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Government of Pakistan Ministry of Education
RESEARCH STUDY ON
TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN AT SECONDARY
LEVEL
UNESCO, ISLAMABAD
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION Faiz Ahmed
Faiz Road, Sector H-8/1, Islamabad
Tel: +9251 9250707, Fax: +9251 9250535URL: www.niste.edu.pk
email: [email protected]
(June 2009)
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FOREWORD The rapid technological developments have led to
radical changes in the world of work. The new technologies are
rapidly replacing the old one. As the new technologies are
knowledge intensive, the countries all over the world are obliged
to upgrade and enhance the skill level of the human resource of
their countries. The paradigm shift from semi-skilled economies to
the knowledge-based economies has put greater premium on Technical
and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) since this education
directly relates to the world of work. The curricula of TVET focus
on the acquisition of employable skills. Therefore, in order to
enhance the skill-level of the work force, there is a need to
revitalize modernize and harmonize TVET in the specialized
institution of technical education, as well as, integrate it with
the general school education. It is hoped that this would not only
make the technical education and training being pursued in the
institutes of technologies meaningful and relevant, but merged with
the school education would enhance the status of technical
education in the society, as well. For the purpose it is imperative
to embed TVET into a mainstream education for the youth development
and human capacity building.
I appreciate the efforts of UNESCO for taking up this issue
starting with regional meeting held on 12-13 May, 2008, in Bangkok,
Thailand, for Regional Study of Secondary Level Technical and
Vocational Education and research studies in regional countries of
Asia & Pacific with culmination on a combined Research Study
Report for the region.
In particular, I wish to thank Mr. Vickram Chhetri, Project
Manager, UNESCO, Islamabad for his kind efforts and special
interest for the enhancement and flourishing of technical and
vocational education in Pakistan.
I would like to acknowledge with thanks the dedication,
contribution and efforts of Dr Bakhtiar Ali, Mr. Abdul Majid and
Engr. Zahid Ali to complete this report on the basis of
face-to-face interviews, a questionnaire and focus discussion group
meeting in which the experts from all the four provinces
participated.
I would also like to acknowledge the continued help of Mr. Tariq
Mahmood, Stenotypist, NISTE for typing this material.
Prof Dr Farid A. Khwaja Islamabad, June 15, 2009 Director
General (NISTE)
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The major thrust of technical and vocational
education (TVE) worldwide is to address issues of
youth unemployment, poverty and international competitiveness in
skills development towards
current and projected opportunities and challenges. The World
Bank (2004) has observed that:
d
,h^
d
with education a major political priority. High quality human
capital is developed in high
quality education systems, with tertiary education providing the
advanced skills that
Realizing the potential benefits and role of TVE in economic
development, UNESCO organized a
meeting of TVET experts at Bangkok to address the underlying
issues and associated challenges
for increasing the role of secondary education and widening the
scope of TVET to cover the
secondary education. Based on the outcome of the meeting, after
extensive sharing of
experiences and information, four major dimensions/challenges
were identified, which include;
(i) coordinated provision of available options, (ii) exploration
of pre-requisites issues/tasks
related to development of TVE curriculum at the secondary
schooling level, (iii) exploration of
capacity to deliver, and (iv) accreditation, quality assurance
and linkages to other education.
Based on the above identified challenges and issues, this study
seeks to empirically explore the
role of and available options for the introduction of TVE at
secondary level. Each dimension
was further decomposed to find the latent factors. Prior to data
collection literature was
reviewed to find the relevancy of identified issues with the
previous findings. Research
literature indicates that these are important dimensions and in
line with the previous studies.
For data collection, the triangulation research method was used,
which consists of quantitative
and qualitative analysis. Therefore, to tap accurate responses
of four major research questions
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alongwith sub-questions, data was collected in three steps,
i.e., (i) one-on-one interview
method for quantification of concepts, development and
validation of contents and
instruments, (ii) quantitative method through structured
questionnaire, and (iii) qualitative
method through focus group study.
Result related to first dimension shows that different duration
of courses in various technical
and vocational fields are being offered across the country,
ranging from 3 months certificate
courses to 3 years diploma of associate engineering (DAE).
Furthermore, one form of Matric-
Tech Scheme, i.e., one optional technical subject against
computer studies and biology is
available in Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan and Federal Capital Area.
Moreover, option of Matric
Technical School Certificate in Sindh and customized training
for industry in Punjab are also
available. All these diverse approaches serve the purpose of
employment, self-employment,
and for further education. Study found that except 3-year
diploma of associate engineering
programmes all other options are not working satisfactorily. The
efforts to integrate TVE with
secondary school general curriculum have remained unsuccessful
except in Federal Capital
Territory.
Finding related to the second question shows that different
institutions are involved in
curriculum development process with the aim to provide education
in the various technical and
vocational fields for employment, self-employment and for
further studies. These institutions
include: TEVTA, Punjab; Centre for Curriculum Research &
Development (CCRD) Sindh; NWFP
Board of Technical Education; and Balochistan Board of
Intermediate & Secondary Education
(BBISE) and Ministry of Labour & Manpower. However, National
Institute of Science & Technical
Education (NISTE) is the approving authority for DAE curricula
and vocational subjects at
secondary school level. The 3-year DAE curriculum is uniform
throughout the country while all
provinces maintain the uniformity of their vocational courses.
Industry is often involved in the
curriculum development and revision process. The federal
government has recently established
NAVTEC for making the uniform policies and restructuring of TEVT
in the country. The
curriculum is implemented in different areas after conducting
need assessment survey. Almost
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all of the main industry and occupation areas are covered. The
science subjects such as Physics,
Chemistry, and Mathematics and social science subjects, such as
Pakistan Studies, Islamiat and
Management related general education subjects are included in
TVE curriculum. Similarly,
generic life and work skills like Entrepreneurship and
Occupational Health & Safety are included
in the newly developed DAE curricula under Technical Education
Project (2000-2004). The
vocational curriculum was last revised in 1980 whereas curricula
for most of the DAE
technologies were last revised in 1996.
Result related to third dimension indicates that normally the
short/ vocational courses teachers
are DAE qualified. Most of the DAE teachers are B-Tech/B. Sc.
Engineering, M Sc. and PhD. The
pay scales/wages of technical teachers are almost same as
general education teachers.
Industry involvement in various TVET programmes is missing
except in Punjab, where
customized training for industrial workers is available.
Study also shows that there is no arrangement of in-service
teachers training in terms of
professional development in the provinces. However, NISTE offers
various in-service teachers
training programmes for TVE teachers of the country.
Furthermore, TVE teachers have no
access to modern teaching learning materials except internet in
urban areas. Nevertheless,
trade related equipment is available in all the TVET institutes
and industry equipment is also
available in few institutions.
In the findings related to the last dimension, experts have the
views that a lot of efforts are
required in the areas of quality assurance and linkages to other
technical education boards.
Quality Assurance System is needed for TVE at national and
provincial level. At present the
country does not have a National Qualification Framework (NQF)
that can cover all the
secondary level TVE achievements, the Federal Government has
realized the need of NQF and
Pakistan Engineering Council and NAVTEC are working towards this
goal. Study also indicates
that presently there is no linkage between various options, thus
it is a dire need to introduce
flexible horizontally and vertically entry in the TVET system of
the country.
