Research

Nursing ResearchCaridad C. Lintao, RN., MAN

Nursing Research – 1Course Code : NRes 1Course Code : NRes I Course Credit:3 units (CMO# 30) 2 units lecture & 1 unit RLE (CMO#14)Course Description :This is an introductory course intendedto equip the nursing students with

concepts, principles in research startingfrom an overview of the major phasesof the research process. The course willinclude discussion from formulation todissemination of research findings, focuson the formulation of a research problemto the selection of the research design,planning and choosing the appropriateresearch tool for data gathering.

This course will require the students topresent a research proposal in acolloquium to apply knowledge anddemonstrate skills and attitude in theconceptual, design and planningphases of the research process.

Course Outline:A. Introduction to Nursing researchB. Overview of the Research

Process in Quantitative and Qualitative Studies.

C. Ethical Aspects of Nursing Research

D. Steps of Writing a Good Research Proposal

Nursing Research - 2Course Code : NRes II Course Credit:3 units (CMO# 30) 2 units RLE (CMO#14)Course Description :This course is a continuation of Nursing Research 1 which includes collection of data, analysis, interpretation, summary and conclusion and recommendation.

Advising is done throughout the practicum sessions. The course will provide the student an opportunity to undergo the final research defense process to appreciate data gathering, analyze and interpret study results disseminate the findings and make recommendations based on the results of their respective studies.

Course Objectives:At the end of the course and given actual situation, a group of student will be able to :1. Undertaken a final research defense process ( from data gathering, analysis and interpretation of study results, dissemination of the research findings and making appropriate recommendations based on the results of their respective studies).

Course Objectives 2. Submit a written group research study.3. Critique a research study based on stated guidelines.4. Observe ethical concepts/ principles and standards in research.

Course Outline :I. REVIEW OF THE FIRST 2 PHASES OF THE RESEARCH PROCESSA. Conceptual PhaseB. Designing and Planning Phase

II. CONTINUATION OF THE PHASES OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS:

A. Empirical Phase1. Measurement and the Assessment

of Quantitative Dataa. Definition of measurementb. Levels of measurementc. Advantages of measurement

Course Outline :A. Empirical Phase2. Reliabilitya. Three important aspects of

reliability ( stability, internal consistency and equivalence)

Course Outline :A. Empirical Phase3. Validitya. Three important aspects of

validity (content validity, criterion- related validity and construct).

b. Sensitivity and specificity

Course Outline :A. Empirical Phase- Developing fine tuning research

instruments.- Identifying methods of determining

quality of research instruments. Quantitative – reliability, validityQualitative – trustworthiness

- Methods of gathering- Steps in the conduct of data gathering.

Course Outline :B. The Analytical Phase1. Analyzing the quantitative and

qualitative dataa. Descriptive data analysisb. Inferential data analysisc. Classification of statisticsd. Criteria for selecting statistical tool

Course Outline :B. The Analytical Phase- Content analysis- Utilization of computer in analysis

of data

Course Outline :C. The Dissemination Phasea. Communicating the research findingsb. Using research in evidence based

nursing practiceD. Writing the final research reportE. Critiquing of research reports

- Guidelines for use in critiquing reports.- Presentation of research findings- Final defense – panel

LECTURE PROPER

Research - is the collection of data in rigorously

controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation.

- It is a more formal, systemic and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis, carried out for the discovery and development of an organized body of knowledge.

Research - Is formal, systematic, rigorous and

intensive process used for solution to nursing process.

- Is based on new facts, information and practical application.

- In a form of unbiased data- Refers to a problem solving process.

Research - Is concerned with nurses

themselves, their attitude and behavior in dealing with patients and their environment, their personal and professional relationship with the members of the health team and the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting nursing practice

Nursing Research – is a breath anddepth of the discipline of nursing as wellas the preparation of practitioners andpersonnel involved in the total nursingsphere, ( preventive, therapeutic and

rehabilitative).

Qualities of Good Nurse Researchers 1. Honest and credible2. Accurate in his/ her data3. Organized and systemic4. Logical5. Self – awareness6. Imagination and curious7. Persistent with barriers8. Good relationship with other researcher

and with his/ her respondents. 9. Update present ideas and events

Purposes of Research1. To discover new facts about known

phenomena.2. To find answers to problems which

are only partially solved by existing methods and information.

