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RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OFRESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF
PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERSPERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS
Original: February 1995Revision 1: March 1995Revision 2: May
1995Revision 3: November 1995Revision 4: April 1998
*Under Subcontract No. DE-AC13-96GJ87335 from the U.S.
Department of Energy
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Document Number K0002000 Research and Application of Permeable
Reactive Barriers
DOE/Grand Junction OfficeApril 1998 Page ii
PrefacePreface
This document is an attempt to compile worldwide research
efforts and applications in the field ofpermeable reactive barriers
(PRB). The listing will evolve as input is received. Apologies
aremade for any inadvertent omissions or errors. Typically, many
people are responsible for aproject; however, for simplicity, a
single contact is provided for each project.
Research projects are organized by the type of contamination
treated (organics or inorganics) andby the type of reaction process
(sorption, precipitation, substitution, or degradation), and then
bythe specific material. Field projects are organized by state,
province, or country.
A PRB is defined by the Remediation Technology Development Form
(RTDF) Action Team onPermeable Barriers as Aa passive in situ
treatment zone of reactive material that degrades orimmobilizes
contaminants as ground water flows through it.@ Projects that
appear to fit thisdefinition are included.
This compilation was updated by S. Morrison.
This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy,
Grand Junction Office.
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Document Number K0002000 Research and Application of Permeable
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DOE/Grand Junction OfficeApril 1998 Page iii
Acronym List
AFB Air Force Base
AFCEE Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence
AFO Amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide
ANL Argonne National Laboratory
BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory
BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene
cVOC Chlorinated volatile organic compound
DCE Dichloroethylene
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ETI EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc.
GAC Granular activated carbon
GE General Electric
GJO Grand Junction Office
LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
ORC Oxygen release compound
ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl
PCE Perchloroethylene
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PRB Permeable reactive barrier
SNL Sandia National Laboratory
SRS Savannah River Site
TCE Trichloroethylene
UMB Ultramicrobacteria
USBLM U.S. Bureau of Land Management
USBM (former) U.S. Bureau of Mines
VC Vinyl chloride
VOC Volatile organic compound
ZVI Zero-valent iron
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Table of Contents
Laboratory Research Projects
...............................................................................1
Inorganics-Sorption or Substitution
Barriers...............................................................1Activated
Alumina.........................................................................................................1Activated
Carbon
..........................................................................................................1Bauxite..........................................................................................................................1Exchange
Resins............................................................................................................1Ferric
Oxides and Oxyhydroxides
..................................................................................1Magnetite
......................................................................................................................2Peat,
Humate, Lignite,
Coal...........................................................................................2Phosphates
....................................................................................................................2Titanium
Oxide..............................................................................................................2Zeolite...........................................................................................................................2
Inorganics-Precipitation Barriers
..................................................................................3Biota
.............................................................................................................................3Dithionite
......................................................................................................................3Ferrous
Hydroxide, Ferrous Carbonate, Ferrous Sulfide
................................................3Hydrogen Sulfide
Gas....................................................................................................3Lime,
Flyash..................................................................................................................3Limestone
.....................................................................................................................4Miscellaneous
[Mg(OH)2, MgCO3, CaCl2, CaSO4, BaCl2]
.............................................4Zero-Valent Metals
.......................................................................................................4
Inorganics-Degradation Barriers
...................................................................................4Biota
.............................................................................................................................4Zero-Valent
Metals
.......................................................................................................5
Organics-Degradation
Barriers......................................................................................5Ferrous
Minerals
...........................................................................................................5Oxygen
Release.............................................................................................................5Ultramicrobacteria.........................................................................................................5Zero-Valent
Metals
.......................................................................................................5
Organics-Sorption Barriers
............................................................................................6Zeolite/Activated
Carbon/Clays
.....................................................................................6
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Auxiliary
Technologies.............................................................................................7Emplacement
Technologies
...........................................................................................7Reactive
Material Development
.....................................................................................8Modeling.......................................................................................................................8Verification
...................................................................................................................8
Field Demonstrations
.................................................................................................9British
Columbia............................................................................................................9California
......................................................................................................................9Colorado
.....................................................................................................................
10Delaware.....................................................................................................................
10Florida.........................................................................................................................
10Kansas.........................................................................................................................
10Missouri
......................................................................................................................
10New
Hampshire...........................................................................................................
10New
Jersey..................................................................................................................
11New
Mexico................................................................................................................
11New York
...................................................................................................................
11Ohio............................................................................................................................
11Ontario........................................................................................................................
11Pennsylvania................................................................................................................
12South Carolina
............................................................................................................
12Tennessee....................................................................................................................
12Texas
..........................................................................................................................
12Unspecified Locations
.................................................................................................
12Utah............................................................................................................................
13Washington
.................................................................................................................
13
Remediation
Projects................................................................................................
14California
....................................................................................................................
14Colorado
.....................................................................................................................
14Ireland.........................................................................................................................
14Massachusetts
.............................................................................................................
14North Carolina
............................................................................................................
14
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References on Permeable Reactive Barriers
............................................. 15
I. Papers Presented In Refereed Journals and Books
....................................................... 15
II. Papers Presented At Conferences On PRBs
.................................................................
23A. Subsurface Barrier Technologies Conference
.......................................................... 23B. TIE
Workshop Meeting at
INEL.............................................................................
24C. 213th ACS National Meeting
..................................................................................
24D. 1997 International Containment Technology Conference
Proceedings..................... 26E. 209th American Chemical
Society National Meeting
............................................... 28F. 33rd Hanford
Symposium On Health And The
Environment.................................... 32
III. Other Proceedings, Abstracts, Thesis, News Articles,
andNational Laboratory Reports
.......................................................................................
32
IV. Patents
........................................................................................................................
42
V. Web Sites on Permeable Reactive
Barriers...................................................................
44
VI.
Contacts......................................................................................................................
