REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA = Ministry of Local Government & Lands Central District CENTRAL DISTRICT PLANNING STUDY MAIN REPORT VOLUME 1 FINAL REPORT MAY 1992 Environmental Consultants a division of Aqua Tech Groundwater Consultants (Pty) Ltd P.O. Box 10072 Gaborone, Botswana
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REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA
=
Ministry of Local Government & Lands Central District
CENTRAL DISTRICT PLANNING STUDY
MAIN REPORT VOLUME 1
FINAL REPORT
MAY 1992
Environmental Consultants a division of Aqua Tech Groundwater Consultants (Pty) Ltd
P.O. Box 10072 Gaborone, Botswana
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Terms of Reference
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Methodology
1-1
1-1
1-2 1.3.1 Physiographic Units 1-2
1.3.2 Ecological Zones 1-3
1.3.3 Agra-Climate 1-3
1.3.4 Settlements and Population 1-3
1.3.5 Land Tenure and Land Use 1-3
1.3.6 District Planning Units 1-3
1.4 Report Outline 1-3
1.5 Acknowledgements 1-4
PHYSIOGRAPHY
2.1 Physical Environment 2-1
2.1.1 Pre Kalahari Geology 2-1
2.1.2 Surficial Geology 2-14
2.1.3 Topography 2-19
2.1.4 Climate 2-23
2.1.5 Hydrology 2-33
2.1.6 Soils, Erodibility and Erosion Potential 2-49
2.2 Physiographic Units 2-60
BIOLOGY/ECOLOGY
3.1 Biological Environment 3-1
3.1.1 Vegetation 3-1
3.1.2 Wildlife Resources 3-22
3.2 Ecological Zoning 3-41
AGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY ZONING 4-1
4.1 Agra-climate 4-1
4.2 Agricultural Suitability zones
5 NATURAL CULTURAL & HISTORIC SITES
6 POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS
2
3
4
■=,
ill
UST OF MAPS
2.1 Geology 2-4
2.2 Mineral Occurrences 2-10
2.3 Sufficial Geology 2-16
2.4 Topography 2-20
2.5a Mean Annual Rainfall 2-26
2.5b Coefficients of Variation in Annual Rainfall 2-27
2.5c Wind Velocity 2-30
2.5d Rainfall Stations 2-31
2.6 Rivers, Dams and Damsites 2-40
2.7 Groundwater Potential 2-46
2.8 Soils 2-54
2.9 Erosion Potential 2-60
2.10 Physiographic Units 2-66
3.1 Vegetation Ecology 3-2
3.2 Wildlife Distribution Total Biomass August '89 3-24
3.3 Wildlife Distribution Total Biomass March '90 3-26
3.4 Current Ranges of Wildlife Species 3-30
3.5 Ecological Zones 3-42
4.1 Agricultural Suitability 4-4
5.1 Natural, Cultural and Historic Sites 5-2
6.1 Settlements 6-2
7.1 Land Tenure 7-2
7.2 Land Use 7-10
7.3 Cultivated Lands 7-14
7.4 Veterinary Cordon Fences 7-26
7.5 Localities with Pollution Risk 7-36
8.1 Transport - Roads 8-4
8.2 Transport - Rail and Air 8-14
9.1 Communications - Power 9-2
9.2 Telecommunications 9-6
9.3 Communications - Postal 9-10
ABBREVIATIONS
ALDEP Arable Lands Development Programme
ARAP Accelerated Rainfed Arable Programme
asi Above Sea Level
AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
BC Bush cleared
BCL (Bamangwato Concessions Ltd)
BDC Botswana Development Corporation
BDF Botswana Defence Force
BMC Botswana Meat Commission
BPC Botswana Power Corporation
BRET Botswana Renewable Technology Project
CDC Central District Council
CDLUPU Central District Land Use Planning Unit
CEC Cationic Exchange Capacity
CFDA Communal First Development Area
CHA Controlled Hunting Area
CKGR Central Kalahari Game Reserve
CLUP Co-ordinator of Land Use Planning
CSO Central Statistics Office
CV Coefficient of Rainfall Variation
dbL Diameter at Breast Height
DOG District Development Committee
DDP IV District Development Plan IV
DHV DHV Consulting Engineers
OLUPU District Land Use Planning Unit
DMS Department of Meteorological Services
DOL District Officer Lands
DOR Department of Roads
DSL Department of Surveys and Lands
DWA Department of Water Affairs
DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks
E1A Environmental Impact Assessment
ERL Energy Resources Limited
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FCC False Colour Composite
FS Flaked Stone
ft Feet
vii
SGAB Swedish Geological International (AB)
SLEMSA Soil Loss Estimation Model for Southern Africa
SLOCA Services to Livestock Owners in Communal Areas
SMEC Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation
Struc.Rems. Structural Remains
t Tonnes
TGLP Tribal Grazing Land Policy
UK United Kingdom
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
VDC Village Development Committee
WMA Wildlife Management Area
ZAB Zaire Air Boundary
1-1
1. INTRODUCTION
This study has been carried out, in close consultation with the Reference Group, an behalf of the Ministry
of Local Government, lands and Housing from September 1990 to March 1992.
1.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE
The Terms of Reference are included in Appendix 1.1. The study deviated substantially from the Terms of
Reference In a number of ways:
The study has used GIS (PC Arclnfo) rather than traditional drafting methods. Consequently, the
map scales specified In the Terms of Reference have not been adhered to as the GIS provides the
facility to produce maps at any scale. The GIS files will be handed over to the Central District
Administration The scale of each hard copy of the maps has been agreed upon with the Reference
Group and reflects the availability of data for each theme.
The existing population data, from the 1981 census, was considered to be unreliable due to its age.
It was therefore agreed that the final report be delayed until the results of the 1991 census were
available and analysed in early 1992. However only preliminary populations figures were available
and released to this study on the understanding that would not be published.
The Terms of Reference did not require the preparation of an agro-climate thematic map. This has
been included as it is a logical step after preparation of climatic, soils and ecological zones thematic
maps and is an important element in agricultural and land use planning.
The Terms of Reference required that all water points be mapped. However, the existing location
maps are extremely poor and in view of the ongoing Water Points Surveys, it was decided to drop
this theme.
During the study, the Reference Group requested that the feasibility of creating a sixth Sub-district
based on Tonota and Mmadinare be evaluated. This is discussed in Section 13.
Also outside the Terms of Reference was the consultation conducted with the Central District
Council. Sections 12 and 13 were presented to them and their comments included.
•
1-3
Areas of influence
Land use/tenure
Population
Size
Ecological zoning
The overall rationale is that the more homogeneous and cohesive the planning area, the easier it will be to
implement and manage development policies and extension services.
1.3.1 Physiographic Units
These were determined by analysing principally the surficial geology, topography and pre-Kalahari geology.
The district was divided into three physiographic units; the Hardveld in the east, the Sandveld in the south
west and north and the Makgadikgadi Basin in the west. Each has distinct geomorphological characteristics
and has formed the basis for ecological zoning.
1.32 Ecological Zones
The ecological zones were determined to three orders or levels.
The physiographic zones described above formed the first order ecological zones. The second order zones
were based on pre-Kalahari geology, surficial geology, soils and physiography. The third order zones were
based primarily on soil and vegetation differences.
1.3.3 Agro-clirnate
This was aimed at dividing the district into areas of relatively uniform agricultural potential. This was done
by analysing existing agro-climatic maps in relation to the soils map and soil moisture storage properties.
1.3.4 Settlements and Population
The analysis of settlement patterns and population has been derived from data supplied by CSO (1991
Census preliminary results). The usage of the population information has been restricted to settlements with
a population of over 500. The location of all settlements/localities has been digitised from the Census maps.
1.35 Land Tenure and Land Use
The land tenure has been described from literature sources and published maps, whereas land use has also
been mapped from satellite imagery.
1-5
Section 11 presents the 1991 Census Enumeration Areas and the GRAS boundaries.
Section 12 describes the methodology employed in delineating the District Planning Units and presents the
building blocks and proposed DPUs.
Section 13 describes the methodology used In determining the feasibility of a sixth Sub-district and
recommendations.
15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The consultants would like to acknowledge the members of the Reference Group without whose help this
study could not have been completed.
We would also like to acknowledge the assistance given by many individuals throughout the study. A list
of those consulted is presented in Appendix 1.3.
2-1
2. PHYSIOLOGY
2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
21.1 PRE KALAHARI GEOLOGY
Introduction
The pre-Kalahari geology consists of 'bedrock' units ranging in age from In excess of 3000 million years old
to 150 million years old. These units are extensively overlain by younger surficial deposits (0-130 million
years old) comprising soils, sands and cretes. The pre-Kalahari rocks contain most of the potential aquifers
and ore deposits in the district and play an important role in determining the nature of the overlying surficial
geology.
The aeromagnetic maps used in this study are compiled from very accurate measurements of disturbances
to the earth's magnetic field measured from a low flying aircraft. The disturbances are caused by small
variations of magnetic mineral content in the various rock units. None occur in the surficial deposits.
Consequently, this provides a means of mapping pre-Kalahari geology where these units are obscured, but
the interpretations are by no means unique.
The term lithology means rock type.
Methodology
Mapping has been carried out by the Geological Survey at various scales in the district. The 1:125 000
series covers the eastern part of the district where there is most bedrock exposure. 1:250 000 scale
mapping has been carried out in a narrow strip through and to the west of Orapa where there are relatively
thin surficial deposits. The entire district is covered by a 1:1 000 000 map.
The above mentioned sources have been used to compile the pre-Kalahari geology map (for source diagram
see Map Number 2.1).
Maps were prepared and digitised at 1:250 000 scale and modified where edge matching errors occurred
using the 1:250 000 scale aeromagnetic maps (which cover the whole district) and borehole data.
• C_
The boundary between areas of thick surficial cover and areas where cover is thin or absent has been
digitised from the National Geological Map and is shown by the Kalahari boundary on the geology map.
= 2-3
Karoo Supergroup
Rocks of the Karoo Supergroup are extensively developed in two areas or basins; the first being a large area
covering the western half of the district (the western basin), and the other in the eastern corner of the district
east of Bobonong (the eastern basin). .= •
Basalt
This occurs in a large area occupying the central portion of the district, extending to its southern boundary,
in the north of the district (both in the western basin) and east of Bobonong (the eastern basin). It is almost
entirely covered by surficial deposits in the first two areas but where exposed they are flat lying and form
flat outcrops of mafic lava. At outcrops they occasionally weather to dark clay rich soil often containing
isolated, unweathered, round boulders. However, in the Bobonong area they do not weather as well and
support shallow stony soils. The groundwater potential is moderate to good but good at its contact with
the underlying fine grained sandstone.
Fine grained sandstone
This is a flat lying sedimentary unit which underlies the basalt. It occurs in a large area in the central westen
part of the district between the central and northern basalt areas of the western basin. It also occurs as a
rim around the edges of the two basins. It occasionally forms kopjes, particularly around the eastern basin,
and weathers easily to a fine grained white sand. Its groundwater potential is moderate but good at its
contact with the overlying basalt
Sandstone, shale, mudstone and coal
This is a flat lying sequence of sedimentary rocks which underlies the fine grained sandstone and also
occurs as a rim around the edges of the two basins. This rim is more extensive in the Palapye and
Mmamabula areas. The sandstones weather easily to a coarse to fine grained sand with a variable clay
content dependent on the amount of shale and mudstone present. Its groundwater potential is moderate
to good.
Ghanzi Supergroup
Sandstone, shale, quartzite and limestone
This unit occurs in a small area in the extreme west of the district. It is covered by thick surficial deposits
and its presence has been inferred from aerial magnetic data and boreholes. The dominant lithology is a
2-5
•
=
•
• - •
2-7
Granite/gneiss
This is by far the most abundant lithology in the Basement Complex and consists of quartz and feldspar rich
granitic rocks. It has variable weathering characteristics, forming relatively sparse, fiat lying outcrops and
isolated kopjes, and it supports sandy soils.
Amphibolite
This is the second most abundant rock type in the Basement Complex, occurring generally in thin stringers
that are usually too narrow to map at 1:250 000 scale. It is a mac unit with a high percentage of
hornblende. It is generally poorly exposed and weathers more readily than the granite/gneiss to a more
clay rich soil.
Quartzite
This also occurs as thin stringers in the Basement Complex which are difficult to map, except in the area
around Matsitama. It mostly comprises quartz rich lithologies which form kopjes and ridges due to their
poor weathering characteristics.
Calcitic rocks and marble
This unit has been mapped in the Selebi Phikwe area but also occurs as stringers in the area between
Mahalapye and Machaneng. It is poorly exposed, weathers to form calcareous soils and often gives rise
to calcrete in overlying surficial deposits.
Limestone and graphitic schist
— This unit is restricted to two small outcrops in the Matsitama area and comprises calcitic and graphitic
lithologies. It is poorly exposed and gives rise to calcareous soils.
Banded Ironstone
This generally occurs as thin stringers in the Basement Complex in the area south east of Bobonong; the
only area which can be mapped at 1:250 000 scale occurs near Maitengwe in the north east of the district.
It is an iron and silica rich unit which usually forms ridges and kopjes. It does not weather easily, but where
it does, it forms ferruginous soils.
2-9
Mineral Occurences
Mining Leases
Ten mining leases have been issued in the district. These are listed below (Table 2.2).
Diamonds are mined at Orapa and Letihakane and this is likely to continue for the next 30 to 50 years.
Copper and nickel are mined at Selebi Phikwe where there are reserves sufficient for at least another 10
years. Coal is mined at Morupule where there are very large reserves in the adjoining area. Salt and soda
ash are mined near Nata where there are reserves sufficient for at least the next 50 years.
The remainder of the mining leases are for small scale mining. Salt is being mined in the north of Ntwetwe
Pan. Marble has been mined north of Selebi Phikwe (for use in the Selebi Phikwe smelter) but operations
have apparently been recently suspended. Mining leases have been issued for brick earth (for brick and
tile manufacture) west of Foley and south of Palapye.
Small scale extraction of construction materials, particularly sand in the major rivers, is being carried out
without Mining Leases but under the traditional provisions of the Mines Act.
TABLE 2.2 AREAS HELD UNDER MINING LEASE
Lease Location Mineral Held By Expires Number
10/71 Orapa Precious Stones De Beers Botswana Mining Co. 30/6/1992 (Pty) Ltd.
8/75 Letihakane Precious Stones De Beers Botswana Mining Co. 28/7/1992 (Pty) Ltd.
4/76 Morupule Coal Morupule Colliery Pty 30/6/1992
4/72 Selebi Phikwe Copper & Nickel Ore Bamangwato Concession Ltd. 30/6/2001
3/88 Sowa Pan Sodium carbonate & sodium chloride
Soda Ash Botswana Pty Ltd. alium
87/2R Makoro Clay (restricted) Makoro Brick & Tile (Pty) 21/01997 Ltd.
88/2R Foley Brick Clay francistown Clay Bricks & 18AM1993 (restricted) Products (Pty) Ltd.
83/2R Mmadinare Marble (restricted) Gem (Pty) Ltd. 33/09/1593
86/1 Ntwetwe Pan Salt Touch of Class CP-42/21002
90/1 Thakadu Copper & Nickel Falconbridge 2148/2015
2-11
—
2
-a
g
0
.2-13
The usefulness of the pre-Kalahari geology in planning is primarily related to the types of soils that are
derived From the different lithologies. This will affect the type of natural vegetation and agricultural potential
of the area and hence land use. At the level of the present study, the information is considered adequate
particularly if used in conjunction with the soil map. It is of fundamental importance to hydrogeology and
the map is sufficiently reliable for estimating the potential groundwater resources of the district. However,
it is too generalised for water borehole siting and detailed work in localised areas will be required for this
purpose.
Kalahari Sand, and residual superficial sands obscuring bedrock east of the Kalahari Group boundary. Some dune forms, minor calcrete and silcrete.
Major calcrete and silcrete outcrops not associated with pans or dry valleys.
Lacustrine sediments, including pan sediments, calcrete and silcrete. Some aeolian dune forms.
Alluvial sands, gravels and clays with calcrete and silcrete, deltaic deposits and floodplains, extensive colluvium.
Beach ridges and shorelines
Sandveld, Seroroae corridor.
Sandveld, Kalahari periphery.
Makgadikgadi Basin, major and minor pans.
Dry valley deposits, Boteti and Makgadikgadi, hardvetd.
Makgadikgadi and Hata basins.
2
3
4
5
2-15
, TABLE 2.3
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
SYMBOL LITHOLOGY
ASSOCIATION
6
Pre-Kalahari rock exposures, with or without soil cover. Hardveld.
Reference can also be made to active rivers (hydrology section), hardrock lithology (geology section) and
— soil development (soil section).
Description
Surficial geology refers to unconsolidated and consolidated sediments of the Kalahari Group in the sandveld,
and to surface sands and weathering residues in the hardveld.
The Kalahari Group contains sequences of sands, silts, days, gravels, conglomerates, marls and duricrusts
(calcretes, silcretes and ferricretes) whose origins and distributions are not fully understood. Sand and
calcrete are the dominant members present in the district, although siicretes are common around pans and
dry valleys- The depth of Kalahari Group sediments vary from 0 m at rock outcrops and the sandveid
periphery to 200 m in parts of the Makgadikgadi Basin.
The Makgadikgadi Basin below 950 m as/ forms a distinct unit within the Kalahari Group as the sediments
are related to the form and function of a massive palaeo-lake. They include beach ridges, calcrete, silcrete,
lacustrine, alluvial and deltaic sediments, and saline playa sediments related to present groundwater-surface
water interactions. The Boteti lies within this lacustrine basin, whilst the Iandforms of the Nate catchment
have also been influenced by the activity of this lake.
2-17
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2 1 .3 TOPOGRAPHY
Introduction
This section describes the topography of Central District.
Methodology
Contours are indicated on a variety of map scales, but tend to lack consistency. Thus 1:50 000 maps
covering the eastern part of the district may have contours at 20 m or 50 ft intervals depending on the age
of the map edition, whilst the Makgadikgadi area is not contoured at all. 1:250 000 maps are available for
the whole district, but only the f rst edition, of limited coverage, are contoured at 50 and 100 m intervals.
The 1:500 000 hydrogeology sheets are contoured at a 50 m interval in the sandveld and 30 m in the
hardveld.
Generalised contours at 100 m intervals have been taken from the Geological Survey National Gravity data
base for consistency. Hill massifs and escarpments have been mapped from the soils data base and
checked using 1:250 000, 1:500 000 sources and Landsat Imagery. The 1:50 000 topographic maps have
been used to check the altitudes of hill massifs in the hardveld.
Presentation
The topography of the District has been digitised into 2 GIS coverages:
100 m generalised contours
hill massifs and escarpments
The Topography map is presented on Map Number 2.4.
Description
ToPograPhY
The highest parts of Central District lie along the Limpopo-Kalahari watershed at 1200 m asl to the west of
Serowe. To the east the hardveld (the area with insignificant surficial cover) drains towards the Limpopo,
with a lowest point of < 600 m at the Umpopo-Shashe confluence. Within this area significant hill massifs
rise to 1100-1300 m, and Include the major ranges of the Mokgware, Shoshong, Tswapong and Tsweneng
Hills.
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2.1.4 CLIMATE
Introduction
This section describes the four climate parameters of rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration and wind,
together with their sources of data. Patterns and variations in the climate parameters are also discussed.
Methodology
The primary source of information for Central District is the rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration data
collected and published by the Department of Metereological Services, Gaborone. Wind data has been
derived from Larsson (1986). The data sets are available on small scale (1:2 000 000) national maps.
Annual rainfall and seasonal rainfall variability were digitised from SMEC/WLPU/SGAB maps (Botswana
National Water Master Plan 1991). Wind velocity was digitised from Larsson's Wind map of Botswana
(1986). The location of rainfall stations, as listed in Table 2.5, is shown on Map Number 2.5d. Temperature
and evapotranspiration patterns cannot be mapped adequately from the available data, and are described
below.
Presentation
Data has been assembled In four GIS coverages:
Annual rainfall
Seasonal rainfall variability
Wind velocity
Location of rainfall stations
This data is presented on Map Numbers 2.5a - 2.5d.
The above factors, together with temperature, evapotranspiration and climatic controls, are described In the
next section.
2-25
on average 1 year in 7, whilst crop failure is frequently associated with dry spells. Spatial variation of rainfall
between stations Is also marked.
TABLE 2.4 AVERAGE MEAN AND MAXIMUM RAINFALL IN MM PER MONTH AND PER ANNUM FOR
SELECTED LOCATIONS
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP ANNUAL
Tutume (1959-87) MEAN 21.8 68.4 98.8 118.4 82.4 66.1 31.8 4.7 1.1 0.6 0.6 7.1 348.2 MAX 88.0 161.0 263.3 404.5 234.0 230.9 124.0 42.0 11.0 17.0 13.5 70.0 763.9
Mahelapye (1911 - 88) MEAN 30.2 67.2 79.0 88.6 82.2 66.6 25.2 9.4 3.4 2.3 2.6 7.8 468.4 MAX 105.4 171.5 255.0 287.7 447.0 257.2 125.0 100.5 49.8 63.6 48.1 61.0 891.3
Serowe (1921 - 88) MEAN 29.1 58.7 84.2 90.2 86.5 66.9 25.0 7.6 1.5 1.4 1.0 6.0 456.8 MAX 138.0 171.4 280.5 338.2 427.5 211.9 112.5 86.9 37.1 17.3 22.9 72.1 1090.7
Bobanong (1959 - 88) MEAN 23.5 47.0 60.6 68.0 82.5 32.6 30.1 4.0 2.9 0.1 0.0 4.3 346.6 MAX 83.0 199.0 172.5 241.5 233.0 149.6 137.5 26.5 44.5 2.5 1.0 31.0 786.3
Selebi Phikwe (1972 - 88) MEAN 27.8 63.0 82.9 91.9 74.0 48.1. 27.6 3.7 0.6 1.7 1.3 15.8 422.7 MAX 92.3 170.7 250.4 236.8 265.2 142.3 127.8 32.1 5.0 24.1 16.1 90.2 732.6
Francistown (1922 - 883 MEAN 27.3 58.7 90.7 100.8 85.0 60.2 25.0 6.6 2.7 0.4 1.0 6.4 467.0 MAX 125.8 165.0 292.8 364.4 348.3 246.8 93.5 75.9 36.0 11.4 14.3 69.4 969.1
Hata (1958 - 88) MEAN 27.4 55.8 95.5 107.1 96.7 59.3 24.8 3.0 1.4 1.0 0.0 4.7 410.2 MAX 91.0 116.5 297.0 323.0 224.0 204.0 103.5 22.0 24.0 18.0 0.0 37.0 708.4
Orapa (1968 - 88) MEAN 25.9 42.9 69.1 91.3 70.2 57.1 20.2 9.0 0.6 0.1 0.4 7.6 373.4 MAX 127.3 140.0 157.8 280.7 183.0 144.1 74.9 99.9 5.5 2.0 4.0 40.6 685.2
Martins Drift (1961 - 88) MEAN 31.5 65.8 53.4 97.3 50.4 42.2 30.0 4.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 7.8 394.8 MAX 89.0 197.7 145.0 280.7 205.5 219.0 112.5 52.5 13.0 6.0 5.5 60.5 611.9
Rakops (1959 - 88) MEAN 17.6 42.9 61.0 87.5 61.5 50.9 27.2 4.1 2.3 0.2 1.1 3.8 355.5 MAX 107.5 113.5 198.0 263.6 228.0 231.0 134.5 56.0 57.0 5.8 20.5 24.5 724.0
Shoshong (1971 - 87) MEAN 27.3 62.1 95.7 94.9 66.2 65.8 31.4 5.1 0.0 0.5 1.0 12.9 447.4 MAX 67.6 186.0 303.0 295.1 218.0 273.0 103.0 34.0 0.0 6.7 12.0 60.0 862.7
Patapye (1922 -88) MEAN 25.9 53.0 67.9 84.4 71.2 60.0 26.0 6.7 2.5 0.8 1.2 7.0 410.0 MAX 103.0 158.1 254.1 240.3 405.3 205.5 114.9 84.7 36.3 17.7 37.6 98.3 1016.5
Source: Botswana National Water Master Plan Study, Final Report Volume 6 - Hydrology (1991).
Mean annual rainfall figures range from around 350 mm (Tutume, Bobonong, Rakops) to slightly over 450
mm In the southern part of the District The cv of seasonal rainfall (In %, Oct-Apr) increases from 30-35%
in the northeastern and southern parts of the District to over 45% in the central and west central portion of
the District (Bhalotra 1985: 37).
.3.3.111
-
LEGEND
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2-27
•
2-29
Evapotranspiration
Potential evapotranspiration, measured from Class 'A' Pans at selected stations, exceeds the mean annual
rainfall by a factor of 3-4. Mean daily evapotranspiration rates are lowest in June (c. 2.5 mm) and increase
to a maximum (C. 5.5-6.5 mm) In the summer months, dependent on temperature and cloud cover (Bhalotra
1987: 94/97). The coefficient of variation of annual values is very low at less than 0.05. Only during periods
of prolonged or heavy rainfall is evapotranspiration exceeded by precipitation.
Reliability and Gaps in Data
Reliability Is a function of distribution and length of operation of gauging stations, the accuracy of data
collection and interpretation.
In the Central District there are 30 rainfall gauges operative at present (Table 2.6). Of these, 4 have records
extending c.70 years (Kalamare, Mahalapye, Palapye and Serowe), whilst a further 17 were Installed in the
period 1959-61. Reliability of rainfall data is dependent on the site of the gauge and the motivation of the
operator. This varies significantly between villages and a number of records have considerable gaps. Data
collection has improved greatly over recent years with training by the Department of Meteorological Services.
Density of rainfall gauges is low at 1:4450/km2. The present distribution of rainfall gauges is not consistent,
with the western and northern parts of the district being poorly served. Given the erratic distribution of
rainfall events the present gauge network is not sufficient to accurately record rainfall distribution. No data
Is being collected on temporal variations in rainfall (e.g. intensity).