3. To improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products.

Purposes of Research4. To discover previously unrecognized

substances or elements.5. To discover pathways of action of

known substances and elements.6. To classify or arrange in order related

and valid generalizations into systematized science.

Types of Research1. General Classificationa. Basic / Pure Research – the

researcher tries to find the truth about something. It is done for the intellectual pleasure of learning to search for knowledge for it is own sake and eventually filter down the results into real life situation.

Types of Research1. General Classificationb. Applied Research – seek for

practical application of theoretical or abstract knowledge. The truth is adapted to everyday situation. It results from present problem or from socially disorganized situations. It frequently raises theoretical questions that must be answered by basic/ pure research.

Types of Research2. According to the Levels of Investigationa. Exploratory research – allows one to

study the variables pertinent to a specific situation.

b. Descriptive research – studies the relationship of the variables.

3. According to Time Elementc. Historical research – describes the pastd. Descriptive research – describes the

present

4. According to Durationa. Longitudinal Study – follow the

subject for a long period of time in order to observe changes.

b. Cross sectional Study – takes information one at a time and may require subjects to recall past events or feelings. It may contribute to a loss of accuracy and support bias.

5. According to Research Designa. Experimental – the researcher

actively introduces some form of treatment and has great control over extraneous variables.

b. Non – Experimental - the researcher collect data without introducing any treatment or making any changes.

c. Quasi- experimental – it actively introduce some forms of treatment or manipulation but it does not utilize randomization or control group.

Variables - are qualities, properties, orcharacteristics of people, things, eventsor situations under study that vary fromone person to another. -are factors that affect research outcome.

Kinds of Variables1. Explanatory Variables2. Extraneous Variables3. Abstract or Continuous Variables4. Dichotomous Variables5. Active Variables6. Attribute Variables

Kinds of Variables1. Explanatory Variables – it indicates

direction of influences to what the researcher would like to discover.

Types of Explanatory Variablesa. Independent Variables – considered

to be the cause.b. Dependent Variables – considered to

be the effect.

Types of Explanatory Variablesc. Intervening Variables / Correlated or

Mediator Variables– comes between dependent and independent variables. It cannot be controlled nor measured and research tools.

Ex. Infant age of gestation, birth weight, method of delivery.

Independent Intervening Dependent

NursingIntervention

Experience: attitude of the nurse

Extent of recovery

Primary nursing care

Age, sex, education

Extent of patients satisfaction

Post operative teaching

Skills of the nurse

Extent of pain relief needed by the nurse

Types of Explanatory Variablesd. Antecedent Variables / Moderator Variables– occurs earlier than the independentvariables and bears a relationship both to the Independent variables and the dependentvariables.e. Confounding or Interfering Variables– interferes with the study design andthe data gathering process by influencing the subject of the dependent variables.

Types of Variables

2. Extraneous Variable – an uncontrolled variable that greatly influences the result of the study. Two types of Extraneous Variables;a. Organismic Variables – cannot be change through manipulation( age, sex, civil status).b. Environmental Variables – these are economic, anthropological, sociological, and physical factors.

Types of Variables3. Abstract or Continuous Variables –

these are quantitative measures and statistically tested.

Ex. BP 120/80 to 180/110.4. Dichotomous Variables – these are

factors with only two values, used in comparative studies

Ex. Smokers – Non –smokers

Types of Variables5. Active Variables – these are factors

commonly used in experimental studies.

6. Attribute Variables – These are pre- existing characteristics of the subjects that can be observes and measures.

Ex. Age, height, and weight

The Research undertakes theinvestigation systematically in an

ordered sequences of steps as follows1. Identifying the problem2. Determine the purpose of study3. Review of related literature4. Theoretical/ conceptual framework5. Study assumptions6. Acknowledging the limitations of the

study

The Research undertakes theinvestigation systematically in an

ordered sequences of steps as follows7. Formulating null hypothesis8. Defining study variables9. Choice research design10. Identifying the target population11. Choosing the study samples12. Conducting the field test

Steps in Designing a Research Plan1. Identify and define research focus.2. Review related literature and

undertaken initial documentary studies.

3. Clarify goals, objective and expectations of the study in consultation with others.

4. Choose main topic and determine general and specific objectives.

Steps in Designing a Research Plan5. Prepare a list of sub topics and key

questions6. Identify methodology to be used (qualitative or quantitative).7. Identify source of information for

each sub-topic.8. Select tools to collect and analyze

information ( target population, sampling).