45
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Document Number K0002000 Research and Application of Permeable
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DOE/Grand Junction OfficeApril 1998 Page 1
Laboratory Research Projects
A compilation of laboratory research on PRBs is provided in this
section. The section isorganized by the contaminant group
(inorganic or organic), by the type of the principal
reactionthought to be operative, and finally by material type.
Institutions (with contact in parentheses)that have conducted
research in the area are listed along with the contaminants that
wereinvestigated.
Inorganics-Sorption or Substitution Barriers
Activated Alumina
DuPont (J. Whang): Arsenic
Activated Carbon
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): Technetium and uranium
Bauxite
DuPont (J. Whang): Arsenic
Exchange Resins
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): Technetium and uranium
Ferric Oxides and Oxyhydroxides
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): Mercury and uranium.
DuPont (J. Whang): Arsenic.
University of Waterloo (D. Blowes): Arsenic, phosphorus, and
selenium.
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Magnetite
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): Aluminum, barium, cadmium, manganese,
mercury, nickel, anduranium.
Peat, Humate, Lignite, Coal
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
DOE, LANL (D. Janecky): Uranium.
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): Uranium.
DOE, ORNL (B. Gu): Chromium.
DuPont (J. Whang): Arsenic.
University of New Mexico (B. Thomson): Arsenic, lead, sulfate,
uranium.
Phosphates
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): Technetium and uranium.
Ohio State University (S. Traina): Lead.
UFA Ventures (J. Conca): Cadmium, lead, and zinc.
USGS, Menlo Park (J. Davis): Uranium.
Titanium Oxide
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
Zeolite
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): [Zeolite and FeS2] Aluminum, barium,
cadmium, manganese, mercury,nickel, uranium. [Zeolite & FeOOH]
Mercury.
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DOE, PNNL (K. Cantrell): Strontium-90
New Mexico Tech. (R. Bowman): [Zeolite and surfactant] Arsenic,
chromium, lead, selenium.
Inorganics-Precipitation Barriers
Biota
DOE, INEL (C. Turick): Chromium.
University of New Mexico (B. Thomson): Arsenic, sulfate, and
uranium.
University of Waterloo (D. Blowes): Chromium, sulfate, and
vanadium.
Dithionite
DOE, PNNL (J. Fruchter): Chromium.
Ferrous Hydroxide, Ferrous Carbonate, Ferrous Sulfide
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): Mercury, technetium, and uranium.
DuPont (J. Whang): Arsenic.
University of Waterloo (D. Blowes): Chromium
Hydrogen Sulfide Gas
DOE, Hanford/DOE, Sandia (E. Thornton): Chromium.
Lime, Flyash
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
University of New Mexico (B. Thomson): Uranium.
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Limestone
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
DuPont (J. Whang): Arsenic.
University of New Mexico (B. Thomson): Arsenic, cadmium,
selenium, sulfate, and uranium.
University of Waterloo (D. Blowes): Phosphorus [mixture of
limestone and metal oxide].
USBM (G. Watzlaf): Testing anoxic limestone in PRBs at 21 sites
to control acid mine drainage.
Miscellaneous [Mg(OH)2, MgCO3, CaCl2, CaSO4, BaCl2]
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Molybdenum and uranium.
DuPont (J. Whang): Arsenic.
Zero-Valent Metals
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Arsenic, manganese, molybdenum,
selenium, and uranium.
DOE, ORNL (N. Korte): Technetium.
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): Aluminum, barium, cadmium, manganese,
mercury, nickel,technetium, and uranium.
DOE, PNNL (K. Cantrell): Chromium, molybdenum, strontium,
technetium, and uranium.
EPA, Ada (R. Puls): Chromium.
University of New Mexico (B. Thomson): Arsenic, selenium,
molybdenum, sulfate, and uranium.
University of Waterloo (D. Blowes): Arsenic, chromium, and
selenium.
Inorganics-Degradation Barriers
Biota
University of New Mexico (B. Thomson): Nitrate
University of Waterloo (D. Blowes): Nitrate.Zero-Valent
Metals
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University of New Mexico (B. Thomson): Nitrate.
Organics-Degradation Barriers
Ferrous Minerals
GE (T. Sivavec): cVOC.
Oxygen Release
University of Waterloo (D. Smyth): Fuel hydrocarbons.
Ultramicrobacteria
DOE, LLNL (R. Knapp): TCE.
Zero-Valent Metals
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): TCE
DOE, ORNL (W. Bostick): cVOC.
DOE, ORNL (N. Korte): cVOC, PCB.
DuPont, (S. Shoemaker): cVOC.
EPA, Athens (N. Wolfe): Chlorinated pesticides, cVOC.
GE (T. Sivavec): cVOC.
Monsanto (R. Orth): cVOC.
Oregon State University Graduate Center (P. Tratnyek): cVOC, and
nitroaromatics.
U.S. Air Force, Armstrong Laboratory (D. Burris): cVOC.
University of Central Florida (D. Reinhart): cVOC.
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Document Number K0002000 Research and Application of Permeable
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University of Waterloo (R. Gillham): cVOC.
University of Wisconsin (G. Eykholt): cVOC.
Organics-Sorption Barriers
Zeolite/Activated Carbon/Clays
DOE, ORNL (N. Korte): TCE.
New Mexico Tech (R. Bowman): BTEX and TCE.
Tyndall AFB (D. Burris): Organic contaminants.
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Auxiliary Technologies
Emplacement Technologies
AFCEE (E. Marchand): Used a driven hollow mandrel and jet
grouting to emplace PRBs of ZVIat Cape Canaveral, FL.
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Laboratory studies of introduction of
amorphous ferric oxyhydroxideusing ferric chloride injection.
DOE, Hanford (S. Phillips): Field high/low pressure injection in
soil/tailings/ spoils/rock.
DOE, LANL: DuPont (D. Janecky): Silica and polymer gels used in
small field trenches tosupport reactive materials.