TABLE 2.6 LOCATION OF RAINFALL STATIONS WITH DATES OF INITIAL RECORDS
Station Date of Station , Date of Initial Record Initial Record
F-5=
Baines Drift 1/9/60 Hata 1/5/59 Bobonong 1/10159 Orapa 1/11/68 Dibete 1/4/58 Palapye* 1/2/22 Dukwe* 1/5/59 Parrs Malt* 1/11/59 Gveta 1/4/59 Plaatjan 1/12/80 Kalamare 1/11/23 Rakops 1/1/59 Lerala 1/2/81 Letlhakane 1/10/59 Nachaneng 1/5/58 Sebina 1/5/58 Nahalapye 1/3/11 Shoshong* 1/10/71 Martins Drift* 1/11/61 SeLibi Phikwe 1/4/72
Nathengwane 1/10/59 Semolale 1/2/82 Mathathane 1/12/80 Serowe 1/9/21
Noeng* 1/10/59 SeruLe 1/4/59 Tonota 1/4/59 Tutume 1/10/59
Moletji 1/2/82 Zanzibar 1/12/80
* indicates incomplete records No records are available for the gauges at Pella Road and Talana Farm.
I --
2-31
2-33
2.1.5 HYDROLOGY
Introduction
This section describes the hydrology and hydrogeology of Central District. It describes the characteristics
of the surface drainage of the District, the hydrological monitoring network maintained by the Department
of Water Affairs, and existing and planned dam sites. A number of potential dam sites have also been
identified for future use. These are listed in the consultant's reports in the references.
It also describes the groundwater potential, groundwater quality, recharge, piezometric surface and
summarises borehole statistics. (The piezometric surface is the height of the water table above mean sea
level. Consequently the depth to the water table can be obtained by subtracting the piezometric surface
from the altitude.)
Since preparing the Draft Final Report, the National Water Master Plan (NWMP) has become available. We
have reviewed it and found a number of discrepancies between the text and data bases such that we have
concluded that only the piezometric surface and recharge data can be used for this study.
Methodology
The primary sources of data are the 1:250 000 topographic sheets and the 1:500 000 hydrogeological
- reconnaissance maps of Botswana. Data for dam sites and the hydrological monitoring network has been
taken from DWA records and consultant's reports.
Data reported by Gibb (1976), MacDonald (1987) and the NWMP (1991) has been used to calculate run off
in most of the catchments.
The groundwater potential coverage was prepared by analysing the borehole statistics (Jennings, 1974) and
modifying the results according to our own experience. The values derived for groundwater potential for
each rock unit was then attached to the geology coverage. The piezometric surface and recharge data has
- been obtained from the NWMP.
— Presentation
The level of information shown on the source maps has proved to be too detailed for the current exercise
and has therefore been simplified.
•
2-35
— The major ephemeral rivers in the Limpopo Basin are:
Limpopo River
Shashe River
Motloutse River
Lotsane River
Mhalatswe River
The Serorome Valley, in the south of the District, is a fossil tributary of the Limpopo. However, it does flow
occasionally below its confluence with the Bonwapitse due to run off in the Bonwapitse catchment.
Most of the rivers have seasonal flow characteristics and have rock, clay and 'sand river channels. They
respond to prolonged or high rainfall events within their catchments by flows lasting from a few hours to
several days. Most of the rivers experience one or more flows throughout the wet season, although
completely dry years are known. They are also prone to flash flooding, with risk to infrastructure and
disruption of communications.
The river catchments are entirely within Botswana with the following exceptions:
1.-•-•••
Boteti River (Angolan Highlands)
Nata River (Zimbabwe)
Shashe River (Ziimbabwe)
Limpopo River (South Africa)
The flow characteristics of the Boteti River are modified by the Okavango Swamps, and most of the flow in
the Nate River is generated in the Zimbabwe portion of the catchment.
Dams
The following major dams have been constructed:
Shashe Dam (Shashe River)
Mopipi Dam (Boteti River)
The following dams have been proposed as part of ongoing projects and are at the feasibility or design
stage:
•
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2-37
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2-39
TABLE 2.9 CATCHMENT RUN OFF
Catchment Run Off (mm)
Notwane Serorome MhaLatswe upstream of Nadiba Gauge Khatatswe downstream of Madiba Gauge Lotsane upstream of Palapye Gauge Lotsane downstream of Palaype Gauge Motloutse upstream of Tobane Gauge NotLoutse downstream of Tobane Gauge Shashe upstream of Shashe Dam Shashe between Shashe Dam and Lower Shashe Gauge Shashe below Lower Shashe Gauge Rata upstream of Nate Old Bridge Gaugea Motsetse upstream of Mosetse Old Bridge Gauge Hosope upstream of Matsitama Gauge
4.4 2.0 9.8 6.1 3.6 1.6 8.1 4.4 13.7 28.7 7.2 0.9 6.0 6.0
Note: a Only for catchment area within Botswana
The run off data for the Boteti catchment is meaningless as its catchment is ultimately in the Angolan
highlands. The run off for the sandveld area is effectively nil, although dry valleys such as the Serorome,
Nunga and Letthakane occasionally carry water for short distances under extreme circumstances (e.g.
Letlhakane - 1968, Nunga - 1988). Pans form important surface water reservoirs in many areas.
Surface Water Quality
There is little data available. However, the water quality of major rivers is generally good with total dissolved
solids values below 200mg/I, except where there are point sources of pollution (NWMP 1991).
Surface Water Pipelines
These connect Shashe Dam to Francistown, Shashe Dam to Selebi-Phikwe and Mopipl Dam to Orapa.
Pipeline maps were not received in time for inclusion in this study. However, most of the Shashe Dam to
Francistown pipeline is within the Gaborone - Francistown road reserve and the Shashe Dam to Selebi-
Phikwe pipeline apparently follows the power transmission line. The Mopipi Dam to Orapa pipeline
apparently follows the Mopipi - Orapa road.
4
1=A
•
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2-41
It would therefore appear that soil type is the major control on rainfall recharge.
About 35% of recharge can be extracted from fractured aquifers in the hardveld area (approximately 0.5 to
4mm).
Water quality has a general relationship to recharge. Where there is relatively high recharge, water quality
should be better than areas with tow recharge. Ground water quality data is sporadic. The area surrounding
and including the Makgadikgadi Pans has poor water quality due to the brines in the area. It is suspected
that poor water quality may be encountered in the Kalahari beds throughout most of the District, except
along the Boteti River where the river water should recharge the aquifer.
Table 2.10 summarises available reliable borehole statistics for some of the different rock units.
TABLE 2.10 BOREHOLE STATISTICS ON VARIOUS GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN BOTSWANA
(B) CU) (Kb) (Ks) (Ko) (0) (CK)
Number of Boreholes drilled 472 209 128 76 250 99 169 Number of successful ("wet') boreholes 220 157 93 49 118 42 123 Number of blank ("dry') boreholes 202 52 35 27 132 57 66 Number of saline boreholes (including blank total above) 3 3 3 2 22 18
Average yield m3/hr 4.3 4.6 6.0 4.7 6.2 3.9 6.0 Average depth successful boreholes (m) 56.58 86.27 72.21 111.66 137.72 65.85 36.26 Average depth of all boreholes (a) 57.99 86.60 76.74 105.05 115.82 60_83 41.45 Average depth water struck (m) 34.32 40.35 38.65 67.72 97.05 30.79 23.05 Average depth to static water level (m) 23.20 27.57 26.63 54.66 65.25 19.20 18.09
Success rate X (i.e. % of "wet' boreholes) 57.2 75.11 72.65 64.77 42.20 42.42 65.07
Description:
(B) Basement Complex (W) Waterberg and Patapye Supergroups (Kb) Karoo Supergroup (Ks) Karoo Supergroup (Ko) Karoo Supergroup (D) Dolerite dykes (CK) Surficial deposits
Note: M3 meaningful data available for the Ghanzi Supergroup.
Source: Jennings, 1974, "Hydrogeology of Botswana"
The following describes the groundwater potential for each rock unit:
Alluvium (Ca)
The largest and thickest developments of alluvium occur at Talana Farm on the confluence of the Motloutse
and Limpopo Rivers, and at Dikatlhong at the confluence of the Mhalatswe and Limpopo Rivers. Further
2-43
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Ghanzi Supergroup (Gh)
Nothing Is known of the groundwater potential of this unit within Central District. However, it is known that
In Ghanzi District It is a good aquifer at outcrop but that borehole yields and water quality deteriorates
rapidly as surficial cover thickens. Consequently, it's groundwater potential in Central District is considered
to be poor and the water quality should similarly be poor.
Palapye Supergroup shale (Psh)
The ground water potential is poor to moderate. Groundwater only occurs in faults in fractures. Water
quality is generally poor except where there is local recharge along rivers.
Palapye Supergroup sandstone with minor shale & limestone (Pst)
The ground water potential is moderate to good. Groundwater only occurs in faults and fractures. However,
nothing is known of the limestone unit and it is possible that this may have good groundwater potential.
The water quality is generally good.
Waterberg Supergroup sandstone with minor shale (Wst)
The ground water potential is moderate to good. Groundwater only occurs in faults and fractures. The
water quality is generally good but may deteriorate where there are thick surficial deposits.
Basement Complex (Ba, Bc, Bg, Bs and Bi)
The ground water potential of the Basement Complex is poor to moderate overall. However, little is known
about the rock types other than the gneiss and granite (Bg) and the amphibolite (Ba). The ground water
potential of the amphibolite is slightly better than the granite and gneiss due to better weathering
characteristics. Ground water occurs in faults and fractures and local areas of deep weathering. Water
quality is generally good but can be locally poor.
Intrusives (Idk, Idw and Ids)
Little is known of these units other than the late - post Karoo dolerite dykes (Idk). The groundwater potential
Is considered to be generally poor. However, boreholes sited next to the late - post Karoo dolerite dykes
can have moderate yields and hence the groundwater potential of this unit is considered to be poor to
moderate. Groundwater occurs predominantly in faults and fractures but also in local zones of deep
2-47
Reliabilityand Gaps in Data
The run off data described above can only be used for broad planning purposes as it will be modified
continually as more river flow measurements become available. The data for the Mosope and Motsetse
Rivers are considered to be unreliable as they are based on short periods of river flow records. The data
for the other rivers has been taken from an analysis of the Limpopo catchment as a whole in which river run
offs were modelled for an extended period of 60 years, based on shorter periods of actual flow
measurements. Consequently, the run offs reported in the Limpopo Basin rivers are comparable to each
other, but may not be comparable to the rivers in the Makgadikgadi Basin.
The borehole statistics are also based on an old data set. The NWMP hydrogeological data base is currently
being updated and should be used provided the discrepancies with the report can be resolved. It should
also be modified at regular intervals as further drilling and water quality data becomes available. The
hydrogeological potential map and data can also only be used for broad planning purposes.
DWA river flow records suffer from a number of reliability problems. These include:
1. The brief span of records does not cover the full range of possible hydrological conditions. The first
gauge recorders were installed in 1969-70, although most records have been extended synthetically
to about 1920.
2. Gauging covers mostly the major rivers, usually at road bridges or at potential dam sites. Most of
the coordinates provided were incorrect and were not improved on checking by DWA. They were
moved to the best estimated position on the accompanying map but still require checking by DWA.
3. DWA have experienced many problems with equipment malfunction and operator error in both data
collection and interpretation.
Dam site investigations have led to a reasonable comprehension of the regimes of the Shashe, Motloutse,
Mhalatswe, Lotsane and Botet1 Rivers. There is little reliable data on the smaller rivers.
Further data on the hydrology of the ephemeral rivers is required, although the collection of such data is
expensive and time consuming. Information is also necessary on sedimentation in seasonal streams, the
hydrology of small catchments and rates of groundwater recharge. Some data is being collected on these
in current research projects.
2-49
21.6 SOILS, ERODIBILITY AND EROSION POTENTIAL
Introduction
This section covers soils classification, erodibility and erosion in Central District.
Methodology
Sources of information on soils are the maps produced by the FAO/Ministry of Agriculture soils unit, as
follows:
1:1 000 000 soil map of Botswana, using the FAQ Soil Map of the World revised legend (1988). In
the district there are 14 soil groups and 33 subgroups mapped, with a further 325 soil associations
indicated and referred to appendices_
1:250 000 soils maps covering all of the district apart from some areas in the western sandveld. The
maps are based on the FAO Soil Classification for Botswana (Remmelzwaal, 1988), and are mapped
as soil associations, with up to three soils per map unit, annotated in order of importance. The
number of combinations runs into hundreds.
Although both soil map sets are based on the FAO soil classification they use different sets of symbols, and
a different classification emphasis - in the case of the 1:250 000 sheets initial classification is based on
parent material rather than soil characteristics. A key to the two classifications is available.
Land suitability maps for rain-fed sorgum are available only for the southeast Central District (Remmelzwaal,
1989 a and b) and parts of the northeast (Venema, 1980). A 1:1 000 000 land suitability map for the entire
country is due for publication at the end of 1991, to correlate with the soil map of the same scale_ No data
is available for soil limitations at present
For the purposes of this study the 1:250 000 series is too complex, so the 1:1 000 000 map has been used
at a scale of 1:250 000, utilising only the first two levels of data, namely soil groups (indicated by the first
two (upper case) letters) and soil subgroups (indicated by the third (lower case) letter). For the third level
of data, soil associations, reference may be made to the original 1:1 000 000 map and its appendices.
Likewise, studies at the local scale may use the 1:250 000 published data. The Soils Map is presented on
Map Number 2.8
'CA
There is soil erosion by both wind and water In the District, but little soil erosion data is available. It is also
apparent that current models of soil erosion used in the region have little applicability. (The Stocking model
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Presentation
The soil classification data is stored in a single coverage: soils.
Abbreviated defining characteristics of the soil groups and subgroups are shown in Table 2.11. Comments
on the distribution of the soil groups, and their likely limitations, are given in Table 2.12. Descriptions of the
terminology used in these tables can be found in the memoir accompanying the 1:1 000 000 soil map
published by MM.
TABLE 2.11 SOIL UNITS
SYMBOL SOIL GROUP SUBGROUP DESCRIPTION
LP LEPTOSOL Soils Limited in depth by rock or a calcareous Layer.
LPe Eutric Ochric A horizon and base saturation >50%.
LPq Lithic Rock or cemented layer within 10 cm of surface.
LPk Rendzic Mollie A horizon with calcareous layer.
VR VERTISOL Contain 30% or more clay in top 50 cm. Subject to cracking.
VRe Eutric Base saturation of 50% or more. No calcic horizon.
FL FLUVISOL Soils derived from fluvial deposits.
FLc Calcaric Calcareous between 20 and 50 cm depth.
FLe Eutric High base saturation.
SC SOLoNCHAK Soils with salic properties.
SCh Haplic Ochric A horizon, no gLeyic properties.
SCg Gleyic Gleyic properties within 100 cm of surface.
GL GLEYSOL Formed from unconsolidatd materials, subject to saturation and chemical reduction (gleying).
GLc Calcic Calcic horizon within 120 cm of surface.
PL PLANOSOL An E horizon showing properties of water stagnation, overlying -- an impermeable (or slowly permeable) horizon.
PLe Eutric Ochric A horizon and base saturation >50% in the impermeable layer.
-- AR AREHOSOL Soils coarser than sandy loam in top 100 cm. No diagnostic
horizons.
ARh Haplic Lack diagnostic horizons. Lack ferralic, gleyic or calcic properties.
ARo FerraLic Contain iron accumulation. No clay increase. Lack aLbic, calcic or gLeyic properties.
ARL Luvic Show clay increase within 125 cm of surface. Lack aLbic, calcic or gleyic properties.
ARc Calcaric Calcareous between 20 and 50 ca of surface.
RG REGOSOL Soils derived from unconsolidated materials. No diagnostic
horizons.
RGe Eutric Base saturation of 50% or more. No calcic horizon.
RGc Calcaric Calcareous between 20 and 50 cm of surface.
RGd Dystric Base saturation of <50% between 20-50 cm of surface.
2-55
Description'
Sol Classification
A great variety of soil types are encountered in the Central District, resulting from the variety in geology and
— geomorphology. Approximately 50% of the world's soil groups and 30% of the subgroups are represented.
Soils of the sandveld are invariably arenosols derived from the Kalahari Sand, with some calcisols and
luvisols encountered in and around pans, depressions and in dry valleys. Soil fertility and water retention
are low in arenosols, whilst the finer-grained pan and valley soils are limited by the presence of calcrete
horizons.
In the Makgadikgadi Basin soils are strongly controlled by the influx of saline groundwater and past
iacustrine events. The lowest parts of Sowa and Ntwetwe Pans have solonchaks, whilst calcisols and calcaric
fluvisols, arenosols and regosols occupy higher ground. Thus all of the soils are limited by their drainage
properties and the presence of excessive calcium carbonate or sodium salts.
The soils of the hardveld show a greater variety, dependent on parent material and topographic position.
Petric Iuvisols, leptosols and regosols are encountered on hills and rock exposures, which are mainly limited
by both soil depth and slope. Vertisols are encountered locally throughout the hardveld on flood plains and
in dambos (vleis), particularly in the upper Nata region, where they may prove to be intractable to cultivation
and liable to flooding. On intermediate slopes, cambisols, luvisols and ibcisols occur. Soil fertility varies from
moderate (luvisols) to low OixisoIs), and petric, lithic and petroferric phases are locally widespread.
Sol ercd1:14
Soil erodibility is dependent on a variety of factors within the categories of soil properties, topography,
climate and human usage. An increase in relief leads to increased soil erosion potential in all soil types. All
of the hardveld soils, with the exception of arenosols, are liable to water erosion. Those undergoing erosion
by water at the present time include leptosols, regosols, and the petric and Ilthic phases of the luvisol-lixisol
spectrum.
— Fine textured soils are liable to wind erosion if low soil moisture conditions pertain. These soil types, which
occur mostly in the Makgadikgadi area, are Indicated in Table 2.12.
Soil erodibility is shown by soli groups in this chapter, by area in the ecological zones chapter, and on the
separate soil erodibility map, which has been based on soil type, relief and drainage. In the absence of
studies on soil erosion and erodibility in Botswana, this information should be used as a guideline only.
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Reliability and Gaps in Data
The soil classification maps are of good to high standard, and are of good quality for planning purposes.
However, they are not always suitable for use by non-soil scientists. Soil suitability mapping could be
extended, and maps of soil limitations would be of value.
There is no reliable data on rates of aeolian or fluvial soil erosion. Application of the SLEMSA soil erosion
model (Stocking 1987) used by SARCCUS, which is based on regional parameters such as mean rainfall,
slope length and gradient, tends to give unrealistically low figures, as much erosion in the hardveld takes
place on roads and animal tracks at low gradients. Information on soil erosion is urgently required,
particularly in the vicinity of settlements.
In the absence of realistic erosion studies the soil erosion map should be used as a guideline, and must be
checked in the field before use as the basis of planning studies.
2-61
Discussion
The hardveld is subject primarily to weathering of bedrock, erosion by drainage networks on all scales, and
slope degradation, particularly in areas of high gradient. The major landforms are hills and escarpments,
strongly influenced by rock type and rock structure, together with fluvial networks and their associated
characteristics.
- The sandveld forms part of the larger Kalahari depositional basin, now being eroded at its periphery.
Dominant processes appear to be weathering and chemical alteration of existing sediments by groundwater,
together with limited aeolian activity.
Major landfonns of the sandveld include pans and dry valleys, both associated with extensive caicrete
formations. Small pans are unevenly distributed throughout the sandveld, with concentratirns to the south
of the Makgadikgadi, and around the Kalahari periphery. Pans also occur on interfluves in the hardveld.
Kalahari pans have been classified, into sand, day, rock and calc pans (Wellington, 1955), and into clay and
- grassed pans (Boocock and Van Straten, 1962). In practice there is a spectrum of pan forms, sediment
textures, sediment salinity, vegetation cover and groundwater potential, which are difficult to evaluate from
satellite imagery.
Networks of dry valleys, notably the Letihakane system, drain the Kalahari rim towards the Makgadikgadi.
The exception is the Serorome valley which leads to the Limpopo via a rift fault All of the valleys originate
on hardveld, or areas where the sand cover is limited, and act as conduits for the transfer of groundwater.
- Despite their impressive relief, usually developed in calcretised or silcretised sediments, they rarely carry
surface flow. They have good groundwater potential, some of which is being exploited.
The Makgadikgadi Basin, as already noted, comprises a suite of landforms related to past lacustrine
processes, including aeolian redistribution of sediments during low lake levels. Contemperary processes
include fluvial activity in the Boteti and the Sowa pan, saline groundwater activity in lower lying pans (notably
Sowa Pan) and the generation of wind-blown dust from bare pan surfaces.
Reliablity and Gaps in Data
This reflects the reliability of both the topographic and geology maps and overall is considered to be
- moderate to good for the purposes of this study.
•
2-63
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3. BIOLOGY/ECOLOGY
3.1 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1.1 VEGETATION
— Introduction
This section describes the approach to deriving the vegetation ecology map of Central District, the
distribution of vegetation types and their determinants. Limitations to the map and its use, and requirements
for future work are also covered.
Methoddogy
Previous mapping of vegetation in the District at a scale useful for this study is limited. In addition to the
Timberlake map (1980) and the DHV study (1980), Parry has mapped the communities of the Nate
Statelands as part of the draft Nata Statelands Land Use Plan (Ecosurv, 1988) at a scale of 1:250 000. The
DFIV material was found to be of little use to the mapping, although their ecological findings are of some
relevance. Other mapping has been carried out: Central District Land Use Planning Unit, 1989; Parry, 1984;
Walker, 1985. The first is at a scale of 1:250 000 but details only range quality; it was consulted for the map
derivation but not used for the map. The latter two maps similarly were consulted, but cover only small
parts of the District. Additional large scale vegetation mapping has been carried out for Environmental
impact Assessments (EIAs) of various water development feasibility studies (SMEC, 1990; Macdonald and
Partners, 1990; Amp 1990). These have been consulted where appropriate but are of no use for regional
mapping.
The approach has therefore been to combine a reconnaissance scale map of the previously unmapped area
with the information from Timberlake (in the south) and Ecosury (in the north). The recornaissance map
was constructed from an interpretation of Landsat V MSS FCC imagery from the period May 1989. The
imagery was chosen on the following bases:
The end of the growing season (taking into account the 88/89 rainy season);
The availability of cloud-free coverage.
Field surveying was carried out (19-27th March and 12 +15th April) using roads, cutlines and veterinary
cordon fences to check preliminary interpretation. A simplified phytosociological assessment (Braun-
Blanquet, - a classification based on plant associations, whereby species in field sites or stands are ranked
• --
0
3-3
Rm.
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3-5
area comprised of a mixed association of Acacia spp and Colophospermum mopane with riverine vegetation
occurring along drainage lines.
Database
Stands and observation points are marked on a GIS coverage. Within this coverage, species lists and
relative abundance (where appropriate) can be attached to these points. These are presented in
Appendix 3.2. Abbreviated descriptions of vegetation types can be attached to the Vegetation Ecology
coverage.
Description
Vegetation types
As outlined in the methodology, vegetation types were distinguished on the basis of species composition.
As noted by Timberlake (1980), this provides a better indication of soil type and climate, and thus potential
land use value, than a structural approach. The descriptions that follow include any additional information
acquired from fieldwork on ecological determinants for these types. This information has been used to
cross-check interpretation where possible. The descriptions are principally limited to woody species. Grass
specimens were taken at several locations during the field survey. These have been identified at the National
Herbarium in Zimbabwe. This information has been appended to the database. It is not included here
because similar information is not available for the areas mapped by Timberlake and Ecosurv.
Type 1 Bare Pan Surfaces
Vegetative growth is limited by soil salinity or high flooding frequency.
Type 2 Edaphic Grassland
An association occurring east of the Gidikwe Sand Ridge, flanking the Boteti River.
Essentially broad flat grassland on calcrete, it closely resembles the halophytic grasslands
(Type 3) occurring to the east of the Boteti floodplain. Here, however, factors limiting
woody plant establishment are duripan-related rather than salinity-related. Soils are very
shallow and very sandy.
4 -
3-7
Type 5 Burkea/Ochna Savannah
An association occurring on moderately deep well drained ferrallc sandy soils generally
derived from Kalahari aeolian beds. South of the Makgadikgadi, the type grades into Type
14, and the diagnostic species rapidly decrease in dominance to the west. The boundary
is very indistinct and has consequently been mapped as uncertain by Timberlake and this
study. The boundary as mapped is a Landsat tonal distinction that corresponds to the
boundary mapped by Timberlake in 1980. Certainly the last Burkea which can be observed
along the Serowe-Orapa road occurs well east of this line. In the north, the association is
interdigitated with Baikiaea and Colophospermum mopane woodland.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Burkea africana, Ochna pulchra, Ricinodendron rautanenii, Combretum apiculaium,
Strychnos pungens, S. cocculoides, Terminalia sericea, Acacia ffeckii, Securidaca
longipedunculata, Ximenia caffra, Commiphora angolensis, Tarchonanthus camphorate,
Bauhinia petersiana asp macrantha, Croton gratissimus, Lannea discolor, Grewia retinervis.
(Dichrostactrys cinerea occurs in disturbed areas).
Type 6 Acacia erioloba Savannah
A broad association typical of the western and northern Kalahari sandveld and sands of the
Makgadikgadi complex. Three end members can be distinguished: Acacia erioloba
dominated, Terminalia sericea dominated and Lonchocarpus nelsii dominated. Gradation
between the three may be due to varying depths of sand, or to the occurrence of silcrete
or calcrete layers in the son profile. The association varies from an open woodland to
savannah, with extensive areas dominated by low shrubs with very sparse trees.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Acacia erioloba, Terminalia sericea, Lonchocarpus nelsii, Combretum apiculatum, C.
collinum, Grewia retinervis, G. t7ava, Acacia tleckii, Bauhinia petersiana asp macrantha,
Acacia ataxacantha, A. nigrescens, Combretum imberbe, C. hereroense, Terminalia
prunioldes, Ricinodendron rautanenii, Boscia albitrunca, Dichrostachys cinerea,
Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Ziziphus mucronata, Acacia hebeclada, Commiphora
angolensis, Albizia amara, Maytenus sp, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilla (on disturbed land),
Rhus sp, Bolusanthus speciosus, Flueggea virosa.
