1 Report on Field Experience Training (FET) at KVK, Budbud (22-06-2010 to 14-07-2010) A Report submitted to National Academy for Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad For the partial fulfillment of the FOCARS training of 90 th batch 2010 By Dr. Mohana Sundaram A. Mr. Kartick Ku. Samanta Mr. Aniruddha Roy Mr. Soumen Pal Dr. Avinash Pandey Mr. Kali Krishna Hazra
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1
Report on Field Experience Training (FET)
at
KVK, Budbud
(22-06-2010 to 14-07-2010)
A Report submitted
to
National Academy for Agricultural Research Management,
Hyderabad
For the partial fulfillment of the FOCARS training of 90th batch
2010
By
Dr. Mohana Sundaram A.
Mr. Kartick Ku. Samanta
Mr. Aniruddha Roy
Mr. Soumen Pal
Dr. Avinash Pandey
Mr. Kali Krishna Hazra
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. B.S.Mahapatra, Director, CRIJAF
Dr. Tarun Ghosal Chowdhury, Head, Extension Section, CRIJAF
Dr. F.H.Rahman, Program Coordinator, KVK, Budbud
Dr. Manoj Kumar, SMS, Agri. Extension, KVK, Budbud
Dr. Sandipan Gorai, SMS, Plant Protection, KVK, Budbud
Dr. Subodh Kundu, ADO, Galsi I, Burdwan
Dr. Madhusudan Tudu, BLDO, Galsi I, Burdwan
Mr. Gopeshwar Josh, Owner, Rice Mill, Paraj, Burdwan
Mr. Amit Ganguly, Horticulturist, CMERI, In-charge of Vermicompost Unit
Mr. Sheikh Nizamul Haque, Progressive farmer, Jagulipara Village
Mr. Saday Satra, Panchayat Pradhan, Paraj
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CONTENTS
S. No. Chapter Page No.
1 Introduction 5
2 Objectives of the Field Experience Training (FET) 5
3 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools 6
4 FET Methodology 7
5 PRA techniques used in the village 8
6 Findings 10
6.1 Basic Information 10
6.2 General Transect 15
6.3 Agro-ecological map 18
6.4 Social map 20
6.5 Resource map 28
6.6 Daily routine diagram and Daily activity profile 32
6.7 Seasonal calendar and analysis 35
6.8 Gender disaggregated activities 38
6.9 Rural non-farm employment 39
6.10 Time line 39
6.11 Time trend 41
6.12 Technology map 44
6.13 Matrix ranking 48
6.14 Consequence diagram 52
6.15 Bio-resource flow 54
6.16 Wealth ranking 55
6.17 Livelihood analysis 58
6.18 Venn diagram 63
6.19 Mobility map 64
6.20 Indigenous technical knowledge 66
6.21 Problem identification technique 69
6.22 Problem and solution tree 70
6.23 Perspectives of problems 75
6.24 Research project proposals 75
6.25 Action plan 77
6.26 Opportunities 79
6.27 Information communication technology (ICT) 79
7.1 Village seminar 81
7.2 Institute seminar 83
4
8 Industrial visits 84
9 Institute visits 86
10 Conclusions 90
Annexures I- III
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1. INTRODUCTION
Indian agriculture is challenged with a number of problems which include overall
low productivity, sustainability and natural resource degradation. As a
consequence, rural sector of our country is going through an acute crisis. Every
year, there is considerable migration from rural areas to urban areas causing an
increased population pressure on basic amenities. To make rural sector
comfortable, we must make agricultural productivity a profitable one.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an important tool in this connection to find
location specific problems and researchable issues to come up with possible
solutions for short and long-term benefits. PRA is a good exposure for the
trainee scientists to understand the problems of the farmers. It allows them to
think individually in his/her area of interest for necessary intervention. PRA also
provides an opportunity to the farmers to analyze their livelihood issues.
PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in
agricultural activities. Spatial information supplies the database about soil type,
water resources, land use, land pattern and topography of different life support
system. Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis, adoption and awareness
about the new technologies and human dimension helps in knowing the facts
about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural values and ethics of
the people of that locality.
This Field Experience Training (FET) report has been prepared by
multidisciplinary team of six members from different disciplines namely
Agricultural Entomology, Textile Chemistry, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural
Statistics, Plant Breeding and Agronomy. The information collected under
different PRA tools is presented in different sections of this report.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD EXPERIENCE TRAINING (FET)
The specific objectives of the FET are:
To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the
farming community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs,
resources, priorities, problems and prospects.
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To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of
farming community.
To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the
technology adoption and diffusion process and the factors associated
with adoption and related concepts.
To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the
extension system and transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the
village.
To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and
appreciation about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) of farmers and
to generate appropriate technologies if scientifically valid.
To enable the trainee scientists to discuss the problem and identify field
related problems.
To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective
among scientist-trainees.
To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies,
products and processes.
To generate a detailed account of technology products and processes
used by producers with respect to production scenario, problems,
opportunities, and futuristic approaches.
To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and
other stakeholders in value chain.
3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TOOLS
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a systematic, semi structured
activity conducted on site, by a multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom to
top approach of learning rural life forms with and by rural people. Due to active
participation of community members as well as scientists, PRA has become a
useful method to focus attention on people, their livelihood and relationship with
social and economic factors. It is a good technique to help the community
members make an appraisal of their livelihoods and issues related to it.
Diverse information is collected during PRA using a number of
techniques. This information is verified by triangulation among various key
7
informants (KIs) in addition to on-site observation by the team members. The
various techniques used by the FET team to collect information are as follows:
Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.
Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the
State Dept. of Agriculture.
Semi structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate
villagers' participation in different aspects of the village.
Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key
informants.
Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.
Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and
spontaneous involvement.
Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities,
problems and opportunities throughout the year.
Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most
problems and preparing solution plan accordingly.