DOE, ORNL (D. Watson): Demonstration of a buried cement vault
with removable drums ofreactive media.
DOE, PNNL (K. Cantrell): Laboratory studies of injection of
colloidal zero-valent iron.
DOE, PNNL (J. Fruchter): Injection of dithionite to contain
contaminants.
DOE, SNL (B. Dwyer): Small-scale field demonstrations of
emplacement of reactive materials(GAC, Zeolite, ZVI, cement slag)
by jet grouting. Placed in a clean area but contaminants
wereadded.
DOE, Westinghouse Hanford (E. Thornton): Laboratory studies of
H2S injection.
DuPont (R. Landis): Demonstration of jet grouting to emplace ZVI
at a clean area at DuPont=sParlin, NJ, site.
EMCON (D. Marcus): Used hydraulic fracturing with ZVI propants
to emplace a PRB.
University of Waterloo (J. Cherry): Sealed sheet pilings to
direct ground water flow into the zoneof interest (development of
funnel & gate systems).
University of Waterloo (D. Smyth): Demonstrating removable
cassettes for PRBs.
University of Waterloo (R. Wilson): Use of unpumped walls to
emplace PRBs.
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Reactive Material Development
Cercona (R. Helferich): Developed porous foamed reactive
materials.
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Developing reactive materials for
treating metals and radionuclides inPRBs.
DOE, ORNL (N. Korte): Developing enhanced ZVI by plating with
palladium.
EPA, Ada (R. Puls): Investigated the buffering effect of mixing
native soils with ZVI.
GE (T. Sivavec): Tested the performance of nickel-coated ZVI to
degrade cVOC.
University of Waterloo (R. Gillham): Developed enhanced ZVI by
plating with nickel.
Modeling
Colorado State University (C. Shackelford): 1-D modeling of
biodegradation PRBs.
Delta Research Corp. (M. Thurston): Developed ARACER@ code for
costing PRBs.
DOE, GJO (S. Morrison): Coupled hydrogeochemical modeling of
PRBs.
Golder Associates (G. Hocking): Vertical ground fracturing to
emplace PRBs.
SUNY Buffalo (A. Rabideau): Developing a numerical modeling
approach to simulate long-termperformance of PRBs.
U.S. Navy (B. Schwartzman): Developing the ASUCCESS@ code for
costing PRBs.
University of Tübingen, Germany (G. Teutsch): Hydraulic
geochemical economical modeling ofsorption PRBs.
University of Waterloo (D. Smyth): 3-D modeling of PRB plume
capture.
University of Waterloo (R. Starr): Model simulations of funnel
and gate PRBs.
Verification
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (R. Focht): Using bromide tracers
in pilot tests to determine flowpaths.
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (J. Vogan): Examining long-term
performance by coring existingPRBs.
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Document Number K0002000 Research and Application of Permeable
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GE (T. Sivavec): Conducting laboratory column tests to determine
tendency for fouling of ZVI.
University of Waterloo (S. O=Hannesin): Examined long-term
performance of Borden site.
University of Waterloo (E. Reardon): Use of hydrogen gas
generation to interpret corrosion ratesof ZVI.
Field Demonstrations
British Columbia
Vancouver: Compost/gravel was installed to promote microbial
activity in a PRB to reduceconcentrations of copper and zinc.
Contact: D. Blowes.
California
Chico: Resting-state microbes were injected into a TCE plume,
30-m deep to form a microbialPRB. Contact: R. Knapp
Emoryville: Molasses was injected to form a PRB to degrade TCE
and precipitate Cr in abiobarrier at an abandoned manufacturing
facility. Injection was initiated in April 1997. Contact:S.
Suthersan.
Fort Bragg: A funnel-and-gate system was installed at a lumber
mill to treat petroleumhydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, and
phenols. The system treats 20 gpm and is 625 feet long.Each of four
gates is made of 4-foot diameter culverts with a 4-foot thick bed
of GAC. Contact:K. O=Brien.
Moffett Field: A PRB containing ZVI was emplaced using a sheet
piling box in April 1996 totreat cVOC. The gate is 10 feet wide by
6 feet thick. Contact: C. Reeter.
Mountain View: A 44-foot PRB containing ZVI was installed in
September 1995 at an industrialfacility to treat DCE. Contact: J.
Vogan.
Newbury Park: ZVI was emplaced by hydraulic fracturing to treat
chlorinated VOCs andchromium. Contact: D. Marcus.
Unspecified location: Two PRBs (one with 6 wells, the second
with 4 wells) were formed usingORC socks to control BTEX at a
pipeline leak site in California. Contact: S. Koenigsberg.
Valley Wood Treating, Turlock (planned): A PRB will be emplaced
by injecting a reductantaround the margins of a chromium plume.
Contact: J. Rouse.
Colorado
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DOE, Durango: Four PRB cells were installed at a DOE uranium
mill tailings disposal site. Thecells use ZVI (steel wool and
Cercona foam bricks) to treat uranium, molybdenum, and
nitrateseeping from the disposal cell. Contact: D. Metzler.
Lowry AFB: Sheet pilings were used to install a 10-foot wide
gate of ZVI with 30 feet of funnelto treat cVOC. The wall was
installed January 1996. Contact: E. Marchand
DOE, Rocky Flats (planned): A 270-foot wall with 2 gates of ZVI
will be installed to treatcVOCs, metals, and uranium. Contact: N.
Castaneda.
Delaware
Dover AFB (planned): A PRB to treat cVOCs with ZVI is planned.
Contact: M. Mikula.
Florida
Cape Canaveral AFS: A PRB using Peerless -8 +50 ZVI was emplaced
using a hollow mandreldriven to 45 feet. The wall is 70 feet long
about 4 inches thick. A second PRB with the sameconfiguration (70'
of wall) was emplaced using a driven beam with jet grouting and
Peerless -50mesh ZVI. Contact: E. Marchand.
