Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Research about Green Entrepreneurship. Data, methods and research perspectives Giovanni Marin 1,2 1 IRCrES-CNR, Milano, Italy 2 SEEDS Sustainability Environmental Economics and Dynamics Studies, Italy Workshop ‘Born to be Green’ Winchester, May 2015 Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
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Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3
Research about Green Entrepreneurship.Data, methods and research perspectives
Giovanni Marin1,2
1IRCrES-CNR, Milano, Italy2SEEDS Sustainability Environmental Economics and Dynamics Studies, Italy
Workshop ‘Born to be Green’Winchester, May 2015
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3
Definition of Green Entrepreneurship (if any...)Defining ‘green’ (entrepreneurship)
Data to support research on Green EntrepreneurshipMeasuring Green EntrepreneurshipOther useful data sourcesMethodologies
Drivers and barriers to GEBarriers to adopting EI in SMEsSkills needs for green occupations
Green Entrepreneurship and Research and Innovation Strategies forSmart Specialization
RIS3 in briefRIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Defining ‘green’ (entrepreneurship)
DEFINITION OF GREEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP(if any...)
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Defining ‘green’ (entrepreneurship)
One possible definition of Green Entrepreneurship
“A green entrepreneur can be either making her businessgreen or simply entering a green business. In other words,green entrepreneurship could be defined in terms of thetechnology used for production in any sector of theeconomy, or in terms of the sectors firms are active in, inwhich case our attention is restricted to parts of the economyproducing specific types of output. The former is sometimesreferred to as a process approach in defining green business,while the latter as an output approach.”
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Defining ‘green’ (entrepreneurship)
How to define ‘green’ sectors (and consequently GE)▸ Regulation No. 691/2011 describes the environmental goods and
services sector as the production activities of a national economythat generate environmental products. Environmental productsare products that have been produced for the purpose ofenvironmental protection and resource management.
▸ Few industries are fully green (e.g. Nace rev. 2, E38 ‘Wastecollection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery’)
▸ Some industry produces environmental goods but it is pollutionand material intensive (e.g. manufacturing of wind turbines orphotovoltaic panels)
▸ Other industries have experienced radical changes and reducedsubstantial their environmental impacts even though they do notproduce environmental products ⇒ should ‘environmentalefficient’ entrepreneurs in these sectors considered greenentrepreneurs?
⇒ The definition of green entrepreneurship depends substantially onhow green sectors are defined
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Defining ‘green’ (entrepreneurship)
Beyond the sectoral approach
▸ With the exception of some specific sectors, ‘green firms’ arespread across many different sectors
▸ Very limited availability of data (e.g. business entry/exit) fornarrow sectors (e.g. 4-digit NACE)
⇒ Research should ideally move from ‘firms in green sectors’ to ‘greenbusinesses’
▸ Not easy as green businesses can be identified according to avariety of criteria
▸ Adoption and development of green technologies andorganizational practices
▸ Production of green goods and services▸ ...
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Defining ‘green’ (entrepreneurship)
Why Green Entrepreneurship is different?