3-9
Type 9 Rocky HE Woodland
An open woodland typical of rocky outcrops. Drainage and lack of frost are probably the
primary determinants of this association. Considerable floristic variation occurs from south
to north. Conspicuous differences include: Kirkia acuminata and some of the Commiphora
spp only occur north of Dibete; Adansonia digitata is found on hills In rocky dissected
terrain in the Tuli area north of Parr's Halt. There is an increase in dominance of Acacia
nigrescens towards the southern part of the district. Trees tend to be sparsely dist'ibuted.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Acacia nigrescens, Markhamia acuminata, Steganotaenia araliacea, Pappea capensis,
Commiphora malls, C. marlothii, Combretum apiculatum, Ficus spp, Sclerocarya birrea,
Lannea stuhlmannii, Kirkia acuminata, Canthium burtti, Albizia amara, Lonchocarpus
capassa, Croton gratissimus, Erythrina latissima, Grewia resiniflua, Sterculia rogersii, S.
africana, Termina fia prunioides, Adansonia digitata.
Type 10 Acacia Savannah
A type characteristically occurring on heavy clay soils (vertisols, vertic cambisols, vertic and
calcic iuvisols) in areas prone to seasonal waterlogging. Some zonation occurs within units,
with the lowest lying parts supporting the glandular acacias Acacia nebrownii or A
tenuispina (recorded by Timberlake in the southern part of the District) as a dense
shrubland (4 mellifera also occurs here). Where the drainage is slightly better, true
savannah occurs, with scattered A. luederitzii and A nifotica trees in grassland. Appears
to occupy an ecologically similar position to Type 15; the difference may be due to a soil
chemistry factor such as sodium availability or pH.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Acacia luederitzii, A nebrownii, A tenuispina, A mellifera, A. stuhimannii, Atortflis, A.
arenarfa, A. nilotica, A grandicomuta, with Commiphora glandulosa, Combretum
hereroense, Grewia flava
F=.
3-11
Characteristic Woody Species:
Colophospemum mopane, Acacia nigrescens, A. erubescens, A. nilotica, Commiphora
glandulosa, Combretum apiculatum, Terminally prunioides, Acacia tortilis, ❑albergia
melanoxylon.
Type 14 Colophospermum mopane on sandy soils
A mixed type in which mopane occurs with species more typical of shallow sandveld. it
occurs on shallower sands with restricted drainage which may be derived from Kalahari
aeolian deposits or from in situ weathering of arenaceous or acid rocks. It is also found
in areas underlain by caicrete in the northern part of the district, while in the Serowe area,
it occurs peripherally on eastern outliers of sandveld. It is thus not confined to any
particular physiographic unit. Floristically, it is very similar to type 13, mopane on shallow
soils, but shows a higher species richness, and the co-dominants are species more suited
to sandy soils. It grades into types- 5 and 6, and also into small patches of
Kirkia/Commiphora woodland occurring on caicrete ridges in the ecotone' area between
hardveld and sandveld.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Colophospermum mopane, Combretum apiculatum, Commpihora glandulosa, C.
angoiensis, Albizia anthelmintica, Terminatia prunioides, Scierocarya birrea, Croton
gratissimus, Commiphora morns, Terminalia sericea, Acacia erioloba, A nigrescens,
Rhigozum brevispinosum, Acacia fleckii, Adansonia digitate, Acacia tortilis (on disturbed
land).
Type 15 Ccdophospermtwn mopane Woodland/Shrubland
A type occurring on clayey soils (as for type 10) with very limited drainage. Striking
because of its almost monocultural character. The difference between shrubland and
woodland may be due to stunting of the root systems by expansion and contraction of the
sods, to cutting of timber or to duripan horizons limiting root growth. Ecologically occupies
a similar position to Type 10.
3-13
- Climate
As outlined in the chapter on climate, rainfall varies from 350 mm to 600 mm, with the lowest rainfall
occurring in the east. Variability is lower in the higher rainfall areas. Potential evapotranspiration (PET)
varies between 2,5 mm/day and 6,5 mm/day, reaching a maximum in early summer, and is probably highest
in the east (SMEC, 1987; open water evaporation ranges from 2.7 - 3.3 mm/day in June to 7-9 mm/day In
December). The soils in the eastern-most part of the District are shallow and rocky, and consequently the
growing environment is very xeric. Clearly rainfall and evapotranspiration exert a profound influence on soil
moisture balance. Rainfall control is particularly associated with deep sandy (mesic) soils.
Timberlake (1980) suggests that the extent of Type 5 (Burkea/Ochna savannah) might be rainfall-controlled.
The limited occurrence of Baikiaea woodland in Central District representing the lower limits of habitat
suitability is also probably rainfall-controlled. Ecosury (1988) note that Baikiaea distribution appears to be
limited to areas of > 600 mm mean rainfall/annum.
Mean temperature ranges are likely to be most extreme in the east and west of the district; separation of
- the effects of temperature and frost frequency, intensity and timing is not possible with currently available
data. Timberlake notes a southerly limit to the distribution of various species, significant among which are
Colophospermum mopane and Kirkia acuminate, and attributes this primarily to higher mean monthly
temperatures and relative freedom from frost. Cole (1982) says there is evidence that mopane cannot
survive where the mean temperature for July is <15.5°C or where there are light frosts. The southerly limit
of Colophospermum mopane is referred to as the 'Mopane Line" and is indicated on the map. The
distribution of the baobab (Adansonia digitate) in the eastern part of the district may also be due in part to
temperature. Timberlake also notes that species such as Kirkia which prefer well-drained rocky soils can
survive outside their temperature/frost range because they tend to be situated on slopes or hills above the
lower areas most prone to frost This and drainage factors probably represent the greatest effect that relief
per se has on vegetation distribution (with the exception of microrelief in the Makgadikgadi Pans - see
- below). In the sandveld to the west and in low-lying areas in the hardveld, frost may be a factor In
controlling the size of such woody species as Bauhinia petersiana and Colophospermum mopane can attain,
by regularly killing the aerial parts of shrubs In a way similar to fire.
- Soils
The soils of the district can be divided into three major groups: those of the sandveld, with Kalahari sand
as parent material, the lacustrine and alluvial deposits of the Makgadikgadi Pans complex, and those of the
hardveld, derived from weathering of the various rock types.
RP.
FM,
3-15
Colophospermum mopane. In Lake )(au these soils support grasslands maintained by seasonal
waterlogging. Recent man-induced changes in the flooding regime of this previously very significant grazing
— resource are leading to progressive encroachment by woody species, notably Acacia tortllls. The highest
ground in the complex is the sandy fossil beach ridges, which support an open savannah woodland of A. erioloba where groundwater is accessible, and a Terminalia sericea savannah where it is not.
Worth noting here is that recruitment of deep rooted tree species in sandy habitats may be a phenomenon
limited to periods in which there is sufficient rainfall over a number of consecutive years to permit young
saplings to develop root systems capable of sustaining them through long dry periods i.e., which reach the
long-term water table. This may explain the uniform age of trees in these habitats, and needs to be taken
into account in assessing the utilisation potential of these types.
The shallow calcrete layers which so typify many parts of the sandveld often support a low shrub community
of Catophractes aiexandri, Rhigozum brevispinosum and Sesamothamnus lugardil. This community does
not attain sufficient extent to warrant status as a type, but has been reported as invasive into rangeland in
Gantsi District (Parry, pers comm). Some investigation into possible control would be useful.
Under the current climatic conditions, there is little opportunity for deep chemical weathering: soils in the
- hardveld tend to be shallow and rocky, particularly in the middle (dissected) and downstream reaches of
the drainages. Soil depth in the hardveid appears to exert a stronger influence on vegetation than soil
- chemistry, except in the upper catchments, where patches of heavy day sob have developed on basalt and
shale/mudstone parent rocks. Here, poor drainage and In some places a high content of montmorillonitic
- (cracking) clays give rise to either a parkiand dominated by Acacia spp, as in the upper Motloutse
catchment, or a shrub/woodland consisting of almost pure Colophospermum mopane, like that found in the
upper Nate catchment. This difference may be due to a difference in soil chemistry; possibly the Nata
vertisols being derived from primarily sedimentary rocks have a higher Na` content. Mitchell, in Timberlake
(1980) finds that C. mopane is associated with sodium-rich soils. It may, however, simply be due to the fact
that the Motloutse catchment is dose to the southerly C. mopane distribution limits.
The soil catena found in much of the hardveld exerts a major influence on vegetation distribution. The well-
drained conditions of hill slopes and interliuve ridges support a woodland which exploits moisture and
nutrients in fissures and weathering zones. The composition of this woodland depends on other factors,
such as temperature. The Kirkia/Commiphora association of the central part of the District gives way to an
Acacia nigrescens dominated association southwards; to the east, Adansonia digitate is a conspicuous
addition. Further down the catena, as soil depth increases but moisture availability Is still low, a denser
spread of smaller species like Combretum apiculatum gradually replaces the larger trees. North of the
'mopane Colophospermum mopane starts to appear at the lower fringe of the Combretum apiculatum
zone. The deeper soils at the bottom of the catena have higher moisture availability (greater storage
3-17
The species Is thin barked and therefore fire sensitive. In particular, late season fires in the
current typically high fuel load situations are intense and cause 'fire holes' In the canopy
which are quickly colonised by further understorey plants, leading to an increased fuel
build-up. This not only Increases the fire hazard for the next season, but also increases the
light/moisture competition for seedlings. Complete protection from fire is not practical; in
Zambia, a policy of early burning (April/May) is used to try and reduce fuel loads and
suppress the understorey thicket. Trees are entering a dormancy stage and are less likely
to be damaged by the cooler bums.
• In Central District, the species is at the southern limits of its habitat, so it is likely to be even more sensitive
to disturbance. In addition, the lower density stands may contain a higher proportion of understorey thicket
due to better light penetration. The issue of fire in these stands, therefore, requires careful consideration.
Grazing/Browsing
As pointed out previously, the ratio of grazers to browsers in the current herbivore spectrum (mainly cattle
and goats) differs considerably from that of the herbivore spectrum with which the vegetation evolved. This
must inevitably cause a change in the dynamics of the system, which is compounded by the lower mobility
of livestock, and the provision of permanent water sources in previously un-watered areas.
In the uncontrolled situation, heavy grazing pressure not only reduces the fuel Ioad for fires, but also favours
annual grasses and fortis. Subsequent encroachment by woody plants is encouraged by reduced
competition for light and moisture in the surface layers. In addition, as pointed out by Timberlake (1980),
selective grazing at the beginning of the rains (before seed is set) also changes species composition,
favouring the more unpalatable species. In general, uncontrolled heavy grazing leads to undesirable
- changes in the quality of the range. If allowed to progress too far, particularly in combination with
inappropriate fire regimes, these changes may be very difficult to rectify.
The effects of wild herbivores are of great significance to the Baikiaea woodlands in the northern sandveld.
The seed pods are heavily utilised by primates while on the tree; on the ground, seeds and seedlings are
eaten by rodents and duiker (Piearce, 1986). These animals are favoured by a dense undorstorey thicket.
Mitchell in Piearce (1986) and others have put the hypothesis that elephant and buffalo play a very important
role in the ecology of these woodlands: browsing and trampling tend to keep the understorey in check,
reducing the fuel load, and also to bury Baikiaea 'seeds; the Baikiaea trees and seedlings are apparently
- unpalatable to these species (Piearce, 1986). Timberlake (pens comm), however, points out that game
population levels (particularly elephant) have historically (in the last 150 years) not been as high as at
- present - perhaps not high enough to have had this effect. (See also Campbell, 1990).
P■1
Pr.
3-19
No field estimates of standing stock were made during this study. The minimum and maximum factors used
in Table 3.1 below are derived from McDonald & Partners (1990) and various other sources. Total areas
of each vegetation type mapped were calculated using the GIS. The standing stock figures thus show the
possible range of woody biomass in each vegetation type.
TABLE 3.1 ESTIMATED STANDING STOCK .1•11
Type (Ha x 100) Factor Factor Stock Stock
,... (t/Ha) (t/Ha) (tonnes) (tonnes)
Vegetation Area Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Stock Stock Standing Standing
1 6008 0.0 0.0 0 0 3/1 4382 0.0 0.0 0 0
,-. 3 2200 0.0 0.0 0 0 4 269 0.0 1.0 0 26935 5* 3047 0.6 4.0 182829 1218859 6 34798 0.0 0.0 0 3778015 7** 1440 1.7 2.0 244874 288087 8 5715 8.0 30.0 4572117 17145438 9 2567 1.0 8.0 256742, 2053936 10 2720 1.0 11.7 271970 3182054 11 7375 1.0 11.0 737486 8112349
..- 12 8144 2.3 15.2 1873069 12378546 13 2127 2.3 7.4 489191 1573919 14 12621 2.3 7.4 2902805 9339460 15 1227 2.0 15.3 245412 1877403 16 278 34.0 63.0 945554 1752055
-- 147p/12 42 2.3 11.3 9608 47207 14/6 394 1.7 4.2 66996 165519 10114 1244 1.7 9.6 205277 1188119 14/12/3 1134 1.6 7.5 181394 850284
-- 14/13 582 2.3 7.4 133782 430430 5/13 78 1.5 5.7 11323 44510 6Ae116 908 17.5 32.0 1588358 2904426 6114 525 1.7 4.2 89234 220460 6/5 10060 0.8 2.5 804820 2515064 6/10 2300 1.0 6.4 229960 1471745 2/6 1441 0.0 0.5 0 72062 216Ac 1616 0.0 0.5 0 80784 2.10 85 0.5 5.9 4262 49861 10/6 550 '1.0 6.4 54995 351967 10/3/16 588 0.3 3.9 17629 229178 15/16 585 2.0 15.3 116980 894895 12/16 2891 2.3 15.2 664897 4394101 12/8/9 2838 6.1 25.1 1731284 7123807 12/13 17502 2.3 11.3 4025497 19777441 11/6 557 1.0 6.0 55674 334042 11/10 798 1.0 11.1 79757 885302 11/13 450 1.7 9.2 76499 413994 13/8/9 967 6.1 22.5 589770 2175381 13/10/16 491 1.1 6.4 53995 314154 13/12/10 781 1.9 11.4 148295 889770 13/8/12 2216 4.2 17.5 930687 3877864
TOTALS 146539 24593021 114566218
* productivity figures from Caprivi ZipfeL research forester Geldenhuys in the mid-seventies - Forestry Division, BOA, pers comm
** productivity figures from P. Henry (1977) in Chobe District - Forestry Division, HOA, pers comm
MP.
3-21
Assessment of Wood Resources
- More detailed knowledge Is required of the production rates and autecology of the more important building
— and fuel wood species in the district - particularly Colophospermum mopane. Also urgently required is a
— study to determine approximate rates of use of timber.
A detailed survey/enumeration is required of the commercial timber in the District - Baikiaea plunjuga,
Pterocarpus angolensis, Guibourtia coleosperma and Ricinodendron rautanenii.
A study should also be instituted of the Kirkia/Commiphora woodland and its synecology, with regard to
controlled and sustainable utilisation of the remaining portions of this resource. This type is under increasing
pressure due to requirements for agricultural land, fuelwood and timber. In the interests of the maintenance
of biological diversity, some protection will become necessary (see below).
Ecological Monrloring
Regular acquisition of satellite imagery is an essential tool for monitoring ecological change in the District.
The SADCC receiving station in Harare provides AVHRR data at no charge to member countries. This is
an avenue which should be investigated further.
Conservation Areas
- In addition to the already existing conservation areas in Central District (Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve,
Nata sanctuary, the future Serowe sanctuary), consideration should be given to setting aside small areas
for the conservation of some of the more important vegetation types. The Kirkia/Commiphora woodland
is best represented in the area between the Tutume-Maitengwe road and the Dukwe cordon fence. A small
portion of this should be protected from wood cutting activities.
3-23
Dry and wet season biomass distribution and density maps for seventeen large wild animal species were
generated using computerised data bases compiled from DWNP aerial surveys data collected during August
1989 and March 1990. Seasonal changes in metabolic biomass (MB) density and distribution were then
mapped based on these data. Biomass conversion values used for mapping are expressed in terms of each
species' metabolic biomass equivalent in Live Stock Units (LSUs) where 1 LSU is equivalent to the metabolic
- biomass of a 450 kg bovine. Conversion values for all surveyed species are listed in Table 3.2.
- TABLE 3.2
METABOLIC BIOMASS (MB) CONVERSION VALUES FOR SURVEYED WILDLIFE SPECIES
EXPRESSED IN LIVESTOCK EQUIVALENTS (LSEs @ 450 KG / LSU)
Species Average Mass Metabolic Biomass (Kg) (LSEs)
•121=,
Steenbok 10 0.056 Duiker 10 0.056 Springbok 26 0.115
-- Impala tiarthog
40 45
0.173 0.175
Ostrich 68 0.236 Hartebeest 125 0.374 Kudu 136 0.398 Gemsbok 150 0.428 Wildebeest 165 0.455 Sable Antelope 185 0.502 Zebra 200 0.532 Roan Antelope 220 0.590 Eland 340 0.792 Buffalo 450 1.00
Giraffe 750 1.44
Elephant 1725 3.67
Approximate range maps were produced for 25 large wild animal species based on results of aerial surveys,
interviews with researchers and district residents and review of recent literature.
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) boundaries for Central District were mapped based on boundary descriptions
gazetted under Statutory Instrument No. 93 of 19T7.
Dry and wet season biomass distribution and density for the estimated combined populations of seventeen
large wild animal species are presented on Map Numbers 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. Recent (1990)
population estimates for each species by census survey block are presented in Table 3.3.
3-25
AN.
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3-27
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3-29
listed for each CHA in Tables 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7. Live mammal and ostrich capture quotas for CHAs of Central
District are listed in Table 3.8.
Description
The general impression gained from biomass distribution and density maps Is one of low wildlife densities
over most of Central District. Where wildlife population densities are highest they are characterised by
extreme seasonal variation, usually the result of surface water availability. Population densities are generally
lower and distribution less extensive now, than they were when the first surveys were conducted. Changes
in biomass densities reflect declines in populations of most species, (with the notable exception of elephant)
during the intervening period, to the end of the recent drought.
Discussion
Widlffe Resources
Central District north of 21° S, including the Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve and WMA and the proposed
Nata State Lands WMA supports highest wildlife population densities and species diversity (Map Numbers
3.2 and 3.3).
Wet season metabolic biomass estimates increase significantly north of 20° S due mainly to the presence
of elephants, which move south and east from the Okavango and Chobe river systems into the Nata
Statelands, following the onset of summer rains (Calef, 1987). MB estimates for this seasonal elephant range
varied between 0.2 LSE / Km2 in August 1989 and 4.2 LSE / Km2 in Apnl 1990.
Increased MB densities east of the Boteti River during the dry season are the result of concentrations of
zebra and wildebeest, which are normally dispersed throughout the Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve,
western Ntwetwe Pan and southern Ngamiland Statelands during wet seasons when surface water is readily
available. The recent drought reduced both populations significantly, from a combined estimated total of 153
000 animals in 1979 to about 32 000 in 1987 and 12 000 in 1990.
Wildlife population densities have always been relatively low In the sandveld region of western Central District
owing to low rainfall, soil fertility and hence carrying capacity. Wildlife populations have been further depleted
through the combined effects of displacement by livestock, movement restrictions, drought and, to a lesser
extent, hunting pressure. impacts were particularly severe in the case of migratory wildebeest and hartebeest
which have suffered population reductions in excess of 90% since 1980. Other more drought tolerant species
were also affected to a lesser extent The majority of wildlife sightings displayed for the sandveld region,
particularly during the dry season survey (Map Number 3.2), represent solitary steenbok or duiker with MB
3-31
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3-33
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3-35
— TABLE 3.4 CONTROLLED HUNTING AREAS (CHAs) CURRENTLY HELD UNDER LEASE BY SAFARI
OPERATORS IN CENTRAL DISTRICT.
Operator Holding Annual Rental gee Lease (paid to Govt)
3 Hasame2 Vire Safaris P 5 400 4 Tamafupa3 Hunters Africa P 8 000 10 Boteti Safari South P 3 000 25 Odiakwe Guides & Outfitters P 8 000 26 Hata Guides & Outfitters p 8 000
CHA
Notes:
1 Central Government receives rental fees far all CHAs leased on Stateland. 2 Less than 10% of CHA 3 falls within Central. District. 3 Approximately 80% of CHA 4 is in Central District while the remainder is in Chobe District.
Wildlife Management Areas
Two proposed Wildlife Management Areas located in Central District (Makgadikgadi WMA and Nate
Statelands WMA) have been approved in principal by the CDLUPU and Central District Council, but have
not been gazetted. The WMAs were planned to provide areas in which hunting and other forms of wildlife
utilisation can continue to benefit rural populations, and particularly those people living within their
boundaries. They are also proposed to serve as wildlife migration corridors, and as buffer zones between
areas of wildlife land use in game reserves and parks and livestock grazing in northern Central District.
Game Farms and Private Game Reserves
Nine farms in the northeastern Tuli Block are collectively managed for wildlife and some have been
developed for game viewing tourism. The Mashatti Game Reserve (45 000 Ha within this block) is privately
owned and operated in partnership with Botswana Development Corporation. Elsewhere in both the northern
and southern Tuli Block farms various forms of commercial wildlife utilisation are practiced.
Proposed Wildlife Conservation Areas
Currently proposed wildlife conservation areas in Central District include an area in the eastern Nata
Stateiands adjacent to Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe, a proposed reserve for black rhinoceros near
Pale and a nature reserve in the Tawapong Hills for protection of breeding colonies of cape vultures. The
Nate Sanctuary in the northeastern portion of Sowa Pan has been approved and is about to become
operational (mid-1992).
pc. • 3-37
TABLE 3.5 CITIZENS' HUNTING QUOTAS FOR CONTROLLED HUNTING AREAS (CHAS) OF CENTRAL DISTRICT (1991 HUNTING SEASON).
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) Humber
Species 3 4 10 11 12 25
41G.
Buffalo 8 8 0 0 0 15 Duiker 70 160 40 200 110 60 Eland 2 1 0 3 0 0 Gemsbok 0 0 24 30 0 20 Hartebeest 0 0 10 25 0 0 Impala 6 10 0 0 150 0 Kudu 10 5 25 100 50 20 Ostrich 9 20 50 50 0 10
,..- Sable 0 15 0 0 0 0 Steenbok 130 280 80 500 200 100 Springbok 0 0 1450 450 0 0 Tsessebe 0 9 0 0 0 0 Warthog 10 10 10 0 20 0 Zebra 7 10 50 30 0 10
TABLE 3.5 (Contd.)
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) Humber
Species 26 27 28 37 38 39
Buffalo 10 0 0 0 0 0
Duiker 40 130 470 120 140 200
Gemsbok 0 10 25 5 0 0
Hartebeest 0 20 40 0 0 0
Impala 0 0 30 50 50 150
Kudu 10 30 60 50 50 100
Ostrich 10 30 50 50 60 50
Steenbok 80 240 860 220 260 150
Springbok 0 50 20 60 0 0
Warthog 10 10 20 0 0 30
Zebra 10 0 0 0 0 0
3-39
Game Farming / Ranching
Besides game viewing tourism, commercial activities on game farms in the Tuli Block include ostrich and
crocodile farming, recreational hunting and culling of impala and wildebeest. Live mammal and ostrich
capture quotas for Controlled Hunting Areas of Central District (1991 hunting season) are listed in Table 3.8.
TABLE 3.8 LIVE MAMMAL AND OSTRICH CAPTURE QUOTAS FOR CONTROLLED HUNTING AREAS
(CHAS) OF CENTRAL DISTRICT (1991 HUNTING SEASON).
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) Number
Species 3 4 10 11 12 25
Duiker 10 0 0 0 ❑ 0 Gemsbok 0 100 0 0 0 0 Ostrich 0 0 50 50 50 0 Ostrich Eggs 200 500 1000 1000 0 150 Springbok 0 0 150 150 0 0 Steenbok 15 0 0 0 0 0
TABLE 3.8 (Contd.)
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) Number
Species 26 27 28 37 38 39
Ostrich 0 0 50 150 0 200
Ostrich Eggs 150 750 1000 1000 1000 200 Steenbok 0 0 0 0 0 150
Reliabilty and Gaps in Data
Since aerial surveys were designed primarily to establish seasonal wildlife distribution patterns and are
generally of low sampling Intensity (usually 2-5% coverage), most population estimates derived from them
are crude and confidence limits are extremely wide (often >100%). Reliability of population estimates is,
therefore, moderate at best. While the reliability of distribution data alone can be considered generally good,
it does not necessarily indicate areas which may be most important or necessary to the maintenance of
wildlife populations.
3-41
32 ECOLOGICAL ZONING
Introduction
The term ecological zone has been used within this study as delineating areas in which there is some degree
of correlation between vegetation, physiography, surlicial geology and climate.
Ecological zoning of the District has been carried out to 3 levels of division.
- Methodology
- The Central District can be divided into three major first order units on physiographic grounds, with distinct
topographic, geological, geomorphological, pedological and vegetation characteristics. The divides between
these units are defined on superficial geology (extent of Kalahari Sand and lacustrine sediments) where they
coincide with major physical divides such as the Mosu and Serowe Escarpments, or the peripheral sand
ridges of the Makgadikgadl.
The first order units defined are:
1: 1-1 The Hardveld
2: S The Sandveid
3: M The Makgadikgadi Basin
Second order zoning has been based on geology, surficial geology and soils, following physiographic
boundaries if these are present. Dominant characteristics are specified. Second order zones are indicated
by the first order letter followed by a numeral.
- Third order zoning is based primarily on soil and vegetation differences. Third order zones are indicated
by the addition of a letter to the second order classification where necessary. For convenience the units
- have also been described, in general terms, in relation to their erosion potential for both wind and water
erosion, without reference to present human impact. This is a guideline only, and should be checked in the
field.
Presentation
The Ecological Zoning map is presented on Map Number 3.5.
