Reproduction & Development Chp 21
Dec 21, 2015
Reproduction & Development
Chp 21
GAMETE FORMATION
Meiotic division produces Haploid Gametes
• Egg
• Sperm
Anatomy Of A Sperm Cell
• Arcosome
• head
• Midpiece
• tail
Anatomy Of Egg Cell
• Jelly coat
• Membrane
• Organelles
• Sperm and egg unite: 6-24 hours after intercourse, sperm survives days
• One sperm fertilizes one egg
• Acrosome: rich in digestive enzymes
• Sperm penetrates corona radiata and zona pellucida
• Sperm proteins lock with egg membrane receptors
• Zona pellucida made impermeable to other sperm
Fertilization
Arcosomal Reaction
• Arcosome opens & releases digestive enzyme
• Fertilization tube forms
• DNA moves into egg & joins w/Egg DNA
Prevention of Polyspermy
• Wave of depolarization - Fast block to polyspermy
• Cortical reaction - fertilization membrane
1. Fraternal: more than one oocyte fertilized by different sperm, may be different sex
2. Identical: one oocyte fertilized, split before 16 cell stage, same sex
3. Conjoined twins: separation not complete
Twins
Developmental Processes
1. Cell division or mitosis - cell division without cell growth
2. Differentiation - individual cells take on specialized forms and functions
3. Morphogenesis - physical development of organism, ongoing
4. Growth - at implantation, growth in size
1. Cleavage -
2. Blastulation -
3. Gastrulation -
4. Organogenesis/Nerulation -
Summary Early Developmental Events
Process
• Travels through oviduct
• Implantation into uterine lining
• Growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis begins
• Morula to blastocyst to embryonic disk
• Ectopic pregnancy possible
Pre-embryonic Development:The First Two Weeks
Tissues and organs: derived from three germ layers
• Ectoderm: body covering & neural structures -brain, spinal cord, & nerves.
• Mesoderm: skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, heart, kidneys, gonads, & dermis.
• Endoderm: primitive gut, lungs, liver & pancreas [+ most organs]
Embryonic Development: Weeks Three to Eight, Embryo
Placenta and Umbilical Cord
Figure 21.8
• Development
• Chorion digests into endometrium, creating pool of blood
• Placenta seals off the pool and projects chorionic villi into blood
• Villi contain blood capillaries connected through the umbilical vessels to the fetus
Placenta
• Functions
• Filters nutrients, waste, and antibodies for fetus without mixing mother or fetal circulations
• Some toxins or viruses may pass through
• Hormonal: produce estrogen and progesterone
Placenta (cont.)
Embryo Development: Third and Early Fourth Week
Figure 21.9
• Day 15
• Primitive streak: appears in embryonic disk, elongates along one axis
• Day 19-24
• Neural groove: brain and spinal cord
• Somites: bone, muscle, skin
• Pharyngeal arches: part of face, neck, and mouth
• Limb buds: arms and legs
Rapid Embryo Development
• Months three and four: organ development, beginnings of organ function
• Months five and six: fetal movement begins, responds to external sounds, survival possible outside mother
• Months seven through nine (third trimester): growth and maturation
Fetal Development: Eight Weeks to Birth
Stages of Birth
Figure 21.13A
Stages of Birth (cont.)
Figure 21.13B, C
Labor & delivery
• Stages of labor:
• Stage 1: dilation
• Stage 2: expulsion
• Stage 3: afterbirth
• Cesarean delivery: surgical delivery of baby
Birth
• Transition from fetus to newborn• Taking the first breath: pulmonary surfactants
necessary
• Changes in cardiovascular system• Umbilical circulation cut off
• Ductus venosus regresses to connective tissue
• Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close in days/weeks
• All blood from the digestive tract goes to liver
• Lactation: colostrum to milk
Early Postnatal Period
• Neonatal period: helpless period, movement by reflex
• Infancy; rapid development and maturation of organ systems
• Childhood: continued development and growth
• Adolescence: transition to adulthood
Birth to Adulthood
• Causes of aging: theories
• Internal cellular program that counts finite number of cell divisions, thus determining cell death
• Cell DNA damaged beyond repair
• Aging a whole body process; all systems interdependent
Aging: Change Over Time
• Body systems: age at different rates; musculoskeletal, skin, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, nervous, sensory, reproductive, endocrine, digestion and nutrition, urinary
• Aging well: life style, exercise, diet
Aging: Change Over Time (cont.)
• Legal and medical criteria• Irreversible cessation of circulatory and
respiratory functions• Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire
brain, including the brain stem
Death: Final Transition