Steps in Designing a Research Plan9. Design the research tools to be used.10. Outline field work task ( permission,

assignment task).11. Collect field data or implement the

methodology.12. Edit data in the field for clarification.13. Prepare tabulation and analysis

plans based on stated objectives.

Steps in Designing a Research Plan14. Process the data gathered ( tabulation, graphical representation,

statistical analysis).15. Complete the data analysis.16. Distill major findings and

recommendations based on stated objectives.

17. Disseminate results through publication and/or seminar.

Criteria for Choice of Research1. Significance of the problem – focus

on an existing or prevailing problems.2. Problem research ability – problem

must be manageable in nature and scope.

3. Feasibility of the problem – time, availability of subjects, administrative control group support, fiscal resources (fund),

Criteria for Choice of Research4. Experiences of the researcher5. Ethical consideration6. Potentials of researcher – genuine

interest and curiosity

Ethical Principles and Guidelines forNurse Researcher (Polit and Beck, 2004)1. Informed consent2. Beneficence and non- maleficence –

“to do good” and “to do no harm”.3. Respect human dignity.4. Justice and fairness

PRACTICE NO PLAGIARISMR.A. 8293 – protects the intellectual

property rights of authors with respect to his/her personal relationship with the work and utilization of this by other.

Characteristics of Researchable Problems1. Originality 2. Significance3. Manageability4. Measurability5. Resource availability

Criteria for Choosing a ProblemA. External – availability of the

subject, institutional or administrative support, ethical consideration, facilities and equipment.

B. Internal – motivation, experience, time management, cost and return, hazard, penalties.

TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle pageThesis abstractApproval sheetCertificate of originalityCertificate of editorAcknowledgementDedicationTable of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTSList of tablesList of figures

Chapter one the problem and settingIntroductionBackground of the studyTheoretical FrameworkResearch paradigmStatement of the problem

TABLE OF CONTENTSHypothesesScope and delimitationSignificance of the studyDefinition of terms

Chapter two review of related literatureRelated readingsRelated studiesForeignLocal

TABLE OF CONTENTSChapter three methodology

Research methodologyPopulation and samplingResearch instrumentData gathering procedureStatistical treatment data

Chapter four presentation, analysis and interpretation of dataPresentation

TABLE OF CONTENTSTablesFigures Interpretation of data

Chapter five Summary, findings, conclusion, and recommendationSummaryFindingsConclusionRecommendation

BibliographyBooksPublished and unpublished studiesOnline resourcesAppendicesLetter of requestQuestionnaireBackground information of editor and

statistician Time table of activitiesCurriculum vitae

Essential Steps of a Research Design1. Title of the Study/ Title Page - it must

be clearlystated and consist not more than 15words.Ex. Work Values of Nurses and their Clinical

Performance in Selected Government Hospitals in Cavite Province.

Ex. Thermoregulation of Newborn Infant Utilizing Oil Bath in Selected Tertiary Hospital in Cavite Province.

2. Abstract – is a comprehensivesummary of the study about 120 words.3. Introduction – it serves as a springboardfor the statement of the problem . It shouldstimulate the interest of the reader . It includes the following: (a) Context of theproblem and historical background, (b)Researcher’s interest in working on theProblem, (c) Purpose of the study.

4. Background – includes the analysisof existing situation and the problemsthat call for the conduct of the particularresearch.5. Statement of the Problem – it indicatesthe population and the major variables ofthe study which need to be subjected into the empirical testing.

The statement of the problem consist of :a.) main or major problem – Direct attention to

the main issues.b.) specific or sub – problem – support the

major problem

Research problem may stated in various ways such as:

a. ) Interrogative Form – Major questions is followed by specific questions.

b. ) Declarative Form – give specificity to the statement.

6. Hypothesis – is a statement of the researcher’s expectations concerning relationship between the variables being studied.

- It serves as a skeletal structure of the data analysis and research findings.

Types of Hypothesis1. Null – indicates expectation of no

difference.2. Operational – indicates expectation of

difference using a tool.

Essential Steps of a Research Design7. Objective Formulation – stated both

as a general and specific concerns.a. General Objectives – states that

overarching purposes of the research either in the form of statement or in the form of questions.

b. Specific Objectives – present the detail aspects of general objective.