3-4,3
Min
a
a
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3-45
Ecological Zone
Description % component of Dominant soils
% component of Dominant Vegetation types
Erosion Potential
H1H Sandveld Outlier, Upper NotLoutse AK - 83% 14 - 45X Low erosion catchment 13 - 20%
6/5 - 15%
H1I Northern watershed RG - 86% 13/8/12-35% Widespread fluvial 12/13 - 35% At present an
8 - 24% extremely degraded area
Hid Plateau west of watershed CM - 51% 8 - 31% Fluvial erosion LV - 33% 12/13 - 28% localised to steep
slopes and drainage networks
H1K Low rocky hills; shallow rocky soils' RG - 79% 13/8/9- 89X Widespread fluvial LV - 18%
H2 NATA BASIN
Physiography: Heavily weathered plain draining towards the Makgadikgadl, with drainage affected by
faulting, tectonism and past lacustrine events; 1200-900m
— Drainage: Middle Nata and Mosetse Rivers. Extensive lateral flooding in wet season.
— Surficial/geornorphology: Sand, alluvium; some rock and calcrete.
Sas: Major CL, VR (on basalts); minor LV (floodplains), GL, AR. Soil distribution is complex and is
dependent on geomorphology.
Ecological Description % component % component Erosion
Zone of Dominant soils
of Dominant Vegetation types
Potential
112 Hata upper catchment; broad flat poorly CL - 43% 12/16 - 32% Localised wind
drained area YR - 26X 15 - 26% LV - 22% 15/16 - 16%
—
H3 MOTLOUTSE/LOTSANE UPPER CATCHMENTS
Physiography Erosional surface 1200-1000m immediately below the Paje Escarpment; active fluvial erosion.
Drainage: Dense network of Motloutse tributaries. Zone of high pan density.
Surficial/geomorphology. Remnant Kalahari Sand, colluvium, rock exposure.
MM.
0=7
3-47
Ecological Zone
Description X component of Dominant soils
X component of Dominant Vegetation types
Erosion Potential
H5A Serorome corridor luvisols LV - 88% 6/10 - 38X Low - 10 - 29%
6 - 15%
H5B Serorome corridor arenosols AR - 95% 6/ 5 - 25% Low 6 - 24X
6/10 - 21% 5 - 16%
H6 HILL MASSIFS
Physiography: Hills and plateaus rising above the hardveld; 1300-1000m.
Drainage: Steep incised valleys and gorges.
Surficial/geomorphology: Rock exposure.
Soils: LP
Ecological Zone
Description X component of Dominant soils
X component of Dominant Vegetation types
Erosion Potential
H6 Hill massifs LP - 77X 9 - 88% Fluvial erosion high on slopes, Low on plateau surfaces
THE SANDVELD
Si MAIN SANDVELD
Physiography. Sand plain sloping from watershed towards the Makgadikgadi. Some indistinct dune forms.
Dry valleys (especially the Letlhakane) and pans form important ecological sub-units; 1200-1000m.
Mange: No surface drainage beyond pans and dry valleys.
Surficialigeornorphology: Kalahari Sand, with caicrete and silcrete on drainage features.
Soils: AR, CL
WS.
112:1,7.
P.M
=Me
3-49
Ecological Zone
Description % component of Dominant soils
% component of Dominant Vegetation types
Erosion Potential
53A Letlhakane Ridge - upper CL - 78% 14 - 73% Wind
538 Letlhakane Ridge - lower LP - 65% RO - 19%
14 - 69% Wind
54 NORTHERN DUNEVELD
Physiography: A sand plain with well developed E-W linear dunes; 1100-950m
Drainage: Nunga dry valley with occasional flows (cf 1988). Pans in interdune streets.
Surricialigeornorphology. Kalahari Sand. Strong landscape influence from linear dune field.
Sorls: AR, some LV, CL, LP.
Ecological Zone
Description X component of Dominant soils
X component of Dominant Vegetation types
Erosion Potential
54A Northern sandveld deep ferralic arenosoLs AR - 98% 7 - 96% Low
54B Northern sandveld Nxai Pan complex AR - 46X LV - 21% CL - 19X
12 - 87% Wind
S4C Northern sandveld ferralic arenosols AR - 96% 6 - 65% Low
THE MAKGADIKGADI BASIN
Defined as the areas below 950m within the Makgadikgadi Basin which have been affected by Quaternary
lacustrine processes, and which now posses a distinct set of landforrns, soils and vegetation. Some higher
land is included between the Mosu Escarpment and the edge of Sawa Pan in unit MT.
M1 PAN SURFACES
Physiography: Altitude 930-890m. Surfaces of major pans now affected by groundwater activity, surface
flooding and aeollan processes. includes saline, day and grassed pans.
Drainage: Seasonal ponding. Some deltas from inflowing rivers.
3-51
Ecological Zone
Description X component of Dominant soils
% component of Dominant Vegetation types
Erosion Potential
13A Northern Rakops plain AR - 98% 2/6 - 100% Lou
M3B Southern Rakops Plain CL - 73% LP - 18%
2/6 - 75% Wind
M4 GIDIKVVE RIDGE
Physiography: Massive sand ridge (former bay bar) extending north-south, curving to Kedia Hili; 950-920m
with some higher dunes.
Drainage: Nil, apart from Boteti and Okwa Gaps.
Surficial/geornorphology: Sand ridge
Sods: AR,CL
Ecological Description X component X component Erosion Zone of Dominant
soils of Dominant Vegetation types
Potential
M4 Gidikwe Ridge Cl. - 65% 2/6 - 33% Low LP - 19% 6 - 33%
14 - 21X
M5 GIDIKWE PLAIN
Physiography: Old lake floor to the west of the Gidikwe Ridge; 950-920m
Drainage: Former course of the Okwa, some shallow pans.
Surficialigeornorphology: Alluvium, some calcrete and sand masses.
Sods: AR,CL,LP.
3-53
Sons: LP,CL Minor AR,GL,CIVIAG. Soil distribution Is complex and Is dependent on geomorphology.
Ecological Zone
Description % component of Dominant soils
% component of Dominant Vegetation types
Erosion Potential
M7A East Makgadikgadi calcisols CL - 67% CH - 27%
14/12/3 - 31% 12/16 - 31%
Wind and fluvial
M7B East Makgadikgadi regosols/leptosols LP - 80% FRG - 19%
12/13 - 45% 12 - 23%
Wind and fluvial
Reliabitly and Gaps in Data
As noted on page 3-41 the ecological zoning map has been generated from existing data during the
preparation of this study. It is a guideline only, and requires field verification.
4-1
4. AGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY ZONING
— 4.1 AGRO-CUMATE
Introduction
This section describes the agro-climatic zoning of Central District according to the Length of Growing Period
(LGP) concept coined by FAQ and described as "LGP is the period between the time the rainfall level
becomes higher than half the potential evapo-transpiration (PET) and the time soil moisture reserves are
depleted following rainfall level dropping below half PET' (FAQ; 1978). The zones defined by the Department
of Meteorological Services (DMS) map also take into account the number of dry days and humid days (when
rainfall is greater than PET) within the GP.
Methodology
The agro-climatic data from the small-scale national map was digitised for the GIS. The DMS portions
relevant to Central District were extracted to produce the Agro-climatic Zones map.
Presentation
— The Agra-Climatic Zones are presented on Map Number 4.1.
Description
The zones are defined in terms of LGP and its annual frequency of rectum, the length of the humid period
and its annual frequency of return, and the number of dry days within the season. Zones occurring in
Central District are tabulated below:
4-3
4.2 AGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY ZONES
Introduction
The definition of suitability zones is aimed at providing a systematic division of the District into areas of
relatively uniform agricultural potential. This is dependent on the agro-climate, soil type and other forms of
present or potential land use.
Methodology
The zoning used here was derived primarily from the Agro-climatic Zoning map and the Soils map.
Interpretation of the FAO/MoA soils map together with accompanying pedons and profiles was combined
with the agro-climate information using GIS overlay techniques to produce a base map. This was done to
provide some indication of potential soil moisture availability in addition to the basic agro-climatological
information i.e., to produce a suitability map.
Soils have been grouped on the basis of broad similarities in potential maximum available soil moisture
reserve (Mn). Groups distinguished are as follows:
AR Arenosois;
RP Regosols, Leptosols and all soils limited by petric, petroferric, lithic or
skeletic phases;
FL Fluvisols
GL Gleysols;
LL Luvisols, Lixisols and Cambisols;
CL Calcisols;
AC Acrisols;
PL Pianosols (limited by Nal);
SC Solonchaks;
SN Solonelz's;
VR Vertisols.
Presertalion
The Agricultural Suitability zones are included on Map Number 4.1.
4-5
Was
cs r.f.1 g P.
4-7
TABLE 4.2 (contd.)
2 5c-d LL 80-100 20-40
.
20-60 r
20-40 S1, S4A, 548, HIC, H1E, HIG, H2, H3, M6A, M68
Scattered throughout. Good soils. More potential in the north. Many dry days
2 5c-d RP 80-100 20-40 20-60 20-40 S3B, 54B, H1A-HIE, HIG- HIJ, H2, H5A, H58, M6A, M6B
Very extensive. Shallow soils. Moisture availability good, storage dependent on depth . Many dry days
2 5c-d SC 80-100 20-40 20-60 20-40 M1 Excessively saline/calcareous sails
2 5c-d VR 80-100 20-40 20-60 20-40 H2„ H3 Hata 4- Motloutse catchments. Clayey soils. Many dry days
3 5h CL 60-80 20-40 20-60 20-30 HID, H4 High pH soils. Short GP
3 5b LL 60-80 20-40 20-60 20-30 H1C, H1G North of Sefare hills. Good soils. Short GP
3 5b RP 60-80 20-40 20-60 20-30 H6, H1G East. Shallow rocky soils. Short GP
3 5b-c AR 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 S3A, Ml, M5A, M6A, M6B, NO
Western sandveld. Sandy soils. Short GP
3 5b-c CL 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 S3A, S38, Ml, M2, M3B, M4, M58, M6A, 117A
Extensive in mid-district. High pH soils_Short GP
3 5b-c FL 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 Ml, H2 Lower Boteti floodplain. Alluvial soils. River flooding may extend GP
3 56-c GL 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 538, M7A South Sawa pan. Alluvial soils. Short GP
3 5b-c LL 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 S3A, 538, H1J, 117A
Scattered patches. Good soils. Short GP
3 5b-c RP 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 S1, $30, 1136, M6A, M68, H7B
Shallow soils with duripan.
3 5b-c SC 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 Ml, M2, M38 Excessively saline/calcareous soils.
3 5b-c SH 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 M2 Mid-Boteti floodplain. Patchy good soils. River
_flooding may extend GP
3 5b-c VR 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 H2 Isolated patch east of Sows pan. Clayey soils. ,
4 5b AR 40-60 20-40 20-60 20-30 Sl, 52, M5B Low irregular rainfall. Sandy soils.
4 56 CL 40-60 20-40 20-60 20-30 HID, M4, M5B Isolated small patches. High pH.
4 56 LL 40-60 20-40 20-60 20-30 52, HID, H4 South of Lake Xau + TuLi corner. Good soils. Low irregular rainfall.
4 5b RP 40-60 20-40 20-60 20-30 OA, HID, HIK, H4
Extensive in Tuli corner. Shallow rocky soils; low irregular rainfall.
5-1
5 NATURAL CULTURAL AND HISTORIC SITES
Introduction
Areas or sites of special scenic, natural or cultural significance are identified and described in this section.
Methodology .1=17
Information has been obtained from:-
Archaeology Department, National Museum Monuments and Art Gallery, Gaborone; Curator, Kharria
III Memorial Museum, Serowe; Ministry of Local Government and Lands/Dept of Surveys and Lands,
Ngwato Land Board; WPM
The National Museum Monuments and Art Gallery (NMMAG) records known archaeological sites on 1:50 000
topographic maps which were made available for this study. Details of each site are recorded in files
relating to each 1:50 000 sheet. The co-ordinates for each site and details such as the type of site and
artifacts excavated have been entered into a data base.
Additional information has been added to this from the other sources listed. Natural features (major pans
and rivers and hills of special scenic interest) have been added from the respective map coverages.
Presentation
The Natural, Cultural and Historic Sites map is presented on Map Number 5.1.
In some areas many archaeological sites have been excavated in close proximity to each other, making
presentation at a small scale difficult. In the report the sites are mapped at a scale of 1:1 000 000 with each
site being represented by a symbol only This allows the spatial distribution of known sites to be seen in
relation to other features such as rivers, roads and settlements.
National Monuments and other important sites which are under protection or are currently being developed
are identified separately.
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Areas at Scenic/Natural Beauty
Not all areas of natural beauty have been Identified systematically. The DDP IV (draft) mentions the following
hill ranges as being of scenic (and archaeological) interest:
Shoshong hills, north of Shoshong;
Mokgware Hills, between Kalamare and Serowe;
Tswapong Hills, east of Palapye;
Lepokole Hills, north of Bobonong;
Makhula Hills, south of Tutume;
Kgwana Hills, north west of Mosetse.
Many of the pans and rivers in the district also fall Into this category.
Discussion
There are many areas of archaeological interest in Central District, particularly in the south and east and
around the Makgadikgadi Pans. As map 5.1 indicates, many known sites are on hills and along river valleys,
where erosion may have exposed artifacts. Other known sites are located along roads and power tines,
some of these were discovered and excavated while survey work or construction work was under way.
While relatively intensive surveys of archaeological sites have been carried out in a few areas during
archaeological impact studies required by such development projects, the bulk of the district remains
unexplored. It is therefore important that the existence of archaeological sites should be taken into account
when any new development projects are under consideration.
All pre-1902 sites are protected by the Monuments and Relics Act, 1970, but there Is still a danger that sites
may be unwittingly destroyed by contractors when development work is being carried out.
it is important that when any major development or change in land use is being planned, an archaeological
impact assessment should be carried out. The Monuments and Relics Act places the onus on site
contractors and construction companies to ensure that archaeological work Is budgeted for, planned and
completed before they begin work. The discovery of archaeological sites before or during development
projects can cause costly delays. Tender documents should remind contractors of their legal obligations
and all development projects should be monitored to ensure that developers are fulfilling their obligations
under the Act. The National Museum Monuments and Art Gallery can provide more information and
assistance, and should be advised in advance of all major development projects In the district. Many
undiscovered sites are bound to exist in Central District, and with the limited capacity available for
administering the Act, important sites may be destroyed.
6-1
- 6. POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS
WM.
Introduction
This section describes populations and settlements in Central District and is based on provisional data from
the 1991 Census.
In view of the fundamental importance of this chapter to the delineation of DPUs, the data limitations are
discussed under Methodology rather than at the end of the chapter.
Methodology
There are several sources of data on settlements; the 1981 Census Guide to the Villages of Botswana,
GRAS, the National Settlement Policy and the maps for the 1991 Census. in view of the 1991 Census maps
- being the most recent source of information, the settlement locations have been taken from the 1991 map
but because the list of localities has not been released, the locality names contained within The Guide to
the Villages of Botswana was used.
The limitations of the 1991 Census data include:
1. The Census maps used the 1:50 000 topographic sheets where available and the 1:250 000 sheets
elsewhere (the western part of the SeroweRalapye Sub-district and Boteti Sub-district). Where the
1:250 000 sheets have been used the mapping is not as accurate.
Each locality marked on the Census maps was digitised. In the case of larger settlements, the centre
was taken to be where all the tracks converged. For smaller settlements it was decided, as a rule,
to digitise the top of the but drawn by CSO. This could introduce a locational error of up to 4- /-
10km, particularly in the areas where the 1:250 000 maps were used. This is not a major problem
for this study (although it will make location in the field difficult) as most do not have significant
populations.
2. In the course of the Census a number of localities were found which had not been mapped. These
have not been marked on the Census map and therefore we do not have them digitised. It is
estimated that this could affect population estimates by approximately 10%.
- 3.
CSO Is preparing an update to the 1981 Guide to the Villages of Botswana that should become the
basis for future work.
6-3
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6-5
TABLE 6.1 SETTLEMENT CLASSIFICATION CENTRAL DISTRICT1
Category Population Criteria Na. of Settlements 1981 1991
(Preliminary)
Primary 20 000+ 2 2 Secondary 10 000 - 20 000 0 3 Tertiary I 5 000 - 10 000 4 4 Tertiary II 1 000 - 5 000 42 51 Tertiary III 500 - 1 000 58 63 Other <500 2000+ 2000+
1 From Provisional 1991 Census Data, not including Orapa or Selebi Phikwe
Tables 6.2 and 6.3 summarise the 1981 and the preliminary 1991 population data by Sub district and by
major and intermediate villages (CSO data and classification). It should be noted that CSO considers
Palapye to be an urban settlement.
TABLE 6.2 POPULATION PER SUB-DISTRICT (1981 and 1992)
Sub district 1981 1991 (Preliminary)
Percentage Growth
Palapye 9 594 17 131 78.6
Serowe (excluding Palapye) 82 634 111 300 34.7 Mahalapye (including Tull) 82 982 95 566 15.2 Bobirwa 46 436 53 472• 15.2 Boteti 26 405 35 473 34.3 Tutume 75 277 99 753 32.5
Total (including Palapye) 323 328 412 695 27.6
TABLE 6.3 POPULATION PER MAJOR AND INTERMEDIATE VILLAGES (excluding Palapye) 1971/1981/1991
Census District Enumerated Population 1971 1981 1991
Percentage Changes 71-81 81-91
SEROWE/PALAPYE (excluding Palapye)
Serowe 15 364 23 661 30 706 54.0 29.8
Lerala 982 1 766 3 781 79.8 114.1
Maunatlala 442 1 470 2 278 232.6 55.0
Moiyabana 786 1 407 1 AV 79.0 27.0
Thabala 624 1 242 1 551 99.0 24.9
Paje 768 1 216 1 415. 58.3 16.4
Mogapi 376 1 089 1 280 89.6 17.5
habeteapudi 715 1 067 865 49.2 (-18.9)
r--
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6-7
TABLE 6.3 (Contd.)
Census District Enumerated Population 1971 1981 1991
Percentage Changes 71-81 81-91
BOTETI (Contd.)
Mmatshumo 325 636 759 95.7 (19.3) Mosu 515 578 558 12.2 (-3.5) Makalamabedi 263 537 884' 104.2 64.6 Kedia - - 619 - -
TUTUME
Tonto 5 204 6 566 10 881 26.2 65.7 Tutume 644 3 736 10 042 480.1 168.8 Maitengwe 1 783 3 436 4 861 92.7 41.5 Nkange 624 2 721 3 051 336.1 12.1 Gaeta 855 1 521 2 701 77.9 77.3 Dukwe - 1 407 2 509 - 78.3 Shashe 896 1 306 1 114 45.8 (-14.7) Nate 470 1 303 2 750 177.2 111.1 Matobo 891 1 242 1 210 39.4 (-2.6) Nswazwi 600 1 135 1 721 89.2 51_6 Mathangwane 432 1 106 2 512 156.0 127.1 Dagwi 180 1 023 1 279 468.3 25.0 Marapong - 951 1 393 46.5 Mosetse 234 892 1 451 281.2 62.7 Senate 660 851 1 952 28.9 129.4 Barotong 482 845 1 259 75.3 49.0 Changeta 127 785 1 137 518_1 44.8 Shashe-Mooke 290 709 1 451 144.5 104.7 handunyane 302 671 1 294 122.2 92.8 Sebina 792 665 1 750 (-16.0) 163.2 chadibe - 539 742 - 37.7 Matungo 905 538 886 (-40.6) 64.7 Matsitame 135 503 770 272.6 53.1 Makobo - 358 756 - 111.2 Dzoroga - 354 626_ - 76.8 Borotsi - 636 818 - 28_6 Mnkubilo - 279 -667 - 139.1 Hshakashokwe 239 147 1 033 (-38.5) 602.7 Zezuru - 463 500 - 8.0 Goshwe - 768 799 - 4.0
Discussion
The relative growth rates for the Sub-districts are not easily explained and a detailed analysis is beyond the
scope of this study.
Bobirwa and Mahalapye Sub-districts have the lowest growth rates. The former might be explained by slow
recovery from the recent drought years and consequent migration from the rural areas to the larger villages
and Selebi Phikwe. The low growth rate in Mahalapye Sub-district might also be due to drought but also
due to more rapid development of Palapye. Investment in Mahalapye has been inhibited by the poor water
supplies until recent years when the Palla Road welffield was commissioned.
7-3
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Footnotes:
1) Including Government Livestock management unit 2) Excluding Daukome Quarantine Camp (see note in text regarding mapping of Sandvetd TGLP Ranches) 3) See note in text regarding mapping of Setata Quarantine Camp
Note: Although not specified in the terms of reference, it was decided that major blocks of Leasehold land should be mapped and described separately. It will be noted that some of the blocks of Land listed have no area provided. Areas marked with an * have not been included in the Land Tenure map (7.1). This is because accurate location information could not be provided by Land Board in Serowe or by Department of Surveys and Lands in Gaborone. Tribal leased areas marked with a have been mapped as accurately as possible from Land Board lease agreeMents where these could be found, but further checking of the actual area fenced may be necessary in the field.
Mr.
Sources: Central District Land Use Plan (draft 1985); Serowe Land Board; Dept. of Surveys and Lands; District Administration Serowe; Central District Planning Study (GIS).
STATELAND
There are three areas of state land in the District, the Boteti State Lands and the Nata State Lands and Sowa
Township. There are also two smaller areas of state land:- Selebi Phikwe Township and Baines Drift
Tf Reserve.
The Boteti State Lands comprise Ntwetwe Pan and the land west of the Pan up to the Boteti River. The
eastern border of the area is the eastern edge of Ntwetwe Pan, which has proved difficult to map as
described below. The area is approximately 8 602.5 km2 (source GIS). The boundaries between State and
Tribal land are not fenced, and often not demarcated. The borders are therefore not always honoured by
local residents, either intentionally or unintentionally. District authorities may also unintentionally allocate
land on the wrong side of the boundary. There is a proposal to tribalise a portion of land near Kubi, but the
implications still need careful consideration.
- The Nata State Lands extend from 10 km north of Nata, northwards to the district boundary. The area
covers approximately 13 976.8 km2 in total (source GIS). Some of the area is leased out and this is
- described separately below.
Selebi Phikwe Township covers an area of 47.3 km2 (source GIS) and falls within the Bobirwa Sub-District.
Baines Drift Reserve comprises 25.1 km2 (source GIS) of state land in the Tull Block.
Authority over State land is vested in the Office of the President The day to day administration of State land
has been passed to the District Commissioner, but legal long term use of State land is obtained through
- Department of Surveys and Lands. State land areas which are held partly or predominantly under leases
are described below.
7-7
that a team would be checking this information in the field in late January 1992. This was too late For
inclusion in this report. Once the information becomes available, re-positioning of the TGIF ranches on the
maps may be necessary.
Mining leases which give sub-surface mining rights are held for several areas in Central District (see Mineral
Occurrences Section 2.1.1 Table 2.2). Surface rights to the land must be applied for separately from the
Land Board, and these do not necessarily coincide with the mining lease areas. The major surface rights
areas which are associated with mining activities are shown. These are Sawa Pan, Selebi Phikwe, Morupule,
Orapa/Letlhakane (also security areas).
The airstrip, prison and BDF Camp at Selebi Phikwe are located outside the township on land held under
tribal leases. The Morupule Power Station is located on land held under tribal lease.
Reference to Dukwe Refugee Camp having been detribalised or leased has been seen in written documents,
but no evidence of this could be traced at Department of Surveys and Lands nor at the Land Board in
Serowe.
Within Palapye, an area on which housing related to the Morupule project (BPC) has been built is leased
from the Land Board. Botswana Housing Corporation have also leased land for a housing project and depot
in Palapye.
There is a Botswana Defence Force Camp covering 25,9 km2 (source GIS), south of Pale.
Land for other Government uses such as schools, hospitals, Government offices or Government housing
projects is leased from Land Board by Government. Areas leased by Government have a 99-year lease
agreement; most of them against a nominal fee of P5 per annum. Department of Surveys and Lands has
a computerised list of all areas of tribal land which Government is leasing, but the sizes and exact locations
are not recorded. These can be obtained in some cases by reference to DSL's files. Most of the leased
areas are too small to map at the scale used.
Land for special projects in tribal areas is also leased by individuals, groups or companies. Most of these
areas are too small to indicate on the map. Individuals may also convert their customary grants of
residential plots to (optional common law) leases. They can then borrow money to develop them more
easily from financial institutions. This occurs particularly in the major villages - Serowe, Palapye, Mahalapye
etc.
7-9
7.2 LAND USE
Introduclion
This section deals with land use in Central District. The major types of land use which are identified and
described are settlements, cultivated land (dryiand and irrigated), grazing (communal and leasehold areas),
horticulture and forestry. Uses such as game reserves and Wildlife Management Areas are described in the
Wildlife Resources Section (3.1.2). Mining lease areas are described in the Mineral Occurences Section
(2.1.1).
Methodology
Information has been obtained from officers in the following organisations, Government Ministries and
Departments: Department of Surveys and Lands, Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing;
Department of Town and Regional Planning, Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing; District
Administration, Central District; Regional Agricultural Office, Central Region, Serowe; Ministry of Agriculture;
National Institute of Research and Documentation.
Other Sources of Information were Department of Surveys and Lands, 1:250 000 Topographic Maps, various
dates; Landsat Imagery, 1989.
Presentation
Maps
The following maps are presented:
Land Use
Cultivated Lands
Veterinary Cordon Fences
Map Number 7.2
Map Number 7.3
Map Number 7.4
Data Base
Forestry and horticultural areas on Tribal Land have been entered into a data base related to the villages
in which they are located.
,-„
7-1 1
1
7-13
posts (but excluding Selebi-Phikwe, Orapa and Sowa) is estimated at approximately 430 km2 (0.3% of the
total District area) using a rough estimate of 0.1 hectare per person.
The villages have grown without the benefit of modem town planning procedures. Therefore incompatible
land uses are often located in close proximity to each other. Furthermore, services such as schools, clinics
and shopping centres are often not well located in relation to the populations which they are designed to
serve. Upgrading of these villages (improving roads, providing piped water and reticulating electricity) is
a costly exercise. However, government, through MLGLH, has embarked on a programme of major village
planning and upgrading in order to make these villages (Serowe, Palapye, Mahalapye) an attractive
alternative to the urban areas for investors.
Serowe, Palapye and Mahalapye will in the future be gazetted as 'planning areas'. This will not affect land
tenure in the villages, but the controls of the Town and Country Planning Act 1977 over land use will apply.