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CONTENTS
Page #
1. Foreword ii
2. Executive Summary iii
3. Abbreviations vii
4. List of Tables ix
5. List of Figures x
6. Introduction 01
7. Background 03
8. Study Methods and Results 26
9. Discussion/Conclusions and Recommendations 57
10. References 60
11. Appendix-1: Province/Area-wise TEVT Data 61
12. Appendix-2: Questionnaire 67
13. Appendix-3: Response of Focus Group in Tabular Form 75
14. Appendix-4: List of Participants 80
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ABBREVIATIONS
ADB : Asian Development Bank
B.A : Bachelor of Arts
BBISE : Balochistan Board of Intermediate & Secondary
Education
B.Com : Bachelor of Commerce
B.E : Bachelor of Engineering
B-Tech : Bachelor of Technology
B. Sc : Bachelor of Science
CCRD : Centre for Curriculum Research & Development
ESR : Education Sector Reforms
GCT : Government College of Technology
GPIB : Government Polytechnic Institute for Boys
GPIW : Government Polytechnic Institute for Women
HEC : Higher Education Commission
ICT : Islamabad Capital Territory
ILO : International Labor Organization
M.A : Master of Arts
M.Com : Master of Commerce
M. Sc : Master of Science
MOE : Ministry of Education
NISTE : National Institute of Science and Technical
Education
SDC : Skill Development Council
TEVTA : Technical Education and Vocational Training
Authority
TTC : Technical Training Centers
TVE : Technical and Vocational Education
TVET : Technical and Vocational Education & Training
UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
VTC : Vocational Training Center
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LIST OF TABLES Page # Table-1 Various Levels of Education System
4 Table-2 Country - wise Detail of Government College of Technology
/
Polytechnics/ Monotechnics Institutes in Pakistan 9
Table-3 Province / area wise detail of Vocational Institutes at
Public Sector 9
Table-4 Gender- and Location-wise detail where Matric Technical
Stream is to be launched
12
Table-5 Availability of TVE Options against the Age Group 17
Table-6 Type of Institutions and availability of TVE Options 17
Table-7 Province / Area Wise Availability of TVE Options 18 Table-
A1.1 Schools in Punjab (Public Sector Only) 61 Table- A1.2 TVET
Institutions by Gender in Punjab Province 61 Table- A1.3 TVET
Institutions in Punjab Province 61 Table- A1.4 Public and Private
Sector Institutions affiliated with the Punjab Board
of Technical Education in 2002 61
Table- A1.5 Schools in Sindh (Public Sector Only) 62 Table- A1.6
Technical Institutes By Type and Gender 62 Table- A1.7 Summary of
Technical Institute Census 2004-2005 62 Table- A1.8 Technical
Institutes - Level, Type and Shift-wise 63 Table- A1.9 Primary,
Middle, High Schools, Intermediate, Degree & Post
Graduate Colleges in NWFP (Public Sector) 63
Table- A1.10 Summary of Government Polytechnic Institutes/
Enrolment in these Institutes & Teaching Staff
64
Table- A1.11 Government Technical and Vocational centers in NWFP
64 Table- A1.12 Commercial, Technical & Vocational Centers and
Polytechnic
Institutes in Private Sector 64
Table- A1.13 TVET Institutions in NWFP Province (Public Sector)
65 Table- A1.14 Schools in Baluchistan (Public Sector Only) 65
Table- A1.15 Public and Private Schools in Baluchistan 65 Table-
A1.16 Gender-wise Enrolment of Schools, Public and Private Sector
65 Table- A1.17 Summary of TVET Institutions in Baluchistan
Province 66 Table- A1.18 Summary of TVET Institutions in Federal
area (Public Sector) 66
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page #
Figure-1 Educational setup in Pakistan 6
Figure-2 Type of Responses 28
Figure-3 Province-wise Responses 28
Figure-4 Proposed available options /approaches served 29
Figure-5 Effectiveness and efficiency of the available options
30
Figure-6 Involvement of Industry in Vocational Training at
secondary school level
30
Figure-7 How the industry is involved? 31
Figure-8 Working of existing different options together 32
Figure-9 Provision of available TVE options at secondary school
level for males / females and disadvantaged groups
33
Figure-10 Suggestions for improving coordination between various
options / approaches for TVE at secondary and higher secondary
level
34
Figure-11 New options / approaches suggested for TVE at
secondary school level
35
Figure-12 Involvement of Industry / Business sector in the
development of TVE curricula
36
Figure-13 Level of Involvement of Industry in the development of
TVE curricula
36
Figure-14 Relevance of TVE curriculum with the requirements of
the job market
37
Figure-15 Realization the demand of the main industry and
occupation areas by offerings of TVE at secondary level
37
Figure-16 Proportion of general education components included in
the curriculum of TVE at secondary school level
38
Figure-17 Integration of generic life skills and work skills
(employability skills) in the curriculum of TVE at secondary
level
38
Figure-18 Frequency of TVE curriculum revision to keep it
up-to-date with the changing technology
39
Figure-19 Status of the revision of present TVE curriculum at
secondary level 39
Figure-20 Uniformity of curriculum in all schools offering
similar options 40
Figure-21 Availability of specialized teachers for teaching
technical subjects 40
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Page #
Figure-22 Requirement of Industrial Experience for recruitment
of Technical subject teachers
41
Figure-23 Equivalence of pay scales of Technical Subject
Teachers with general education teachers
41
Figure-24 Organizing of professional development/capacity
building programmes for TVE teachers
42
Figure-25 Availability of modern Teaching-Learning Resources and
training equipment & tools to TVE teachers in schools for
effective teaching
42
Figure-26 Management's support to TVE teachers for execution of
duties 43
Figure-27 Existence of organized Industry-School linkages /
partnership to facilitate TVE teachers to arrange workplace
experience of students
43
Figure-28 Availability of ladder of promotion to TVE teachers
44
Figure-29 How favorable avenues of promotion to TVE Teachers as
compared to general education teachers
44
Figure-30 Pre-service training of secondary level TVE teachers
45
Figure-31 Accreditation of TVE subjects at secondary level by
the BISE / BTE as other subjects
45
Figure-32 Involvement of Industry in the examination/assessment
of TVE subjects at secondary level
46
Figure-33 Availability of other system of Quality "Assurance"
for TVE at Secondary level, other than normal examination.
46
Figure-34 Influence given to prior informal learning by a
candidate, at the time of admission
47
Figure-35 Independent Accreditation System for TVE at secondary
level 47
Figure-36 Availability of "National Qualification Framework" for
secondary level TVE achievements, general secondary school
achievements, and opportunities for further education
48
Figure-37 Necessity for the availability of a National
Qualification Framework
48
Figure- 38 Hurdles in further education of students studying TVE
subjects at secondary level
49
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1. INTRODUCTION In the meeting held on May 12-13, 2008 in
Bangkok, Thailand, very fruitful information was
exchanged on the provision of technical and vocational education
at secondary school level in
the Asia Pacific Region. On the basis of this information and
discussion, four research questions
were developed for the follow-up regional study, which are
addressed in the study report. Each
question along with sub questions is presented as follow:
Question No.1: Challenge: Coordinated provision of available
options Main Question: How are all the available options for
technical and vocational education
at the secondary schooling level co-ordinated? Do they function
efficiently and effectively?
Sub Questions: i) What diverse approaches exist in the
country?
ii) What purpose do the different approaches serve?
iii) How do they relate to stated rationales?
iv) How are the options working?
v) Is industry involved in the various options?
vi) How do the options work together?
vii) Do the options add up to provision of TVET in secondary
education being inclusive of all, and particularly of girls as well
as boys?
viii) What can we do to improve the coordination of the various
options?
ix) What new options might be considered?
Both the age groups, i.e., 11-15 years and 16-18 years were
discussed for TVE options in the country. Question No.2: What needs
to be done to ensure the technical and vocational education
curriculum offered at the secondary schooling level is, and
remains, relevant to the needs of the job (employment) market?
Sub Questions: i) What are the core mechanisms in place for
curriculum
development?
ii) Towards what ends is the curriculum set?
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iii) Is industry involved and what other players are involved in
curriculum development?
iv) Is there uniform curriculum that is used across schools
and/or across TVE options?
v) How do the areas of TVE curriculum relate to where the skills
are needed in the job market?
vi) Are all of the main industry and occupation areas in demand
covered?
vii) Does the TVE curriculum include some general education
components?
viii) Does the curriculum have embedded in it generic life and
work skills, also known as soft skills or employability skills?
ix) How is the TVE curriculum kept up-to-date with changes in
technology and other work processes?
The core mechanism in place for curriculum development in each
province, industry
involvement and related issues were discussed under each
question.
Question No.3: Challenge: Capacity to deliver
Main Question: Who can build (policy, training institutions)
teacher availability and capacity to provide relevant TVET in
secondary level education?
Sub Questions: i) Who are the TVE teachers? What qualifications
do they have? Do
they have industry experience? Do they receive pay rates the
same as general education teachers? Is industry involved?
ii) Are there organized professional development programmes for
TVE teachers? Do the PD programmes involve industry placements?
iii) Do TVE teachers have access to modem teaching and learning
materials, industry equipment and facilities?
iv) Are TVE teachers provided the necessary support in terms of
managerial support and industry partnership building skills?
v) Are there some groups of TVE teachers that have greater
capacity to deliver relevant TVE than others?
Teachers availability, teacher training, professional
development and required facilities in each
province of the country were discussed.
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Question No. 4: Challenge: Accreditation, quality assurance and
linkages to other education
Main Question: What relationships exist between secondary level
TVE achievement,
general secondary schooling achievement, and opportunities for
further education? How effective are they?
Sub Questions: i) Are TVE secondary education achievements
included in a
recognition system involving accreditation and qualifications?