4. FET METHODOLOGY
The FET is a learning process. It is firmly anchored on the principle of
'seeing is believing' and 'learning by doing'. FET has three phases. In the first
phase, the village for PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET
coordinator, Dr. F.H.Rahman, Senior Scientist, KVK, Budbud, West Bengal. We
selected the village Jagulipara in Burdwan district of West Bengal, located at a
distance of 14 km from KVK, Budbud. KVK has introduced several technical
interventions in this village thus making it easier for the team to collect
information from the villagers. In Jagulipara, we identified one main Key
Informant (KI), Mr. Sk. Nijamul Haque, a progressive farmer relevant to the PRA
techniques. The team walked along with the main KI, interacted with other KIs
and villagers, observed while walking and noted the information. For each PRA
technique up to six KIs were selected. Interaction with KIs was initiated from the
semi-structured questionnaires and then branched as per need. The given
information by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other KIs and on the
8
spot analysis. The principle and methods of PRA was adhered for gathering
information on 22 topics.
PRA is a research technique developed in early 1980s as an alternative
and complementary to conventional sample survey. PRA is a way of learning
from and with farmers to investigate, analyze and evaluate constraints and
opportunities and to formulate research plan to address the problems. The
complexities of problem involved in agriculture can be understood through PRA
and hence, it is a system approach for systematic and rapid collection of
information.
In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with various
stakeholders like the farm input suppliers, farmers co-operative and veterinary
officials. The interaction with stakeholders also helped to understand the
agricultural problems and prospects in the village and to prioritize the research
problems for action. We shared our experience with the villagers and also with
the scientists of KVK, Budbud by organizing one seminar in village on
03.07.2010 and another seminar at KVK, Budbud on 07.07.2010. We obtained
feedback from the farmers and the scientists, in light of which the action plan
was modified and proposed.
In the third phase, to understand the industrial scenario prevailing in the
area, we visited Bhorosha Rice Mill Pvt Ltd, Paraj, Burdwan, a private rice mill
company. We also visited vermicompost unit at Central Mechanical Engineering
Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, West Bengal. For Institutional visit we
visited Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF),
Barrackpore, West Bengal.
5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE
1. Basic Information
2. General Transect
3. Agro-ecological map
4. Social map
5. Resource map
6. Daily routine diagram (DRD) and Daily activity profile (DAP)
7. Seasonal calendar and analysis
8. Gender disaggregated activities
9
9. Rural non-farm employment
10. Time line
11. Time trend
12. Technology map
13. Matrix ranking
14. Consequence diagram
15. Bio-resource flow
16. Wealth ranking
17. Livelihood analysis
18. Venn diagram
19. Mobility map
20. Indigenous technical knowledge
21. Problem identification technique
22. Problem and solution tree
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6. FINDINGS
Jagulipara village is situated under Galsi - I Block, Burdwan district, West
Bengal. The distance of the village from KVK, Budbud is about 14 km. The
name of the village was originated from Farsi word „Jagul‟, meaning rose, still
villagers are maintaining germplasm of rose. Information was collected through
multi disciplinary PRA method. The analyzed results of various PRA techniques
applied in Jagulipara village are given below.
6.1 BASIC INFORMATION
Key informants: Sk. Muzaulhaq (Pradhan), Sk. Abubakkar, Sk. Abedul Haque
Name of the Village : Jagulipara
Village Panchayat : Paraj
Block : Galsi I
District : Burdwan
State : West Bengal
Neighbourhood
North : Paraj
South : Raipur
East : Potna and Khuraj
West : Lowa- Santoshpur
Climatological Data
Mean Annual Rainfall : 1500 mm / year
Mean Annual Temperature: 270 C
Relative Humidity : 80%
Geographical Coordinates
Latitude : 23°20’25.4”N
Longitude : 87°35’46.66”E
Altitude : 183 feet (55m)
Geographical Area
Total Area : 1000 Acres
Cultivated Area (Net Sown Area) : 932.40 Acres
Irrigated Area : 856.46 Acres
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Canal irrigated area : 800 Acres
Pond irrigated area : 56.46 Acres
Residential Area : 67.6 Acres
Fallow Land : Nil
Demographic Pattern (2001 census)
Total no. of households : 630
Total population : 2792
No of Males : 1403
No of Females : 1389
Percentage of nuclear family : 95%
Percentage of joint family : 5%
Literacy in percentage : 53%
Literate Illiterate Percentage of
literate
Male 840 563 59.87%
Female 640 749 46%
Total 1480 1312 53.00%
Community Categorisation
Percentage of Muslim Families : 80%
Percentage of Hindu families : 20%
Occupational Distribution of families
Dependent fully on agriculture and livestock : 75%
Agriculture and service : 5%
Dependent on labour and livestock : 20%
Labour includes agricultural labour and non-agricultural labour including driving,
construction, pedalling rickshaw and shop-keeping.
Agricultural Scenario
A) Land Distribution
Land Holding per House Hold
Largest : 20 Acres
Average : 4 Acres
Smallest : 0.2 Acres
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B) Crop Husbandry
Paddy Kharif – MTU 7029 (Swarna), Govindbhog, BN 20 and 1001
Rabi- MTU 1010, IR 36, MTU 1081 and Satabdi minikit
Oilseed Mustard- B-54 (Agarni)
Vegetable Brinjal, Okra, Ridge gourd, Bottle gourd, Spinach, and Tomato
Fruit Mango, Guava, Banana
Gross Cropped Area : 1864.80 Acres
Cropping Intensity : 200 %
C) Animal Husbandry
Type of Animals: Cow, Bull, Buffalo, Goat, Poultry, Duck and Fish
Animal Types Population Economic yield
Milk (litre/day)
Other products (egg and meat)
Cow Desi, Jersy,
Holstein 1000
2-2.5 (Desi) 5-6 (Jersy)
-
Bulls - 200 --- Draught purposes,
natural insemination
Buffalo Hiranpur, Murrah
50 2 Draught purposes
Goat Black Bengal, Jamunapari
4000 --- Meat purposes
Poultry Desi, RIR Leghorn
6000 --- Meat and egg
purposes (2-2.5 kg/bird)
Duck Khaki Campbell 4000 ---
Egg purposes
Mortality Rate of Different Animals: Buffalo, cow and goat due to natural mortality mainly, disease mortality is rare. Poultry mortality due to disease is approximately 5%.