Kennedy Space Center (planned): A site has been selected to
demonstrate the emplacement ofZVI by deep soil mixing. The PRB will
treat cVOCs. Contact: J. Quinn.
Kansas
Coffeyville: A funnel-and-gate system was installed in January
1996 to treat cVOCs. The 25-foot-wide gate contains ZVI and has
1,000 feet of slurry wall as a funnel. Contact: J. Vogan.
Missouri
DOE, Kansas City: A ZVI wall, 6 ft x 150 ft is being installed
25 ft into groundwater 8 ft thick.TCE and degradation products.
Contact: P. Keary.
New Hampshire
Somersworth Landfill: A caisson (8-foot diameter, 40-foot depth)
was used to emplace ZVI totreat cVOCs. Contact: J. Vogan.
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New Jersey
DuPont=s Parlin Plant: Jet grouting was used to emplace columns
and Athin diaphragms@ of ZVI.This test was conducted at a clean
site, no contamination was treated. Contact: R. Landis.
Unspecified Industrial Site: An ORC PRB was emplaced to treat
BTEX. Ten wells were usedover a 275-foot span. Contact: S.
Koenigsberg.
Wayne: A large (8-foot diameter, 9-foot high) tank was installed
at the SGL Printed Circuits sitein November 1994 to treat cVOCs.
Contact: R. Gillham.
New Mexico
Belen: Twenty wells were loaded with ORC socks at a former
service station to control BTEXmigration. The PRB is about 70 feet
wide. Contact: S. Koenigsberg.
New York
Unspecified industrial site: A funnel-and-gate system was
installed in May 1995 to treat cVOCs.The gate is 12-feet wide, 3.5
feet thick, and 15 feet deep. It has 30 feet of sheet piling
funnel.Contact: J. Vogan.
Ohio
DOE, Portsmouth Plant: A ZVI test facility was constructed in
February 1996 to treat cVOCs fedfrom a horizontal well connected to
a contaminant plume. Contact: K. Wiehle.
Ontario
Canadian Forces Base Borden: A trench with ZVI was constructed
to degrade TCE in groundwater plume. This was the first PRB with
ZVI. It ran for 5 years with negligible loss ofperformance.
Contact: R. Gillham.
Nickel Rim Site: A PRB containing compost and wood chips mixed
with pea gravel was installedin August 1995. The PRB was emplaced
by cut and fill excavation and is treating acid minedrainage
(sulfate, iron, pH). Contact: D. Blowes.
Strathroy: Seven wells loaded with ORC socks were used to
control BTEX at a former servicestation site. The PRB is about 7
feet wide. Contact: S. Koenigsberg.
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Pennsylvania
Unspecified location: Molassis was injected to treat BTEX and
cVOC at a truck leasing and racecar repair facility in Pennsylvania
in September 1997. Contact: S. Suthersan.
South Carolina
DOE, Savannah River Site: An interceptor trench was constructed
to capture a metal-bearing (Cr,Fe, Al, Sulphate, Ni) plume. Various
options have been evaluated for a reactive material to beused to
form a PRB. Contact: W. Nate Ellis.
DOE, Savannah River Site: One cell was installed July 1997 and
another cell in this F4.GeoSiphon Cell TCE Carbon Tetrachloride
granular ZVI siphon from GW (2-5 ft deep) throughcell (8 gpm) and
discharge to river. Contact: W. Nate Ellis.
Tennessee
DOE, ORNL: A field demonstration funnel and gate was emplaced at
the S-3 ponds at the Y-12plant using replaceable media in 55 gallon
drums, ZVI and peat moss. Also, a 220 foot trench wasconstructed
using ZVI and pea gravel. Contact: E. Phillips.
DOE, ORNL: A PRB demonstration at ORNL used zeolite in a
canister to treat Cs and Sr. Thecanisters are fed by gravity flow
from a French drain. The system was installed in November1994.
Contact: E. Phillips.
Texas
Alameda, Naval Air Station: A ZVI funnel and gate PRB to treat
cVOCs in 8-foot-thick aquiferwas installed in December 1996.
Contact: R. Yee.
Unspecified Locations
A trench was filled with limestone and used as an emergency
measure to contain an acid (metals)spill. Referenced in Gillham and
Burris (1992).
Twenty-two anoxic limestone drains were installed by the USBM to
control acid mine drainage.Contact: G. Watzlaf.
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Utah
Fry Canyon: Three PRBs were emplaced September 1, 1997 using a
trackhoe and trench box atan abandoned uranium upgrader facility to
treat uranium in ground water. Each PRB was 7 feetwide, 3 feet
thick, and extend to a depth of about 15 feet. Each PRB had a
different material:(1) AFO mixed with pea gravel, (2) Cercona
foamed ZVI pellets, and (3) Cercona bone charcoal.Contact: E.
Feltcorn.
Hill AFB: Above ground canister tests were conducted in 1994.
Contact: D. Wray.
Washington
DOE Hanford Site-Zeolite Barrier (planned): Plans have been made
to install a PRB containingzeolites to contain a strontium-90 plume
that is heading toward the Columbia River. Contact:D. Olson.
DOE Hanford Site - Dithionite: 21,000 gallons of sodium
dithionite was injected in September1995. The dithionite reduces
iron minerals to form a PRB to contain a Cr(VI) plume. Contact:A.
Tortoso.
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Remediation Projects
California
Sunnyvale: A ZVI funnel and gate system was installed to treat a
TCE plume. This system,operational February 1995, was the first
commercialized PRB using ZVI. Contact: S. Warner.
Colorado
Denver Federal Center: A funnel-and-gate system was installed
using 4 gates with ZVI to treatcVOC. Each gate is 40 feet wide and
2 to 6 feet thick using a total of 580 tons of ZVI, and thedepth is
45 feet. The emplacement used gates of sheet piling boxes separated
by sheet piling overa total length of 1,200 feet. Contact: P.
McMahon.