Good Research Objective have the following characteristics

1. Specific2. Measurable3. Attainable4. Realistic5. Time Bound

Essential Steps of a Research Design8. Significance of the Study – it

emphasize the significant contributions of the proposed research study to it target population.

- For improvement, contribution, guide, added knowledge, personal and societal development.

Significance of the Study Beneficiaries of Research StudiesNursing profession, Nursing Service,Nursing Education, Nursing StudentsNursing Practitioners, HospitalAdministrators, Public end user of healthCare or Community.

9. Definition of Terms - three types:a. Conceptual Definition – a term

understood by the people. It is used hypothetical criteria to identify rather than what is observable.

b. Operational Definition – researcher’s own definition of terms as used in the study. It is observable characteristics and measurable being define within the context of the study.

c. Lexical or Authorative Definition – taken from authorities.

Example;Variables (A professional)Conceptual (an individual who practice a

particular profession)Operational (any individual with four

years of college education)

Types of Operational Definition1. Denotative – defined in termsEx. Father – a male parent2. Connotative – defined according to

implications.Ex. Father – strong, provider, head of

the family.

10. Scope and Delimitation – in terms of issues ( past & present), areas of concern, respondents, time frame, type of data ( quantitative, qualitative, or combined).

Delimitation –a parameter of the study by accepting what should be included and rejecting what should be excluded.

Essential Steps of a Research Design11. Conceptual Framework Development/ Theoretical Framework - - How are the general and specific

objectives translated into indicators?Indicators – these are statements of

traits that describe variables.

Essential Steps of a Research Design12. Justification for the Research – it is

the statement for the foreseen contribution of the proposed research to : a) knowledge; b) policy making; c) programs. It state how the research can improve the current situation.

13. Review of Literature - what are therelevant issues and gaps that need to befilled or explained. - An account of what has been published on a topic by accredited researchers.Purpose : It aims to convey to the readerthe knowledge and ideas established ona topic, and their respective strengthsand weaknesses.

Essential Steps of a Research Design14. Determination of Sampling – the

sampling scheme may be ;a. Purposive with no consideration for

representative.b. Probabilistic each unit/ element has

an equal probability.

Types of Sampling1. Simple Random Sampling – this is

done through the use of table of random numbers. Ex. roulette wheel,

2. Stratified Sampling– where population is divided into strata having common characteristics and a random sample is chosen from each stratum.

Types of Sampling

3. Cluster Sampling – where the population is divided into geographical clusters and certain clusters are picked at random.

4. Systematic Sampling – where the sample is chosen systematically from each population with a random start from A to Z chose A, C, E

5. Multistage Sampling – where the population is divided into tiers and sub- samples are drawn.

Types of Sampling

6. Quota or Purposive Sampling – the researcher selecting some special group tat represent the total population.

7. Sequential Sampling – the researcher examining the subject and stop when the results already adequately satisfied.

8. Incidental Sampling – utilize readily available subject.

Essential Steps of a Research Design15. Research Design – is an overall

plan on how to test the hypotheses or obtain answer s to the problem being studied.

Quantitative - analysis focus on survey.Qualitative - analysis focus on group

discussion, interview, case study.

.

Qualitative Research – is a carefullyplanned discussion whose objective is tolearn about the perceptions, feelings,attitudes, and ideas of the group/ individualsparticipating in the discussion with respect toa defined area of interest. It is also concernedwith subjective meaning of experience to anindividual.

Qualitative Analysis – provides major tools either self- contained or in conjunction with other tools.

Types of Qualitative 1. Phenomenological Studies –examining the lived experience of individualthrough description and analysis such as stressand anxiety.

Involve the following step: (1) Bracketing belief and opinion, (2) Intuiting – attributedexperience, (3) Analyzing – dissectingsignificant meanings of event,(4)Describing- defining and interpreting.

Types of Qualitative 2. Ethnographic Studies – refers to thecollection and analysis of data on thelifestyle and daily activities of ethnics.-description and interpretation of culturaland social behavior of people in a group.3. Grounded Theory Studies – refers toanalysis of data leading to the development of a theory.

Types of Qualitative

4. Historical Studies – refers to the pastevent to shed light on the present behavior, trend or practices.

5. Field Studies – a natural investigationdone in the community.

6. Biographies – explore the life of anindividual. It includes personal history, growth& development pattern, significant accomplish, implication to the individual & society.