Development plans have already been prepared for these villages, but once the Act comes into force,
statutory procedures for plan approval and for subsequent developments will have to be followed. Advisory
plans will be prepared for smaller villages as the need arises.
Land use within Selebi Phikwe planning area is controlled by the regulations of the Town and Country
Planning Act 1977. Under the Act, development plans must be prepared for the whole planning area. In
the case of Selebi Phikwe, the planning area covers an area which coincides with the mine lease area. As
can be seen from the land use map (Map Number 7.2), the planning area takes in the township (State Land)
and an area of Tribal Land (on which uses such as the airport, prison, BDF camp and BCL surface rights
area are located).
Baines Drift Reserve in the Tuli Block is used for various Government purposes such as a police station,
prison and health post.
In terms of overall district land use planning, as settlements expand conflicts with agricultural land uses
inevitably occur. Villages have generally grown up at least in part because of the availability of good
agricultural land (in combination with a good water supply), and their expansion therefore threatens
agricultural production. Although returns per hectare on arable agriculture are low, it Is still felt that the best
agricultural land should be protected from urban development for as long as possible. Detailed soils
Information would assist in this process.
7-15
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7-17
The availability of ARAP subsidies over the last few years has encouraged the clearing of land, which has
not always been put to productive agricultural use. ARAP has now been discontinued, but continuing
assistance to farmers is provided under ALDEP (draught power, provision of implements, fences and
construction of rain water tanks).
It is has not been possible to classify arable land as cultivated, fallow or abandoned. Because of factors
such as drought or lack of draught power, a fanner may not be able to plough land for several years, even
though he intends to do so in the future.
Table 72 below shows the areas of dry land fanning which fall within tribal, state and freehold land (source
GIS).
r. TABLE 7.3 AREAS OF DRY LAND FARMING
Tenure Area (km')
TribaL Land 16 091.6
State Land 106.2
Freehold land 380.4
TOTAL 16 578.3
Irrigated Agrioullure
The best opportunities for irrigated agriculture are located along the sand rivers in the north east of the
district, especially the Limpopo, Motloutse, Shashe, Tutume and Maitengwe rivers. However, there are no
large scale irrigation projects in the communal areas.
A form of irrigated agriculture is practised in the Boteti area. This is known as molapo farming. Crops are
planted on the wet river flood plains after the annual floods have receded. Yields are significantly higher
than dryland farming (500-800 kg per hectare). Molapo farmers have the potential to harvest two crops a
year. It is very difficult to quantify the amount of land being put to this use, as even in the field it Is difficult
to differentiate between molapo and dryland fields. This is especially so downstream of Rakops (Tsienyane).
Upstream of Rakops, molapo farming takes place right in the river beds. If the Boteti is dammed at
Sukwane, molapo farming downstream will be curtailed.
The molapo farming is carried out on both skies of the Botetl River (Ie. partly within the Botetl State Land
area).
7-19
In addition to the obvious problem of obtaining sufficient water, a lack of management skills impedes the
success of such projects.
Other horticultural projects are found on freehold land within the Tull Block. The BDC Talat.a farms project
has been described above under 'irrigated agriculture'. Other projects in mid-1991 were as follows(source:
Ministry of Agriculturey-
TABLE 7.5 IRRIGATED HORTICULTURAL PROJECTS IN THE TUL1 BLOCK
Project Ownership Area iha) Produce
Seleka Farms BDC 12 Arizona 2.25 Citrus
private 8.7 Citrus Babedi 15 Vegetables Sunnyside 10.5 Citrus (Also Forestry project for production of
poles - 12,5ha Eucalyptus) Martins Drift Farm 7 Citrus/Vegetables Dovedale 4 Vegetables
Parr's Halt 4 Vegetables Hachaneng- Oakland Farm 0.7 Citrus
Marketing of fruit and vegetables has been difficult from the Tuli Block because of poor road connections
to the rest of Botswana. Road access is generally better to South Africa, and some farmers sell there as
they are able to get higher prices. However, restrictions on this have been imposed. There are two major
roads projects scheduled to begin in late 1991 in the area, and when they are completed access should be
much easier.
Water for irrigation comes from boreholes or from rivers. However, the Limpopo forms the international
border and the South Africans have dammed most of its tributaries on their side.
Forestry/Woodlots
There are a number of small woodlots and orchards within the tribal areas, usually located close to villages.
Table 7.6 below describes some of these.
7-21
There are considerable areas of indigenous forest in the northern Nate State Lands. The area stretches from
the 72 km road marker along the Kazungula road to the 147 km road marker (19° 45" south). In the east
they stretch to the Zimbabwe border, and in the west, for 80 tans from the road. The two most valuable
species are Mukwa and Mukusi (Zambezi) Teak.
Two companies hold concessions to harvest and mill timber in the area. These are the Marulamantsi Saw
Mill and Timber Milling Botswana (Tamafupa Timber Concession). The former operates two concessions
on the western part of the Nata-Kazungula road. One is wholly within the Nate State Lands, while the other
extends into the Sibuyu Forest Reserve. The second concession is on the eastern edge of the road and
also extends into the Sibuyu Forest Reserve. The concessions were granted without the source being
assessed. There is little known about the present availability and regenerative capacity of the main species.
It is understood that the Ministry of Agriculture's Forestry Division is looking into the question of timber
resource depletion in the area.
Some timber milling is carried out on two of the Nate State Land ranches. Some of the timber is being
processed to the stage of furniture manufacture in the area, while the rest is exported as round logs.
Wild animals, especially elephants cause damage to trees. However, it is thought that they also play a
significant role in encouraging forest regeneration.
The forestry concession areas cover an area of 2 075 km2 (within the district) (source:GIS).
Mixed farming
Mixed farming is especially likely to occur in the areas surrounding settlements.
Some of the land which has been identified as dry land farming is actually in mixed farming use. Blocks
of fields (often fenced to protect crops from livestock) have cattle grazing in-between. The advantage of
this is that draught power is readily available for ploughing. However, conflicts between land uses may
occur if fields are not fenced off from livestock. In some areas a change in land use from pastoral to arable
farming is occurring. This is particularly likely to occur around growing settlements where lands areas are
being lost to residential and associated uses.
Mixed farming also occurs within the Tull Block. The dominant form of land use is cattle ranching, while
other land uses include private game reserves, a crocodile farm and horticultural schemes.
7-23
The problems with mapping the TGLP ranches have been described in the Land Tenure section.
Nata State Land Ranches
The Nata State Land ranches cover a total area of 1 768.1 km2. Average ranch size is 63 km2 (source:
GIS).
There are twenty-seven (27) ranches available on leases, while government has one ranch in the area as
a Livestock Management Unit (for demonstration purposes). Two ranches are occupied by squatters (PP
4 and PO 12) one of whom has carried out considerable developments. There is a one km2 government
service centre (K 34) within one of the ranches (PO 6).
All the available ranches have been allocated, but only 12 were occupied in mid-1991. A number of
problems have to be overcome in order to succeed with ranching in this area. Firstly, wildlife conflict with
domestic animals. Secondly, water is saline. Thirdly, although range conditions are generally good, the
grass is low in nutrients for cattle. Supplementary feeding is therefore necessary. Fourthly, it is necessary
to quarantine cattle before they can be marketed in BMC in Francistown, where most of the allocatees come
from.
The environment is regarded by MoA officers as being difficult for cattle ranching_ Between the ranches,
a poisonous plant, Mogau is commonly found, and this has inhibited the expansion of ranching.
The Commonwealth Development Corporation used to lease a ranch in the area, but moved out in the early
1960s because of similar problems which the local farmers are facing now. Nevertheless, the people who
are actively farming are molly managing reasonably well according to MoA officers. Two or three have
management problems.
The area may be more suited to wildlife ranching and it is understood that MLGLH has looked into this.
Tuli Block ranches
The Tuli Block is made up of freehold ranches. The most recent published document on land use in the
Tuli Block is Samboma's The Survey of Freehold Farms (1982). At that time there were 183 ranches.
However, much unregistered subdivision is known to go on. This was confirmed by Mazonde's 1987
research (which was of a more sociological nature). Many Batswana own small 'camps' which consist of
two or three paddocks which have been bought from larger farms. During mid-1991 the MoA was carrying
out a survey of land use in the Tuli Block, but Information was not available in time for inclusion in this
report.
7-25
Near Machaneng there is a malt and sorghum milling operation. There is a Council primary school on
freehold land at Moiety, and a health post at Talana Farms.
Veterinary cordon fences
There are eleven veterinary cordon fences in Central District (Map Number 7.4). These have been erected
during the course of the last forty years, (the first one in 1954 and the most recent in 1990/91 as a result
of import requirements of the European Community), in an effort to restrict cattle movement and so effect
the control of Foot and Mouth Disease.
The fences are positioned as follows:-
NAME
DATE BUILT DESCRIPTION
SOURCE
1. Dibete Fence
1954/1974/ 1984
2. Ngamiland Cordon Fence (Makalamabedi Fence)
3. Sherwcod/Daukome 1977 (Makoro Fence)
4. Vakarange-Tuli 1979/1980/ Fence 1982/1983
Runs southeast along the edge of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, then continues southeast via Lephepe and Dibete Quarantine camp, then turns north and east at the Notwane River
Runs northeast from a point on the CKGR boundary via Makoba Quarantine Camp, then north to Tlalamabele Gate and along the eastern edge of Soda Pan, continuing north via Dukwe and Maitengwe Quarantine Camps.
Runs from Martins Drift west and north west via Mathakole to Malatswae Gate southwest of Makoba Quarantine Camp.
Runs from Fonts Drift along the edge of the Tull Block and Tull Circle. It then follows the International Boundary to a point north of Ngwalila Pan.
Runs east from a point on the CKGR boundary then north via Orapa to the Mopipi-Mosu Fence.
Runs from Tlalamabele gate southeast to Serule and then continues southeast via Sefhophe to Zanzibar.
Department of Surveys and Lands 1:250 000 topo-graphic map series
1989 Landsat 5 MSS 1:250 000
Department of Surveys and Lands 1:250 000 topo-graphic map series + 1989 Landsat 5 MSS 1:250 000
1989 Landsat 5 MSS 1:250000
Department of Surveys & Lands 1:250 000 topo-graphic map series + Central District G.P.S.
Mapping onto air photos Nigel Hunter (pers. comm.)
1989 Landsat 5 MSS 1:250 000 Phikwe-Serule section Environ-mental Consultants overflight mapping onto Department of Surveys and Lands 1:50 000 map series
5. Central Ngwato
1955/1986/ (Makoba)
1987
6. Setata Fence
1979/1984
7. Tlalamabele-
1981/19E2 Serule (Sese Fence)
1955 Runs north from the corner with the Kuke fence and CKGR boundary to Makalamabedi and across the Boteti River.
7-27
31
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7-29
W&DlIe AAanagement Areas/Game Reserves
The north west corner of the Boteti State Lands has been made into a game reserve (Makgadikgadi Pans
Game Reserve, area 2 742 km2, source: GIS). The game reserve is threatened by encroachment of arable
farming, hunting, cattle and grass and fuel wood harvesting. Some molapo fields are within the game
reserve. There are problems of poaching near Khumaga and Tsienyane. The people living in the villages
along the Boteti suffer from wild animals attacking themselves, their livestock and their crops.
Some of the remainder of the Boteti State Lands are controlled hunting areas (described in the wildlife
Section 3.1.2).
There are two proposed wildlife management areas in the District; one for an area around the Makgadikgadi
Pans Game Reserve within the Boteti State Lands and one occupying most of the Nata State Lands. The
former would have a de jure area of approximately 5 860 km2. The latter would be 10 440 km2 in size.
However the recent construction of the Nate State Land Cordon Fence has reduced this to a de facto area
of 8 786 km2 (source: DOL Serowe). See the Wildlife section (Section 3.1.2) a for further details.
Other wildlife related land uses are in the Tuli Block. Especially in the northern Tuli Block where there are
fewer fences, wildlife farming and wildlife reserves with associated tourist safaris and commercial hunting
are found.
The main game reserves are Mashatu Game Reserve and Stevensford Game Ranch (east of Sherwood).
North of Sherwood there are a crocodile farm and an ostrich farm. At the end of the 1990 dry season,
several farmers raised the height of their perimeter fences to trap game inside their ranches (mainly impala).
The game is exploited, but due to market constraints the main activity of these farmers remains cattle
farming. Within the game reserves, impala, kudu, elephant and zebra are found.
Hurling and gathering
Wild fruits and other foods and firewood are gathered all over the District. Close to villages, fuelwood is
commonly in short supply due to over-exploitation.
Thatching grass is gathered in several parts of the District (in particular, south of Mahalapye and in the Nata
area). This land use sometimes conflicts with other land uses such as grazing, especially in times of
drought. Grass for stock feeding is cut in Ramatamusa and Ntwetwe Pans.
7-31
Falconbridge (Copper/nickel ore)
Francistown Clay Brick (Brick Clay)
Gem (Pty) Ltd (Marble)
Makoro Brick and Tile (Clay)
Touch of Class (Salt)
Reliabiky and Gaps in Data
Information was found on land use throughout the District, at varying levels of detail. There is no data to
differentiate between the genuine communal grazing areas which are utilised by poor rural people with a
few cattle and smallstock (usually located close to villages) and the large cattle owners who have access
to their own boreholes in the communal areas. These two types of land use should be regarded as separate
activities for land use planning purposes.
Information on the exact size and location of some of the leased areas within the Tribal Land area proved
to be difficult to locate. It must therefore be remembered when talking of areas and percentages of land
In various uses that some small Inaccuracies are inevitably included in the figures due to the differing quality
of different sources of information. Checking of the exact areas which have been fenced in the field will be
needed to accurately locate some of these areas.
7-33
,„.
habitation and are, at current levels of technology and productivity, inherent to the type of land use. The
total areas of both categories are as follows:
Code Type
Area % of [km'? District
0 no noticeable Land degradation
1 degradation primarily by cattle
2 degradation threatening to existing land use
Total
98 019 66.9
27 366 18.7
21 147 14.4
146 532 100
Discussion
The effects of various forms of land use on the vegetation have been described in the vegetation chapter.
Cultivation and its relation to erosion potential are important factors in the progressive degradation of land.
This is particularly true in those areas where water erosion potential is high. Soil is a precious commodity
in arid environments where soil forming processes.are slow and rainfall tends to be intense. Though some
degradation seems to be unavoidable, it should remain a point of concern and attention, because degraded
arable land can only be replaced by encroachment into other land uses thereby compounding the overall
pressure on the environment.
Reliability
The limitations of this map relate directly to the lack of field verification. It is Important that some follow-up
work is carried out to verify and refine this interpretation. A systematic field survey using the Landsat
imagery and the Degraded Areas map could be used to quantify the qualitative ranking used here. This
would be an important step in establishing baseline data against which future change can be measured.
7-35
7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
This section describes the known pollution sources in Central District and general activities which can cause
pollution.
Methodology
Water and air pollution are the only forms of pollution that are partially documented and readily accessible.
Data on water pollution was abstracted from a recent report (WLPU 1990) and that on air pollution was
obtained from the Mines Department's annual Air Pollution Control Fleports.
--- Presentation
The map showing Localities with Pollution risk is presented on Map Number 7.5.
Description
Water Pollution
The WLPU study was essentially a pilot study to assess the magnitude and sources of pollution of surface
water. This resulted in the establishment of a very large computerised data base at DWA. This data base
is being continually updated and expanded. The pollution identified in the study may also affect
groundwater resources where there is the opportunity for direct or indirect infiltration to aquifers.
Twenty one potential sources of pollution were investigated in WLPU's pilot study. The study was restricted
to the major villages and Drape. The main pollutants were found to be sewage ponds at institutions such
as schools, hospitals and prisons. Their findings are contained in Table 7.8, but it should be noted that
remedial work may have commenced since the issue of the WLPU report. Further information on these and
other sources should be sought from the Senior Engineer (Pollution) at DWA.
7
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7-39
As air pollution fluctuates rapidly with time, the Mines Department should be referred to for the most recent
information.
Discussion
Water Pollution
There are many possible sources of pollution. Table 7.9 summarises the categories and investigations
required from the WLPU report.
However, there are other sources such as improperly designed and/or operated pit latrines and septic tanks,
the use of fertilizers in agriculture and large concentrations of cattle at boreholes causing nitrate pollution
of the aquifer where the boreholes are not properly constructed and sealed. Aquifers where the watertable
is shallow or the overlying soils are very permeable are particularly prone to pollution. Sand river beds fall
into this category.
Licensed industries are classified by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry using the Botswana Industrial
Classification System, which has been recently modified to take into account potential water pollution and
monitoring requirements. The District Authorities should use this information in assessing potential and
actual industrial pollution sources.
Air Pollution
Care must be taken in the planning phase of industrial developments to ensure that industries with potential
air pollution problems are adequately equipped with pollution abatement facilities, and are sited so that they
do not pose an air quality hazard to the surrounding areas.
Reliability
The data presented is considered reliable but only represents a very small proportion of the total number
of pollution sources. Further surveys and monitoring is being undertaken by DWA and Department of Mines
where required.
7-41
TABLE 7.9 (Contd.)
Cat. Category Investigation required No.
3.3 Transport & Communication
3.4 Transport Repair, Maintenance & Disposal
3.5 Fuel Storage & Distribution
3.6 Others
4.1 Livestock
Oil and fuel storage Spillage Transport of hazardous chemicals
Spillage and storage facilities for oils and fuels. Also waste oil residues after repairs Battery acid and lead Tyres burned
Regulations for storage and transport
Liquid gas storage
Disposal of chemicals Dips (e.g. dip pits) Intensive poultry or farming
4.2 Arable Insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides `.See Chemist)
4.3 Forestry As 1.8
4.4 Fisheries As 1.1 Disposal of rotten and condemned food
4.5 Others Game Reserves
5.1 Municipalities Sewage ponds improperly run? Solid waste dumps Abattoirs Roads construction. See 3.2 Pit Latrine emptying services
5.2 District Councils As in 5.1
6.1 Hospitals Disposal of hospital wastes Any incinerator? If waste is burned where are residues dumped?
Prisons Various activities See 1.1, 2.2, 3.2
6.2 Defence Safe storage of Live ammunition and other weapon materials Uaste ammunition disposal sites Fuel storage and garage maintenance
Source: ILPU (1990)
8-1
8 TRANSPORT
Introduction
This section deals with transport in Central District including roads, public transport, railways, airports and
airstrips.
1. ROADS
Methodology
Information has been obtained from officers in:-
Central District Council, Serowe
Department of Surveys and Lands, Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing
District Administration, Serowe
Roads Department, Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications.
Roads have been identified on or marked onto the 1:250 000 District Topographic map sheets. Where a
road was shown on the 1:250 000 Topographic maps this was used as the starting point. Where possible
routes were checked from the Landsat Imagery. In some cases, aerial photography had to be used to find
alignments. However, many of the ungazetted earth roads have been built or upgraded under labour
intensive or drought relief programmes relatively recently, and some of these roads could not be located.
In a few cases, two alternative alignments have been shown as the 'main' route could not be identified.
Gazetted and ungazetted roads have been identified using codes for tar, gravel and earth. It has been
attempted to map all the ungazetted roads and tracks which are considered by the Central District Council
to warrant periodic upgrading or maintenance. Lists were provided by the Council Works Services
Department.
Presentation
The Roads Network map is presented on Map Number 8.1.
8-3
TABLE 8.2 MAPPED UNGAZETTED ROADS
Road
Road Standard
Bobonong - Plathathane Tuli Block Kgagodi - Lerala - Sherwood Paje-Mabeleapudi Tshimoyapula-Topisi Hawn junction-Marapong-Senitwe (last part not located) Mahalapye - Haut lane Pilikwe - Radisele Shoshong KodibeLeng Kaun/francistown - Lepashe (route not clear) Sefhophe - Zanzibar Francistown - Grips Mabolwe - Kobojango Mabolwe - Semolale Lerala - Majwaneng Sepako - Sematlaphiri (not located) Nate - Sepako Sepako Nate River Kgagodi - Hatelwane (not Located) Kgagodi - Diloro MateLvane - Tamasane (not located) Palapye/Sherwood - HhaLapitse Ramokgonami - Palapye /Sherwood Mookane - Dibete Pilikwe - Moshopa Sefhare Chadibe Moshopa - Sefhare RadiseLe Mokgware Francistown/Orapa junction - Matsitama Pilikve-Mokobeng Bobonong - Tsetsejwe Grape/Francistown junction - Mmatshumo Serowe - Shoshong Sebina MarobeLa (not Located) Sabina Kalakamati Sebina - Nswezi Francistown/Nate-Soya Township Bobonong - Koboiengo Semolale Kgagodi PaLapye Serowe - Moiyabana Bobonong - LepokoLe (not Located) Bobonong - Kashambe (not Located) Chadibe - Mokobeng Moshopa - Shakwe KaLamare - MmutLane (not located) Mahalapye Tautswe Palapye Lecheng Tobane - Sefhophe Mopipi - Xhoma junction - Toromoja Toromoja Rakops Mmatshumo - Mosu - Ntanegate Nkange - Changate Goshwe Matobo (not Located) Kodibeleng - Otse Otse Mokgware Mmadinare - Polometse Moiyabana - Kalamare Lecheng - Halake MahaLapye - Kudumatse Tutume - Goshwe (not located) Tutume - Mosetse BoroLong Mathangwane Phikwe - Tobane Lepokole - Tshokwe (not Located) Serowe - KUtswe (needs checking) Serowe - Mogatsapoo (needs checking) Hokobeng - Sefhare Goo-Tau - Mmanaledi Nmadipudi Mmashoro (not Located) Kabeleapudi - Hajwanaadipitse Lecheng - Martin's Drift Road Ratholo - Hajwaneng
Earth Earth Earth LI Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Part Bitumen/part gravel Earth Earth Earth BC Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth BC/L1 Earth Earth Earth BC/LI Earth LI Earth LI Earth LI Earth LI Earth Earth Bitumen Earth (Spot improvement) Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth BC Earth Earth BC Earth Earth BC/L1 Earth Earth Earth LI Earth BC/LI Earth Earth BC Earth Earth BC Earth LI Earth LI Earth LI Earth Earth LI Earth LI Earth LI Earth BC Earth LI Earth LI Earth LI Earth BC Earth BC Earth BC
Earth BC
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been the 1:250 000 topographic map sheets, supplemented by use of landsat images and in a few cases,
aerial photography and 1:50 000 topographic sheets.
Gazetted roads are maintained by the Department of Roads (DOR), MWTC, while all other roads are the
responsibility of the District Council. However, discussions with DOR Officers indicated that the distinction
between gazetted and ungazetted roads has become blurred. Some ungazetted roads ;rave been built
and/or are being maintained by the DOR, whilst the Department is not maintaining all of the gazetted roads.
Furthermore, some roads have been realigned and tarred, but the old alignments are still legally gazetted,
whilst the new ones are not The DOR are currently (1991) looking into the whole question of "gazetted°
roads. A consultancy began late in 1991 with the aim of identifying a 'national' road network and local'
roads.
One gazetted road, the 'Mosveng-Sefhare-Machaneng Loop' has proved impossible to locate. It is
described in the legislation, but it is not a road which the DOR maintains today, and it could not be located
on 1:250 000 Landsat Imagery, aerial photography or old editions of 1:50 000 topographic map sheets.
The Serowe-Orapa road alignment has been taken from the satellite imagery. Department of Surveys and
Lands are (1991) working on incorporating the new alignment onto their 1:50 000 map series, but it will be
some time before they incorporate the new alignment into their 1:250 000 topographic maps. Once this is
done minor revisions of this road alignment may be necessary.
Serule-Selebi Phikwe - The road from Serule via Mmadinare to Sefhophe is still legally gazetted, and the new
one via Selebi Phikwe, with the branch to Mmadinare is not. The old road is no longer maintained by DOR,
but it is indicated on our map, together with the new tarred road, via Selebi Phikwe.
Mopipi-Rakops - DOR Officials indicated a lack of detailed design for the alignment of this road when it was
tarred. The alignment of the tarred road has therefore been mapped from the Landsat images where
possible, but District and DOR officers were also consulted. The actual gazetted road is the road to the
South of Lake Xau via Kedla. This is also shown on the roads map. Central District Council does some
maintenance work on the section between Kedia and Xhumo.
Rakops-Makalarnabedi - The description in the gazettement notice is very vague, but it appears to follow
the route of a track which is shown on the 1:250 000 sheets, going north west from Rakops to the cordon
fence which forms the District Boundary, and thence north along the fence for 21km to Makalamabedi.
District Officers did indicate that this route is used by some travellers, but it is not maintained by the DOR
DSL 1:1 000 000 maps show the 'main road' as going north from Rakops along Boleti river, and then
following the river around to the west. This road is also not maintained by the DOR. Central District Council
8-9
OS. Access to the Tuli Block area will be improved dramatically once the new Sefhophe - Martin's Drift and
Bobonong - Mathathano Lekkerpoet roads have been constructed. This is part of Government's strategy
to encourage increased agricultural production in the Tuli Block and improve marketing channels between
that area and the rest of Botswana_ The economic diversification of Selebi Phikwe will also be facilitated.
Access from the rest of the District has previously been better to South Africa and Zimbabwe than to the
rest of Botswana_
8.2 PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Methodology
Information was obtained from officers in the Transport Division of the MWTC.
Description/Discussion
The main hubs of public transport in Central District are Mahalapye, Palapye and Selebi Phikwe. There are
also routes with their origins and/or destinations outside Central District which serve settlements within the
District.
The following statistics (Tables 8.3 - 8.5) are taken from the 1989 Transport Statistics (Transport Statistics
Unit. MWTC, 1991, Transport Statistics 1989, CSO. Gaborone).
TABLE 8.3 VEHICLES WITH 'ID' [PUBLIC TRANSPORT) PERMITS BY BASE OF OPERATION
Location Number of Taxis Number of Minibuses/Buses
Serowe 6 7 PaLapye 2 12 Mahalapye 1 19 Tutume - 7 Selebe Phikwe 105 52 Central District - 85 (elsewhere)
Note: (A 'D' permit entitles the holder to use the authorised vehicle(s) for the carriage of goods and passengers for hire and reward and own account.