Ireland
Belfast: A PRB using a vertical reactor shell (16 feet high) was
installed at an industrial site inDecember 1995. The system is
treating cVOCs using ZVI. Contact: J. Vogan.
Massachusetts
Massachusetts Military Reservation: Project addresses a 180-foot
deep PCE plume. An attemptwas made to drive sheet piling but was
unsuccessful in achieving the desired depth. A verticalfracturing
emplacement of the ZVI is planned this FY. Contact: E. Pescle.
North Carolina
Elizabeth City Coast Guard Site: A PRB using ZVI to degrade TCE
and precipitate Cr wasemplaced using a continuous trencher in June
1996. The gate is 150 feet wide, 2 feet thick and 25feet deep.
Contact: R. Puls.
Utah
DOE, Monticello Site (planned): A funnel and gate PRB to treat
metals and radionuclides is beingdesigned as an IRA for the CERCLA
site. Emplacement is scheduled for November 1998. Laboratory tests
are in progress. Contact: V. Cromwell.
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References on Permeable Reactive Barriers
I. Papers Presented In Refereed Journals and Books
Agrawal, A. 1996. AReduction of Nitro Aromatic Compounds in
Fe0-CO2-H2O Systems:Implications for Groundwater Remediation with
Iron Metal.@ Environmental Science andTechnology 30 (1):
153-160.
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Allen-King, R.M., D.R. Burris, and J.A. Specht. 1997. AEffect of
Iron >Aging= on ReductionKinetics in a Batch Metallic Iron/Water
System,@ pp. 147-179.
Arnold, W.A. and A.L. Roberts. 1997. ADevelopment of a
Quantitative Model for ChlorinatedEthylene Reduction by Zero-Valent
Metals,@ pp. 76-77.
Benner, S.G., D.W. Blowes, and C.J. Ptacek. 1997. ASulfate
Reduction in a Permeable ReactiveWall for Prevention of Acid Mine
Drainage,@ pp. 140-141.
Bennett, T.A., D.W. Blowes, R.W. Puls, R.W. Gillham, C.J.
Hanton-Fong, C.J. Ptacek,S.F. O=Hannesin, and J.L. Vogan. 1997.
ADesign and Installation of an In Situ PorousReactive Wall for
Treatment of Cr(VI) and Trichloroethylene in Groundwater,@ pp.
243-245.
Bonin, P.M.L., M.S. Odziemkowski, and R.W. Gillham. 1997.
AImpact of Chlorinated Solventson Polarization and Corrosion
Behavior of Iron Electrodes with Respect to Their
ReductiveDechlorination by Iron,@ pp. 86-88.
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Butler, E.C. and K.F. Hayes. 1997. AEffects of Solution
Composition on the ReductiveDechlorination of Hexachloroethane by
Iron Sulfide,@ pp. 113-115.
Cheng, I.F., R. Muftikian, and Q. Fernando. 1997. AReduction of
Nitrate to Ammonia by Zero-Valent Iron,@ pp. 165-166.
Cipollone, M.G., N.L. Wolfe, and J.L. Anderson. ALong Term
Kinetic Column Studies on the Useof Iron and Iron-Pyrite for
Remediating TCE in Water,@ pp. 151-152.
Deng, B., T.J. Campbell, and D.R. Burris. 1997. AKinetics of
Vinyl Chloride Reduction byMetallic Iron in Zero-Headspace
Systems,@ pp. 81-83.
Eykholt, G.R. and D.T. Davenport. 1997. A Dechlorination of the
Herbicides Alachlor andMetalochlor by Zero-Valent Iron,@ pp.
79-81.
Helvenston, M.C., R.W. Presley, and B. Zhao. 1997.
AElectro-Reductive Dehalogenation onPalladized Graphite
Electrodes,@ pp. 294-297.
Mackenzie, P.D., T.M. Sivavec, and D.P. Horney. 1997. AMineral
Precipitation and PorosityLosses in Iron Treatment Zones,@ pp.
154-156.
Mill, T. and M. Su. 1997. AZero Valent Metal Promoted Oxidation
of Organic Compounds,@pp. 88-90.
Neurath, S.K., W.J. Ferguson, S.B. Dean, D. Foose, and A.
Agrawal. 1997. ARapid and CompleteDehalogenation of Chlorinated
Phenols by Fe-Pd Bimetallic Reductants in Bench-ScaleReactors:
Implications for Soil and Ground Water Remediation,@ pp.
159-161.
Odziemkowski, M.S. and R.W. Gillham. 1997. ASurface Redox
Reactions on Commercial GradeGranular Iron (steel) and Their
Influence on the Reductive Dechlorination of Solvent. MicroRaman
Spectroscopy Studies,@ pp. 177-180.
Puls, R.W., C.J. Paul, and P.J. Clark. 1997. ARemediation of
Chromate-Contaminated GroundWater Using an In-Situ Permeable
Reactive Mixture: Field Pilot Test. Elizabeth City, NorthCarolina,@
pp. 241-243.
Rahman, A. and A. Agrawal. 1997. AReduction of Nitrate and
Nitrite by Iron Metal: Implicationsfor Ground Water Remediation,@
pp. 157-159.
Scherer, M.M., J.C. Westall, and P.G. Tratnyek. 1997. AKinetics
of Carbon TetrachlorideReduction at an Iron Rotating Disk
Electrode,@ pp. 85-86.
Sivavec, T.M. and D.P. Horney. 1997. AReduction of Chlorinated
Solvents by Fe(II) Minerals,@pp. 115-117.
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DOE/Grand Junction OfficeApril 1998 Page 26
Sivavec, T.M., P.D. Mackenzie, and D.P. Horney. 1997. AEffect of
Site Groundwater onReactivity of Bimetallic Media: Deactivation of
Nickel-Plated Granular Iron,@ pp. 83-85.