Feed material availability: Paddy straw, Rice bran, Mustard oil cake and
minerals
D) Water Bodies
Open well : 1 Bore well : Nil Pond : 40 Canal : 2 (DVC and DMC)
13
E) Others
Soil Type : Clay loam soil Soil pH : 5-6.5
F) Agricultural implements
Tractor : 24 Power tiller : 4 Cultivator : 24 Country plough : 100 Bullock cart : 150 Seed drill : Nil Knapsack Sprayer : 600 (ASPEE) Power sprayer : Nil Thresher : Power thresher- 30; Paddle thresher- 450 Oil engine : 150 Husking machine : 2
Picture 1: Image of Jagulipara village located in Burdwan District of West Bengal
14
Picture 2: Rapport building with the villagers
Picture 3: Discussion with villagers about their agricultural livelihoods
Picture 4: Discussion with Agricultural Development Officer and panchayat
officials about Jugulipara village
15
6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT
Key informants: Molla Nur Haque, Sheikh Amiul Haque, Sheikh Nasiruddin,
Molla Abdul Naim
Transect is the walk through the village in a particular direction along with some
key informants. The main objective of the transect is to understand and study
the major land uses, topographical pattern, water resources, natural vegetation
and different ecological zones by observing, interacting and discussing with the
key informants, while walking in the decided direction. The items for discussion
included topics such as land use pattern, land slope, soil type, soil fertility status,
water recourses, agro-ecological zones, crops, weeds, trees and lives stocks
(Table 1).
The entire village of Jagulipara is divided into three zones, viz.
residential, cropped area and pond area (Picture 5 and 6). The residential area
is in the centre with agricultural fields lying on the outer areas. The soil of
Jagulipara is clay loam. Rice is the main crop for the village however, some
amount of mustard also grown in upland areas. Trees are found mostly near the
residential areas, which include coconut, mango, guava, neem, peepal, kapak,
drumstick, Cassia sp., jamun and gulmohar. The major weeds are Echinochloa
sp, Cyperus sp, Argemone mexicana, Comelina bengalensis, Trianthema
portulacastrum and Euphorbia hirta. Vegetables are grown in backyard houses
and it includes tomato, brinjal, okra, spinach, bottle gourd and ridge gourd. The
residential area of the village has many numbers of small ponds. These ponds
have been used for fish culture namely Katla, rohu, silver carp, pangas and
mrigal are cultured here. The water of the pond is also used for cleaning the
cattle. Drainage from the village also flows into the pond. Trees like palmyra and
bamboo are present around the pond. The major weed in the pond is Eichhornia
crassipes.
Farming is practised with all the modern equipments and implements like
power tiller, tractor, disk plough, cultivator, puddler, thresher and sprayer.
Farmers with less land (< 2 acres) use animal drawn implements for farming.
The livestock population of the village consists of cows, bull, goats, buffaloes,
poultry, and duck.
16
Jagulipara village has several institutions including one mosque, one
temple, samabai samity, dispensary, self help groups, two schools and four
anganwadis. The major problems observed in the village are non availability of
healthcare facilities, higher education schools and non availability of inputs in
time, marketing, monoculture, water logging during harvesting stage, insect
pests and labour issues. Biogas plant, composting, vermiculture, crop
diversification, IPM, crop rotation, cleaning of ponds, scientific fish cultivation
and Integrated farming system (IFS) were identified as the major opportunities
for the village.
Picture 5: Transect map of Jagulipara village depicting land uses, topographical pattern, water resources, natural vegetation of the village
17
Picture 6: Views of residential area, agricultural land and pond of Jagulipara village
Table 1: The general transect of Jagulipara village
S. No.
Particulars Residential area Farmed area Pond
1. Soil type Clay loam Clay loam Clay loam
2. Topography Up land Low land Depression
3. Major crops
Kharif Rabi
---
Paddy Mustard
---
4. Vegetables Tomato, brinjal, okra,
cucurbits --- ---
5. Cropping pattern
--- Paddy – Paddy, Paddy- Mustard-
Paddy ---
6. Livestock/pou
ltry/fish Cow, bull, buffalo, goat, duck, poultry
---
Fish – Katla, rohu, silver
carp, pangas, mrigal
7. Trees
Coconut, mango, guava, drumstick,
neem, jamun, babul, peepal
- Bamboo and
palmyra
8. Weeds
Comelina bengalensis, Trianthema
portulacastrum, Euphorbia hirta
Echinochloa sp., Cyprus irria, C. rottantus C. deformis
Argemone mexicana
Eichhornia crassipes
9. Water
sources Hand pumps Canals, ponds Groundwater
10. Pests and diseases
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, aphid
Yellow stem borer, BPH, GLH, sheath
blight ---
11. Technology Tissue culture of
banana
System Rice Intensification,
Thresher -
12. Problems Healthcare, higher Monoculture, Insect Shading and
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education schools, marketing
pest, water logging, labour problem
unclean water
13. Opportunities
Biogas plant, composting, vermiculture,
cooperative market facility
Crop diversification, IPM concept, Crop rotation
Cleaning pond, scientific fish cultivation, Integrated
farming system
6.3 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL MAP
Key informants: Syed Akbar Ali, Molla Mohammed Hosen, Tarak Chandra Maji
Agro-ecological map indicates the macro and micro ecological features in a
village. The meteorological parameters like rainfall, temperature, relative
humidity, flora and fauna of the village and the basic land use pattern is depicted
in the map. The village Jagulipara is located at 32 km towards East West from
Burdwan on Burdwan -Durgapur road. It is situated at latitude 23°20‟25.4”N,
longitude 87°35‟46.6”E and altitude of 183 feet (55 m) above mean sea level.
The area is characterized by high summer and low winter. Majority of
total annual rainfall is recorded in the period of June to September. The soil type
is clay loam and pH is 5 - 6.5.
In Kharif season paddy is the major crop; some popular varieties such as
MTU 7029 (Swarna), CR 1017/18, Khus, BN 20 and BN 1001 are grown in the
village. In Rabi season paddy is the main crop and the varieties grown are MTU
1010, IR 36, BN 20, MTU 1081 and Satabdi minikit. Mustard (B 9) is grown on a
small scale. The major weeds seen were Echinochloa sp., Cyprus irria, C.
rottantus C. deformis in rice; Argemone mexicana in mustard and C.
bengalensis, T. portulacastrum in residential area.