▸ Linked to yesterday’s talk by Prof. Mazzanti, the role of policy iscrucial when dealing with green activities
▸ Under-provision of green products in absence of the ‘right’ priceson externalities and resources
▸ Asymmetric information about the ‘greenness’ of product andservices between entrepreneurs and consumers ⇒ labelling andcertification
▸ Trade-offs exist among the various dimensions of ‘greenness’ due toconflicts between different environmental goals and possiblerebound effects ⇒ back to the definition of ‘green entrepreneurship’
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3
OPEN RQDevelop novel ways of identifying green entrepreneurs
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3
DATA TO SUPPORT RESEARCH ON GREENENTREPRENEURSHIP
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Measuring ‘entrepreneurship’
▸ It depends on how entrepreneurship is defined (rememberyesterday’s discussion by Prof. Audretsch)
1. How the firm is organized ⇒ SMEs, new firms and start-ups, etc2. How the firm behaves ⇒ opportunity (recognition, creation,
evaluation, exploitation)3. Performance of the firm ⇒ innovation and growth
▸ 1 and 3 are easier to identify (but not trivial) based on rather‘objective’ criteria, while for 2 a more qualitative assessment isneeded
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Useful data sources
▸ Ad-hoc or existing surveys
▸ Business registries
▸ Labelling and certification
▸ Patents and trademarks
▸ Aggregated data
▸ Other useful data
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Surveys
▸ Existing surveys:▸ CIS2008 (which includes questions on eco-innovation)▸ Flash Eurobarometer #315 “Attitudes of European entrepreneurs
towards eco-innovation” (on SMEs)
▸ Ad-hoc surveys▸ Expensive and generally ‘one-shot’ but...▸ ...tailored to the specific research design▸ Understand ‘how green’ is the green entrepreneur is of crucial
importance (i.e. try to go beyond dichotomous definitions)
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Business registries (not specifically green)
▸ Italy (for example)▸ ASIA (Archivio Statistico Imprese Attive, Istat)▸ STARNET Unioncamere (Chamber of Commerce)
▸ Microdata from national statistical offices (CASD in France,ADELE in Italy, etc)
▸ ORBIS, AMADEUS and other BvD databases ⇒ balance sheet,income statement and other ‘demographic’ information (mostlymedium and big firms)
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Labelling and certification▸ Beyond ‘compulsory’ environmental regulations, ‘soft’ and
voluntary measures represent other motivations that induce firmsto be ‘green’
▸ Certification and labelling contribute to signaling the ‘sustainable’nature of the firm to interested customers that are willing to pay apremium for green(er) products and services
▸ Many (fragmented) databases on CSR, certification and labelling:▸ EMAS and ISO14001 certifications (that certify organizational
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Patents▸ Another way to go beyond the definition of ‘green sectors’ is to
focus on technologies▸ Patents contain a wealth of information on the characteristics of
the invention (very detailed technology classes, full text andabstract)
▸ They also contain very useful (but ‘dirty’) information on inventorsand applicants ⇒ useful for example to ‘follow’ the career of‘green inventors’ across different applicants/entrepreneurs
▸ And more and more (e.g. citations)
▸ Green technology classes (based on IPC and CPC classes)▸ OECD EnvTech Indicator▸ Y02 CPC classes▸ Green Inventory (WIPO)
needed)▸ Thomson Reuters, Patstat and others ⇒ subscription is needed
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
...but
▸ Patenting is expensive and it is mostly used by big incumbentfirms rather than by SMEs and start-ups
▸ Sometimes start-ups are created to exploit commercially theblueprints protected by one or more existing patents developed byan inventor or a group of inventors ⇒ the applicant of the patent(s)will not be the start-up (that did not exist yet...) ⇒ little publicinformation on licensing of patents
▸ However, the possibility to follow inventors (entrepreneurs?) acrossdifferent experiences, beside the issue of ‘name disambiguation’, is anice feature of patent data
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Trademarks
▸ Patents mostly focus on inventions and technological innovations
▸ The emergence of new ‘products or services’ can be tracked bymonitoring Trademarks
but I do not know much about that...