Wang, C.B. and W.X. Zhang. 1997. AInvestigation of Chemisorption
of Tetrachloroethylene(PCE) on Fe and Pd Surfaces Using X-Ray
Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS),@ pp. 163-164.
Zhang, W.-X. and C.-B. Wang. 1997. ARapid and Complete
Dechlorination of TCE and PCBs byNanoscale Fe and Pd/Fe Particles,@
pp. 78-79.
D. 1997 International Containment Technology Conference
Proceedings. February 9-12,1997. St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.
Baker, M.J., D.W. Blowes, and C.J. Ptacek. 1997. APhosphorous
Adsorption and Precipitation ina Permeable Reactive Wall:
Applications for Wastewater Disposal Systems,@ pp. 697-703.
Barton, W.D., P.M. Craig, and W.C. Stone. 1997. ATwo Passive
Groundwater TreatmentInstallations at DOE Facilities,@ pp.
827-834.
Benner, S.G., D.W. Blowes, and C.J. Ptacek. 1997. APorous
Reactive Walls for Prevention ofAcid Mine Drainage: Results of a
Full-scale Field Demonstration,@ pp 835-843.
Blowes, D.W., R.W. Puls, T.A. Bennett, R.W. Gillham, C.J.
Hanton-Fong, and C.J. Ptacek.1997. AIn-situ Porous Reactive Wall
for Treatment of Cr(VI) and Trichloroethylene inGroundwater,@ pp.
851-857.
Bostick, W.D., R.J. Jarabek, J.N. Fiedor, J. Farrell, and R.
Helferich. 1997. AZero-Valent Iron forthe Removal of Soluble
Uranium in Simulated DOE Site Groundwater,@ pp. 767-773.
Cantrell, K.J., D.I. Kaplan, and T.J. Gilmore. 1997. AInjection
of Colloidal Size Particles of Fe0 inPorous Media with
Shearthinning Fluids as a Method to Emplace a Permeable
ReactiveZone,@ pp. 774-780.
Dwyer, B.P. and D.C. Marozas. 1997. AIn Situ Remediation of
Uranium ContaminatedGroundwater,@ pp. 844-850.
Focht, R.M., J.L. Vogan, and S.F. O=Hannesin. 1997. AHydraulic
Studies of In-Situ PermeableReactive Barriers,@ pp. 975-981.
Fruchter, J.S., C.R. Cole, M.D. Williams, V.R. Vermeul, S.S.
Teel, J.E. Amonette, J.E. Szecsody,and S.B. Yabusaki. 1997.
ACreation of a Subsurface Permeable Treatment Barrier Using InSitu
Redox Manipulation,@ pp. 704-710.
Gillham, R.W., S.F. O=Hannesin, M.S. Odziemkowski, R.A.
Garcia-Delgado, R.M. Focht,W.H. Matulewicz, and J.E. Rhodes. 1997.
AEnhanced Degradation of VOCs: Laboratory andPilot-Scale Field
Demonstration,@ pp. 858-864.
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Grathwohl, P. and G. Peschik. 1997. APermeable Sorptive Walls
for Treatment of HydrophobicOrganic Contaminant Plumes in
Groundwater,@ pp. 711-717.
Gu, B., L. Liang, P. Cameron, O. West, and N.E. Korte. 1997.
ADegradation of Trichloroethylene(TCE) and Polychlorinated Biphenyl
(PCB) by Fe and Fe-Pd Bimetals in the Presence of aSurfactant and a
Cosolvent,@ pp. 760-766.
Hubble, D.W., R.W. Gillham, and J.A. Cherry. 1997. AEmplacement
of Zero-valent Metal forRemediation of Deep Contaminant Plumes,@
pp. 872-878.
Jefferis, S.A., G.H. Norris, and A.O. Thomas. 1997.
ADevelopments in Permeable and LowPermeability Barriers,@ pp.
817-826.
Lundie, P. and N. McLeod. 1997. AActive Containment Systems
Incorporating Modified PillaredClays,@ pp. 718-724.
Mackenzie, P.D., T.M. Sivavec, and D.P. Horney. 1997. AExtending
Hydraulic Lifetime of IronWalls,@ pp. 781-787.
Malusis, M.A. and C.D. Shackelford. 1997. AModeling
Biodegradation of Organic PollutantsDuring Transport Through
Permeable Reactive Bio-Walls,@ pp. 937-944.
Manz, C. and K. Quinn. 1997. APermeable Treatment Wall Design
and Cost Analysis,@ pp. 788-794.
Marozas, D.C. and G.E. Bujewski. 1997. AReactive Barrier
Technologies for Treatment ofContaminated Groundwater at Rocky
Flats,@ pp. 1029-1035.
Mueller, J.G., S.M. Borchert, E.J. Klingel, D.J.A. Smyth, S.G.
Shikaze, M. Tischuk, andM.D. Brourman. 1997. AIntegrated
Funnel-and-Gate/GZB Product Recovery Technologiesfor In Situ
Management of Creosote NAPL-Impacted Aquifers,@ pp. 865-871.
Naftz, D.L., G.W. Freethey, J.A. Davis, E. Feltcorn, R. Wilhelm,
R. Breeden, R.R. Spangler, andS.J. Morrison. 1997. AHydrologic
Characterization of the Fry Canyon, Utah Site Prior toField
Demonstration of Reactive Chemical Barriers to Control Radionuclide
and Trace-Element Contamination in Ground Water,@ pp. 725-729.
O=Brien, K., G. Keyes, and N. Sherman. 1997. AImplementation of
a Funnel-and-GateRemediation System,@ pp. 895-901.
Reinhart, D.R., J.W. Quinn, C.A. Clausen, C. Geiger, N. Ruiz,
and G.F. Afiouni. 1997.AEnhanced Zero-Valent Metal Permeable Wall
Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater,@pp. 806-813.
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Robertson, W.D. and J.A. Cherry. 1997. ALong Term Performance of
the Waterloo DentrificationBarrier,@ pp. 691-696.