•
8-11
Other routes which are served by public transport are given in Table 8.7 below.
TABLE 8.7 FREQUENCY OF SERVICE ON ADDITIONAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROUTES
Route Frequency
Selebi Phikwe-Bobonong-Semolate Selebi-Phikwe Sefhophe-Tsetsejwe-Mathathane (subsidised) Selebi-Phikwe-Kgagodi-Maunatlala Francistown-Maun via Nata Francistown-Kasane via Nata Francistown-Tonota Francistown-Tutume-Maitengwe Dibete-Mookane Serowe-Letlhakane-Rakops-Makalamabedi
Mahalapye-Shoshong Mahalapye-Kalamare Palapye-Lerala Palapye-Kbbojango-Semolale-Merry Hill F ranci stown-Orapa Palapye-Martins Drift
Several per day Several per day Several per day +/- one per day +/- one per day Daily Daily Permit issued Once a week-bus as far Rakops, then truck; subsidised service. No service in mid-1991 due to poor road One truck daily Once a day Once a week No service in mid-1991 due to poor road No transport
Source: Personal communication; Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications.
Public transport is provided by private operators, although in a few cases Government provides subsidies
to encourage the provision of services on routes which would otherwise be uneconomical to serve due to
poor roads and/or low passenger volumes.
It is clear that poor roads are a major deterrent to operators. Villages away from the tarred roads are not
well served by public transport. Low passenger volumes would also make it uneconomical to provide
services to much of the west and north of the district.
Reliability and Gaps in Data
- The reliability of information is considered to be fair. Although some timetables were available, MWTC were
not sure whether they were operating on schedule.
Up-to-date information relating to public transport is not readily available. The Transport Statistics Unit,
MWTC compiles figures on public transport permits issued at district and national levels, but not for each
route within the district. In any case, the fact that a permit has been issued does not indicate that a service
is actually being provided. In some cases, permit holders have pre-empted routes: they do not provide
services and are waiting for the roads to be tarred before they begin.
8-13
8 4 AIRFIELDS AND AIRSTRIPS
Methodology
Airports, licensed airfields and registered airfields have been entered into a data base.
Information has been obtained from Department of Civil Aviation, MWTC.
• " Presentation
Airports and airfields are presented on the Rail and Air Transport map (Map Number 8.2).
Description
Table 8.8 below shows airports and airfields.
TABLE 8.8 AIRPORTS AND AIRFIELDS
Main Govt. Secondary Govt. Private Licenced Private Registered Airport
Airport
Airport Airport
Selebi Phikwe Gweta Matsitama Arizona Farm Machaneng Drape Baines Drift Makalamabedi Sawa Bobonong MOsetse Tuti Lodge Bushfitlan Nato Fairfield Palapye Jarwe Rakops Kamkauga Serowe Kaukai
Lephali Mantika Mashatu Nate River Delta Ngami Cordon Fence Safari Santata Sefophe Seleka Setsejine Shashe Talana Tsigara Tsoi Tutume Whyte
As a main government airport, Selebi Phikwe has the following facilities:- perimeter fencing, a fire service,
customs and immigration, a bitumen runway, airport runway lights, identification beacons, a control tower
and meteorological facilities.
Secondary government airfields have an attendant. All airfields have a windsock.
8-15
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9-1
9 COMMUNICATIONS
Introduction
This section covers Electrical Power, Telecommunications, Radio and Postal Services in Central District.
ro
9.1 ELECTRICAL POWER
— Methodology
Electric power lines have been digitised from maps provided by Botswana Power Corporation at a scale of
1:250 000.
Presentation
The Communications/Power map is presented on Map Number 9.1.
Description/Discussion
Botswana's main power station is located in Central District, at Morupule, close to the coalfields which fuel
it. There is also a power station in Selebi Phikwe (a 65 MW coal fired station). Both power stations are tied
to the national grid system. Power generation is according to system load demands and is under control
of the National Control Centre. Morupule power station is larger and cost of generation is less than at Selebi
Phikwe. Consequently, to minimise cost, the bulk of the country's generation requirement is supplied from
Morupule.
There are overhead lines (220kv) from Morupule Power Station to Gaborone, Selebi Phikwe and Francistown.
There is also a 220kv line from Selebi Phikwe to Orapa. A 132kv line links Sowa to Francistown.
There are 66kv lines from Morupule to Sherwood, from Selebi Phikwe via Sefhophe to the Tuli Block
Backline between Zanzibar and Goedgeluk farms, and from Selebi Phikwe to Shashe.
There are 33kv lines from Morupule to Serowe, from Seltiophe to Bobonong, from Sherwood to Martin's
Drift, between Sherwood and Talana Farms, and from Morupule to Mahalapye and south to Dinokwe wellfield
supplying water to Mahalapye.
F=.
9-3
9-5
TABLE 9.1 LOCATIONS OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
Location Location
EkAxnang Mahalapye Mmadinare Palapye Selebi Phikwe
Serowe Shoshong Tonota Tutume
TABLE 9.2
LOCATION OF MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION TOWERS
Location
Location
Baines Drift Bobonong Bonwapitse Chadibe Dinokwe Repeater Dovedale Village Dovedale Farms Gootau Gaeta Kalamare Kudumatse Lecheng Lerala Mabeleapudi Magapatona Mahalapye Majwaneng Hakoro Repeater Hakoro Village Makwati Hill Makwati Village Maope MapashaleLa Hathakola Mathamhgane Mathathane Repeater Mmadinare MmamabuLa Hogapi Hogome Mogorosi Moiyabana Mokobeng Holalatau Repeater Kookane Mosetse Motioutse Hata Nshakozhokwe Orapa 1 Drape 2 Drape 3 Orapa 4 Orapa 5
Paje PaLapye Pella Road Parr's Halt Pilikwe Plants Drift Radisele Ramokgonami RathoLo Repeater 18 Repeater 2B Repeater 3B Repeater 48 Repeater 58 Repeater 68 Repeater lA Repeater 2A Repeater 3A Repeater 4A Repeater 5A Sebina Sebina Sefhare Sefhophe Selebi Phikwe SeLeka Serowe Hill Serule Serule Repeater Shakwe Shashe Bridge Shashe Dam Sowa Pan Tamasane Thune Repeater TLhabaLa Tobane Tonota Tsetsetjwe Tutume Zanzibar 1 Zanzibar 2
21° 05' 36" 5 26° 58' 41" E 21° 09' 16" S 26° 37' 24" E 21' 16' 46" s 26' 19' 16" E 21° 19' 37" S 25° 57' 07" E 21° 19' 16" S 25° 38' 39" E
19° 49' 46" S 26° 07' 25" E 19° 29' 08" S 25° 56' 24" E 19° 09' 24" S 25° 45' 58" E 18° 50' 04" S 25° 37' 08" E 18° 16' 28" S 25° 15' 19" E 18° 00' 04" S 25° 15' 19" E 20° 09' 46" S 25' 52' 31" E 20° 07' 46" S 25° 35' 43" E 20° 13' 43" S 24° 55' 10" E 20° 13' 43' S 24° 32' 03" E 20° 09' 54" S 23° 44' 08" E
2
9-7
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9-9
a3 RADIO
Methodology
Information has been entered into a data base relating to villages in which facilities are located. Information
was provided by Department of Information and Broadcasting.
Description/Discussion
The location of Radio Botswana transmitters is shown in Table 9.4 below.
TABLE 9.4 LOCATION AND BROADCAST FREQUENCY OF RADIO BOTSWANA TRANSMITTERS
TRANSMITTER BROADCAST FREQUENCY
Nahalapye 96.6 MHz FM Mopipi 648 kHz NW Selebi Phikwe 621 kHz MW Serowe Hill 99.4 MHz FM
Radio Botswana broadcasts are a useful means of providing information to the people, especially to those
who cannot read or to whom other forms of communication are not readily available.
Reliability
Information is considered to be reliable.
9.4 POSTAL SERVICES
Methodology
Information has been entered into a data base relating to different villages. Information was provided by
Botswana Postai Services.
Presentation
The Communications-Postal Services map is presented on Map Number 9.3.
9-11
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Most parts of the district do have provision for some degree of postal service, although many villages have
only a limited range of services. Many villages have post offices only offering basic postal services and
money order facilities (ie. savings bank services are not available).
Rehablily
The information was considered to be reliable at the time of writing (mid-1991).
10. ADMINISTRATION BOUNDARIES
Introduction
The following describes the administration boundaries and facilities provided by various parastatal
institutions, Ministries and their Departments in Central District. They were specified in the Terrns of
Reference but a few additional ones were added during the study at the request of the Steering Group.
Methodology
Letters were sent to all relevant institutions and follow up calls made to confirm information collected. Where
appropriate, the data obtained has been entered into data bases. Where possible, the locations of facilities
have been tied to the Census data base which provides digitised locations of almost all settlements in the
District. However a match could not always be made and, in these cases the name remains in the data
base with a distinguishing code (9999999).
The institutions which have a large number of facilities in the District are Education, Health and Agriculture.
Some problems were encountered in tieing the place names to our set of digitised points.
A substantial effort has been made to correct and properly map administrative boundaries but often officials
only have a vague idea of where their administrative boundaries lie_ However, in these cases and wherever
possible, we have mapped our best estimate of the relevant boundary.
Where administrative boundaries used existing boundaries i.e. District, Sub-district, veterinary cordon fences
etc, the appropriate fine was taken from that particular coverage. Elsewhere it was digitised from a hard
copy map. A number of institutions have not formalised or demarcated their administrative boundaries and
it is anticipated that the local population will seek the relevant services from the most convenient facility.
Some ministries (see Ministry of Education) have computerised data bases which often indicates additional
information. We have not tried to duplicate these data bases as this is beyond the scope of the study.
dBase ill was chosen as the data management software not only because of its compatibility with ARCInfo
but because it is widely used and relatively easy to use and manipulate data.
The Census data contained digitised location for over 2300 points. Unlike the GRAS coding system our
codes do not indicate settlement hierarchy but refer to the Sub-district, enumeration area and have a
numerically ordered last digit.
10-3
Recommendation
With the advent of the cheap and reliable GPS (global positioning system) continual verification, update and
demarcation is possible to a very accurate level. It is strongly recommended that this is done.
As only existing facilities at the time of data entry were included, discrepancies will increase over time if the
data bases are not checked and updated regularly.
Selebi Phikwe and Sowa and to a lesser degree Orapa (because of the closed nature) are significant in that
they are in the District but not part of it. They do provide a significant number of services and should have
their role formalised.
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10-5
POLICE AND JUSTICE
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The magistrates in Serowe and Mahalapye visit Letlhakane and Machaneng respectively on a monthly basis
— and sometimes the magistrate from Palapye sits in Serowe.
Cases come before the magistrates from the Police District in which they preside.
All the magistrates are under the control of the High Court in Lobatse.
Administration Boundaries
Administration boundaries follow the Police District boundaries.
Presentation
The location of Magistrates have been mapped together with the Police (see Map Number 10.1).
10-9
1022 Department of Crop Production and Forestry
The responsibility for Central District is shared by two Regional Agricultural Officers in Francistown and in
Serowe. Mahalapye serves as a sub-region for Serowe. The specialist staff is based at the sub-regional
offices. The Agricultural Demonstrators are grouped into agricultural districts which are headed by a District
Agricultural Officer who is assisted by one or two District Agricultural Supervisors.
The country is divided into 6 Agricultural Regions, each Region is divided into districts and the districts are
in turn divided into extension areas each one staffed by an Agricultural Demonstrator.
Central District is covered by 2 Agricultural Regions - Central and Francistown.
Agricultural
Agricultural Region
District
Francistown RAO based in Francistown Tutu me
Central RAO based in Serowe Serowe
Paiapye Boteti Mahalapye Machaneng Bobonong Selebi Phikwe
The Selebi Phikwe Agricultural District has been very recently demarcated and incorporates parts of Serowe
and Bobonong Agricultural Districts.
There is one Rural Training Centre in the District located at Mahalapye.
Agricultural Demonstrator&
Appendix 10.1 lists the location of the Agricultural Demonstrators.
Administration Boundaries
Administration boundaries do not follow District or Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The location of administrative boundaries and officers are presented on Map Numbers 10.2 and 10.3.
10-11
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10-17
10.4 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
10.4.1 Department of Primary Education
Initially the Education Officer in Serowe supplied a list of all the educational facilities in Central District which
was entered into a data base. However, it was subsequently found that the Ministry in Gaborone maintains
a computerised data base and this was used instead. A list of the localities with education facilities is
included in Appendix 10.1. The locations of most primary schools has been attached to the digitised
locations from the Census data base.
The Department operates on a Sub-district basis and has the following number of schools in each Sub-
district.
Sub-District Number of Primary Schools
Bobonong 21 Mahalapye 41 Serowe/Palapye 55 Tutume Boteti 19
Total 182
In mapping the schools some locations could not be found on the existing maps and we presume that there
is an alternative spelling or place name, or the schools have been built in [ands areas which have not been
mapped in the Census.
Administration Boundaries
With a few exceptions administration boundaries loosely follow District and Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The location of primary schools is presented on Map Number 10.5.
10.42 Department of Secondary Education
There were 48 Community Junior Secondary Schools and 7 Senior Secondary Schools in Central District
at the beginning of 1991. The location of these was entered into a data base and is presented in Appendix
10.1.
10-19
Administration Boundaries
With a few exceptions, administration boundaries loosely follow District and Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The location of secondary schools is presented on Map Number 10.5.
10.4.3 Department of Non Formal Education
The Department of Non Formal Education has officers at the following locations:
Mahaiapye
Serowe
Presentation
Due to the limited facilities the data for this Department is not presented.
10.4.4 Vocational Training Centres
There are two vocational training centres in the District, the Serowe Vocational Training Centre and the
Palapye Vocational Training Centre.
Administration Boundaries
There do not appear to be any administration boundaries that affect Central District.
Presentation
Due to the limited facilities, the data for this Department is not presented elsewhere.
10.4.5 Brigades
There are eight Brigades in the District which cover a number of activities (Bridec; Annual Report 1990-1991).
They are:
10-21
10.5 ELECTIONS OFFICE
10.5.1 Electoral Boundaries
There are 12 National Assembly constituencies which represent Central District (not including Selebi Phikwe).
They are:
No Name Population 1981
8 Sebina & Gaeta 23 929 9 Nkange 20 670 10 Boteti 33 211 11 Totota 27 454 12 Hmadinare 27 705 13 Bobirwa 29 292 14 Serowe North 25 328 15 Serowe South 22 581 16 Tswapong North 33 992 17 Tswapong South 28 440 18 Shoshong 22 503 19 hahalapye 32 467
A full description of the boundaries is found in the Delimitation Commission 1982 report.
Administration Boundaries
The constituency boundaries roughly follow the District and Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The National Assembly constituency boundaries are presented on Map Number 10_6 which also maps the
locality name of each District Council constituency.
10-23 ) ,
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10-29
IMMIGRATION FACILITIES
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LEGEND
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'••■
10-31
1 0 -33
10.9 MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LANDS AND HOUSING
10.9.1 Departrnere of Food Resources
The Department of Food Resources is responsible for the provision of food to primary schools and health
facilities.
The Department has divided the country into regions, two of which cover Central District - the North and
Central Regions which have Regional Offices at Francistown and Palapye respectively. Each Regional Office
supervises a number of depots.
North & Northeast Region - Francistown Regional Office
Tutume
Letlhakane
Central Region - Palapye Regional Office
Palapye and Serowe
Selebi Phikwe
Mahalapye
Administration Boundaries
The boundary between North and Central Regions follows the Sub-district boundaries between Boteti and
Serowe/Palapye, Tutume and Serowe/Palapye and Tutume and Bobirwa Sub-districts.
Presentation
The above information is presented on Map No 10.11.
11192 District Administration
The District Administration headquarters are in Serowe and there are offices of the District Administration
in each of the Sub-district headquarters.
Sub-district Headquarters
Serowe/Palapye Serowe Hahalapye Mahalapye Bobirwe Bobonong Boteti Letthakane Tutume Tutume
-
.10-35
Administration Boundaries
The administration boundaries follow the District and Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The boundaries between Sub-districts are presented on Map Number 10.12.
10.9.3 Tribal Administration
The Tribal Administration in Central District has the following hierarchy
7.. •
Position Number
Paramount Chief 1 Deputy Paramount Chief 1 Senior Chiefs Representative 14 Chiefs Representative 23 Headman 84 Arbitration Headman 78
In each settlement which has a Tribal Authority representative ranking higher than an Arbitration Headman
there is a representative of the Local Police.
The location of each of the above has been entered in a data base.
Administration Boundaries
r = •
Although ultimately the representative of the Tribal Administration is answerable to the Paramount Chief in
Serowe, the system follows District and Sub-district boundaries
Presentation
The location of a tribal Authority Representative is mapped and presented on Map Number 10.13.
10.9.3 Counci
The Central District Council is composed of 60 elected members and 12 specially elected members.
42,
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10-37
TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION
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10-39
- SUB-LANDBOARD BOUNDARIES
LEGEND
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•0-41
10.9.1 Water Supplies
The Council is responsible for providing water and maintaining the supply in a number of settlements in the
— District. A list of settlements was provided by the water engineer and entered into a data base.
In each Sub-district there is a maintenance crew who are responsible for the whole subdistrict although each
subdistrict has been divided into a number of geographic areas.
Administration Boundaries
The boundaries follow the Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The location of each settlement with a council water supply is presented on Map Number 10.15.
10-43
10.10 MINISTRY OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND WATER AFFAIRS
10.10.1 Department of Water Affairs
The Department of Water Affairs has offices in the Major Villages in which it is responsible for the Water
Supply.
Department of Water Affairs maintains the water supply in the Following villages:
Bobonong
Letihakane
Mahal a pye
Palapye
Serowe
Tonota
Administration Boundaries
In each of the above settlements there is a maintenance crew who are directly answerable to headquarters
in Gaborone.
Presentation
The above information has been presented on the Water Supplies Map Number 10.15.
10.10.3 Water Utilities Corporation
Water Utilities Corporation (WUC), a parastatal of the MMRWA supplies water to Selebi Phikwe from Shashe
Dam and will be the agent for the Department of Water Affairs for supplies to Sowa township from the
Dukwe wellfield. It also sells bulk water to Department of Water Affairs for the Tonota water supply.
Administration Boundaries
WUC has an office in Selebi Phikwe which handles its business in Central District.
Presentation
Settlements with WUC supplies are presented on the Water Supplies Map Number 10.15.
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CENTRAL TRANSPORT ORGANISATION
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Presentation
10-47
Due to the limited facilities in the District no further presentation has been made.
11 ENUMERATION AREAS
Introduction
This section discusses the Census Enumeration Areas of the CSO and the Geographic Reference Area
System (GRAS) devised by the Department of Town and Regional Planning. They are in the same section
as GRAS uses the Census Enumeration Areas as the basis for demarcation_
11.1 CENSUS ENUMERATION AREAS
Methodology
CSO prepared maps of the enumeration areas at a scale of 1125 000 or 1:250 000, depending on which
topographic map series was available. In areas where the 1:50 000 sheets were available, they were
photographically reduced and mosaiced to produce maps at 1:125 000. For the remaining areas, basically
the western portion of the District, the 1:250 000 topographic series was used.
The Census unit provided dyeline copies of these maps which were then digitised for use in the GIS.
Presentation
A Census Enumeration Map is included as Map Number 11.1. It shows the Enumeration Area boundaries
with the Sub-district boundaries used by CSO highlighted.
Discussion
The Sub-district boundaries used by CSO do not coincide with those used by the District Authorities, CSO
has modified boundaries according to areas of influence. This is particularly noticeable at the boundary
between the Serowe/Palapye and Mahalapye Sub-districts where a portion of the western Mahalapye Sub-
district has been included in the Serowe/Palapye Sub-district
The 1991 Enumeration Areas coincide to some degree with the 1981 boundaries, although a lot of the
boundaries have been straightened.
To facilitate comparison between the 1981 and 1991 Census, an extra digit has been added to the
Enumeration Area codes ie EATO in 1981 became EA700 in 1991. Where a 1981 Enumeration Area has been
subdivided, the subdivisions are represented by a sequence of numbers, eg 701, 702, 703 etc.
11-3
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A wide variety of information can be incorporated into the system, but at present it focuses on population
(1981 figures), population projections, schools and health facilities (up to date information is provided by
the Ministries of Education and Health).
12-1
12, DISTRICT PLANNING UNITS
Introduction
The overall objective of the study was to divide Central District into District Planning Units (DPUs) in order
to harmonise the areas in which extension services and development plans are developed and carried out.
The overall rationale is that the more homogeneous and cohesive the planning area, the easier it will be to
implement and manage policies.
Consultation was made with the Central District Council. The final draft of this Section was presented to
them and their comments have now been incorporated.
This analysis has been completed using the provisional 1991 census data It must be noted that this data
has been released to the study for working purposes only and that there is a possibility of revision.
The following sections describe the methodology which has been used to define the 'building blocks' for
the District Planning Units (DPUs), the aggregation (or disaggregation) of building blocks into DPUs.
121. BUILDING BLOCKS
Methodology
The underlying philosophy in defining each District Planning Unit was to make it as manageable as possible.
As a first step the District was divided into 'budding blocks'.
The following criteria was used to define the DPUs 'Building Blocks' and are listed in order of importance:
Areas of influence
Land use/tenure
Population
Size
Existing boundaries
Environmental characteristics
12-3
Existing Boundaries
One of the problems of such an exercise is to demarcate areas on the ground. To ease this problem it was
decided to use:
Veterinary cordon fences
Sub-district boundaries
Land tenure boundaries
EITVITawnental Characteristics
Finally, ecological zoning boundaries were used if further disaggregation was needed.
To delineate the building blocks, the GIS was used to combine the relevant guideline themes and boundaries
described above.
Present on
The building blocks have been prepared as a single coverage and is presented on Map Number 12.1.
Description
In the Draft Final Report 147 budding blocks were presented. Following further discussion with the Steering
Group, a number of the larger building blocks were split so that finally a total of 153 building blocks were
delineated, reflecting mainly the areas of influence and land tenure.
Building blocks containing large villages were subdivided by creating a building block out of the settlement
and another of the associated area of influence. In some cases, this area was further subdivided.
Initially the need to respect existing Sub district boundaries led to the following additional building blocks:
Moijabana - Serowe
Moijabana - Mahalapye
This was required as Moijabana's area of influence extends across the Serowe/Mahalapye Sub-district
boundary.
•
•
It should also be noted that areas of influence often reflect the association between the cattle post owner
and his village and do not necessarily reflect a similar association as his employees.
12-5
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The total number of DPUs proposed is 36.
Description
The District has been divided into 36 District Planning Units (OPUs). Their average geographic size is 3 900
km2 and average provisional population is 11 000 people. Table 12.1 summarises the DPUs for each
Sub-district together with the provisional 1991 population.
—. TABLE 12.1
Sub-district Population Provisional 1991
Humber of DPUs
50 Serowe/Palapye 111 300 11 - Palapye 17 127 - (included in DPUs)
51 Malalapye 95 566 8
52 Bobiwra 53 472 5 (- Selebi Phikwe 39 769 - (not included)
53 Boteti 35 473 3
54 Tutuwe 99 753 8
Total 36
The smallest DPUs has a population of 6 400 while the largest, Letlhakane has a population of 15 120.
Table 12.2 lists all the DPUs by Sub-district and shows the DPUs number, name, area and estimated
population based on the 1991 provisional 1991 census data. A further breakdown showing the individual
settlements included in the DPUs and allocation of building blocks is included in Appendix 121.
12-9
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Discussion
The implementation of DPUs will only be successful If accepted at grass roots level. To be accepted the
DPUs area selection must reflect the existing social and traditional structures.
A comparison has been made with the DPUs proposed in this report and the GRAS boundaries from the
Department of Town and Regional Planning. Basically the concepts are similar. Both studies have relied
on Census data to provide boundaries. However, where this study significantly deviates from the GRAS
approach is that we disregarded the Enumeration boundaries and concentrated on the 'sphere of influence'
which cuts across enumeration boundaries thereby have generating our own boundaries from the Census
data.
One of the guidelines at the beginning of the exercise was that the integrity of the Sub-district boundaries
would be observed. However, it has become obvious that in two particular cases the Sub-district boundary
was artificial and did not reflect the organisations within the District. This is particularly noticeable in the ae
case of the western portion of Serowe/Palapye and Mahalapye Sub-district.
Where possible we have also tried to keep DPUs within the existing Sub-Land Board boundaries.
Implications
Delineation of the DPUs has led to the recommendation of some changes to Sub-district and Sub-Land
Board boundaries so that the boundaries of all three are consistent.
Sub-district Boundaries
The boundary between the Serowe/Palapye and Mahalapye Sub-districts should be realigned so that the
western portion is moved to the south and runs along the Shoshong Sub-Land Board's western boundary.
The Serowe/Palapye Sub-Land Board services this area although it presently belongs to the Mahalapye
Sub-district About 2 000 people will be affected.
The boundary between the Serowe/Palapye and Bobirwa Sub-districts needs to be realigned in the east
The recent census suggests that the people in the Tsetsejwe lands may prefer to belong to Bobirwa
Sub-district and it is recommended that a field survey be carried out to accurately demarcate the area.
About 500 people will be affected.
13-1
13. SIXTH SUB-DISTRICT
Introduction
During the study, the Steering Group requested that the feasibility of a sixth sub-district, based on separating
Tonota from Tutume Sub-district and Mmadinare from Bobirwa Sub-district, be examined. However, no
criteria or guidelines for determining the viability of a sub-district were established_
The final draft of this Chapter was discussed at a full Council meeting and their comments were taken into
account. They accepted the conclusion that the concept of a sixth sub-district centred on Tonota and
Mmadinare was not viable, but that the general issue of a sixth sub-district warrants further investigation_
Methodology
It was decided that not only the DPUs - 5408 (Tonota/Shashe) and 5201 (Mmadinare) - should be combined
but any other DPU which contained satellite settlements of Tonota or Mmadinare DPU. As a result DPUs
5406 (Chadibe) and 5407 (Mmadunyane) - both in the present Tutume Sub-district - and 5202 (Sefophe)
from Bobirwa Sub-district were included (see Table 12.2). Using this method, the combined area is roughly
that of the Tonota and Mmadinare Sub-land Boards with the exception of Sortie, Chadibe, Mathangwane
and Mokibilo
TABLE 13.1 SATELLITE SETTLEMENTS OF TONOTA/SHASHE AND MMADINARE
Tonota Satellites Maadinare Satellites
eorolong Sefophe Chadibe Tobane Mathanguane Kmandunyane Nokobo Mokubilo Notate Shashe Mooke
The GIS was used to combine the selected DPUs.