Is industry involved?
ii) Is there an associated quality assurance system? Are there
other regulations?
iii) Are there arrangements in place for the formal recognition
of prior learning, for - example of young people who have worked in
family business or in other jobs or capacities and who have
obtained TVE skills and knowledge in this way?
iv) Do you have multiple TVE accreditation frameworks, for
example for different industries?
v) Is the TVE accreditation system separate from the general
academic education system?
vi) Is the TVE accreditation system consistently applied
nationally and by geographic - area/institution?
vii) Do you have a National Qualifications Framework that covers
all of secondary level TVE achievement, general secondary schooling
achievement and other further education opportunities and the
relationships between these? If not is there interest in a National
Qualifications Framework?
viii) What needs to be done to ensure a TVE secondary school
graduate can go on to further study if they so desire?
Within the perspective of these questions, quality assurance,
boards responsible for
examination and need for National Qualification Framework in
each province of the Country
were discussed.
2. BACKGROUND
Education system in Pakistan is comprised of primary,
middle/elementary, secondary, higher
secondary and higher education. Primary education is of five (5)
years of school class 1 to 5
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with entry age of five (5) years. Middle level is from 6th to
8th class. Secondary level is of class
9th to 10th and higher secondary is of 11th & 12th class.
After higher secondary, higher education
at bachelor and master level starts. Previously each degree
programme consists of two years at
university level but recently Higher Education Commission has
extended the time duration of all
Bachelor of Science degrees from two (2) years to four (4)
years. Whereas, professional
education in engineering and medicine, the programmes are
offered at university level, which
comprised of four and five years, respectively. Similarly, for
other professions, various
programmes like bachelor and master degrees in home economics
(for girls), agriculture,
information technology, and veterinary sciences, etc., are
offered.
For the development of skilled workforce, another stream is
technical and vocational
education, which is comprised of three (3) years of education
after matriculation / 10th class
and vocational training certificate courses of six months,
twelve months and eighteen months
duration after 8th class or 10th class. These diploma and
certificates are offered in almost all
technologies for both girls and boys throughout the country.
The various levels of the education system are depicted in Table
1, whereas the integrated view
of education setup is presented through Figure 1.
TABLE-1: Various Levels of Education System Description
Grade/Class Duration Remarks
Primary Education 1st to 5th class 5 years of education Primary
Pass
Secondary Education 6th to 8th Class 3 years of education Middle
Pass
9th & 10th Class 2 years of education Secondary School
Certificate
(SSC)/ Matriculation
(Subjects: Science/
Humanities/
Commerce/Technical School
Certificate)
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Description Grade/Class Duration Remarks
Higher Secondary
Education
11th & 12th Class 2 years of education Higher Secondary
School
Certificate / Intermediate
(Subjects: Science/Arts/
Commerce)(FA, F.Sc,I.Com)
Bachelor Degree Education 13th & 14th
13th to 16th
(new scheme)
2 years of education
2 years (old scheme)
4 years of education
(new scheme)
- Bachelor of Arts / commerce
(BA / B.Com)
- Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.)
Master Degree Education 15th & 16th 2 years of education -
Master of Science/
Arts/Commerce
- M.Sc./MA/M.Com
Engineering Degree
Education
13th to 16th 4 years of education Bachelor of Engineering (BE)
/
Bachelor of Science
Engineering (B.Sc. Engg.)
Medical Education 13th to 17th 5 years of education MBBS
Technology Education 14th to 17th 2+2 years of
education (old
scheme)
4 years of education
(new scheme)
Bachelor of Technology(Pass) +
Bachelor of Technology(Hons) (old scheme)
( B-Tech (Honours) is at par with B.E./ B.Sc. Engineering)
Technical Education 11th to 13th 3 years Diploma of Associate
Engineers (DAE) (It is at par with F. Sc.)
Vocational Education 8th to onward 6 months to 2 years Trade
Certificates
Vocational Certificate (G-II and
G-III level)
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Figure-1: Educational setup in Pakistan
Class 1 to 5
Primary Education Age (Yrs)
5 |
10
Class 9th &
10th
Secondary Education Secondary School Certificate
(SSC/Matric)
Age (Yrs) 14 |
15
Class 11 & 12
Intermediate Education
HSC/FA, F.Sc., I.Com
Age 16 |
17
Class 6 to 8
Middle School Age (Yrs)
11 |
13
Vocational Certificate
Courses VTC, TTC
Class 13 to 16
Bachelor Degree
BA, B.Sc., B.Com
Age (Yrs) 18 to 21
Class 13 14 15 16
Bachelor of Engg.
(B.E)/ B.Sc. Engg
Age (Yrs) 18 19 20 21
Class 15 16
Master Degree
MA MSc.
M.Com
Age (Yrs) 20 21
Class 14 15
B-Tech (Pass)
Age (Yrs) 19 20
Class 16 17
B-Tech (Honours)
Age (Yrs) 21 22
Class 13 14 15 16
Medical Degree MBBS
Age (Yrs) 18 19 20 21 22
Class 11 12 13
Diploma of Associate
Engineering (DAE)
Age 16 17 18
PhD
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2.1 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN Technical and
Vocational Education & Training (TVET) is basically the
skill-development of
workforce working in the industry of a country. It is also
defined as marketable and
economically relevant education for people. Technical Education
refers to post-secondary
courses of study and practical training aimed at preparation of
technicians to work as
supervisory staff. Vocational Training, on the other hand,
refers to the lower-level education
and training for the preparation of skilled or semi-skilled
workers in various trades, but it does
not enhance their level with respect to general education.
There is a fresh awareness among policy makers in developing
countries and the international
community of the critical role that TVET can play in national
development. One of the most
important features of TVET is its orientation towards the world
of work and the emphasis of the
curriculum on the acquisition of employable skills. TVET
delivery systems are therefore well
placed to train the skilled and entrepreneurial workforce that
the country needs to create
wealth and emerge out of poverty. Another important
characteristic of TVET is that it can be
delivered at different levels of sophistication. This means that
TVET institutions can respond to
the different training needs of learners from different
socio-economic and academic
backgrounds, and prepare them for gainful employment and
sustainable livelihoods. The youth,
the poor and the vulnerable of society can therefore directly
benefit from a TVET programme.
In a developing country like Pakistan, it is extremely important
to realize that vast numbers of
young people are outside the formal school system, requiring the
integration of non-formal
learning methodologies and literacy programmes into national
education programmes. To
revitalize, modernize and harmonize TVET in order to transform
it into a mainstream activity for
the youth development and human capacity building in Pakistan,
it is necessary to:
o Position TVET programmes and TVET institutions as vehicles for
regional cooperation and integration as well as socio-economic
development as it relates to improvements in
infrastructure, technological progress, energy, trade, tourism,
agriculture and good
governance; and
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o Mobilize all stakeholders in a concerted effort to create
synergies and share responsibilities for the renewal and
harmonization of TVET policies, programmes and
strategies.
The rapid technological developments being witnessed in the
early years of the twenty-first
century, together with the forces of globalization, are already
leading to radical changes in the
world of work. In fact, the changing nature of work is already
perceptible both in urban as well
as rural communities. New technologies are being developed and
applied, replacing existing
technologies and processes. As the new technologies are
knowledge intensive, the developing
countries, being net importers of foreign technology, are
obliged to upgrade and enhance the
skill level of their manpower. This step is necessary in order
to absorb and maintain new
technologies, highlighting the critical role of TEVT.
A parallel aspect of globalization is the increased
international competitiveness: firms have to
compete not only on the basis of price but also on the basis of
quality [1]. The pressure of
competition has prompted firms to ensure price competitiveness,
greater flexibility, enhanced
quality, and the capacity to introduce new products and services
effectively. In 1950, 80% of the
world's jobs were classified as unskilled; now 85% of the jobs
are classified as "skilled" [2].
These shifting sands of technology have put a greater premium on
TEVT resources that are seen
throughout the world as essential for socio-economic progress.
The nature of work and
demands for skills is also changing in Pakistan and employment
opportunities are shifting across
industries and occupations. The profile of the Pakistani work
force in 2005 showed 43.1 percent
engaged in agriculture, 13.8 percent in manufacturing and
mining, and 43.1 in services [3].
Since 2000, there has been a shift of 5.3 % employed labour
force from agriculture sector to
manufacturing /mining.
At present, there are 18 Colleges of Technology, 54 Polytechnic
Institutes (11 for females) and
25 Monotechnics whereas commerce education for business sector
is provided in over 200
commercial training institutes.