Schmithorst, W.L. and J.A. Vardy. 1997. ARCRA Corrective
Measures Using A PermeableReactive Iron Wall,@ U.S. Coast Guard
Support Center, Elizabeth City, North Carolina. pp.795-800.
Schumacher, T., M.S. Odziemkowski, E.J. Reardon, and R.W.
Gillham. 1997. AIdentification ofPrecipitates Formed on Zero-Valent
Iron in Anaerobic Aqueous Solutions,@ pp. 801-805.
Sivavec, T.M., P.D. Mackenzie, D.P. Horney, and S.S. Baghel.
1997. ARedox-Active Media forPermeable Reactive Barriers,@ pp.
753-759.
Smythe, D.J.A., S.G. Shikaze, and J.A. Cherry. 1997. AHydraulic
Performance of PermeableBarriers for In Situ Treatment of
Contaminated Groundwater,@ pp. 881-887.
Teutsch, G., J. Tolksdorff, and H. Schad. 1997. AThe Design of
In-Situ Reactive Wall SystemsCA Combined
Hydraulical-Geochemical-Economical Simulation Study,@ pp.
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Thombre, M.S., B.M. Thomson, and L.L. Barton. 1997. AUse of a
Permeable Biological ReactionBarrier for Groundwater Remediation at
a Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA)Site,@ pp.
744-750.
Watson, D., M. Leavitt, C. Smith, T. Klasson, W. Bostick, L.
Liang, and D. Moss. 1997. ABearCreek Valley Characterization Area
Mixed Wastes Passive In Situ Treatment TechnologyDemonstration
ProjectCStatus Report,@ pp. 730-736.
Whang, J.M., K. Adu-Wusu, W.H. Frampton, and J.G. Staib. 1997.
AIn Situ Precipitation andSorption of Arsenic from Groundwater:
Laboratory and Ex Situ Field Tests,@ pp. 737-743.
Wilson, R.D. and D.M. Mackay. 1997. AArrays of Unpumped Wells:
An Alternative to PermeableWalls for In Situ Treatment,@. pp.
888-894.
E. 209th American Chemical Society National Meeting. Preprint
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Of Environmental Chemistry.April 2-7, 1995, Vol. 35, No. 1, 859
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AProcesses Affecting NitroReduction by Iron Metal: Mineralogical
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Assaf-Anid, N. and L. Nies. 1995. AReductive Dechlorination of
Carbon Tetrachloride andHexachlorobenzene by Zero-Valent Metals,@
pp. 809-811.
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Blowes, D.W., C.J. Ptacek, C.J. Hanton-Fong, and J.L. Jambor.
1995. AIn Situ Remediation ofChromium Contaminated Groundwater
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Boronina, T. and K.J. Klabunde. 1995. ADestruction of
Organohalides in Water Using MetalParticles. Carbon
Tetrachloride/Water Reactions with Magnesium, Tin and Zinc,@ pp.
759-762.
Campbell, T.J. and D.R. Burris. 1995. ASorption of PCE in a
Reactive Zero-Valent Iron System,@pp. 775-777.
Chuang, F.W. and R.A. Larson. 1995. AZero-Valent Iron-Promoted
Dechlorination ofPolychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs),@ pp.
771-774.
Cipollone, M.G., N.L. Wolfe, and S.M. Hassan. 1995. AKinetic
Studies on the Use of MetallicIron to Reduce Organic Compounds in
Water Under Environmental Conditions,@ pp. 812-814.
Clausen, J.L., W.L. Richards, N.E. Korte, and L. Liang. 1995.
AORNL/MMES Research intoRemedial Applications of Zero-Valence
Metals. 3: Removal of TCE, Cis-1,2-DCE, VinylChloride, and
Technetium,@ pp. 755-758.
Eykholt, G.R., S.S. Baghel, T.M. Sivavec, P.D. Mackenzie, D.
Haitko, and D. Horney. 1995.AConservative Flow Tracers for Iron
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Festa, K.D., R.G. Arnold, and E.A. Betterton. 1995. AKinetics
and Free Energy Change Duringthe Reductive Dehalogenation of Carbon
Tetrachloride by Elemental Iron,@ pp. 711-715.
Focht, R.M. and R.W. Gillham. 1995. ADechlorination of
1,2,3-Trichloropropane by Zero-ValentIron,@ pp. 741-744.
Focht, R., J. Vogan, and S. O=Hannesin. 1995. AField Application
of Reactive Iron Walls for In-Situ Degradation of Volatile Organic
Compounds in Groundwater. Remediation,@ pp. 81-94.
Gillham, R.W. 1995. AResurgence in Research Concerning Organic
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Haitko, D.A.,and S.S. Baghel. 1995. AEnhanced Trichloroethylene
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Hardy, L.I. and R.W. Gillham. 1995. AFormation of Hydrocarbons
from the Reduction ofAqueous CO2 by Zero-Valent Iron,@ pp.
724-727.
Harms, S., E. Lipczynska-Kochany, R. Milburn, G. Sprah, and N.
Nadarajah. 1995. ADegradationof Carbon Tetrachloride in the
Presence of Iron and Sulfur Containing Compounds,@ pp. 825-828.
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Hassan, S.M. and N.L. Wolfe. 1995. AReaction Mechanisms Involved
in the Reduction ofHalogenated Hydrocarbons with Sulfated Iron,@
pp. 735-737.
Helland, B.R., P.J.J. Alvarez, and J.L. Schnoor. 1995. AOxygen
Controlled Product Formation inCC14 Dechlorination Using
Zero-Valent Iron,@ pp. 732-734.
Holser, R.A., S.C. McCutcheon, and N.L. Wolfe. 1995. AMass
Transfer Effects on theDehalogenation of Trichloroethane by
Iron/Pyrite Mixtures,@ pp. 778-779.