Major trees found in the village are coconut, mango, guava, neem,
peepal, kapak, drumstick, Cassia sp., jamun, palmyra, gulmohar and bamboo.
Vegetable crops such as tomato, brinjal, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, spinach and
okra are grown on a very small scale mainly for self-consumption. The major
sources of irrigation are canal. All cultivated areas are irrigated in Jagulipara.
Major agro-ecological resources of Jagulipara village have shown in Picture 7
and 8.
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Cattle dung is dried as cakes and used as fuel. The dung is used in the
fields as organic manure after composting. Rice straw is used for roof making,
fodder for livestock feeding and storage of paddy.
Picture 7: Agro-ecological map of Jagulipara village depicting the various
agricultural and ecological resources of the village
Picture 8: Major agro-ecological resources of Jagulipara village
20
6.4 SOCIAL MAP:
Key informants: Sk. Nizamul Haque, Molla Nur Haque, Mollah Hassem Ali
The social map gives different socio-economic information of the Jagulipara
village to understand and analyze the importance of social issues such as social
structure, stratification, social institutions and availability of social facilities in the
village. According to information, from the key informers and common villagers,
social issues like bonded labour and social conflict are absent in the village.
Jagulipara village is a quite large in size having a total population of 2792 (2001,
census) which includes approximately, 630 households. The number of male
and female in the village is 1403 and 1389 respectively. This represents
approximately equal percentage of male and female population. The total area
of the village is 1000 acres. The main occupation of the village is agriculture
(paddy & mustard) and livestock (goat, hen and duck). The literacy percentage
of the village is also quite good (53 %). Male literacy percentage (59.87 %) is
slightly higher than the female literacy percentage (46 %). In addition to the
above information, other important social information are discussed below.
Table 2 shows different caste information of the village.
I. Social structure and stratification:
The predominant caste in the village is Muslim, which is about 80% and
remaining 20% is Hindu (Table 2). The Ruidas category among Hindu is more
developed than the others.
Table 2: Different caste distribution of the Jagulipara village
Caste: Muslim (80%) Caste: Hindu (20%)
General (80%) O.B.C. (20%) S.C. (90%) S.T. and
O.B.C. (10%)
Caste category
1. Ansari (80%)
2. Hazam (10%)
3. Middya (5%)
4. Mallick (5%)
Caste
category
1. Ruidas
2. Khetropal
3. Barui
S.T. Caste
category
Majhi
21
Categorization of villagers according to gender and age
Group Percentage
of total population
Male (%)
Female (%)
Young generation (Age < 18 years) 40 38 42
Work force (Age 18-59 years) 40 44 36
Senior villagers (Age > 60 years) 20 18 22
Categorization of villagers according to their landholding capacity
Category of land
holding Amount of land
Percentage of
villagers
Large farmer = > 60 Bigha 1%
Average farmer 10 Bigha 40%
Small farmer < 10 Bigha 20%
Land less farmer No land 39%
* 3 Bigha = 1 Acre
Picture 9: Social Map drawn by the villagers and scientist (P) using rangoli powder
22
Picture 10: Social map showing village & surrounding places and also agricultural land & residential area.
Picture 11: Village map showing different social institutions and facilities
present in Jagulipara village
23
Picture 12: Social map showing caste & caste distribution and economic
wealth of the Jagulipara village
II. Housing pattern: Most of the houses in the village are kaccha houses i.e.
made of mud. There are also some houses which are made of brick. The
numbers of kaccha houses are more than the paccha houses. 80 % of the
villagers have kaccha house and remaining 20 % villagers have paccha house.
There are several indications of developments of kaccha houses. The indication
showed that the villagers have used their traditional knowledge to make their
houses more durable to protect from rain water. They have applied coal-tar in
the wall of house to prevent termite attack and to improve water resistant power
of the wall. This is very important because this village is situated in high rainfall
area.. In addition to this, for the same purpose they also have used cement-
concrete in the bottom of the wall. There are two paccka drains system in the
village but, these till not have been completed; in the rest of the part of the
village, drainage infrastructure is not up-to the mark.
III. Local institution: The Jagulipara village has one mosque and one Pirbaba
place for the Muslim and one temple for Hindu.
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Picture 13: Pictures of mosque, pirbaba place and hindu temple
IV. Educational institution: The village has four anganwadis kendras, two
primary schools and one madhyamik shiksha kendra (M.S.K.) which is shown in
Picture 14.
Other institutions and Govt. facilities: There is a farmer‟s co-operative society
naming “Jajulipara Gramin Somobay Samity”. One inter village library is also
there. The library has a collection of 5077 books covering different areas such
as, auto-biography, novel, story, religious, educational text book from nursery to
graduation. The library has also collection on various agriculture related books.
By keeping in mind the requirement of young generation, the library also
subscribe leading weekly and monthly magazines such as, Competition
Success, Carrier, Karmokshetra, Pesha Prabesh. Other magazines are related
to health and general aspect of society. It also subscribe two leading news
papers on daily basis. Unlike other library, it is quite unique in nature because, it
is a kind of mobile or dynamic library i.e. librarian or his assistant roams around
the village to issue and returning of books to the/by the villagers. Number of live
25
member of the library is 350. Approximately, 40 people regularly visit the library
for various information.
In the village one ration shop is available. There is also one medical
dispensary, however, it is run by the doctor of other village.
Picture 14: Pictures of anganwadis kendra, primary school
and madhyamik shiksha kendra (M.S.K.).
Picture 15: Pictures of the different social institution and Govt. Facilities
26
V. Communication facility and other infrastructure: The village is well
connected to national highway (N.H. - 2) by tarred road. Tarred and moram
roads present inside the village.
Telephone/mobile and T.V. facilities: There is hardly any land phone (2) in the
village, however, more or less each and every family has mobile i.e., around 600
mobiles are there. Mainly, they use Idea, Hutch, MTS, Tata connection for
communication. The Tata connection is becoming more popular in the village.
Among the 600 households, 350 houses have T.V. These are mainly colour T.V.
except 5 which are black and white.
News paper: Many of the villagers read news paper daily. For the 600
households of the village, 30 news papers come daily. These news papers are
Anandabazar, Gonoshakti, Sambad Pratidin. Among these news papers
Sambad Pritidin is now becoming popular due to its cost effectiveness.
VI. Electricity – In some portion of the village electricity supply is there. But,
power cut problem is also there in an average of 6 hours per day. Power cut
problem is more in the day time compared to night. Construction work for
electric facility is under process in the remaining part of the village.
VII. Drinking water supply- There is no external drinking water supply in the
village. For drinking, they depend on hand pump which is shown in Picture 16.
In an average each and every family has one hand pump for drinking water.
This is because water level is easily available within 50 feet under the ground.
Picture 16: Pictures of drinking water facility in the village
27
VIII. Village shop: The Jajulipara village has many shops for the essential items
which are required in their day to day life such as sweet, stationary, grocery,
vegetable shops etc. The village also has other important shops such as saloon,
tailoring shop, electronics, jewellery etc.
The village has good water facility for agriculture trough two main
cannels, one sub-cannel and 40 ponds and a good number of shallow tube
wells. No social conflict is there in the village though there are some small
issues such as dowry, alcoholism and immigration of labour during peak
season. There is good primary education facility in the village and all the
children are getting education. However, for secondary and higher education
villagers have to go outside the village. The 53% literacy of the village
population indicates that the village is fairly educated. Though male literacy
percentage is more compared to female, now days female are becoming more
educated. Though 80% population of the villagers is Muslim, Hindus are well
distributed throughout the village and there is no caste segregation. This
indicates that there is a good co-operation and co-relation between the Muslim
and Hindu. Mainly, male of village work in the agriculture field and women work
in family. In addition to family work, female have built self help group (S.H.G.)
and getting training on various handcraft items from KVK, Budbud. However,
some of women from economically poor family work in the field. Drainage and
electricity facility in the village is still not up to the mark and yet to be developed.
The village has various shops for the daily required items. The village has a
shortage of labour problem during the peak time of paddy cultivation and at that
time they hire labour from neighbour districts such as, Baknura and Purilia. The
young generation do service in different surrounding industries such as rice mill.
In spite of all these issues, Jagulipara village is fairly technologically adopted
and they are quite aware of new technological development in agriculture
through KVK, Budbud and ready to take trail for the new verities/technology.
They are keen to develop their village through progress in agriculture &
agricultural entrepreneurship.
28
6.5 RESOURCE MAP
Key informants: Md. Soheb, Sk. Nizamul Haque, Sk. Md. Hanif
The resource map of the Jagulipara village shows the presence of various
natural and man-made resources such as human resources, land available for
agriculture, sources of water, type of soil, nature of vegetation, minerals,
transport, various communication facilities and different supply & service
organizations. During transect walk through the village and discussion with the
villagers, various information related to resources were collected which have
been discussed below. The resource map of the Jagulipara village is shown
Picture 17.
Picture 17: Resource map of the Jagulipara village
Land: Total land area of the village is 1000 acres, out of which 932.4 acres are
used for cultivation. The residential area of the village is 67.6 acres. This
indicates that there is no waste land in the village.
Crops: Due to the ecological and geographical location of the village paddy is
the most suitable crop for cultivation, hence, it has been practiced since long
back. In between the paddy cultivation, mustard is cultivated in some upland
areas. Villagers are also cultivating few vegetables such as Brinjal, Okra, Ridge
29
gourd, Bottle gourd, Spinach and Tomato in some portion of the residential
place.
Soil: Type of soil present in Jagulipara village is clay loam having a pH of
around 5 – 6.5.
Water: As mentioned in transect walk and basic information about the village in
the earlier section, water is abundance in the village. Water is the third important
resources for agriculture after the land and human resources. Therefore, the
village has an extra advantage for irrigation. The agricultural land is irrigated by
three means namely canals, ponds and shallow tube wells. One canal namely
“D.M.C.” is flowing through the village and the other canal “D.V.C.” is flowing
through neighbour Paraj village, but, Jagulipara get water from this cannel too.
There are 40 ponds present in the village which including small and big. When
the water is not available in the cannels as well as ponds particularly during
summer season, shallow tube wells are used for irrigation practice. Picture 18
shows the water sources available in the village.
Picture 18: Picture of the different water sources available in the village
Equipments: Villagers do use various traditional and latest advanced farm
equipments and machineries for agriculture such as, power tiller (4), tractor (24),
trolley, thresher (480) and sprayer (600) as shown in Picture 19.
30
Picture 19: Picture of the different machine and equipment used for agriculture
Govt. organization: In the village four anganwadis kendras, two primary
schools and one madhyamik shiksha kendra (M.S.K.) are present. The village
has a local samity naming “Village Development Samity”. In addition, the village
has one mobile library.
Livestock: Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Poultry and Duck.
Similar to cultivation of agricultural crops such as paddy and mustard, the
villagers also rear different livestock as shown in Picture 20. In an average each
and every family has two (2) cows. The cow and buffalo are directly used for
agriculture for ploughing. Wastes of the livestocks are used in agriculture as a
fertilizer. The village has approximately 4000 goats, 6000 poultry and 4000
duck. Majority of the families have poultry and duck. Some of the villagers are
doing integrated farming surrounding the pond by adopting technology from
K.V.K.-Burdwan. Mostly they culture various types of fishes in pond such as
Rohu, Katla, Mrigal and silver carp and surrounding the pond they raised poultry
and duck and also various types of vegetables. Livestock management in the
form of vaccinations and artificial insemination is quite known in the village and
they are practicing from last few years.
31
Picture 20: Picture of the livestock available in the Jagulipara village
Storage facility:
As the villagers mainly cultivate paddy and yield is also quite good, they have
developed special indigenous technology to safely store the paddy for 5-6
months. The name of the storage structure is called “Morai”.
Transport facility:
Public transport: For public transport in the village, they are various types of
vehicles such as bicycle, rickshaw, motor bike, power three wheelers, Maruti
Omni etc. Bus is available from a distance of 1 km of the village
Material transport: For the transportation of the agricultural crops, chemicals
and fertilizers villagers use various types of transport facilities ranging from
simple tricycle (van) to advanced one such as truck.
32
Picture 21: Material transport facilities in the village
6.6 DAILY ROUTINE DIAGRAM AND DAILY ACTIVITY PROFILE
Key Informants: Sheikh Abdus Hakim, Sheikh Nasirruddin, Chowdhury
Alamgir, Serina Begam, Rajani Ruidas
Daily routine diagram (DRD) and Daily activity profile of the villagers
depict the different activities of the village people in their day to day life and also
the timing for each activity. This helps to know the ideal time to interact with the
village people. During that period, they can devote some time from their busy
schedule and scientists can interact with them. Jagulipara is a village which is
dominated mainly by the Muslim community population wise. As per the key
informants, rural men from the farmers‟ community mainly engage themselves
with the agricultural activities. They perform different farm operations like land
preparation, transplanting, fertilizer application, weeding, spraying of pesticides,
irrigation, harvesting and threshing. For marketing of the vegetables, they
usually go to the weekly market at evening. They also do the livestock activities.
Noticeably, most of the village women abstain from livestock activities. They
also do not engage themselves with farm activities. Only a few percentages of
33
the women who belong to SC community do the livestock and some farm
activities. Women from the farmers‟ community are completely engrossed in
household activities only. They also do some stitching, embroidering, doll
making, bag making through self help groups (SHG). Whereas, both rural men
and women who do not have land work as landless labourers from morning till
evening. In the evening, village men spend their time in the tea shop and village
Club or Samiti. Both rural men and women watch television generally in the
evening.
Table 3: Daily Routine Diagram of farmers in Jagulipara village
Time Rural men Rural women
5 am Wake up Wake up
5.30 am Cleaning animal shed Household activity, kitchen work
6 am Feeding animal -do-
6.30 am Breakfast Breakfast
7 am Farm Work Household activity, kitchen work
12 noon -Do- -do-
12.30 pm Bathing and feeding of animal -do-
1.30 pm Lunch Lunch
2.30 pm Farm work / Taking rest at lean
season
Stitching, embroidering, doll
making, bag making etc.
4.30 pm Marketing for household Household activity
6 pm Spending time at village tea shop Watching TV
7 pm Spending time at village club or
Samiti - do -
8 pm Feeding animal Kitchen work
9 pm Dinner Dinner
10 pm Sleep Sleep
34
Table 4: Daily Routine Diagram of agricultural labourers in Jagulipara
village
Time Rural men Rural women
5 am Wake up Wake up
5.30 am Cleaning animal shed, feeding animal Household activity
6 am Daily labour Daily labour
12 noon -do- -do-
12.30 pm Bathing and feeding of animal Kitchen work
1.30 pm Lunch Lunch
2 pm Daily labour Daily labour
4.30 pm Marketing for household Taking rest
6 pm Spending time at village tea shop Watching TV
7 pm Spending time at village club or Samiti Household activity
8 pm Feeding animal Kitchen work
9 pm Dinner Dinner
10 pm Sleep Sleep
Table 5: Daily Activity profile for rural men in Jagulipara village
35
Table 6: Daily Activity profile for rural women in Jagulipara village
6.7 SEASONAL CALENDAR AND ANALYSIS
Key informants: Nijamul Haque, Rafikul Ahmad
Seasonal analysis is also called as seasonal calendar. This is a calendar, which
indicates month wise activities, specialities, threats, problems, abundance and
shortage with regard to agriculture in a diagrammatic way. The items to be
included in seasonal analysis must be of those items, which really affect the
agriculture. This explores seasonal constraints and opportunities by making
diagram of changes, month by month throughout the year.
The main activities, problems and opportunities of Jagulipara village were
identified by using seasonal calendar. It depicts time-to-time crop related
operations being carried out in the existing farm situation. The common crop
seasons in the village are Kharif and Rabi with rice and mustard as the main
crops.
Seasonal analysis helps in identifying the periods which are critical with
respect to labour demand, pest and disease problems and availability of fodder.
The most important problem is repeat breeding in livestock, presence of weed
36
Echinochloa crusgali in rice and aphids in mustard. Livestock diseases are
common here because high humidity in the village.
Farmers are well aware of improved crop varieties and are adopting
latest technologies. Labour availability is inadequate throughout the year. During
labour intensive seasons, migrant labourers from Jharkhand and Bihar are
employed by the farmers of the village. The most remunerable activities in the
village are selling of rice and milk. Farmers get part of their agricultural inputs
through their cooperative society and market (from input dealer). Farmers sell
their produce (mainly rice) both to the government and private agencies.
Table 7: Seasonal calendar of major crops and their problems in
Jagulipara village
(Note: N = Nursery, LP = Land preparation, TP = Transplanting, FA = Fertilizer
Application, PA = Pesticide Application, H = Harvest, S = Sowing, Ir = Irrigation,
W = Weeding)
Crop Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar A M
Practices
Aman rice
N TP, FA, Ir
Ir, W, PA H
Boro rice
N TP,FA
,Ir Ir, W, PA H
Mustard LP,
S,FA Ir, FA
PA,
H
Winter vegetables
Tomato N TP, Ir,
FA,PA H1 H2
Bhindi LP,S Ir, FA,
PA H1 H2
37
Table 8: Seasonal calendar of major crops and their problems in
Jagulipara village
(Note: SB-Stem borer, SBl- Sheath Blight, GB- Gundhi bug, SFB-Shoot and fruit
borer, MA- Mustard aphid, FB- Fruit borer)
Crop Jun J Aug Sep Oct Nov D J F M A M
Practices
Aman rice
Boro rice
Mustard
Winter vegetables
Tomato
Bhindi
Table 9: Seasonal calendar of livestock health management practices and
problems
(FMD = Foot and mouth disease, HS = Haemorrhagic septicaemia)
Particulars
Months
Jun
Jul A S O N D J F M A M
Buffalo V G V
Cow
V
G V
Goat
G
Poultry
Problems
FMD (cow/ Buffalo)
HS (cow/ Buffalo)
Goat Pox
Ranikhet
SB SBI GB
SB SBI GB
MA
SFB
FB
38
6.8 GENDER DISAGGREGATED ACTIVITIES
Key informants: Sk Majnarul Hossain, Ikbal Mondal, Serina Begam
According to information revealed by the key informants, women in
Jagulipara contributed mainly to home management. Some women mainly from
SC community are engaged in feeding the livestock, milking the animals in the
morning, taking the animals to the fallow land, cleaning them at noon, milking
them again in the evening and cutting fodder for their animals. Landless women
and those whose husbands had little land also work as agricultural labourers
either within the village or in nearby towns. Men are mainly involved in field
activities and also take the livestock for feeding, vaccinations, artificial
insemination and grazing (goat) as well as selling milk.
Table 10: Gender disaggregation seasonal calendar of Jagulipara village
(Note: F= Female, Fr= Fertilizer application, H= Harvesting, IA= Insecticide
application Ir= Irrigation, LP= Land preparation, M=Male, Mr = Marketing, NR=
Nursery raising, Pi= Picking S= Sowing, T= Threshing, TP= Transplanting, W=
Weeding)
Crop Ju J A S O N D J F M A M
Practices
Aman rice
NR (M)
TP (M+F)
W(M+F) Ir(M) Fr(M)
Ir (M)
H (M+F)
Boro rice
NR (M)
TP (M+F)
W(M+F) Ir(M) Fr(M)
Ir (M)
H (M+F)
Mustard
LP(M)
S(M+F)
Ir(M)
Fr
(M)
H
(M+F)
Winter vegetables
Tomato NR(M)
S(M+F)
Ir(M)
Fr(M)
H
(M+F)
Bhindi
LP(M)
S(M+F)
W(M+F)
Ir(M)
IA(M)
Pi
(M+F)
Mr (M)
39
6.9 RURAL NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT
Key informants: Sk Saddam Hossain, Abdul Anas
Some people of this village have chosen non agricultural activities as their
source of livelihood. The various non-agricultural activities are working in rice
mill, construction activity outside the village, working as middlemen and running
small business. In most of the cases they are underemployed because they are
not trained for skill development.
Table 11: Seasonal calendar of Non-farm activities
Particulars Jun
Jul Aug S O N D J F M A M
Non-Farm Activities
Involved in rice mill
Construction work outside the village
Small Business
6.10 TIME LINE
Key informants: Nijamul Haque, Md. Raffiq, Abdulla Hussain
Time line is a tool of PRA technique used to know the history of major
remembered events in community and their significance. It indicates the causal
link between past and present. The purpose of this tool is to obtain historical
account of changes in demography, socio-economic condition, communication,
social relationship and interaction, technology diffusion and adoption etc.
Information regarding the important events like development in agriculture,
animal husbandry are collected from the key informants, preferably elderly
people of the village and presented in the table12 and 13.
From the time line of agriculture in Jagulipara village, it is evident that the village
had tried crop diversity after the green revolution. The farmers grew a number of
crops including legumes, local wheat variety, fruits and vegetables but rice is the
major crop. With the advent of DVC canal that assured constant irrigation and
with Minimum Support Price (MSP) of the government the farmers always
inclined to the rice-rice cropping system. Though initially this has helped farmers
Lobourer (worker)
Lobourer (worker)
40
financially but now it has started some adverse effects in the area as Zinc and
Boron deficiency.
Table 12: Time line of major events in Jagulipara village
Year Historical profile
Approx. 200 yrs ago Name of the village
1940 DVC
1950 Radio
1970 Hand pump
1970 IR 8 (Rice Var.)
1972 Knapsack Sprayer
1975 Public Distribution System (PDS)
1978 Tractor
1978 Flood
1980 Small Paddle thresher
1980 Motorcycle
1980 Husking Mill
1980 DAP fertilizer
1980 Telephone
1980 Crossing (Cock)
1981 Village Development Samiti
1983 Television (Black and White)
1983 Pacca House
1984 Moram Road
1988 Electricity
1990 Big Paddle thresher
1990 Biogas
1990 Introduction of cross-breed (Jersy cow)
1990 Artificial Insemination
1993 Television (Color)
1995 Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
1996 Swarna (Rice Var.)
2000 Power Tiller
2004 Cable TV Line
2005 Mobile Phone
2007 Mushroom Cultivation
2007 Self Help Group (APL)
2007 Village adoption by KVK
2008 Application of Zinc Sulphate/Boron
2008 Computer
2008 MGNREGA
2008 Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)
2009 Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA)
41
Table 13: Agriculturally important time line
Sl. No. Event Year
1. Embankment of Damodar canal 1940
2. Chemical fertilizer 1972
3. Shallow tube well 1975
4. High yielding variety of paddy 1976-77
5. Tractor 1978
6. Electricity 1988
7. Double cropping (Paddy - Paddy) 1990
8. Thresher introduced 1990
9. Cross bred animal (Jersy cow) 1990
10. Artificial Insemination 1990
11. IPM technique demonstration 2005
12. Epidemic of ear cutting caterpiller 2006
6.11 TIME TREND
Key informants: Sk. Obedul Haque, Sheikh Nijamul Haque, Syed Akbar Ali
Time trend is a simple PRA technique, usually depicted in the form of
graph (bar/line) to show the trend of crop/animal production, commodity prices,
human/cattle population etc. The specific objectives of this tool are to identify
the changes/fluctuations that have occurred over a period of time in the
variables influencing village life. For the purpose of the present PRA study, the
data were collected for crop productivity of rice and prices of rice and milk over
the last 5 years and are presented graphically below.
A. Time trend for Paddy productivity: The trend analysis of rice
productivity shows a decreasing trend from 2006 to 2010.The consistent
decrease in productivity is the result of reduction of the fertility status of
the soil.
42
Figure 1: Productivity trend of Paddy in Jagulipara village
Paddy can be sold at the weekly market for government procurement
otherwise to the rice millers.
B. Time trend for paddy price: The price of Aman and Boro paddy also
shows an increasing trend from Rs 300-320 /mon (2006) to Rs 500-
520/mon (2010).
Figure 2: Price trend of Aman Paddy in Jagulipara village
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Productivity of paddy ( Qt/ha)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Aman paddy price (Rs/Qt)
43
Figure 3: Price trend of Boro Paddy in Jagulipara village
C. Trend in Fertilizer Application: The natural fertility status of the soil in
Jagulipara village is decreasing day by day, the application of inorganic
fertilizer is on the rise. While the application was 15 Kg per bigha in 2006
now it has increased to 25 Kg/ bigha in 2010.