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Aggregated data on entrepreneurship (not specificallygreen)
▸ Eurostat Structural Business Statistics (by sector and size)
▸ OECD Structural and Demographic Business Statistics (SDBS)
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Other useful data - skill composition▸ EU Labour Force Survey ⇒ EU-harmonized information on labour
force composition (by skill, occupation, age, gender) of EU sectorsand regions from the 90s
▸ Skills content of occupations
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Measuring GE Other data Methodologies
Methodologies to study GE
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO GREENENTREPRENEURSHIP (2 EXAMPLES):- Barriers to eco-innovation in EU SMEs
- Skills needs for green occupations
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Motivation and aim
▸ Transition from a policy-driven to market-driven eco-innovation:green and strategic dimension, source of competitive advantage
▸ Barriers determine (hamper) both policy and business strategies.Unfortunately, too little is known about barriers to eco-innovation(insights from innovation studies)
▸ A taxonomy/clustering of SMEs (relevant for policy andtransition towards green economy) based on barriers toeco-innovation and EI investments is proposed
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Data and methods
▸ CIS 2008: info on eco-innovation, but no question on barriers.Previous CIS waves: no info on eco-innovation, but questions onbarriers to innovation
▸ 2011 Flash Eurobaromenter ‘Attitudes of European entrepreneurstowards eco-innovation’: questions on barriers to eco-innovation andinvestment in environmental innovation activities (% of totalinnovation investment)
▸ Sample: 2,308 SMEs in EU27, manufacturing and ‘green’ industries(i.e. water supply, sewerage and waste management)
▸ Cluster analysis
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Product or process EI 0.619 0.26 0.399 0.387 0.231 0.731 0.422 57.53***Product EI 0.407 0.163 0.216 0.176 0.097 0.498 0.246 44.98***Process EI 0.492 0.175 0.295 0.311 0.182 0.604 0.328 45.99***
▸ Top: Green Champions & Revealed Barriers; Medium: Cost &Market deterred; Low: Deterring barriers & Non eco-innovators
▸ ‘Green champions’ invest more than ‘revealed barriers’, but theinnovative outcome is not different ⇒ Learning from barriers?
▸ ‘Deterring barriers’ SMEs invest less than ‘non eco-innovators’but they achieve the same rate of EI adoption ⇒ Learning frombarriers (in Second Division)?
▸ No matter the EI investment, pecuniary barriers, either cost ormarket ones, tend to have the same effect on EI adoption
▸ Disinterest and lack of orientation towards EI make ‘noneco-innovators’ firms having a significantly worse performancethan ‘market deterred’ ones, despite the same EI invest
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Relation between clustering and country/sector belonging
1 2 3 4 5 6
Revealed Deterring Cost Market Greenbarriers barriers deterred deterred Non EI champions
▸ We regress the probability of belonging to a cluster on a set ofcountry and sector dummies. Then we test the the jointsignificance of the dummies
▸ The nationality of the firm seems to predict to which cluster itbelongs, contrary to what happens for sectors. Our taxonomy‘overcomes’ the sectoral ones (based on NACE, R&D or emissionintensities)
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Prevalent cluster by country
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Conclusion
▸ 6 statistically robust clusters based on the combination ofdifferent types of perceived barriers (cost, market, knowledge) andthe engagement in EI investment
▸ Strong correspondence with the adoption of eco-innovation
▸ A guide for policy tayloring (one size, as usual, does not fit all)!
▸ Sectoral policy seems to us quite ineffective: our barrier-basedclusters imply the need of different initiatives
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Questions, questions, questions....
▸ Does the Green Economy require a specific kind of skills?
▸ Are these skills similar to the ones used in existing non-greensectors? Are they similar to currently available skills?
▸ Is there an overlap with the set of skills demanded by recent‘technological revolutions’ (e.g. ICTs)?
▸ Is Europe ready to evaluate potential skill gaps and intervene tofill these gaps?
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Background
▸ Vast theoretical and empirical literature documenting the changesin the demand for skills due to the ICT revolution
▸ Many policy reports (CEDEFOP, ILO, OECD, UNEP, etc) haveemphasized the fact that the green economy is likely to inducechanges in the demand for specific skills
▸ Mostly based on ad-hoc case studies and qualitative assessments
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
The Green Economy Initiative by O*NET
Dierdorff et al (2009) Greening of the World of Work: Implications forO*NET-SOC and New and Emerging Occupations
▸ Three different categories of green occupations:
▸ ‘Increased demand’ occupations (with no specific ‘green tasks’) ⇒their demand is likely to increase thanks to the ‘green economy’with no expected change in the skill content of these occupations
▸ ‘Enhanced skills’ occupations ⇒ the ‘green economy’ is likely toaffect the skill and task contents of these existing occupations
▸ ‘New and emerging’ occupations ⇒ the ‘green economy’ requiresnew occupations that did not exist before
▸ After identifying these occupations, recent updates of the O*NETcatalogue have assessed the green specific tasks of ‘Enhancedskills’ and ‘New and emerging’ occupations
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Which is the profile of Green Occupations?