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TABLE-2: Country - wise Detail of Government College of
Technology / Polytechnics/ Monotechnics Institutes in Pakistan
Province GCT GPIB GPIW Monotechnic Total Federal Area - - 1 - 1
Punjab 7 13 4 - 24 Sindh 4 15 4 25 48 Balochistan 1 - 1 - 2 NWFP 6
15 1 - 22 Total 18 43 11 25 97
The Monotechnics/Polytechnics Institutes and College of
Technology offer 3-year Diploma
Course after 10th Class (Matriculation) in over 30 Technologies.
Generally, 3 to 4 technologies
are offered in institute. There are 409 Vocational Institutes
operating in the provinces/area,
offering training in over 40 skills / trades. Province-wise
break-up of vocational institutes are
given in Table-3 below whereas more detail is appended at
Appendix-1.
TABLE-3: Province/area- wise detail of Vocational Institutes at
Public Sector
Province/Area Boys Girls Co-education Total Punjab 130 134 1 265
Sindh 5 63 68 NWFP 47 0 47 Balochistan 11 17 28 Islamabad Capital
Territory (ICT) 1 1 Total 194 214 1 409
2.2 APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING
Apprenticeship training is another option for the development of
skilled workforce. There are
many establishments registered to provide apprenticeship
training, which include many state
owned organizations such as railways, national airlines,
Pakistan Steel, Pakistan Air force, etc.
The programmes are usually of three years duration. The entry is
competitive and the entry
requirement is effectively Secondary / higher secondary school
certificate. Apprenticeship
Schemes are based on guidelines in Apprenticeship Training
Ordinance 1962.
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2.3 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AT SECONDARY LEVEL
Pakistan is considered as the middle income industrialized
country, which needs to be given
great attention for the vocationalization of the secondary level
curriculum to increase the
capacity of its education's output for better world of work, as
Daniel (2002) argues that
vocational education is powerful and effective method for
bridging the gap between the world
of work and education as well as between school and society.
Recognizing the importance of
the issue, various attempt have been made and a growing array of
experiments which involve
vocationalization of school curricula by including various
subjects throughout the world
(Grierson, Schnurr and Young, 2002). Subsequently, for the
vocationalization of school
curriculum, the explorations of the potential role of TVET at
the secondary school level become
the major area of debate (Maclean and Wilson, 2005).
> s
which includes vocational
d
occupations, clusters of occupationsand more generally for the
world of work. The goal of
improving such relevance is the most important reason why
governments introduce
vocationalization, which will have different rationales,
depending on the main policy goals.
These categories are suggested for such goals: personal
development goals, socio-political
goals, and economic goals. By reviewing literature, Lauglo also
indentified various constraints in
the introduction of TVE at secondary level:
x ' skills to manage and operate
and maintain the related equipment; higher unit of costs of
subjects and equipment;
lack of Government commitment; overlapping of subjects in
curriculum design;
community participation etc.)
x Z t
access to jobs; not giving enough time to the vocational
subjects in timetable; linkage
-
11
with labour market; unrealistic expectations; appreciating only
those students who get
highest marks in general subjects;
x W'>-
&
at
should count as learning;
x ^- '
social inequality; lack of positive attitude toward TVE).
Various efforts have been made in the Pakistan include TVE
subjects at secondary level of
education. For instance, the agro technical subjects like
industrial arts (woodwork, metal work,
& electricity), agriculture, and home economics subjects
were introduced but due to different
barriers at various levels, the objectives could not be achieved
accordingly. Similarly, 2001-2 the
Matric Tech Stream was launched with the support of different
international agencies like
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and UNESCO
(Tirmazi, 2006). Despite failure of
earlier efforts, all the concerned stakeholders still support
the idea of this scheme and
emphasize to make it fruitful, which indicates the importance of
the topic and forcing the policy
makers and planners to make it alive not discord the project.
Tirmazi (2006) has identified
various obstacles that led the Matric Tech project to failure,
which include: shortage of facilities
in terms of laboratory, equipments, qualified teachers;
curriculum; and lack of commitment.
Different schemes and plans were made for vocational education
at secondary level in Pakistan
like Industrial Arts Scheme, Comprehensive Schools, and
Technical Schools, etc. During the last
ten years various plans and schemes were made for a vocational /
technical stream at
secondary level. A plan was made for establishment of 70 Model
Vocational Schools in various
districts all over Pakistan for a total intake capacity of
12,250 but not materialized/
implemented due to change of government in the country.
-
12
According to the National Education Policy 1998 -2010, Para
8.5.12 "To expose students to the
world of work foster interest and develop an elementary level of
skill in employable trades, a
stream of Matric-Tech parallel to Science and Humanities Group
shall be introduced in 10% (3%
female 7% male) secondary schools (classes IX-X) in a phased
manner over a period of five year,
i.e., by the year 2002".
2.3.1 Matric Technical Stream
In pursuance of NEP 1998-2010, a third stream Matric Tech was
introduced at selected
secondary school under Education Sector Reforms (ESR) package
that was approved in
April 2000 and launched in 2001-02. It was planned to introduce
the scheme in 1100
selected secondary schools across the country. For the
introduction of Technical Stream,
Rs.1277.858 million was released to the provinces, area
governments and AJK under the
ESR Programme. The gender and location-wise distribution of
schools formulated are
shown in Table-4 below:- TABLE-4: Gender- and Location-wise
detail where Matric Tech Stream is to be launched
Gender Punjab Sindh NWFP Baluchistan FATA FANA AJK ICT Total
Male 170 100 120 110 05 05 35 05 550
Female 170 100 120 110 05 05 35 05 550
Total 340 200 240 220 10 10 70 10 1100
As per scheme of studies for SSC (Classes IX-X), two technical
subjects were included in
the Technical group. Whereas, one technical subject was included
in the Science group
and Humanities group as an optional subject. It was observed
that Technical group was
not introduced/ offered by any of the province in the country in
letter and spirit,
whereas, one technical subject against Biology and Computer
Science was offered in
most of the secondary schools, where technical workshop/lab was
established against
the Agro-Tech scheme during the mid seventies in pursuance of
the National Education
Policy of 1972. The funds released to the provinces against the
introduction of
Technical stream were utilized mostly on the construction of the
class rooms /
-
13
workshops /Labs of the schools. Subsequently, in 2006, Ministry
of Education had
constituted a committee to find out the progress on
implementation of introduction of
Technical stream in the country. On the findings of the
Committee, it was decided in the
Inter-ministerial meeting to discontinue this scheme.
Accordingly, the Curriculum Wing,
Ministry of Education has excluded this technical stream in the
revised scheme of
studies, which is going to be implemented from the academic
session 2010 in the
country.
2.3.2 NISTE Contribution in Matric Technical Stream
The Matric Technical Stream was to be introduced gradually in
about 1100 secondary
schools of the country. The curricula of 17 trades, their
textbooks, teacher guides, and
practical manuals had been developed by National Institute of
Science and Technical
Education (NISTE) with technical and financial assistance of
UNESCO Islamabad office
and got printed through Urdu Science Board, Lahore for use in
schools. Details of
technical trades are listed as follows:-
Industrial Trades: - Repair of House Holds Appliances - Radio
and Tape Recorder repairing - Computer Hardware (Orientation) -
Repair and Maintenance of Refrigerators & Air-Conditioners -
Plumbing and Sanitary Fitting - Welding (Gas and Electric) - Auto
Mechanic (Motor Cycle & Scooter) - Motor Winding - TV Servicing
- Electrical Wiring Agriculture Trades: - Fish Farming - Food
Preservation - Poultry Farming - Servicing & Minor Repairing of
Tractors - Wood working: - Furniture Making - Boat Making
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14
Miscellaneous /Girls Trades: - Dress Making and Fashion
Designing - Beauticians
2.3.3 Technical School Certificate (TSC)
In early seventies Agro-tech scheme was introduced in the
country and workshops and
labs were established in various selected secondary schools. On
failure of this scheme,
the Sindh Province had introduced a new scheme known as
Technical School Certificate
(TSC). The main aim to introduce this scheme was to provide
technical skill and an
opening in a practical career for those large numbers of
students who finish education
after Secondary School Certificate. At the same time it was make
certain that it will not
block the way for higher education for those who have the
desired capability.
The curriculum of Technical School Certificate consists of a
heavy component of Trade
Training along with courses of general education namely
languages, mathematics,
science (Physics & Chemistry), religion and ideological
education.
This is a two-year programme for which the entry qualification
is class VIII pass. The
programme is equivalent to Matriculation (Industrial). Those
completing the programme
successfully are awarded Technical School Certificate by the
Sindh Board of Technical
Education. Such persons are eligible for admission to
Polytechnic Diploma Course on
priority basis in order of preference. They can also join
colleges in general education.
The training programme in trade courses through pre-vocational
is aimed to produce
training they can work as middle level technicians. The
vocational Institutes and
Technical high schools in Sindh are offering these courses.
The Technical School Certificate consists of two parts, i.e.
Part-I & II. The scheme of
studies for Technical School Certificate is as under:
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15
Part-I (Grade IX)
S. No. Course Paper Marks Periods per week COMPONENT-I 1 (a)
Salees Sindhi (For candidates whose mother
tongue in Urdu) OR
(b) Sindhi Normal (For candidates whose mother tongue in Sindhi)
OR
(c) Geography of Pakistan I (For foreigners only subject to
permission from the Board) 1 75 4
2. English-I 1 75 6 3. Pakistan Studies 1 75 4 COMPONENT-II 4.
Chemistry (Theory 75+ Practical 25) 1 100 6+2 5. Mathematics -I 1
50 5 6. Technical Drawing-I (Final Exam: 30+Sessional: 20) 1 50 4
COMPONENT-III 7. Trade Theory 1 50 6 8. Trade Practical (Final
Exam: 60 + Sessional: 40) 1 100 9 Total: 9 575 46
Part-II (Grade X)
S. No. Course Paper Marks Periods per week COMPONENT-I 1 (a)
Salees Sindhi (For candidates whose mother
tongue in Urdu) OR
(b) Sindhi Normal (For candidates whose mother tongue in Sindhi)
OR
(c) Geography of Pakistan II (For foreigners only subject to
permission from the Board) 1 75 4
2. English-II 1 75 6 3. Islamiyat 1 75 4 COMPONENT-II 4. Physics
(Theory 75+ Practical 25) 1 100 6+2 5. Mathematics II 1 50 5 6.
Technical Drawing-II(Final Exam: 30+Sessional: 20) 1 50 4
COMPONENT-III 7. Trade Theory 1 50 6 8. Trade Practical (Final
Exam: 60 + Sessional: 40) 1 100 9 Total: 9 575 46
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16
The trade subjects being offered against the Component-III are
as under:
1. Auto Mechanics 2. Building Construction 3. Building Drafting
/Civil Drafting 4. Colour Television & VCR Technician 5.
Computer Science 6. Electrical Appliances 7. Electronics 8. General
Electrician 9. Hand & Machine Embroidery 10. Machinist 11.
Mechanical Drafting 12. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 13.
Surveying 14. Tailoring & Dress Making 15. Welding 16. Wood
Working
2.4 AVAILABILITY OF TVE OPTIONS FOR THE AGE GROUP OF 11 TO 18
YEARS IN THE
COUNTRY Presently the following TVE options are available in the
country for the age group of 11 to 18 years:-
1) Vocational Trade Courses (after Grade-VIII) 2) Matric Tech
(Grade IX-X) 3) Technical School Certificate (Grade IX-X) 4)
Agro-Tech Courses (Grade-IX-X) 5) Vocational Certificate Courses
(after Grade-X):
i) G-III (Basic Level) ii) G-II (Intermediate Level) iii) G-I
(Advanced Level)
6) Diploma of Associate Engineers (DAE) after Grade-X 7)
Customized Training for In-Service Workers of Industry (after
Grade-X, and DAE)
The availability of the above TVE Options against the age group
11 to 18 is shown in the Table-5
below whereas the types of options available in various
institutions are given in Table-6.
Furthermore, the province/area-wise availability of TVE options
is indicated in Table-7 below.
-
17
TABLE-5: Availability of TVE Options against the Age Group Sr.
No. Available TVE Options
Age 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1. Vocational Trade Courses (after Grade VIII)
2. Matric Tech (Grade IX-X)
3. Technical School Certificate (Grade IX-X)
4. Agro-Tech Courses (Grade-IX-X)
5. Vocational Certificate Courses (after Grade-X): iv) G-III
(Basic Level) v) G-II (Intermediate Level) vi) G-I (Advance
Level)
6. Diploma of Associate Engineers (DAE) after Grade-X
7. Customized Training for In-Service Workers of
Industry (after Grade-X / DAE)
TABLE-6: Type of Institutions and availability of TVE
Options
Sr. No. TVE Option
Type of Institutions
General Secondary
Schools
Vocational Training Centers
Vocational Training
Institutes
Monotechnics/ Polytechnics/ Institutes of Technology
Customized Training Centers
1. Vocational Trade Courses (after Grade VIII)
2. Matric Tech (Grade IX-X)
3. Technical School Certificate (Grade IX-X)
4. Agro-Tech Courses (Grade-IX-X)
5. Vocational Certificate Courses (after Grade-X):
i) G-III (Basic Level) ii) G-II (Intermediate Level) iii) G-I
(Advance Level)
6. Diploma of Associate
Engineers (DAE) after Grade-X
7. Customized Training for In-Service Workers of Industry (after
Grade-X / DAE)
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18
TABLE-7: Province / Area Wise Availability of TVE options
Sr. No. TVE Option
Province / Area Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan AJK ICT
1. Vocational Trade Courses (after Grade VIII) 9 9 9 9 9 9 2.
Matric Tech (Grade IX-X) 9 9 9 9 3. Technical School Certificate
(Grade IX-X) 9 4. Agro-Tech Courses (Grade-IX-X) 9 5. Vocational
Certificate Courses (after
Grade-X):
i) G-III (Basic Level) 9 9 9 9 9 9 ii) G-II (Intermediate Level)
9 9 9 9 9 9 iii) G-I (Advance Level) 9 9
6. Diploma of Associate Engineers (DAE) after Grade-X 9 9 9 9 9
9
7. Customized Training for In-Service Workers of Industry (after
Grade-X/ DAE) 9
(9 = option available, = option not available) 2.5 NATIONAL
EDUCATION POLICY GUIDELINE According to the Draft National
Education Policy 2009 (NEP 2009), the country has a
comparative advantage in labour costs due to large population.
However, low skill levels
dampen the potential of the labour force to significantly
contribute to economic growth. The
deficit permeates all sectors: industry, agriculture, services,
commerce. Improvements in the
skill levels of the labour force will increase efficiency and
competitiveness of the local industry,
attract international investment and allow overseas employment
of Pakistanis generating a
flow of foreign remittances.
The formal Technical and Vocational Education and Training
(TVET) system is not a major
to cater to the dynamism required by the market. Secondly the
structure does not factor in
local requirements that vary across geographic units, i.e.
provinces, districts, tehsils. It is critical
that skill development and market requirements match.
Like all other sectors of education in Pakistan, TVE also
suffers from issues of access as well as
quality. While theoretically it caters to the market needs,
practically it meets a very small
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19
portion of the demand. In most countries, the relative share of
the applied segment of the
tertiary sector is higher than the 18.5% in Pakistan. Hence, the
base of technical and vocational
skills provided to the economy in Pakistan is narrow. The
inadequate quality stems from both a
smaller number of total years of preparation and limitations of
the curriculum, compared to the
more advanced systems as well as the issue of availability of
quality instructors.
At the time of independence the country had a very low
industrial base, inheriting only 4% of
the total industrial sector. Pakistan progressed rapidly in the
50s from this low base that
continued to early 60s. To meet the requirements of a growing
manufacturing sector, technical
and vocational training systems were expanded and strengthened.
However, after the initial
success subsequent investment in the sector failed to keep pace
with the changes in the market
requirements.
On the demand side, jobs in the public sector continued to be a
priority. Most of these jobs did
not require specialized skills and even a general matriculation
certificate with no technical or
vocational content was deemed satisfactory to fill the junior
level administrative and service
jobs. The academic degrees of Bachelors of Arts and Masters of
Arts were sufficient to fill the
requirements for higher level jobs. This tradition has largely
been maintained since the
Independence, even though the economic structure of the country
has changed significantly.
The demand-pull effects have had limited effect on educational
provision.
On the supply side, the certificate and diploma programmes do
not seem to have a progression
ladder into higher level skills. They do not provide entry
claims into the tertiary sector with
credit recognition in both the academic and applied streams. In
addition to this blocked
forward linkage, the backward linkage with apprentice training
in the traditional sector is
missing. There is no provision whereby the traditional
apprenticeship experience in the non-
formal sector could be assessed and certified for entry into the
formal sector of vocational
education. The current TVE certificate stream is too narrow in
its scope and does not cover the
large variety of skills training that takes place in the
traditional sector. Two way cross-over
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20
between the academic and the applied / professional streams is
lacking in the system. The
absence of a well-articulated qualifications system is a major
structural shortcoming.
The problem of a fragmented structure of governance, endemic to
the education sector, also
plagues the technical and vocational sub-sector. Many
institutions and jurisdictions are involved
in governance of this field without a clear demarcation of their
respective responsibilities.
There is no focal point for coherent planning for the
sector.
At the same time, the voices of important stakeholders such as
the business sector are not
adequately taken into account in shaping the content, structures
and certification of study
programmes. The TVE sector does not benefit from good
collaboration and input from the
business sector, such as for updating its equipments and
teaching materials. Resultantly, there
are perennial complaints from employers about the substandard
quality of the skills available in
the market.
The Policy recognizes the high importance of developing a
broad-based and high quality sector
for providing technical skills. As the manufacturing and
services sectors have expanded, skill
requirements of the country have changed as well, and there are
needs for technical and
vocational skills even in the traditional sector as it adopts
more productive techniques of
production. The technical intensity of production processes will
increase as new technologies
become more pervasive, thereby raising the demand for TVE skills
of a higher quality.
In a global environment that permits easy flow of investments
and people the TVE sector in
Pakistan needs to have a forward looking supply strategy of
producing a sophisticated skill base.
Pakistan, as already stated, has a comparative advantage in the
labour market due to its
population size. Unfortunately it has so far failed to optimally
benefit from this endowment. In
comparison, India has developed a wider and more qualified skill
base to the point that it can
export high value added services. The forecasted demographic
transition over the next few
years shows the young population of 15-24 years to grow and peak
in 2015. The current global
talent deficit is expected to expand rapidly and Pakistan needs
to be well poised to benefit from
-
21
this expanding demand. This is an opportunity for the TVE to
substantively contribute to the
As far as Vocational Training is concerned various experiments
in the country have not
succeeded and most reform proposals invite controversy. A major
deficit has been an absence
of focused research into the causes of this failure and
potential remedies.
2.5.1 Policy Issues in the Draft National Education Policy -
2009
The Policy identified following issues regarding TVE:
1. Schools did not have enough budgets to meet the equipment
requirements for
sustaining vocational trainings.
2. Adequately skilled teachers for these programmes are not
available.
3. The curricula assume prototypes that do not cater to
differentials in market
requirements across districts or other geographic divides like
rural-urban, etc.
The Policy proposed to address the following three principal
problems faced by the TVE
sector:
(i) its weak linkages with other education sectors and the
labour market,
(ii) deficiencies in the governance of the sector; and
(iii) the need to expand supply of technical skills of good
quality. 2.5.2 Proposed Policy Actions in the Draft National
Education Policy - 2009
The Policy proposed the following Policy Actions:
1. Inputs of all stakeholders like
Industrial/Agricultural/Service sectors & Business
community, etc. shall be institutionalized to ensure their
inclusion in all current
and future reforms of TVE to enable the sector to meet market
needs.
2. Skill Standards and Curriculum should be developed and
standardized at
National Level.
3. The TVE curriculum shall be developed in standardized modules
for each trade to
eliminate differentials across various training institutions to
provide
-
22
opportunities to the trainees for horizontal/upward mobility and
also help in
assessment and certification of apprentices in non formal
sectors for their entry
into formal vocational/technical sectors.
4. TVE shall be extended according to the need of the area,
irrespective of the level
i.e. Tehsil, District and Division and should be in access of
every citizen.
5. Level-wise prerequisites for entry as a teacher in TVE shall
be defined and
Teacher professional development shall be focused as an ongoing
process.
Terms and conditions of service for TVE teachers shall be
compatible with
market demand of their services and skills.
6. Local conditions and requirements must be considered while
making any
recommendation for replication of TVE model, implemented in
other countries.
7. A study to evaluate failures of vocational training
intervention at school level
shall be commissioned to make more realistic recommendations,
including cost
requirements, for making it part of general education up to
Secondary School
Level.
8. Curricula for vocational education shall allow flexibility
for adaptation as per
requirements of local market including absorption of future
changes in the
market.
2.5.3 Proposed Possible Strategies in Draft National Education
Policy - 2009
National Vocational and Technical Education Commission (NAVTEC)
has already
prepared a set of strategies for this sector. These provide a
basis for development of
implementation plans for the technical and vocational sector.
The above policy actions
in conjunction with these strategies will assist in development
of implementation plans.
Most strategic options given by NAVTEC appear as a natural
progression from the above
policy actions. Some of the strategic options that have a clear
link to the above policy
actions are given below (the list is inclusive and other
strategic options in NAVTEC
document are also relevant to the implementation process of
NEP);
1. A National Qualifications Framework (NQF) shall be
established along with a
changed programme structure that encompasses all qualifications
in the
-
23
country, both academic and vocational/technical. The NQF shall
be competency
based and provide entry points and progression routes throughout
the structure
of qualifications. In particular, it shall provide the
possibilities of two-way cross-
over between the academic and the applied streams, with clearly
mapped out
recognition of credit points for each competency level.
2. The business sector, in particular, shall be included in
advising on the course and
programme content, and in providing training positions and job
shadowing
opportunities for students in the applied streams. The business
sector could also
help teachers by giving specialized lectures and short training
programmes.
3. All administrative jurisdictions and stakeholders shall be
involved in a
consultative process to develop the NQF programme. Expertise
shall be sought
from countries that have applied the NQF approach in recent
years.
4. To address the problem of fragmented governance structure, a
coordination
mechanism between higher education, school education and
technical,
vocational education shall be developed.
5. Government shall develop a suitable framework for technical
and scientific
education and training with close involvement of Chambers of
Commerce and
Industry.
6. Commerce stream should also be introduced under technical
education and
vocational training regimes.
7. Curriculum should be updated on regular basis.
8. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) should be strengthened in
this area.
9. A regular tracking system shall be instituted for graduates
to get feedback on
relevancy
10. B-Tech technologists must also be registered by the Pakistan
Engineering
Council.
11. There shall be a:-
i. Vocational training facilities at tehsil level ii.
Polytechnic institute for every District (Agency in FATA) iii.
Colleges of Technology in each Province/Area on a needs basis.
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24
2.6 OPTIONS AND GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENT
The main options for technical and vocational education as
listed above comprised of 3 years
diploma after secondary school at Monotechnics, Polytechnics,
Colleges of Technology, and
vocational certificate courses at vocational training institutes
after middle and secondary school
and Technical School Certificate (TSC) and Matric- Tech at
secondary level. TSC is offered only
in Sindh province.
Prior to the establishment of NAVTEC, the subjects of vocational
training and technical
education were dealt with by the Labour & Manpower Division
and Education Division
respectively at the federal level. The same structure had
prevailed in the provinces; however,
the province of Punjab, in 1998, had taken an important step
through the establishment of
Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA).
The AJK, Provinces of Sindh and
Balochistan have also recently established their respective
TEVTAs. The Government of NWFP is
also moving in the same direction.
2.7 TRADE ADVISORY COMMITTEES
In Pakistan, private sector plays negligible role in influencing
what is taught in TVET institutes.
Though in past Government attempted to develop close link with
industry in the development
of skill standards and endorsement of curricula. Yet this
engagement was not fruitful at all. As a
result only a few skill standards were developed, which have now
become obsolete since they
were not properly reviewed updated or improved according to
international best practice shift
towards competency-based rather than occupations.
Many countries have institutionalized industries input into
training through the establishment
of industry advisory bodies. These are employer-led, government
licensed, and usually
government funded, independent organizations that cover a
specific sector in the country. They
function as the communication channel between policy makers and
training providers and
provide accurate industry intelligence about current and future
skill needs and training
requirements.
-
25
In the past "Trade Advisory Committees" played very important
role in the selection of trades
and curricula in the TVET institutions according to the
requirement of the industry but
unfortunately these Committees could not stay alive and closed
due to unknown reasons.
However, to make-up for this deficiency and provide the
essential link between public and
private sector, the Government plans to establish sector
specific trade Advisory Committees.
Each Advisory Committee will be represented by members of large,
medium and small industry,
including all sub-industries that fall within the category as
well as international employers
where relevant. Their primary responsibilities will be to
identify skills needs in their sectors,
indicate new and emerging areas and occupations and determine
competency standards for
the workers.
2.7.1 Restructuring of Trade Testing Board
In the light of recommendations furnished by the Trade Advisory
Committees the Trade
Testing Boards were established to develop curriculum and
prepare manuals for the
trainees and instructors. To organize Trade Testing Boards on
modern lines, capacity
building of its staff and provision of necessary equipment is
very essential. Initially the
role of Trade Testing Board confined in the public sector only
but at later stage its
certification was extended to all private sector TVET
institutions in order to resolve the
issue of recognition at both national and internationally and
those who undergo training
do not face recognition problems vis--vis their skill.
To further draw upon this good practice and to enhance authority
and acceptability of
its certificates Trade Testing Boards intends to affiliate with
an internationally
recognized body and looking for recognizing it in such a manner
that the board is led by
a prominent employer of the area.
2.7.2 Reform of the Apprenticeship System
A system of apprenticeships in collaboration with the industry
is in place under the
Apprenticeship Ordinance 1962. However, the system is not
operating effectively. The
main weakness of the present system seems to be that it is
coercive and provides little
-
26
choice to industry in the selection of apprentices, or to
trainees in how the training is
structured. There are few incentives for the industry to support
the system of training
apprentices and many of the legal obligations can be
circumvented in practice with
ease.
The Government, however, realizes the strength of an effective
apprenticeship training
system as an effective way of addressing skill shortages,
providing realistic, workplace
training, involving employers and ensuring the availability of
trained workers. It is,
therefore, proposed that the existing Apprenticeship system
should be reviewed against
similar, successful programmes abroad, discussed with
stakeholders and modified
according to the Pakistani context, and the requirements of
industry and trainees. It
should be redesigned in such a way that the Government and the
private sector
perceive it not as a cost or burden but as an investment with
significant returns to
workers, industry and all other stakeholders.
Trade associations of industries group will be encouraged to
provide facilitating and
supportive role for promotion of the apprenticeship system
importantly linkages should
be developed to ensure that apprenticeship training is
recognized under a future
qualifications framework.
3. STUDY METHODS AND RESULTS
3.1 METHODS
In order to address the objective of the study, triangulation
research method was applied,
which consists of quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Therefore, to tap accurate responses of
four major research questions along with sub-questions, data was
collected in three steps, i.e.,
(i) one-on-one interview method for quantification of concepts,
development and validation of
content and instruments, (ii) quantitative method through
structured questionnaire, and (iii)
qualitative method through focus group study, which are
described below:
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27
3.1.1 One-on-one interview with those involved in technical and
vocational education
To make the study more rigour and empirical, the constructs were
operationalized. For
this purpose, a series of interviews with TVET practitioners
were conducted. The context
and perspective were explained to the each interviewee, to find
out the dimension of
each question. Based on the feedback, instruments were developed
and face validity
test was also conducted, prior to circulation.
3.1.2 Sample/Target Group
Keeping in view the objectives of the study, only experienced
educators were selected
to tap the responses. Therefore, data was collected from
teachers, curriculum
developers and administrators working in the TVET sector across
the country in the
mixed method, i.e., survey and focus group study. List of focus
group participants is
appended at Appendix-4.
3.1.3 Instruments
For the selection of sample, purposive-method was applied. After
face and content
validity, the questionnaire based on scientific
operationalization method, was
developed and widely circulated throughout the country
[Questionnaire is appended at
Appendix-2].
3.1.3.1 Collected Data in Tabulated Form
After collecting data/responses from the focus group on the four
major research
questions alongwith sub-questions was converted into tabulated
form. The data
in tabulated form is appended at Appendix-3].
3.1.3.2 Analysis of Collected Data
After collecting data, it was descriptively analyzed and
presented below:
-
28
(i) DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Figure-2: Type of Responses
Data was collected from 20 experienced people working in TVET
sector. Figure-2 represents the type of respondents in which 20%
were Teachers, 30% Managers/Administrators, 40% Planners, and 10%
Curriculum Developers. Figure-3: Province-wise Responses
Figure-3 shows the province-wise percentage of respondents.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Teachers Managers Planners CurriculumDevelopers
20%
30%
40%
10%
-
29
(ii) OPTIONS FOR TVE AT SECONDARY LEVEL Figure-4: Available
options /approaches served in the country
Figure-4 indicates the availability of TVE options against the
percentage of population (Refer Table-7 above).
16%
11.52%
4%
0.48%
16% 16%
12%
16%
8%
Vocational Trade Courses
Matric Tech
Technical School Certificate
Agro-Tech Courses
G-III (Basic Level)
G-II (Intermediate Level)
G-I (Advance Level)
Diploma of AssociateEngineers
Customized Training for In-Service Workers
-
30
Figure-5: Effectiveness and efficiency of the available
options
In the context of availability of TVE options at secondary
level, figure-5 shows that the majority of respondents (63.6%) say
that this option is highly ineffective and un-sufficient; whereas
only 27.3% have the view that it is effective. Figure-6:
Involvement of Industry in Vocational Training at secondary school
level
More than 90% replied that industry is not involved in the TVE
option in secondary education; however 9.1% gave their views about
the involvement of industry, which shown in figure-6. This
indicates strategy needs to be formulated to mobilize the industry
in the process.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0
27.3
63.6
9.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
YesNo
Do not Know
9.1
90.9
0
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31
Figure-7: How the industry is involved?
In the context of how the industry is involved, the majority of
respondents, i.e.,72.7 % suggested that industry should be involved
In identification of trades / courses to be offered and through
industrial attachment or internship. 63.6% suggested that industry
should be involved in the development of curricula / course
content, whereas. 54.5% suggested that in implementation, through
membership of School Councils / Committees and by providing the
financial support to schools offering TVE.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
In identification of trades/ courses to beoffered.
In the development of curricula/ coursecontent.
Through industrial attachment / internship.
Through study visits to the relevant industry.
In implementation, through membership ofSchool Councils /
Committees.
In accreditation and assessment throughmembership of examining
Boards.
By providing financial support to schoolsoffering TVE.
27.3
36.4
27.3
63.6
45.5
63.6
45.5
72.7
63.6
72.7
36.4
54.5
36.4
54.5
YES NO
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32
Figure-8: Working of existing different options together
In the context of availability of TVE option in secondary
education, majority of respondents do not see any proper working of
different option together. As 36.4% EEdsd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
As independentstreams without
affecting each other.
As independentstreams
complementing eachother for promoting
TVET.
As independentstreams antagonistic
/opposed to eachother for promoting
TVET
36.4
27.3
9.1
63.6
72.7
90.9
YES
NO
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33
Figure-9: Provision of available TVE options at secondary school
level for males / females and disadvantaged groups
Though there is no proper provision of TVE option at secondary
level, some respondents may have observed from the available
option, that male disadvantage students have more option (i.e. upto
90%) as compared to female students.
9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1
18.2
0
90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9
81.8
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Provide forboth genders.
Provide forboys only
Provide for girlsonly.
Specialprovision forhandicapped
persons.
Specialprovision for
otherdisadvantaged
persons(Orphans, rural
areas, etc.)
Additive toeach other for
provision ofTVE at
secondary level
YES
NO
-
34
Figure-10: Suggestions for improving coordination between
various options / approaches for TVE at secondary and higher
secondary level
For improving of coordination between various
options/approaches, top four ds dslevel under variou
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Constitution of Inter-departmentalCoordinationCommittee
representing variousdepartments involved
in TVE at secondarylevel.
Development of amechanism based onrecognition of coursesunder
various options
for horizontalmovement of students
between variousstreams / options.
Regular meetings andconsultations
between accreditationbodies (ExaminingBoards) for various
options
Regular meetingsbetween heads of
institutions offeringTVE at secondary levelunder various
options
/ approaches.
Formation of societiesof teachers of TVE at
secondary level undervarious options /
approaches.
45.5
63.6
27.3
36.4
27.3
54.5
36.4
72.7
63.6
72.7
YES
NO
-
35
Figure-11: New options / approaches suggested for TVE at
secondary school level
For the new options/approaches, for option 1 (establishment of
the technical/vocational secondary) 63.6% recommended and 36.4% are
not agree with this option. Similarly, option 3 (introduction of
technical secondary certificate programme in general secondary
schools parallel to other programme) has also been suggested by
63.6%, whereas, with the option 2 (introduction of TVE courses in
general secondary schools) seems agree (54.4%) and not-agree
(45.5).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Establishment of Technical/ vocational Secondary
Schools.
Introduction of Technical /vocational courses in
general secondary schools.
Introduction of TechnicalSecondary Certificate (TSC)
programme in generalsecondary schools parallel
to other programme.
63.6
45.5
63.6
36.4
54.5
36.4
YES
NO
-
36
(iii) CONTENT OF TVE CURRICULUM AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL
Figure-12: Involvement of Industry / Business sector in the
development of TVE curricula
Figure-13: Level of Involvement of Industry in the development
of TVE curricula
In the context of DAE Curriculum, (figure-12) the majority,
i.e., 90.9% of the respondents see involvement of industry.
Whereas, in case of vocational curriculum (figure-13) majority
(upto 90%) of the respondents see no d contribution from industry
in the process indicates there is no dynamic linkage exists between
TVE institutions and industry.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Yes No Do not know
90.9
9.1 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
In identification of trades/ coursesto be offered.
Identification of skills andtheoretical knowledge required.
Inclusion of experts from industryin the curriculum
development
committees.
In delivery of curriculum throughworkplace experience.
YES
NO
-
37
Figure-14: Relevance of TVE curriculum with the requirements of
the job market
Figure-14 shows that the respondents do not consider the
relevancy of TVE Curriculum say reasonably relevant, 27.3% consider
it marginally relevant and 36.4% see it least relevant. The
responses reveal that curriculum contents must be made more
relevant to the job market and requirements of the industry.
Figure-15: Realization the demand of the main industry and
occupation areas by offerings of TVE at secondary level
In the context of demand of industry and offering by TVE at
secondary level, 63.6% consider it marginally adequate, whereas
nobody see highly adequate.
0
20
40
Highly relevantReasonably
relevant Marginallyrelevant Least relevant
0
36.4
27.3 36.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Highlyadequate
Reasonablyadequate
Marginallyadequate
Highlyinadequate
0
18.2
63.6
18.2
-
38
Figure-16: Proportion of general education components included
in the curriculum of TVE at secondary school level
In comparing the proportion of curriculum contents in term of
general education, 45.5% respondents say that 90% contents of
general education, i.e., Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Pakistan
Studies, Islamiyat, and Computer Science, etc. have taken part,
while, 27.3% see it between 70%-90%, the other 27.3% replied in the
category of 30%-50% in the DAE/Matric Tech / TSC curricula. These
findings indicate the highest portion of education at secondary
level is from general education and fewer portion has been given to
TVE subjects.
Figure-17: Integration of generic life skills and work skills
(employability skills) in the curriculum of TVE at secondary
level
In the context of integration of generic life skill and work
skill in the curriculum of TVE at secondary level, 18% respondents
consider it more balanced, 46% say no balance, ^ respondents (46%)
are not satisfied with balance of generic and work skill, contents
of TVE need be critically analyzed and revised.
0
10
20
30
40
50
90% ormore
70-90% 50-70% 30-50% Less than30%
45.5
27.3 27.3
0 0
Proportion of general education component
46%
36%
18%
Yes
No
Do notKnow
-
39
Figure-18: Frequency of TVE curriculum revision to keep it
up-to-date with the changing technology
Figure-19: Status of the revision of present TVE curriculum at
secondary level
Figure 18 and 19 indicate that the TVE curriculum is generally
revised after more than 10 years, which indicates the poor state of
curriculum, whereas the TVE is highly related to job market and
industry. Since both of the components change very rapidly, the
revision of curriculum activity needs to be practiced more
regularly and the period of revision must be minimized.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
After 3 year After 5 year After 8 Year After 10 years After
morethan 10 years
9.1
27.3
0 0
63.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
3 year ago 5 year ago 8 Year ago 10 years ago More than 10years
ago
0
18.2
9.1
0
72.7
-
40
Figure-20: Uniformity of curriculum in all schools offering
similar options
Figure 20 shows that no uniformity exists among all school
regarding the curriculum Ehowever, 27% agreed with the
statement.
(iv) IMPLEMENTATION CAPACITY
Figure-21: Availability of specialized teachers for teaching
technical subjects
In the context of Implementation capacity of TVE at secondary
level, the majority of respondent (81.8%) shown their observation
that teacher with specialization of technical subjects are
available. The cause of shortage of teachers in TVET institutions
is due to poor salary structure of technical teachers.
55%
18%
27%
Yes
No
Do notKnow
0102030405060708090
Yes No Do not Know
81.8
18.2
0
-
41
Figure-22: Requirement of Industrial Experience for recruitment
of Technical subject teachers
In the context of Implementation capacity of TVE at secondary
level, when asked from the respondents about the requirement of
industrial experience for the recruitment of technical subject
teachers, 27.3% said yes and 72.7% do not see any pre-requirement.
This might be the simplicity of the content as it is offered at
secondary level.
Figure-23: Equivalence of pay scales of Technical Subject
Teachers with General Education Teachers
In the context of Implementation capacity of TVE at secondary
level, the majority of respondent (81.8%) consider that the pay
scale of technical subject teacher is equal to the pay scale of
general subjects teachers. However, 18.2% observed that less pay
scales as compared to general subject teachers.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No Do not Know
27.3
72.7
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Same Less More Do not Know
81.8
18.2
0 0
-
42
Figure-24: Organizing of professional development/capacity
building programmes for TVE teachers
For the professional development and capacity building of TVE
teachers, majority (63.6%) has the view that this option already
exists in TVET system, whereas 9.1% do not see any option and 27.3%
are not aware of any programme in this category.
Figure-25: Availability of modern Teaching-Learning Resources
and training equipment & tools to TVE teachers in schools for
effective teaching
Figure 25 shows that modern teaching learning resources and
training equipment and tools for the TVE teachers in schools are
inadequate (i.e. 72.7%), however, 18.2% found it satisfactory.
9.1
27.3
63.6
Yes No Do not Know
0
18.2
72.7
9.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Adequate Satisfactory Inadequate Not available
-
43
Figure-26: Management's support to TVE teachers for execution of
duties
Support from the management In the execution of duties, figure
26 shows that 54.% has the view that the ,
Figure-27: Existence of organized Industry-School linkages /
partnership to facilitate TVE teachers to arrange workplace
experience of students
Though, proper linkage between industry and TVE schools does not
exist, industry provides support to the technical teachers in terms
of workplace experience opportunity to their students, as in the
figure 27, 100% respondents select the options
18.2
0
54.5
18.2
9.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Full Support
Reasonable Support
Very Little Support
No support/Neutral
Negative
0
20
40
60
80
100
Yes No Do not Know
100
0 0
-
44
Figure-28: Availability of ladder of promotion to TVE
teachers
/ ds majority of the respondents (54.5%) observed the
availability of ladder for further promotion, where 36.6% do not
see any further ladder, as shown in Figure 28.
Figure-29: How favorable avenues of promotion to TVE Teachers as
compared to general education teachers
Figure 29 is concerned with the comparison of TVE teachers and
general education teachers in terms of favorable avenue for
promotion. Result indicates that 18.2% and 45.5% has the
observation that comparatively, TVE teachers have more favorable
avenue for promotions.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No Do not Know
54.5
36.4
9.1
18.2
36.4
45.5
05
101520253035404550
Same as general teachers Less than generalteachers
More than generalteachers
-
45
Figure-30: Pre-service training of secondary level TVE
teachers
For analysis of availability of pre-service teacher training
facility for TVE teachers, - Generally, it indicates that presently
only agro-technical teachers training centers are catering the need
of pre-service teacher training, as there is no other proper
arrangement in the country to train technical teachers before
employment in TVET institutions. Consequently, most of teachers
join TVE institution directly after getting DEA from TVET
institution, without going through pre-service technical teachers
training.
(v) ACCREDITATION, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ARTICULATION
Figure-31: Accreditation of TVE subjects at secondary level by
the BISE / BTE as other subjects
In the context of accreditation, figure 31 is concerned with
accreditation of TVE subjects at secondary level by the BISE/BTE.
Result indicates that 81.8% respondents have s that the TVE
subjects are accredited by BISEs/BTEs.
9.1
54.5
36.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Education Institutesof Universities
Agro-TechnicalTeacher Training
Centres
Others
0102030405060708090
Yes No Do not Know
81.8
18.2
0
-
46
Figure-32: Involvement of Industry in the examination/assessment
of TVE subjects at secondary level
Figure 32 is concerned with the data regarding involvement of
industry in the examination/ assessment of TVE subjects. Result
reveals that this component is E Figure-33: Availability of other
system of Quality "Assurance" for TVE at Secondary level, other
than normal examination
To find other options/system of quality assurance, figure 33
indicates that there is no alternate/other system exists in the
country for quality assurance of TVE at secondary E
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No Do not Know
0
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No Do not Know
0
100
0
-
47
Figure-34: Influence given to prior informal learning by a
candidate, at the time of admission
Figure 34 shows the result regarding influence given to informal
learning by a candidate at the time of admission. Majority of
respondents (90.9%) say no influence given, while 9.1% replied with
yes. Figure-3