Presentalion
Map Number 13.1 shows the Tonota/Shashe/Mmadinare Sub-district option.
•-=
13-3
Discussion
Having no specific guidelines it was decided that population and area should be the criteria in evaluating
the viability of the sixth Sub-district. P7,1
TABLE 13.2 SUB-DISTRICT ANALYSIS
Sub-district 1991 Population Area km'
Longest Distance
Before After Before After km
5eroue/Palapye 128 431 128 431 30 925 30 925 357 Mahalapye 95 566 95 566 23 688 23 688 306 Boteti 35 473 35 473 34 956 34 956 268 Tutume 99 753 62 074 43 847 35 284 356 Bobirua 53 472 36 075 13 115 7 877 150 Proposed - 55 076 - 13 801 210
Total 412 695 412 695 146 533 146 531
■SLa
Table 13.2 above shows that the present Bobirwa Sub-district has the smallest land area and the second
lowest population of all the Sub-districts, and is the smallest In terms of both criteria for Sub-districts in the
hardveld physiographic province. It also shares the lowest population growth rate between 1981 and 1991
(15.1%) with Mahalapye Sub-district Tutume Sub-district, on the other hand, is the largest in area and has
the second largest population.
The proposed new Sub-district would be virtually the same as the present Bobirwa Sub-district in terms of
population and area. It should have a higher population growth rate than Bobirwa Sub-district as it would
incorporate a part of Tutume Sub-district which had a growth rate of 32.5% for the ten year period.
The effects on Tutume Sub-district are not severe; it would lose approximately 28% of its population and
about 20% of its land area. In fact, a reduction in population and size may be beneficial.
The effects on Bobirwa Sub-district are rather severe; it would lose 32% of its population and 40% of its area.
It's low population growth rate implies that the population would not grow at an advantageous rate
compared to the other Sub-districts.
It would appear therefore that, in the absence of any objective criteria, the sixth Sub-district would be viable
by virtue of its being almost identical in size and population to the present Boblrwa Sub-district. However,
although it might be to the benefit of Tutume Sub-district, it would be to the detriment of Boblrwa Sub-
district, which would most likely become unviable, and therefore the establishment of a sixth Sub-district
based on Tonota and Mmadinare cannot be recommended.
APPENDIX 1.1
TERMS OF REFERENCE
s..
Appendix 1.1 - Page 1
=GA
-„.
TERMS OF REFERENCE ASSOCIATED WITH CENTRAL DISTRICT PLANNING STUDY
TB 8/1/12/90-91
1. BACKGROUND
In Central District, boundaries of areas on which district authorities, different ministries and departments carry out extension services and development programmes, do not often coincide.
In order to investigate how these boundaries can be harmonized it is proposed to carry out the Central District Planning Study (CDPS). The overall aim is to arrive at District Planning Units (DPU) as basic areas for coordination of all development programmes and extension services. The DPU's would make a grass-roots approach possible and development could take place more effectively. The idea of DPU's is essentially, to desecrated the district into parts which have a common development strategy or to which such a strategy could be applied. Because Central District is already divided by 5 sub-districts (ungazetted) within which the district institutions operate, it is requested, that this current division of the District is specially taken into account while identifying the DPU's.
The size of the District and the scope of the Central District Planning Study, make it impossible for District Planners to carry out the study. Therefore funds will be requested from the I.G 31 vote to retain a consultant to carry out the work in cooperation with the Central District Land Use Planning Unit (DLUPU).
2. TERMS OF REFERENCE
The consultant will give information on, but not necessarily limit himself to the following:-
2.1 Natural Resource 2.1.1 Climate
- Rainfall (amount and distribution) Temperatures Evapotranspiration
• Wind velocity
2.1.2 Hydrology
Watershed Streams/Rivers
- Haffir/dams/major pipelines Pans Boreholes/wells
2.1.3 Fiydrogeology
Water availability Water quality
2.1.4. Geology
Minerals - Bedrock
2.1.5. Soils
- Types/parent material Soil stability
2.1.6 Topography/Morphology
2.1.7 Vegetation
Types Wood resources
2.1.8 Fauna
Appendix 1.1 - Page 3
- Post Officers
2.6 Environmental Pollution/Degradation 2.6.1 Polluting industries
2.6.2 Areas which are chronically overgrazed 2.6.3 " Erosion prone areas (cause of erosion)
- Deforested areas.
2.7 Administrative Boundaries *2.7.1 Ministry of Presidential Affairs and Public Admin.
2.7.1.1 Tirelo Sechaba 2.7.1.2 Police
*2.7.2 Administration of Justice *2.7.3 Ministry of Agriculture
2.7.3.1 Veterinary Department 2.7.3.2 Agricultural Field Services
*2.7.4 Ministry of Commerce and Industry 2.7.4.1 Department of Wildlife and National Parks 2.7.4.2 Rural Industries Offices 2.7.4.3 Tourism
*2.7.5 Ministry of Education 2.7.5.1 Department of Primary and Teachers Training 2.7.5.2 Department of Secondary Education (Schools) 2.7.5.3 Non-Formal Education 2.7.5.4 Vocational Education
*2.7.6 Elections Office
2.7.6.1 Electoral boundaries
*2.7.7 Ministry of Finance and Development Planning 2.7.7.1 Department of Supply 2.7.7.2 Department of Taxes 2.7.7.3 Department of Customs and Excise
*2.7.8 Ministry of Health
*2.7.9 Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs 2.7.9.1 Immigration 2.7.9.2 Labour Offices
*2.7.10 Ministry of Local Government and Lands 2.7.10.1 Food Resources 2.7.10.2 District Administration 2.7.10.3 Council 2.7.10.5 Land Board 2.7.10.6 Department of Surveys and Lands
*2.7.11 Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs 2.7.11.1 Department of Water Affairs
*2.7.12 Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications 2.7.12.1 Department of Architectural and Buildings 2.7.12.2 Central Transport Organisation 2.7.12.3 Post 2.7.12.4 Department of Roads
2.8 Central Statistics Office (CO) and G.R.A.S.S. system (DTRP) census units
Information From Section 2.2. up to Section 2.8 should be mapped on overlays. The information may be obtained from the relevant ministries and departments.
APPENDIX 12
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
Appendix 1.2 Page 1
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Introduction
A Geographic Information System was implemented for the Central District Planning Study (COPS) to
Improve the quality of information ultimately provided and to facilitate future evaluation of the data for
planning purposes. A GIS will also allow the District Officers to maintain the data base of information without
recourse to complete re-compilation of a particular data set. Updates can be made to specific areas, or
associated information without changing related data. If necessary a new map of the theme concerned can
be produced at minimal effort and cost. The facility to be able to provide maps at any appropriate scale
required is also a notable advantage of a GIS in the context of planning.
The objectives of the Consultants in developing a GIS for the CDPS was to provide the most accurate
interpretation of existing data to assist in the dis-aggregation of the District into DPU's. The GIS was also
used to incorporate a limited amount of new data derived by personal interpretation and field survey. In this
study the main emphasis was to utilise the GIS to compile the data together to a common base for map
production at appropriate scales. Some analysis was undertaken in the final stages of the project, for
ecological zoning and erosion risk, as well as the derivation of DPU's, but GIS analysis for planning
purposes will be undertaken at a later stage by MLGL&H. The primary GIS products of this project are:
i) Mapping of Relevant Planning Themes
ii) Provision of Digital Spatial Data Base of Thematic information.
2. Methodology
The GIS methodology was designed to try and maintain a high standard of quality. The preference 'was to
work at the largest scale possible for a particular theme with due consideration of the reliability of the data.
Emphasis was placed on fresh Interpretation of the data rather than duplication of existing data. Each data
source was evaluated in the context of how it was to be used and in some cases data was actually
simplified. Quality control was mainly by inspection of hard copy and comparison between data sets over
a light table.
2.1 The GIS System M=,
The CDPS was developed using PC ARC INFO software in accordance with the Government guidelines on
GIS compatibility.
•
Appendix 1.2 Page 3
In some cases information was digitised directly from paper map copies in which case a higher RMS error
was accepted. This was the case for the census mapping (dyeline copies) where an RMS up to 0.007' was permitted due to the quality of the media. Adequate registration to other data sets was still achieved after
projection to UTM coordinates.
For the overlay interpretation from satellite imagery and for some of the census mapping, prominent
geographic features had to be used as control points (tic marks), in the absence of reliable latitude and
longitude marks. River junctions were the most frequently used feature but road junctions were also used.
The precise UTM locations of features were obtained from the base mapping already digitised from
1:250 000 DSL maps.
2.3 Analysis
The COPS required GIS analysis for the determination of ecological zones, agricultural suitability zones and
the investigation of erosion potential. The analysis involved the combination of various themes to produce
new coverage files containing all combined spatial information including the classification label for each
theme. The combined thematic information was then evaluated using dBASE to derive a new classification.
Polygon boundaries were subsequently adjusted (removed where necessary) automatically, on the basis of
the new classification.
GIS analysis of topographic information was also undertaken to produce a digital elevation model (DEM).
A Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) model was built from spot height observations supplied by the
Geological Survey of Botswana (unpublished data). Contours were produced from the TIN at 120 metre
intervals, to complement existing data. The TINS software module (ESRI Canada) was used for the
topographic analysis.
The TINS software was also used to generate Thiessen polygons around locality points from census data.
Thiessen polygons delineate boundaries of areas associated with localities simply on the basis of distance.
Every point within a polygon is closer to the locality at the centre of the polygon than to any other locality.
Thiessen polygons are useful as a means of indicating possible jurisdictional boundaries on the basis of
distance alone. It is essential to compare this analysis with other means of boundary delineation. Typically
thiessen polygons are useful in delineating urban areas of higher population, but in urban fringe areas and
rural areas the polygons tend to be very large. This is because the areal extent of each polygon is
dependent only upon the spatial distribution of the observation points and not the values of the observation
points.
mGa
6.1
Appendix 1.2 Page 5
THEME
COVERAGE NAME MAXIMUM SCALE FOR MAP PRODUCTION
Erosion Potential erorisk 1:1 million
Food Resources foodis 1:1 500 000
Food Admin. Boundaries foobdis 1:1 500 000
Forestry Projects forest 1:500 000
Fossil Rivers foodis 1:500 000
Geology geodis 1:500 000
Geology - Kalahari Boundary kaladis 1:500 000
Geology - Dykes dykedis 1:500 000
Geology - Surficial surdis 1:500 000
Groundwater Potential grddis 1:500 000
Health hedis 1:1 500 000
Health Admin. Boundaries headis 1:1 500 000
Hill and Escarpments hilLdis 1:1 million
Hills of Natural interest shilldis 1:1 million
Horticultural Projects - Tull Block hortdis 1:500 000
Horticultural Projects - Remainder of District horti 1:500 000
Hydrology - Pipelines pipedis 1:500 000
Hydrology - Reservoirs revlut 1:500 000
Immigration Admin. Boundaries immbdis 1:1 500 000
Immigration Facilities immdis 1:1 500 000
Land Use usedis 1:500 000
Land Tenure tendis 1:500 000
Mineral Occurrences ainoccur 1:500 000
Mineral Leases minleas 1:500 000
Natural, Cultural and Historic Sites hisdis 1:1 million
Pans - Major pindis 1:500 000
Pans - Minor pindis 1:500 000
Peizometric contours gwlevdis 1:500 000
Physiographic Units phydis 1:500 000
Police and Justice polidis 1:1 500 000
Polite Administration Boundaries policdis 1:1 500 000
Pollution Risk - Localities poldis 1:500 000
Post Offices postdis 1:1 500 000
Railway Sidings siddis 1:500 000
Railway Line raidis 1:500 000
Rainfall - Mean Annual raidis 1:1 500 000
CM.
Appendix 1.2 Page 7
Maintenance & Development
The spatial data base provided For Central District is only the first stage in development of a Functional GIS
at district level. Any data base tends to be outdated as soon as ft is completed, in much the same way that
an academic text is quickly superseded by the latest research. The advantage of a GIS is that it is possible
to maintain the information in reasonably current form by regular update. The means by which MLGIALH
maintain the Central District data base is an issue which should be urgently addressed. Coordination with
other ministries and departments will be important to ensure the latest data available is utilised and to avoid
duplication of effort between ministries.
The second issue to be investigated is the development of a query system for the COPS GIS. The GIS has
been used to achieve the analysis and mapping required under this study to establish DPLI's, but in addition
an opportunity has been created to develop a management information system based on the GIS. This will
require considerable effort and should be based on an objective examination of the management needs at
district level. A management information system could be developed to serve everyday needs in terms of
planning applications, project developments or future resource surveys. Once clear objectives have been
defined an information system could be developed. This would probably be best programmed in dBASE,
making use of the ARC INFO macro language where necessary for visual display. The definition of
objectives is likely to identify a need for further information capture, either of new themes or at a more
detailed level than the current data. This is a normal progression in the development of a GIS.
APPENDIX 1.3
PERSONS CONTAL i tU
Appendix 1.3 Page 1
PERSONS CONTACTED
Broekhuis, J. District Officer (Lands), CDLUPU
Burger, K Forester, Chobe District
Calef, G. Sr. Biologist / Elephant Mgmt., DWNP
Campbell, A. Consultant, Campbell, Main & Associates
Child, S. DWA
Coulson, I. Biologist, DNPW, Zimbabwe
Craig, C. Sr. Biologist / Aerial Surveys, DWNP
Dambe, D. Meteorological Services Dept.
De Bie-Methorst, D. DOD, Bobirwa
Gaseitsiwe, D. Ministry of Commerce and Industry
George, M.M. Acting Chief Education Officer, Department of Non-formal Education
Gower, T. Director, Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs
Halifax, P. Sir M. MacDonald and Partners
Hanmer, P. Forestry Div.
Hunter, N.D. Director, DWNP
Kalikawe, M. Biologist, DWNP, Central District
Khumalo, Dept. Veterinary Services
Kooiman, A. Research Unit Manager, FAB
Lawson, D. Sr. Biologist / Wildlife Utilisation, DWNP
Le Row, P. Mgr., Mashatu Game Reserve
Letlhare, B. Education Officer, Kalahari Cons. Soc.
Lewambano, K. DO(L) Bobirwa
DO(L) Mahalapye
DO(L) Tutume
Lindsay, K Sr. Biologist / Borehole Monitoring, DWNP
Mabiletse, S. Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing
Magatle, K Assistant Director, DWNP
Mandevu, I. Ministry of Agriculture
Mangubo, D. Sr. Game Warden, Admin., DWNP
Matlabele, Dept. Surveys and Lands
Matlakele, A. Department of Surveys and Lands
Assistant Director, Department of Geological Surveys
..—.•••■•■—•■■■■=1,....c....1.—•■•■
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APPENDIX t4
REFERENCES
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APPENDIX 3.1
VEGETATION TYPE: RECONCILIATION OF UNITS BETWEEN CD PLANNING STUDY, TIMBERLAKE
AND ECOSURV
Appendix 3.1 Page 1
Appendix 3.1 Vegetation Types - Reconcliation of units between Central District Planning Study,
Timberlake and Ecosury
The following table is a reconciliation of vegetation unit-. between the mapping for the Central District
Planning Study, Timberlake's mapping of South Eastern Botswana and Ecosurv's mapping of the Nate
Statelands.
CD PLANNING STUDY
TIMBERLAKE
ECOSURV
Bare Pan Surface
Edaphic grassland
Halophytic grassland
Hyphaene savannah
Burkea/Ochna savannah
Acacia eriotoba savannah sericea
Baikiaea woodland
Kirkia/Commiphora woodland
Rocky hill woodland
Acacia savannah
Acacia nigrescens/Acacia nilotica savannah woodland
Colophospermum aopanel Acacia woodland
Colophospermum aopane on shallow soils
Colophospermum aopane on sandy soils
CoLophospermum mopane woodland/ shrubland
Riverine woodland
A2
Al, B5, A5
Cl, C2 .
Dl, D2, D3
B3
B2
A4
El, E2
Halophytic grassland
Burkea woodland on deep sands
Acacia erioLoba, TerminaLia
and sands on broken calcrete
Baikiaea woodland on deep sands
Compact grey soils
Nopane on fine compact soils
Shallow sands/C. mopane trees
APPENDIX 32
SPECIES LISTS AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCIES
Appendix 3.2 Page 1
Appendix 3.2 Species Lists and Relative Abundance
The following appendix consists of lists of the woody sp. ,cies and grasses that were found at each stand
and observation point visited whilst carrying out the field investigation for the Vegetation Ecology map.
Relative abundance was only estimated for the woody species found In the stands.
Appendix 3.2 Page 3 Page No. 2 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. ❑bs pt Relative Abundance
Ricinodendon rautanenii
10 o Combretum psidioides Acacia nilotica Grewia flava Grewia bicolor
11 ❑ Acacia erioloba Tarchonanthus camphoratus Ricinodendron rautanenii Acacia fleckii Dichrostachys cinerea Acacia nilotica Acacia hebeclada Acacia tortilis Maytenus senegalensis Acacia erioloba
13 o Burkea africana Ochna pulchra Bauhinia petersiana Rhus tenuinervis Dichrostachys cinerea Terminalia sericea Acacia nilotica Grewia flavescens Boscia albitrunca Maytenus senegalensis Grewia retinervis Acacia fleckii Croton gratissimus Rhigozum brevispinosum Diospyros lycioides
14 o Ricinodendron rautanenii C❑mmiphora glandulosa Cephalocroton mollis Grewia monticola Rhigozum brevispinosum Euclea divinorum Euclea crispa Grewia bicolor Tarchonanthus camphoratus Kirkia acuninata Combretum apiculatum Combretum hereroense Euphorbia neochinzii (ingens 7) Commiphora mollis
Appendix 3.2 Page 5
Page No. 4 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance
Colophospermum mopane Terminalia prunioides
21 o Acacia tortilis Grewia flava Rhus tenuinervis Acacia mellifera Ximenia americana Commiphora glandulosa Acacia arenaria Acacia nigrescens
22 o Catophractes alexandri Grewia flava Combretum hereroense Acacia mellifera Acacia tortilis Acacia nigrescens Acacia erioloba
23 ❑ Acacia mellifera Acacia erioloba Acacia tortilis Tarchonanthus camphoratus Grewia flava
24 o Colophospermum mopane Acacia mellifera Acacia tortilis Combretum hereroense Acacia nilotica
25 o Combretum apiculatum Acacia nigrescens Combretum imberbe Dichrostachys cinerea Colophospermum mopane Grewia flava Grewia bicolor Rhigozum brevispinosum
26 o Ricinodendron rautanenii Acacia nigrescens Colophospermum mopane Burkea africana Acacia ataxacantha Sclerocarya birrea Grewia flava
Appendix 3.2 Page 7
Page No. 6 ❑4/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance
Colophospermum mopane
31 o Colophospermum mopane Terminalia prunioides Acacia nigrescens Acacia erioloba
32 o Colophospermum mopane Grewia flava Dichrostachys cinerea Boscia rehmanniana ssp foetida Rhigozum brevispinosum
33 o Acacia mellifera Acacia tortilis Acacia erioloba Terminalia sericea Colophospermum mopane
34 ❑ Acacia mellifera Acacia tortilis Acacia arenarea Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Rhig❑zum brevispinosum
35 o Combretum apiculatum Colophospermum mopane Sclerocarya birrea Commiphora glandulosa Commiphora mollis Acacia fleckii Commiphora mossambicensis Kirkia acuminata Grewia flavescens
36 o Colophospermum mopane Acacia mellifera Acacia erubescens
37 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Lonchocarpus capassa Sclerocarya birrea
39 o Kirkia acuminata
Appendix 3.2 Page 9
Page No. 8 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. ❑bs pt Relative Abundance
Sclerocarya birrea Ricinodendron rautanenii Commiphora glandulosa Acacia nigrescens Grewia flava Grewia flavescens Grewia subspathulata Bauhinia petersiana Maytenus senegalensis
50 o Terminalia prunioides Colophospermum mopane Acacia erioloba Acacia nigrescens
51 o Colophospermum mopane Acacia erioloba Croton gratissimus Terminalia prunioides
52 o Colophospermum mopane Acacia grandicornuta Ximenia americana Acacia erubescens Mondulia sericea Croton gratissimus Acacia ataxacantha Boscia foetida ssp rehmanniana
53 Colophospermum mopane Commiphora glandulosa Acacia grandicornuta Acacia erubescens Boscia foetida ssp rehmanniana Croton gratissimus Combretum apiculatum Rhigozum brevispinosum Grewia bicolor ❑ichrostachys cinerea Ximenia americana
54 o Combretum apiculatum Terminalia sericea Colophospermum mopane
6 ,
Appendix 3.2 Page 11
Page No. 10 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance
Combretum imberbe Terminalia sericea
63 a Colophospermum mopane Acacia nigrescens Acacia fleckii Bauhinia petersiana
64 0
Burkea africana Grewia retinervis Grewia flava
65 o Combretum imberbe Acacia tortilla Acacia nigrescens Colophospermum mopane
67 o Acacia tortilis Acacia nilotica Acacia stuhlmannii Acacia arenaria Acacia grandicornuta Acacia borleae Acacia nebrownii
68 o
69 0
Acacia nigrescens Zisiphus mucronata Acacia tortilis
Terminalia sericea Croton gratissimus Acacia fleckii Acacia erioloba Ochna pulchra Bauhinia petersiana Burkea africana
70 o Acacia robusta Acacia gerrardii Acacia erioloba Acacia nilotica Combretum hereroense Acacia tortilla
71 o Acacia fleckii. Acacia tortilis
Appendix 3.2 Page 13
Page No. 12 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance
82 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Commiphora hereroense Commiphora glandulosa
83 o Colophospermum mopane Combretum apiculatum Commiphora glandulosa Rhigozum brevispinosum Acacia nigrescens
84 o Terminalia sericea Combretum hereroense Combretum apiculatum Acacia fleckii Dichrostachys cinerea Grewia flava
85 o Commiphora glandulosa Acacia erioloba Acacia nigrescens Combretum imberbe
86 o Combretum apiculatum Terminalia sericea Euclea undulatum Ozoroa paniculosa Rhigozum brevispinosum
87 o Acacia nigrescens Colophospermum mopane Combretum apiculatum Terminalia sericea
88 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Terminalia prunioides
89 o Terminalia prunioides Terminalia sericea Colophospermum mopane
90 o Albizia harveyi Kirkia acuminata Combretum mossambicensis
Appendix 3.2 Page 15
Page No. 14 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance
Acacia ataxacantha Albizia anthelmintica
97 o Colophospermum mopane Dichrostachys cinerea Grewia bicolor
98 ❑ Acacia nilotica Acacia nigrescens Acacia tortilis Terminalia prunioides
99 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Acacia erubescens Acacia erioloba Acacia tortilis Acacia ataxacantha Terminalia prunioides Combretum apiculatum Acacia nigrescens
100
Colophospermum mopane Acacia erubescens Combretum apiculatum Acacia mellifera
101
Colophospermum mopane Terminalia prunioides Acacia fleckii Acacia erioloba Acacia nilotica Acacia nigrescens Acacia ataxacantha Albizia harveyi
104 ❑ Kirkia acuminata Commiphora mollis Vangueria infausta Albizia harveyi Commiphora glandulosa Colophospermum mopane Cissus cornifolia Terminalia prunioides Acacia tortilis Combretum apiculatum Lannea stuhlmannii Dichrostachys cinerea
Appendix 3.2 Page 17
Page No. 16 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance
Combretum imberbe
115 0
116 0
Colophospermum mopane Acacia erubescens Kirkia acuminata Terminalia prunioides Lonchocarpus capassa
Combretum imberbe Combretum hereroense Zisiphus mucronata Terminalia randii Acacia erubescens Acacia karoo
117 o Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Dichrostachys cinerea
118 o
Commiphora glandulosa Acacia erubescens Acacia nigrescens Kirkia acuminata Combretum apiculatum
119 o Kirkia acuminata Acacia erubescens Commiphora mossambicensis Commiphora mollis Colophospermum mopane Sclerocarrya birrea Acacia nigrescens Albizia anthelmintica
120 o Kirkia acuminata Combretum apiculatum Commiphora glandulosa Acacia nigrescens Commiphora mossambicensis Colophospermum mopane Terminalia prunioides
121 o Grewia monticola Commiphora glandulosa Dalbergia melanoxylon Grewia bicolor Colophospermum mopane Dichrostachys cinerea Combretum apiculatum Combretum hereroense
Appendix 3.2 Page 19 Page No. 18 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. ❑bs pt Relative Abundance
130 ❑
131
132
133
134 0
135
Colophospermum mopane Dalbergia melanoxylon Acacia Senegal Commiphora glandulosa Dichrostachys cinerea Grewia bicolor Grewia flava Terminalia sericea Albizia anthelmintica
Albizia anthelmintica Dalbergia melanoxylon Acacia fleckii Dichrostachys cinerea Colophospermum mopane Acacia nigrescens Sclerocarya birrea
Commiphora angolensis Bauhinia petersiana Acacia fleckii Commiphora glandulosa Vangueria infausta Acacia harveyi Combretum collinum Combretum apiculatum Grewia bicolor
Terminalia prunioides Catophractes alexandri Colophospermum mopane Acacia mellifera
Colophospermum mopane Grewia bicolor Acacia nigrescens Grewia villosa Dichrostachys cinerea Catophractes alexandri Commiphora glandulosa Rhigozum brevispinosum
Colophospermum mopane Lonchocarpus capassa Acacia nigrescens
Appendix 3.2 Page 21
Page No. 20 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Cbs pt Relative Abundance
„..
