and samples
Most important feature of the research:
1. Phenomenon to be observed
2.Tools ( metric system)
3. Research fellows
4.Criteria of assessment of findings (statistics)
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 11
MAIN STEPS IN RESEARCH PLANING
Definition of a problem/phenomenon
Purpose Methods: Samples. Variables: dependant/independent, Hypotheses,
Statistics
Research protocol: observation, experimentation,logical speculations
-Data base entry: qualitative/categorical; quantitative/ variation
-Grouping of results according independent variables
-Evaluation of values: scales and ranges
-Statistical analysis: alternative, x sq, regression,
-Tests of validation of differences, confirmation of hypotheses
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 12
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS POSTER: NO DISCUSSION PORTION
ORAL: SPEECH AND SLIDES
PAPER: STRUCTURED TEXT AND FIGURES AND TABLES
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 13
ABSTRACT Introduction: The subject and the needs of
investigating the problem, magnitude of problem
Purpose/ Aims: time, place, magnitude of investigation, short and clear.
Materials and Methods: Volume of sample, Statistics!
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 14
STRUCTURE OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER TITLE: The subject and purpose, short, interesting
Authors, affiliations and contact address: underline
Summary/ Abstract -250-300 words, same structure Introduction: The subject and the needs of investigating the problem,
magnitude of problem Purpose/ Aims: time, place, magnitude of investigation, short and
clear. Materials and Methods: Volume of sample, Statistics! (Tasks) Results: Figures do not repeat tables. Tables do not repeat text. Text is
explaining the given in tables and figures distributions, variables measured using the methods. Statistics!
Discussion: after each paragraph with interpreted results and common discussion – comparisons with similar data from similar studies carried out recently.
Conclusions: 3-5 sentences. Not repeat results! Did you answered the questions put in the Purpose section!
Key words: Do not repeat the key words in the title.
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 15
INTRODUCTION Current state of the problem investigated:
WHO PUBLISHED WHAT in chronological base
RELEVANCE TO THE THESIS
WHY DO YOU START THE RESEARCH AND PUBLISH IT
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 16
MATERIAL AND METHODS Design of the study
Populations and samples
How you measure
How you verify statistically the results
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 17
Results: Figures do not repeat tables.
Tables do not repeat text.
Text is explaining the given in tables and figures
Distributions of variables measured using the methods and relationship .
Statistics!
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 18
Discussion and Conclusions Discussion: after each paragraph with interpreted
results and common discussion – comparisons with similar data from similar studies carried out recently.
Conclusions: 3-5 sentences. Not repeat results! Did you answered the questions put in the Purpose section!
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 19
Scientific report/paper/presentation
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 20
Introduction, about 10% of the entire presentation;
A short, accurate and clear presentation of the purpose, objectives and methods, about 5% of the volume;
Results and discussion (after each section and general discussion) – around 80%.
A brief summary and conclusion (5%), related to the main theme, contributions and relevance of the results of the study.
Words of gratitude: scientific management, team collaboration, fellows, institution sponsoring.
Prof. Lydia Katrova
Visual presentation p o s t e r
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 21
The structure of the poster is analogous to that of a scientific report, but with more readability: figures, diagrams, photos, tables, effects, background.
Content: clear, concise, eye-catching title; a very short description of the purpose, methods and main results, discussion and references are not normally included.
It's nice to include the abstract.
Style (format): size, material, in accordance with the requirements for the specific event.
Copies of the poster, or at least abstracts to be available to the public.
Prof. Lydia Katrova
European Framework Projects
Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 22 Prof. Lydia Katrova
Research ethics Ethical considerations
In interventional studies, since investigator deliberately intervenes, ethical considerations are more important in comparison to other types of epidemiological studies. Introduction to Intervention (Experimental) Studies 376 METHODS AND TOOLS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
Almost all research and health institutions have Ethical Committees, formed with the aim to control and survey ethical aspects of experimental studies. Each experiment including human subjects must be approved by Ethical Committee.
The general guidelines for biomedical research are contained in the Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Medical Doctors in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects prepared by World Medical Association (1996 version) and international guidelines published by the CIOMS (Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences
2nd year 23 Prof. Lydia Katrova
Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 24
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION