Reported speech Introductory verbs
Reported speechIntroductory verbs
Reported speech
• ‘Reported speech’i ehk Kaudset kõnet kasutatakse kellegi poolt öeldu, mõeldu, kirjutatu või küsitu edasiandmiseks, ilma selle isiku sõnu täpselt kordamata.
Reported speech
• Kaudse kõne sissejuhatamiseks kasutatakse mitmeid ütlemist, arvamist, mõtlemist, küsimist või tõotamist väljendavaid verbe.
Tähtsaimad neist on: say, tell, think, ask, want to know, dream, promise, add.
DIRECT SPEECH(otsene kõne) (saatelause) He
says, “I`m not a bully.”
Tom says, “The weatehr
has been awful.”
REPORTED SPEECH(kaudne kõne) He says (that) he is
not a bully.
Tom says (that) the weather has been awful.
Otsese kõne muutmisel kaudseks toimuvadmõningad muudatused, näiteks muutuvadvastavalt lause mõttele asesõnad ja mõneljuhul ka verbi pöördevormid.
NB! Pange tähele, et sageli jäetakse that
ära, eriti say ja tell järel.
VÄITLAUSED (jaatavad laused)
Kui saatelause verb on minevikus (said,
asked),siis toimub kaudkõneskõrvallauses rida
muutusi: 1. Muudame
asesõna(asesõnu) - ( ka siis, Kui
saatelause on olevikus)
2. muudame aega – toimub nn. aegade nihe
present simple write(s) -past simple wrote
present continuous am/is/are writing - past continuous was/ were writing
present perfect have/has written - past perfect had written past simple wrote - past perfect had written
future simple will write - future in the past would write
3. kui saatelause verb on minevikus, asendatakse kaudses kõnes mõned “lähedust” väljendavad sõnad “kaugust” väljendavate sõnadega:
• that – this now – then• these – those today – that day• here – there tomorrow -. the
next day• ago - before yesterday - the
day before• last night – the previous night soon - later• next week/year – the following week/year
4. me muudame oleviku modaalverbe • can - could• will - would• may - might• shall - should• must - had to / must5. me ei muuda minevikus olevaid
modaalverbe • ought to / might / could/ would
KÜSILAUSED * kaudsetes üldküsimustes on - siduvaks sõnaks if või
whether (kas)- sõnajärjestus on otsene, s.o. alus + öeldis + ...- abiverbid jäävad ära- saatelause say või said asendatakse küsimust
väljendava verbiga ask/asked, wonder/wondered, want to know/wanted to know
Kaudse küsimuse sõnade järjekord on sama, mis jutustaval lausel ehk alus on enne abitegusõna ja tegusõna!!!
Üks tüüpilisemaid vigu suulise eksami rollimängus.
* kaudsetes eriküsimustes on – siduvaks sõnaks küsisõna /what, where, when, who, how, why ...)
- sõnajärjestus on otsene s.o. alus + öeldis +.....
KÄSUD JA PALVED * sõltuvalt sellest, mida tahetakse
väljendada, kasutatakse verbe tell, order, ask, invite, recommend jne., millele järgneb sihitis (kellele) + to-infinitiiv
The teacher said, “ Open the door.”The teacher told us to open the door.* eitava käsu, palve jne. puhul on to-
infinitiivi ees not: She said, “Don`t be late.”She told me not to be late.
TERVITUSED, ÕNNITLUSED, SOOVID, TÄNU
DIRECT SPEECH
Hello, Tom.Hello, Tim.He said, “Congratulations.”
REPORTED SPEECH
Tom and Tim greeted each other.
He congratulated me.
Introductory verbs
• +to –infagreeclaimdemand offerpromiserefusethreaten
• Example:verb – offerdirect speech – “Would you like me to help you?”reported speech – “He offered to help me.”
Grammarway p.109 vaata tabelit!
Introductory verbs
• +sb +to –infadviseallowask, begcommandforbidinviteorderremind
• Example:verb – forbiddirect speech – “You mustn’t stay out late!”reported speech – “He forbade me to stay out late.”
Introductory verbs
• + -ing formaccuse sb ofadmit (to)apologise forboast about/ofcomplain to sb ofdenyinsist onsuggest
• Example:verb – suggestdirect speech –“Let’s go out to dinner.”reported speech – “He suggested going out to dinner.”
Introductory verbs
• explain to sb + how
Example:direch speech – “That’s how it works!”reported speech – “He explained to us how it worked.”
Introductory verbs
• +that –clauseexplaininform sbexclaim/remark
• Example:verb – exclaim/remarkdirect speech –“What a glorious day!”reported speech – “He exclaimed/remarked that it was a glorious day.”
The verbs marked with asterisk can also be followed
by a that – clause in reported speech.
• He claimed that he had won a price.
• He promised that he would call.
• He admitted that he was wrong.
• He boasted that he was very rich.
• He denied that he had taked the money.
• He insisted that I (should) work on Saturday.
• He suggested that we (should) take out a loan.