•■•
8 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.5 m Catophractes alexandri 2 Sesamothamnus lugardii 2 Commiphora angolensis 2 C. pyracanthoides 2 Aloe marlothii 2 Boscia foetida ssp. rehmanniana 2 Rhigozum brevispinosum 2 Grewia bicolor G. flava Terminalia prunioides Acacia erubescens
12 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.5 m Acacia erioloba 2 A. fleckii Terminalia sericea Grewia retinervis 1 Dichrostachys cinerea 2 1 Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1(pockets) Combretum hereroense (glabrus and hairy)
Grewia flava Ziziphus mucronata Rhus tenuinervis Acacia hebeclada Maytenus senegalensis ❑zoroa paniculosa Acacia nilotica A. tortilis Combretum apiculatum Elephantorrhiza elephantina Grewia flavescens var.olukondae
38 s >3 M 0.5-3 m CO. Colophospermum mopane 1 Acacia tortilis 1 Combretum apiculatum
40 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0
Sclerocarya birrea Acacia nigrescens Commiphora glandulosa Dichrostachys cinerea Albizia harveyi Colophospermum mopane 2
Appendix 3.2 Page 23
Page No. 22 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance
Ozoroa paniculosa Colophospermum mopane Acacia fleckii Bolosanthus speciosus Bauhinia petersiana Flueggia virosa Terminalia sericea
48 s >3 m Colophospermum mopane
2 Acacia robusta Grewia villosa Acacia tortilis Boscia foetida ssp. rehmanniana Grewia bicolor Terminalia prunioides
1 Dichrostachys cinerea Kirkia acuminata Commiphora mollis C. glandulosa C. angolensis Croton gratissimus Acacia nigrescens
0.5-3 m <0.5m
56 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.
Colophospermum mopane 1 2 Terminalia prunioides 1 Combretum apiculatum Grewia flava 1 Rhigozum brevispinosum Acacia erioloba 1 1(2) A. nigrescens Terminalia sericea (dead) + Bauhinia petersiana Combretum hereroense Rhus tenuinervis Grewia monticola Ozoroa paniculosa Croton gratissimus Dichrostachys cinerea Mondulia sericea Commiphora glandulosa C. monis Acacia chariessa Maytenus senegalensis
59 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.5
Colophospermum mopane 1 2
Appendix 3.2 Page 25
Page No. 24 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance
102 s >3 in 0.5-3 m <0.5 Ricinodendron rautanenii Combretum collinum 1 2 Terminalia sericea Acacia ataxacantha Bauhinia petersiana Cassia abbreviata Lonchocarpus capassa Albizia amara Albizia harveyi Vangueria infausta Combretum apiculatum Acacia erubescens (-0
103 s >3 M 0.5-3 m <0.5 Markhamia acuminata 1 1 Steganotaenia araliacea Pappea capensis Commiphora mollis 3 C. marlothii Ficus sp. Sclerocarya birrea 1 Lannea stuhlmannii Kirkia acuminata Grewia flavescens 1 Canthium burtti 1 Albizia amara Lonchocarpus capassa Croton gratissimus Erythrina latissima Gardenia resiniflua
110 s >3 in 0.5-3 m <0.5 Colophospermum mopane 1 4 Terminalia prunioides + + 1 Acacia nigrescens +-1 + Commiphora glandulosa + Grewia bicolor + Euclea crispa + Aloe littoralis + Grewia flava + Combretum apiculatum rar
111 S >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.5 Dalbergia melanoxylon +-1
Appendix 3.2 Page 27
Page No. 26 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Ohs pt Relative Abundance
Boscia albitrunca commiphora angolensis
Appendix 3.2 Page 29
Page No. 2 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Grass species no. ❑bs pt
45 0 49 ❑
50 ❑ 51 a 52 o 53 0
54 0 55 57 ❑
58 o 60 ❑
61 o 62 o 63 ❑ 64 o 65 o 67 co
68 0 69 ❑ 70 o 71 ❑ 72 0 74 0 75 ❑ 76 0 77 0 78 ❑ 79 0 80 o 81 0
82 83 84 0 85 ❑
Eragrostis porosa Stipagrostis uniplumis
Chloris virgata Cymbopogon caesius Panicum coloratura Setaria incrassata Sorghum versicolor Spor❑bolus cordofanus
Aristida adscensionis A. congesta A. stipitata Cymbopogon caesius Digitaria milanjiana Enneapogon cenchroides Eragrostis rigidior Heter❑pogon contortus
a
Appendix 3.2 Page 31
Page No. 4 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Grass species no. ❑ pt
A. congesta Eragrostis aspera Melinis repens Tragus berteronianus
128 0 Aristida adscensionis A. rhiniochloa Panicum maximum Sporobolus cordofanus
129 o Dichanthium annulatum var. Ischaeinum afrum Setaria incrassata Sorghum versicolor
130 0 Cynodon dactylon Enneapogon cenchroides Eragrostis porosa Stipagrostis uniplumis Tragus beteronianus Urochloa brachyura
131 Aristida congesta A. meridionalis Cynodon dactylon Dactyloctenium giganteum Eragrostis rigidior Urochloa brachyura
132 o 133 to 134 o 135 o 136 o 137 0 138 o 139 o 140 0
1 s Aristida congesta A. stipitata Digitaria milanjiana Eragrostis cilianensis
8 s Aristida congesta Eragrostis porosa Stipagrostis uniplumis
12 s Aristida barbicollis Stipagrostis uniplumis
38 s Aristida barbicollis Chloris virgata Eragrostis porosa
papillosum
Appendix 3.2 Page 33
Page No. 6 04/23/92
Site Stand/ Grass species no. Obs pt
Eragrostis superba Fingerhuthia africana Heteropogon contortus Panicum coleratum Setaria incrassata Sorghum versicolor
73 s Aristida adscensionis A. rhiniochloa Enneapogon cenchroides Eragrostis porosa Tragus berteronianus
94 s Aristida rhiniochloa Digitaria milanjiana Heteropogon melanocarpus Melinis repens Setaria pumila
102 s Aristida barbicollis Eragrostis porosa Eragrostis rigidior Tragus berteronianus
103 s Aristida adscensionis Brachiaria deflexa Enteropogon macrostachys Eragrostis aspera E. porosa Setaria petiolata S. pumila Tragus berteronianus Urochloa panicoides
110 s Enteropogon macrostachys Eragrostis sp. Heteropogon contortus Sporobolus cordofanus
111 s Aristida rhiniochloa Brachiaria deflexa Enteropogon macrostachys Eragrostis superba Sporobolus festivus
113 s Aristida adscinsionis Enteropogon macrostachys Schmidtia pappophoroides Urochloa oligotricha U. trichopus
,.7
APPENDIX 51
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Appendix 5.1 Page 1
Appendix 5.1 Archaeological Sites
The following sheet is an example of the data base of sites of archaeological or historical significance
in Central District (as provided by the National Museum and Art Gallery). More detailed information on
archaeological sites in Central District may be obtained from the District Commissioner's Office (District
Officer Lands) or the National Museum.
Page No. 1
06/03/92
EXAMPLE LISTING OF SITES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Numb Site Name Type
Description UTM - X UTM - Y er
1 Katsiara LSA/IA Flaked stone artifacts, potsherds,stone
walls, ground stone.
212000.0 7758600.0
2 Khumaga LSA/IA F S Ground stone 240800.0 7734600.0
3 H 2aoga LSA/IA F S bone,shel,pot sherds,charcoal
fruits,ash middens
229000.0 7707300.G
4 N 2aoga LSA/IA F S pot sherds, metal, bone, shell,
glass
229200.0 7707900.0
5 Tsoe LSA/IA F S, ground stone,potsherds,bone, glass 230100.0 7715000.0
6 Kapundu IA Potsherds, charcoal, fruits. 233000.0 7719900.0
7 Kapundu LSA/IA F S,potsherds, charcoal, fruits 233400.0 7720500.0
8 Tomane IA/MSA G 5, potsherds, shell 233600.0 7722100.0
9 Dikwalo IA P S, bone, shell stone walls 235900.0 7726000.0
10 Ramokwate LSA/IA F 5, G S bone, shell, charcoal ,fruits 236600.0 7727200.0
11 Rampatwa IA Potsherds,charcoat,fruits 237800.0 7727900.0
12 Rampatwa LSA F 5, shell 238500.0 7728600.0
13 Sukwane LSA/IA FS, PS 226500.0 7685100.0
14 Sukwane IA Potsherds 226100.0 7685400.0
15 Sukwane LSA/IA F5, PS 225800.0 7686100.0
16 Sukwane LSA/IA FS, P 5 225700.0 7687100.0
17 Sukwane IA P S shell 225500.0 7688000.0
18 Sukwane LSA/IA F 5, P S, shell 226200.0 7688400.0
19 Sukwane IA P S. 226000.0 7689100.0
20 Sukwane IA P S. 225700.0 7694300.0
21 Sukwane LSA/IA F 5, G 5, P S, bone. 226100.0 7696500.0
22 Sukwane MSA/LSA/IA F S, G S, P 5, bone, shell 227000.0 7699200.0
23 Zaoga MSA/LSA/IA F 5, G S, P 5, bone. 228500.0 7701900.0
24 Zaoga LSA/IA/LIA F 5, G 5, P S, meta( (adze). 229500.0 7702500.0
25 Zaoga IA P S, bone (tool)shell 229600.0 7703200.0
26 Gweta LSA 319500.0 7766400.0
27 Gutsha MSA/LSA/Historical Greens Pan/Baobab, Flaked stone, Ground
stone
315100.0 7740600.0
28 Gabasadi PISA/LSA Flaked stone,Ground stone 313500.0 7716500.0
29 Ntwetwe Pan PISA Fossil Bone 312000.0 7727500.0
30 Ntwetwe Pan KSA 310400.0 7729000.0
31 Kudu Island East LSA/IA Flaked stone,pot sherds 378200.0 7689500.0
32 Kubu Island North LSA/IA F S, P S,bone (tooth) 378000.0 7690000.0
33 Kubu Island West LSA/IA F 5, P S 376400.0 7689300.0
34 East Hare island LSA/IA F S, G 5, P S. 377500.0 7683100.0
35 West Hare Island LSA/IA F 5, G S, P S. 376300.0 7683200.0
36 Sua Pan/Toranju/Tswane LSA/LIA Settlement valley F 5, P S stone
walls,(threatened by mining)
414600.0 7716900.0
37 Sua Pan\Torandjo\Tswane EIA P S 412200.0 7715200.0
APPENDIX 6.1
SETTLEMENT NAMES
Appendix 6.1 Page 1
Appendix 6.1 Settlement Names
For reference, settlements with a population greater than 250 in the 1991 Census are listed together
with their unique digitized code. The code was used to give the settlements a geographical location
and were digitized from the Census maps. it should be noted that the location of some of the smaller
settlements is not very accurate.
Appendix 6.1 Page 3 Page No. 2
06/03/92
Locality Name
List of Localities with populations over 250
CENDIS_ID
GIS
Code
Lepasha 5403103
Lephaneng 5006601
Lepokole 5203501
Lerala 5006701
Lesenepole 5007901
Lesenpole (Matotwane) 5007601
Letlhakane 5100701
Letthakane 5300101
Letlole (Letloreng) 5102705
Haape (Maope) 5105202
Mabasekwa 5403610
Mabate 5202604
Mabeleapudi 5010101
Mabolwe 5203101
Machaneng 5101801
Maekowane 5202201
Mafungo 5404702
Mafungo Lands 5404802
Magapatona 5404102
Mahalapye 5109501
Maiswe 5206201
Maitengwe 5401701 Majwaneng 5006401
Makadibeng 5202506 Makatamabedi 5302901
Makhubung 5408101 Makobo 5405601 Makobo 5405601
Makoboxana 5301108
Makomotu 5408209 Makoro 5003801
Makuta 5403903
Makutumela 5401002
Makwa 5012006
Hakwate 5101701
Mataka 5005601 Melaka 5005602
Malete 5104401
Manaledi/Madiokane 5006003
Mantsibudu 5103902
Maokwe 5005301
Maotakgang 5404301
Marapong 5404501
Masama (Village) 5003101
Hasiadieme 5206101
Matapodza 5404801
Matau 5103502
Hathangwane 5405201
Mathangwane Lands 5405101
Mathathane 5202301
Matlhakola 5005702
Matthakola 5005703
Matobo 5404001
Hatsagane 5206901
Matsiro 5400704
Matsitama 5403301
Matulungundu 5401502
maunatlala 5007401
MetseaeLa 5300725
Appendix 6.1 Page 5
Page No. 4 06/03/92
Locality Name
List of Localities with populations over 250
CENDIS_ID
GIS Code
Ngwapa 1 5103803 Nkange 5401201 Nshakashogwe 5404302 Nshakashogwe Lands 5404401 Nsuswane 5400701 Nswazwi 5404201
Ntala 5404701 Nthane (Village) 5304102
Drape 101
Otse 5107212
Paje 5010301
Pakame 5006903
Palapye 5004001
Palapye 5106808 Pallet Road (Oinokwe) 5100803
Phokoje 5205403
Pilikwe 5105401 Poloka 5107418 Radisele 5012301
Radisele Lands 1 5105601 Rakops 5302201
Ramokgonami 5104701 Ratholo 5006201
Rramohakamme 5407802
Sebalwe 5205806
Sabina 5404601 Sabina Lands 5404901
Sefhare 5103001
Sefhophe 5200901
Segakwana 5003601
Sekgarapane 5006104
Selebi Phikwe 102
Seleka (Tumasera) 5104101
Seletswe 5202402
Semitwe 5405002
Semitwe (Village) 5405002
Semolaie 5203001
Senate 5401101
Seoka 5008305
Seoka 5201404
Seolwane 5007201
Sepa La Moriri 5201603
Sepako 5402414
Serowe 5000101
Serule 5012701
Serutswang 5006505
Sesarweng 5008002
Setatse 5005101
Shakwe 5102101
Shashe 5406401
Shashe Hooke 5405901
Shashe Hooke Lands 5405802
Shoshong 5108501
Sokonya (sukunga) 5105505 Sokwane 5302603
Sokwe 5010405
Sowa 103
TaLana Farms 5208138
Tamasane 5009202
,==
APPENDIX 10.1
DATA BASES FOR FACILITIES BY VARIOUS INSTTRITIONS
Appendix 10.1 Page 1
Appendix 10.1 Data Bases for Facifties by Various institutions
The following data bases are included in this appendix : Agriculture (VAs and ADs), Council, Education,
Health, Tribal Administration and Water Supplies.
Appendix 10.1 Page 3
Page No. 2 06/03/92
List of Localities with Crop Production of Field Services Fa cilities
(Ministry of Agriculture)
Locality
Agricultural Regional Assistant District Agricultural
District Agricultural District Agricultural Demonstrator
Officer Agricultural Officer (Number)
(Number) Officer (Number)
Palapye
PalLa Road PiLikwe Poloka Radisele
Rakops Ramokgonami Ratholo Sabina
Selhare Sefhophe Seleka
Selolwane
Semolale Serowe -east/west SeruLe Shakwe
Shashe Shashe Hooke Shoshong -east/west Tamasane Taupye Thokoto Tlhabala T[hatogang Tobane Tonota -east/west
Topisi Tsetsejwe
Tshetihong Tshimoyapula
Tutume Xhomo
Xhumaga
PaLapye Mahalapye Machaneng Mahalapye Mahalapye
Letlhakane Machaneng Palapye Tutume
Machaneng Bobonong Machaneng
Tutume
Bobonong
Serowe Palapye
Machaneng Tonoto Tonoto Mahalapye Palapye Mahalapye Mahalapye Serowe Tonoto Bobonong Tonoto Palapye Bobonong Serowe Serowe
Tutume Letlhakane
Letlhakane
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1
Appendix 10.1 Page 5
Page No. 2
06/03/92 List of Localities with Veterinary Facilities
Locality Agricultural Senior Veterinary Senior Veterinary
District Veterinary Officer Livestock Assistant
Officer (Number) Officer (Number)
(Number) (Number)
Tsetsejwe Serowe 1
TshimoyapuLa Serowe 2
Tutume Tutume 1 2
Xhomo Orapa 1
Xhumaga Orapa 1
Appendix 10.1 Page 7
Page Ho. 1
06/03/92
Locality
List of Localities with Educational Facilities
Primary Junior Senior Brigade Education School Secondary Secondary (Number) Officer
(Number) School School
(Number) (Number)
Bobonong 6 3 1 1 Education Officer
Bonwapitse 1 0 0 0 Borotong 1 0 0 0
Borotsi 1 0 0 0
Chadibe 1 0 0 0
Chadibe 1 0 0 0
Changate 1 0 0 0
Dagwi 1 0 0 0
Dibete 1 0 0 0
Dimajwe 1 0 0 0
Dovedale 1 a 0 0 Dukwe 1 1 0 0
Gojwane 1 0 0 0 Goosekgweng 1 0 0 0
Gootau 1 1 0 0
Goshwe 1 0 0 0
Gweta 3 1 0 1
Ikongwe 1 0 0 0
Jamataka 1 0 0 0
Katamare 1 1 0 0
Kedia 1 0 0 0
Kgagodi 1 0 0 0
Kobojango 1 0 0 0
Kodibeleng 1 0 0 0
Kudumatse 1 0 0 0
Kutamgoree 1 0 0 0
Lecheng 0 1 0 0
Lentswelemoriti 1 0 0 0
Lepasha 1 0 0 0
Lerata 2 1 0 0
Let[hakane 3 1 1 0 Education Officer
Maape 1 0 0 0
Mabeleapudi 1 1 0 0
Mabolwe 1 0 0 0
Machaneng 1 1 0 0
Madiba 0 0 0 1
Magapatona 1 0 0 0
Mahatapye 13 3 1 1 Education Officer
Haitengwe 2 1 0 0
Majwaneng 1 0 0 0
MakaLamabedi 1 1 0 0
Makobo 1 0 0 0
Makwate 1 0 0 0
Malaka 1 0 0 0
Malatswae 1 0 0 0
Maokatuna 1 0 0 0
Maposa 1 0 0 0
Merepong 2 1 0 0
Mathangwane 1 1 0 0
Mathathane 1 0 0 0
Matlhako 1 0 0 0
MatlhakoLa 1 0 0 0
Matobo 1 0 0 0
matoLwane 1 0 0 0
Matsitama 1 0 0 0
Maunatlala 1 1 0 0
Mhalapitsa 1 0 0 0
MmadikoLa 1 0 0 0
Appendix 10.1 Page 9
Page No, 3 06/03/92
List of Localities with Educational Facilities
Locality Primary Junior Senior Brigade Education
School Secondary Secondary (Number) Officer
(Number) School School
(Number) (Number)
Seolwane 1 0 0 0
Sepako 1 0 0 0
Serowe 19 4 1 1 RegionaL Educational
Serute 1 1 0 0
Shakwe 1 0 0 0
Shashe 0 0 1 1
Shashe Hooke 1 0 0 0
Shoshong 3 1 0 1
Sowa 2 0 0 0
Tamasane 1 0 0 0
Taupye 1 0 0 0
TLapalakoma 1 0 0 0
Tthabata 1 0 0 0
Tobane 1 0 0 0
Tonota 6 2 0 0 Education Officer
Topisi 1 0 0 0
Toromoja 1 0 0 0
Tsetsejwe 1 1 0 0
Tshimoyaputa 1 0 0 0
Tutume 6 2 1 1 Education Officer
Two Rivers 1 0 0 0
Xhomo 1 0 0 0
Xhumaga 1 0 0 0
Zoroga 1 0 0 0
Appendix 10.1 Page 11
Page No. 2
06/03/92
List of Localities with Health Facilities
(Only most senior faciltiy Listed)
Locality
Health Type of
District Facility
Maitengwe Tutume Health Clinic
Majwanaadipitse Serowe Health Post
Majwaneng Serowe Health Post
Makadibeng Bobiwra Health Stop
Makalamabedi Boteti Health Stop
Makoba Serowe Health Stop
Makobo Tutume Health Stop
Makoro Serowe Health Stop
Makwa Serowe Health Stop
Makwate Mahalapye Health Post
Malaka Serowe Health Post
Marapong Tutume Health Clinic
Martin's Drift Serowe Health Stop
Mathangwane Tutume Health Clinic
Mathathane Bobiwra Health Clinic
Matthakola Serowe Health Post
Matobo Tutume Health Post
Matsitama Tutume Health Post
Matulungundu Tutume Health Stop
Maunatlala Serowe Health Clinic
Metseaela Boteti Health Stop
Mhalapitsa Mahatapye Health Post
Mmadikola Boteti Health Post
Mmakgama Boteti Health Stop
Mmanxotae Tutume Health Post
Mmapetsa (Mapatse) Tutume Health Stop
Mmaphashalala Mahalapye Health Post
Mmashoro Serowe Health Clinic
Mmatshumo Boteti Health Past
Mmutlane Mahalapye Health Post
Hoene College Serowe Health Clinic
Mogapi Serowe Health Post
Mogome Serowe Health Post
Mogonono Mahalapye Health Stop
Mogorosi Serowe Health Post
Moijabana Serowe Health Post
Mokgware Serowe Health Post
Mokobeng Mahatapye Health Post
Mokolwane Boteti Health Stop
Mokoswana 1 Mahalapye Health Post
Mokubilo Tutume Health Post
Motalatau Bobiwra Health Post
MoLetamane Bobiwra Health Post
Mookane Mahalapye Health Clinic
Mopipi Boteti Health Clinic
Moralane Mahalapye Health Stop
Moremi Serowe Health Post
Moreomabele Serowe Health Stop
Moreomaoto Boteti Health Post
Morukutshwane Serowe Health Stop
Morupute Serowe Health Clinic
Mosalakwane Bobiwra Health Stop
Mosetse Tutume Health Post
Moshakabela Bobiwra Health Stop
MosoLotswane Mahatapye Health Post
Mosopha Mahatapye Health Post
Mosu Boteti Health Post
Mosu Tutume Health Stop
Hosweu Serowe Health Post
RM,
.L■
Appendix 10.1 Page 13
Page No. 4
06/03/92
List of Localities with Health Facilities
(Only most senior faciltiy listed)
Locality
Health Type of
District Facility
Tsotsoga Boteti Health Stop
Tutume Tutume Primary Hospital
Two Rivers Serowe Health Post
Xhomo Boteti Health Post
Xhumaga Boteti Health Post
Zaoga Boteti Health Stop
Zoronga Tutume Health Post
Appendix 10.1 Page 15 Page Mo. 2 06/03/92
List of Localities with Tribal Adminstration Facilities
Locality Senior Chiefs Headman Headman Chiefs (Number) (Number) Arbitration
Representative (Number) (Number)
Mokobeng 0 0 1 0 Mokoswane 0 0 1 0 Mokubilo 0 0 1 0 Motaiatau 0 0 1 0 Holatswae 0 0 1 0 Moletamane 0 0 2 1 Mookane 1 1 1 0 Mopipi 0 0 1 0 Moremi 0 0 2 1 Moreomabele 0 0 2 1 Moreomaoto 0 0 1 0 Mosetse 0 0 1 0 Mosolotswane 0 0 1 0 Mosopha 0 0 1 0 Mosu 0 0 1 0 Motlhabaneng 0 0 1 0 Motlopi 0 0 1 0 Motshegaletau 0 0 2 1 Nalale 0 0 2 1 Hata 1 1 0 0 Nkange 0 0 1 1 Nswazidi 0 0 1 0 Paje 0 0 1 0 Palapye 1 1 0 1 Palla Road 0 0 1 0 Pitikwe 0 0 1 0 Poloka 0 0 1 0 RadiseLe 0 0 1 0 Rakops 1 1 0 0 RamokaLwane 0 0 1 0 Ramokgonami 1 1 0 0 Rasesa 0 0 1 0 Ratholo 0 0 1 0 Sebina 0 1 1 0
Sefhare 1 1 0 1 Sefhophe 0 1 1 0
Semolale 0 0 1 0
Senete 0 0 2 1 Seolwane 0 0 1 1
Sepako 0 0 1 0
Serowe 1 1 1 1
Serule 0 1 0 0
Shakwe 0 0 1 0
Shashe 0 0 1 0
Shashe Hooke 0 0 1 0
Shoshong 1 1 0 1
Tamasane 0 0 1 0
Taupye 0 0 1 1
Tlhabala 0 0 1 0
Tobane 0 0 1 0
Tonota 1 1 0 1
Topisi 0 0 1 0
Toromoja 0 0 1 0
Tsetsejwe 0 1 0 0
Tshimoyapuia 0 0 1 0
Tshokatshaa 0 0 1 0
Tumasera 0 0 1 1
Tutume 1 1 0 0
Xhomo 0 0 1 0
Xhumaga 0 0 1 0
Zoroga 0 0 1 0
Appendix 10.1 Page 17 Page No. 2 06/03/92
List of Localities with a Water Supply
Locality
Supplier
Council Ackninstration Region
Mauro Maunattala
Council Council
502 504
,C14, Mhatapitsa Council 511 Mmadikota council 532 Mmadinare council 523 Mmadunyane Council 542 Nmanxotae Council 543 Nmaphashalala Council 513 Mmashoro Council 501 Mmatshumo Council 531 Mmutlane Council 513 Mogapi Council 504
Mogapinyana Council 504 Mogolori Council 513
Mogome Council 502
Mogorosi Council 502 Moijabana Council 502 Mokganewe Council 514 Mokgware Council 502
Mokhungwana Council 503 Mokobeng Council 512
Mokokwane council 503
Mokoswana 1 Council 513
Motalatau Council 522
Motatswae Council 501 NoLetamane council 522 Moletji Council 522
Mookane Council 513
Mopipi Council 531
Moremi Council 504 Moreomabele council 501
Moreomaoto Council 532 Mosetse Council 543
Mosolotswane Council 514 Mosopha Council 511
Mosu Council 531
Mosupe Council 542 Motlopi & Tsoodobe council 532
Motshegaletau Council 502
Rata Council 543
Neale Council 542
Hgwapa 1 Council 512
Nkange Council 541
Nshakashogwe Council 541
Nswazwi Council 541
Orapa Private 0
Otse Council 514
Paje Council 501
Patapye OWA 0
Palla Road council 513
Phakwe Council 521
Pilikwe Council 511
Poloka Council 514
Potometsi Council 521 •a.
RadiseLe Council 502
Rakops Council 532
Ramokgonami Council 511
Xr Rasesolo Council 511
Ratholo Council 503
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