▸ Are green occupations different from similar non-greenoccupations with respect to:
▸ Skills content (routine vs non-routine; cognitive vs manual)▸ Education, experience and training requirements
NR cognitive NR interactive R cognitive R manual NR manual RTI index
log(years of educ) log(years of exp) log(years of train)
Green emerging 0.0205 -0.0515 0.168*(0.0221) (0.124) (0.0998)
Green enhanced skills 0.0191** 0.357*** 0.341***(0.00861) (0.113) (0.129)
N=465. OLS estimates weighted by employment share. Robust standard errors in parenthesis. * p<0.1, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.SOC 3-digit dummies included. Occupations in SOC 3-digit categories with no green occupation have been excluded.
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Green Skills?
▸ O*NET (Occupational Information Network) provides a detailedcatalogue of general skills and tasks (about 400 items) withimportance scores for a detailed list of occupations (more than900)
▸ Based on a data-driven approach we select those general skills thathave systematically and significantly greater importance scores inoccupations with high level of ‘greenness’ (i.e. share of ‘greenspecific tasks)
Hansen test (p-value) 0.241 0.699 0.250 0.648 0.849 0.251
N=3328 industry-state pairs. Standard errors clustered by state and 3-digit NAICS in parenthesis. * p<0.10, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01. Regressions weighted by employment in 2012 at the state and NAICS 4-digit level. Controls not shown: growth rate ofemployees 2002-2012; log average establishment size (employees per establishment) in 2012; log of the count of facilities reportingto the NEI; NAICS 3-digit dummies, state dummies. IVs: log of violation (2000-2009) per employee (2009); log of full inspection(2000-2009) per employee (2012). Partial F of excluded IVs: 112.
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Is Europe ready to evaluate potential skill gaps andintervene to fill these gaps?
no
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 Barriers to adopting EI in SMEs Skills needs for green occupations
Is Europe ready to evaluate potential skill gaps andintervene to fill these gaps?
▸ No systematic evaluation of skills needs to develop the greensector (broadly defined)
▸ Lack of data when compared to the US ⇒ the gap is going to befilled soon thanks to ESCO
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3
OPEN RQEvaluate the gaps in the availability of crucialcapabilities (skills, competencies, knowledge,
infrastructures, etc) that are needed to support andpromote green entrepreneurship
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 RIS3 in brief RIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
GREEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND RESEARCHAND INNOVATION STRATEGIES FOR SMART
SPECIALIZATION
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 RIS3 in brief RIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
Research and Innovation Strategies for SmartSpecialization (RIS3)
Smart specialisation is a new innovation policy conceptdesigned to promote the efficient and effective use of publicinvestment in research. Its goal is to boost regionalinnovation in order to achieve economic growth and prosperity,by enabling regions to focus on their strengths. Smartspecialisation understands that spreading investment toothinly across several frontier technology fields risks limitingthe impact in any one area.
A smart specialisation strategy needs to be built on a soundanalysis of regional assets and technology. It should alsoinclude an analysis of potential partners in other regions andavoid unnecessary duplication. Smart specialisation needs tobe based on a strong partnership between businesses, publicentities and knowledge institutions such partnerships arerecognised as essential for success.
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 RIS3 in brief RIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
RIS3 and entrepreneurship
▸ Large space to entrepreneurs in the phase of choice of RIS3 areas
▸ Entrepreneurs as central players in the implementation of RIS3
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 RIS3 in brief RIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
Sustainable innovation
http://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/home
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 RIS3 in brief RIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
Eco-innovation Resource efficiency
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 RIS3 in brief RIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
Smart green & integrated transp systems Sustainable agriculture
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 RIS3 in brief RIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
Sustainable energy & renewables Sustainable land & water use
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3 RIS3 in brief RIS3 and Green Entrepreneurship
Sustainable production & consumption Waste management
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3
OPEN RQEx-ante and ex-post evaluation of ‘green’ RIS3 in termsof barriers to the emergence of green entrepreneurship
and effectiveness of policies to support RIS3
Giovanni Marin Research about Green Entrepreneurship
Definition of GE Data Drivers and barriers to GE GE and RIS3