Quantitative – it is concerned with theobjective meaning of experience to anindividual both non- experimental orexperimental that need numerical datawhich can be subjected to statisticalanalysis. It can control phenomena andverification of results.Types of Quantitative : (1)Survey(2) Methodological , (3) Evaluation, (4)Content

Analysis, (5) Clinical intervention

The Characteristics of Good Research Design and Methodology

1. Appropriateness to research problem.

2. Lack of bias3. Precision which achieved through

control of extraneous variables.4. Ability of a research design to

detect relationship among variables.

Essential Steps of a Research Design

16. Research Instrumentation – it must be valid and reliable to avoid inaccurate data and results. These are administered to the subject or respondents by means of pre- test or dry runs.

Data Collection - Data Phase of ResearchProcess involve : target population must be

defined, method of selecting population, method of collecting data, way in which data to process.

Types of Research Instruments1. Questionnaire – paper and pencil2. Scanning questionnaire – face to face

interview3. Interview guide – one on one dialogue

with the subject4. Anecdotal records, other documentary

materials and mechanical instrument– laboratory results, computer assisted, BP apparatus.

5.

Methods of Interviewing 1. Personal interview2. Telephone survey3. Mail survey4. Computer direct interview5. E- mail survey6. Internet survey

Types of Close ended questions1. Dichotomous Item – allow the

respondents to choose between two response alternative such as yes or no.

2. Multichotomous Item – allow respondents to answer questions with a range of response as in a multiple choice test.

Types of Close ended questions3. Fixed Alternative or Multiple Choices

Items – allow respondents to response alternative.

4. Projective Questions – a technique used word fill in the blank sentences.

5. Cafeteria Questions – respondents are asked to respond according to their own viewpoint.

Types of Close ended questions6. Rank order questions – respondents

are asked to rank answer from most to least important.

7. Checklist – matrix questions. Questions are written horizontally while respondent s answers are written vertically

The following are types of error1. Telescoping – resulting from the

tendency of people to remember events as occurring more recently than the actually did.

2. Recall – occur when people forget that an event occurred

Ways stating research questions1. State questions affirmative rather than

in a negative.2. Questions should be neutrally worded

to avoid biased response.3. Ambiguous questions must be avoided.4. Avoid double negative questions which

are difficult for respondents to answer.5. Avoid double barreled questions.

Presenting Data in a Table or GraphTypes of Data1. Categorical data2. Rank data3. Metric data

Qualitative Descriptive Analytical Phase1. Nominal Scale- categorized

according to frequency of occurrence ( male/ female )

2. Ordinal Scale - ordering observations according to magnitude or intensity.

Types of Ordinal Scale1. Likert Scale – used to assess the attitude

of respondents towards the variables being investigated. Ex. Agree or disagree.

2. Graphic rating scale – respond in a bipolar continuum such as from highest to lowest or most to least.

3. Guttman Scale – used to assess the attitude of respondents, using a continuum accumulation statement. Ex. What is your concept of health care service?

Types of Ordinal Scale4. Semantic differential Scale - used to

measure the emotional evaluative component of the respondents attitude. Ex. Bad/ good, passive/ active

5. Interval level of measurement – categorized the actual number of scale. Ex. 1 - 38’C, 2 - 37. 6’C

6. Ratio level of measurement – the distance between rank is specified up to zero point level.

Statistics is a branch of mathematics used to summarized, organize, present, analyze and interpret numerical data.

Kinds of Statistics1. Descriptive Statistics2. Inferential Statistics

Kinds of StatisticsDescriptive Statistics – refers to the

statistics intended to organize and summarized numerical data from the population.

Uses:a. Measures and condenses data frequency

distribution graphical representation.b. Measures of central tendency – used to

describe mode, median, and mean

Measures of Center, Location and Variability 1. MODE – the score which appears

most frequently. 2. MEDIAN – is the middle score

after the score have been arranged in

either increasing or decreasing order 3. MEAN – is the sum of the score divided by the number of scores.

Kinds of StatisticsInferential Statistics – concerned with

population and use of sample data to predict future occurences.

Uses:a. To estimate population parametersb. Testing null hypothesisDegree of freedom (df) the interpretation

of a statistical test. (df= .05 or .01)

Statistical tools for treatment data1. Percentage –(p) is computed to

determine the proportion of a part to a whole such as a given number of respondents in relation to the entire population.