Johnson, T.L. and P.G. Tratnyek. 1995. ADechlorination of Carbon
Tetrachloride by Iron Metal:The Role of Competing Corrosion
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Klausen, J., S.P. Trüber, S.B. Haderlein, and R.P.
Schwarzenbach. 1995. AReduction ofSubstituted Nitrobenzenes by
Fe(II) in Aqueous Suspensions of Mineral Oxides,@ p. 716.
Korte, N., E. Muftikian, C. Grittini, Q. Fernando, J.L. Clausen,
and L. Liang. 1995.AORNL/MMES Research into Remedial Applications
of Zero-Valence Metals. 2: BimetallicEnhancements,@ pp.
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Liang, L., J.D. Goodlaxson, N.E. Korte, J.L. Clausen, and D.T.
Davenport. 1995.AORNL/MMES Research Into Remedial Applications of
Zero-Valence Metals. 1: LaboratoryAnalysis of Reductive
Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethylene,@ pp. 728-731.
Mackenzie, P.D., S.S. Baghel, G.R. Eykholt, D.P. Horney, J.J.
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Milburn, R., S. Harms, E. Lipczynska-Kochany, C. Ravary, and G.
Sprah. 1995. AIron(Fe0)Induced Dehalogenation of Polychlorinated
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Nies, L. and N. Assaf-Anid. 1995. AReductive Dechlorination of
Carbon Tetrachloride andHexachlorbenzene by Zero-Valent Metals,@ p.
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Orth, W.S. and R.W. Gillham. 1995. AChloride and Carbon Mass
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Powell, R.M., R.W. Puls, S.K. Hightower, and D.A. Clark. 1995.
ACorrosive and GeochemicalMechanisms Influencing In Situ Chromate
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Pulgarin, C., J.P. Schwitzguebel, P. Péringer, G.M. Pajonk, J.
Bandara, and J. Kiwi. 1995.AAbiotic Degradation of Atrazine on
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Puls, R.W., R.M. Powell, and C.J. Paul. 1995. AIn Situ
Remediation of Ground WaterContaminated with Chromate and
Chlorinated Solvents Using Zero-Valent Iron: A FieldStudy,@ pp.
788-791.
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Ravary, C. and E. Lipczynska-Kochany. 1995. AAbiotic Aspects of
Zero-Valent Iron InducedDegradation of Aqueous Pentachlorophenol,@
pp 738-740.
Scherer, M.M. and P.G. Tratnyek. 1995. ADechlorination of Carbon
Tetrachloride by Iron Metal:Effect of Reactant Concentrations,@ pp.
805-806.
Schreier, C.G. and M. Reinhard. 1995. ACatalytic
Dehydrohalogenation and Hydrogenation UsingH2 and Supported
Palladium as a Method for the Removal of Tetrachloroethylene
fromWater,@ pp. 749-754.
Schreier, C.G. and M. Reinhard. 1995. ATransformation of
Chlorinated Ethylenes by Iron Powderin
4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-Piperazineethanesulfonic Acid (HEPES) Buffer,@
pp. 833-835.
Siantar, D.P., C.G. Schreier, and M. Reinhard. 1995.
ATransformation of the Pesticide1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP)
and Nitrate by Iron Powder and by H2/Pd/Al2O3,@pp. 745-748.
Sivavec, T.M. and D.P. Horney. 1995. AReductive Dechlorination
of Chlorinated Ethenes by IronMetal,@ pp. 695-698.
Totten, L.A. and A.L. Roberts. 1995. AInvestigating Electron
Transfer Pathways DuringReductive Dehalogenation Reactions Promoted
by Zero-Valent Metals,@ pp. 706-709.
Tundo, P., C.A. Marques, and M. Selva. 1995.
AHydrodehalogenation of PolyhalogenatedAromatics under Multiphase
Conditions,@ pp. 763-766.
Vogan, J.L., R.W. Gillham, S.F. O=Hannesin, W.H. Matulewicz, and
J.E. Rhodes. 1995. ASiteSpecific Degradation of VOCs in Groundwater
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Weathers, L.J., G.F. Parkin, P.J. Novak, and P.J.J. Alvarez.
1995. AMethanogens CoupleAnaerobic Fe(0) Oxidation and CHCl3
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Weber, E.J. 1995. AIron-Mediated Reductive Transformations:
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Yamane, C.L., S.D. Warner, J.D. Gallinatti, F.S. Szerdy, T.A
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Subsurface Groundwater Treatment Wall Composed ofGranular
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F. 33rd Hanford Symposium On Health And The Environment. In-situ
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Part 2. Gee, G.W. and N.R. Wing,(Eds.); Battelle Pacific Northwest
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Gorby, and J.S. Fruchter.1994. AAbiotic Reduction of Aquifer
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Cantrell, K.J., P.F. Martin, and J.E. Szecsody. 1994.
AClinoptilolite as an In-Situ PermeableBarrier to Strontium
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Cary, J.W. and K.J. Cantrell. 1994. AInnocuous Oil as an
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Kaplan, D.I., K.J. Cantrell, and T.W. Wietsma. 1994. AFormation
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AEnhancing the Design of In-SituChemical Barriers with
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Ruiz. 1996. AThe use of Zero-Valent Iron and Ultrasonic Energy for
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ACS National Meeting. American ChemicalSociety. San Diego, CA.
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(1): 492-494.
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Reactive Barriers
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Anghel, I., J. Whitworth, S. Roy, and R.S. Bowman. 1997.
ARemediation of SubsurfaceChromium (VI) and PCE Contamination With
Surface-Modified Zeolites: Saturated ColumnStudies.@ Proc.
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Anonymous. 1992. AChemical Barriers Provide Low Cost Alternative
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Anonymous. 1993. ACanadians Experiment with In-Situ Walls.@
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Anonymous. 1995. A>Controlled Release= Sites Planned to Test
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Anonymous. 1995. ABuilding a Wall Against Toxic Waste.@ Science.
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Anonymous. 1996. AZero-Valent Iron. Environmental Science and
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