Formula p= f x 100n

Percentage/ frequency of response/ n= total number of respondent

Statistical tools for treatment data2. Ranking – to determine the order of

decrease or increase magnitudeof variables.

3. Weight mean – refers to the over all average of responses of the study respondents.

Ex. 5 4.51 – 5 / 2 1.51 - 24 3.51 – 4 / 1 0.51- 13 2.51 – 3 /

Statistical tools for treatment data4. Measures of central tendency –

mode, median, mean5. Standard deviation determines the

homogeneity or sameness or degree, heterogeneity or dispersal variables.

6. T- test – used to compare the responses of the two respondents group in the study.

Statistical tools for treatment data7. One way analysis of variance or ANOVA

– this is a statistical procedure for testing mean difference among 3 or more groups by comparing variable between groups to variability with in group.

8. Multiple regression analysis – is use to correlate more than two variables.

9. Complete randomized block design – is same as ANOVA.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Should be systematic and expressed in the past tense. Analysis should be supported by the statistics. Hypothesis should be tested is either accepted or rejected followed by interpretation based on the depth analysis.

- Finding of the study- Presentation of the study

Presentation of the study1. Textual form – consist of numerical

description that represent data.2. Tabular form – used in organizing and

presenting data in a systematic way.3. Figures – are usual presentations of

process data includes graph, diagram, line drawing, and photographs.

Tabular data1. Row – horizontal entries2. Column – vertical entries3. Cells – boxes where rows and

column intersects

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. Finding of the study2. Presentation of the study3. Interpretation of findings – it allows

the researcher to discuss findings in the light of the theoretical framework, interviews results and within the context of the literature review.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4. Interpretation of results of the test on the null hypothesis – support the action through explanation on the implication of the study.

5. Conclusion – is a logical outgrowth of the summary focus on the answer to the major problem.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

6. Recommendation – the researcher suggest solution to the problem to prevent occurrence of these effect or impact.

Recommendation are addressed to the sectors concerned or beneficiaries of the research study such as Nursing Director, Nursing Instructor, Nursing Students and health care clientele.

Facilitating Therapeutic Communication1. Comfortable environment2. Privacy3. Confidentiality4. Optimal facing5. Providing personal space6. Listening attentively7. Conveying warmth and acceptance8. Offering oneself9. Perceiving patients as human

Phase 4 - Analyze the study

Steps – describe the sample,

answer the research

question, interpret the results.

Phases of Research Process

THE PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS A. Conceptual PhaseStep 1 – formulate and delimit the research

problem- curiosity about the specific problem- identify the reason for doing the research

Step 2 – review of related literature- focus the search on the previous studies or articles done on the same problem

Step 3 – develop the theoretical framework

THE PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS

A. Conceptual PhaseStep 4 – formulate the hypothesisB. Design and Planning PhaseStep 5 – select a research design and

methodology Step 6 – identify the population to be

studiedStep 7 – specify methods to collect data

THE PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS

C. Empirical PhaseStep 8 – actual data collectionD. Analysis PhaseStep 9 – analyze the data

- interpret the response of the subject to measurement tool.- apply statistical treatment to the responses depending on the relationship between the variables.

THE PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS

Step 10 – Interpret the dataStep 11 – Write the research reportStep 12- Disseminate research findings

Nursing Process Problem identification

Study design

Conducting the study

Data analysis

Use of finding

Research processIdentify the areas of interest - Review of related literature- Formulate the theoretical framework - identify study variables and hypotheses

Design the study protocol- Select research design and identify sample population- Select data collection method- Select Instrumentation: Questionnaire- formulate proposed analysis

Obtain necessary approvals- Pilot study may be done initially- Continually assess the study methodology

Analyze the result of the study- Interpret demographics of study population- Analyze each questions- Interpret the results including conclusions, limitations.

Formulate recommendations for further research- Determine implication to nursing and disseminate the findings.

BibliographyExample :Fox, D.J. 1976. Fundamentals of Research in Nursing New York

Appleton – Century – Croft.

Tan, Crestita. 2006. A Research Guide in Nursing Education third edition: Visual Print Enterprises.

Osteria, T.S. Nursing Research Manila: Yunchengco Center, De La Salle University.

Poll, D. F. 1995. Nursing Research Principles and Methods, Philedelhia: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Treece , E.W. 1982. Elements of Research in Nursing St. Louis: The C.V. Mocby Company.

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