Figure 4: Trend of fertilizer application in Paddy in Jagulipara village
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Boro paddy price (Rs/ Qt)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Fertilizer Application in paddy (kg/ha)
44
6.12 TECHNOLOGY MAP
Key informants: Sk. Nijamul Haque, Sk. Md. Hanif, Mulla Noor Nabi,
Chowdhury Md. Yeasin, Molla Nur Haque and Chowdhury Amirul Haque
Technology map is a PRA technique which is used to know different
types of behavioural patterns towards technology adoption. Different types of
technology behaviour may be of adoption type, discontinuance, rejection and
over adoption type etc. Technology map comprises type and frequency of
adoption of latest technology through various agencies related to agricultural
research and development. It helps scientists and extension workers to identify
the problem of the farmers through the feedback mechanisms.
Technology Diffusion Methods: Technologies developed by various
organizations are diffused to farmers‟ fields through the simplest methods, and
as far as possible in the farmer's language. The following diffusion methods in
general are adopted for diffusion of any technology
Training camps
Field demonstrations
Farmers meeting
Kisan Mela
On-farm training
Distribution of bulletin and leaflets
Radio
Television
The different crops and technologies which are adopted, discontinued
and rejected are depicted in Table 14 and Table 15. Most of the cultivated land
of Jagulipara village is lowland area and rice is the major crop for this village.
Earlier farmers were cultivating wheat, barley and lentil in rabi season but now
they are cultivating boro rice as it provides them more benefit than other rabi
crops. The farmers of this village have adopted a number of varieties of rice and
modern farming implements. The main rice varieties in kharif season (Aman) are
Swarna (MTU 7029, 80%), 1001 (10%), BN-20 (fine rice, 5%) and Govindbhog
(scented, 5%). Swarna variety has largest area of cultivation due to its more
productivity, quality and suitability for making moori (a local product). In rabi
season (Boro) the main varieties are MTU 1010 (70%), IR 36 (20%), MTU 1081
45
(5%) and Shatabdi Minikit (5%). Due to less incidence of disease problems,
MTU 1010 is the most popular variety in this village. Recently CRRI, Cuttak has
introduced a submergence tolerance rice variety called Swarna-sub1 in the
village through the KVK, Budbud. This variety was developed through marker
assisted selection and it is improved version of Swarna. Two new rice varieties
Samba Mahsury sub1 and CR 10 has been recently introduced in the village by
KVK, Budbud.
The KVK, Budbud has introduced concept of Integrated Farming System
(IFS) in this village. IFS promote integration of field crops, vegetable crops, fruit
crops, livestock, poultry and fishery for profit maximization and sustainable
agriculture. Under IFS, farmers of this village are doing following practices:
Growing rice and mustard in low land area
Growing banana and different vegetable crops like brinjal (Muktakeshi),
okra (Arka Anamika), tomato (Pusa ruby, Arka Vikash) radish, ridge
gourd, bottle gourd, spinach, broad bean etc. in upland area (near
residential area).
Fish production in pond
Poultry production
Khaki Campbell production for egg
Raising goat
Raising cow
In fishery, farmers are raising katla, rohu, silver carp, mrigal and pangas
breed. Pangas (Pangasius sutchi) was introduced by KVK, Budbud. This breed
has high production potential and it is less susceptible to various diseases. The
Khaki Campbell raising become very popular in this area as it is less risky than
poultry. The litter of Khaki Campbell in pond serve as a source of food for fishes.
The majority of goats found in this village are of Black Bengal breed and others
are of Jamunapari breed. Buffalo is mostly kept for drought purpose and all are
of Hiranpur breed. Desi breed cattle constitute majority of cattle population in
this village, however, cross breed cattle (Holstein Frisian and Jersy) population
is increasing gradually. Banana cultivation is new for this village and it was
46
found profitable as compared to other crops, but it will not be adopted by
majority of farmers due to unavailability of sufficient upland area.
Table 14: The various crops adopted/rejected/discontinued at Jagulipara village
Crop Variety Adopted (A)/
Discontinued(D)/ Rejected (R)
Reasons
Rice (Aman) IR 8 D Bold Rice, Low sale price
Jaya D Long duration, More water
requirement
Pankaj D Low yield
Sita D High amylopectin
PAC- 835 (Hybrid) D Long Duration (Pest problem)
Swarna (MTU -7029) A High yielding
Govindbhog A Scented
BN -20 A Fine rice
Swarna Sub- 1 A Resistance for water logging, HYV
Rice (Boro) MTU- 1010 A Heat tolerant
MTU- 1081 A Less disease
IR 36 A Good quality
Shatabdi Minikit A High quality
Mustard WBBN 1 D Resistant to club root disease, Bold
seeded, high oil percentage but production is low
B-54 (Agarni) A 90 days variety, more production,
Resistant to club root disease
Gai moong --- A Multiple cut leguminous fodder
Banana GRAND-9 A Increased income
Sugarcane --- D More time so no scope for Boro
rice, Flooding problem
Wheat Sonalika D Introduction of Boro Rice, Low
profit than Boro rice
Lentil --- D -do-
Barley --- D -do-
Jute --- D Market facility not available
Maize (fodder) --- D Not adjusted in cropping system
47
Table 15: The various technology adopted/rejected/discontinued at
Jagulipara village
Items Adopted (A)/
Discontinued(D)/ Rejected (R)
Reasons
Farm Implements
Tractor (Mahindra 265DI, B-275DI, 475DI; Massey
Furguson 241DI)
A Indispensable in mechanized rice based
cropping system
Cultivator A Labour saving, aeration to puddled soil,
ease of sowing
Country Plough A Suitable for low farm holding
Shallow bore well A Easy and quick irrigation
Paddy Thresher A Convenient to use, helps to enhance the
work efficiency of the farmers, labour saving
Power Tiller (KAMCO, VST-SHAKTI)
A Better for low farm holding
Paddle driven thresher A Low cost
Motor (Fieldmarshal 5HP)
A Used in irrigation and threshing
Dungi (Local Irrigation
Implement) D Easy and efficient new technology came
Debla Sprayer D Manufacturing unit Banned
Knapsack Sprayer A Low cost, Continuous spraying
Foot Sprayer D Not Safe
Conoweeder A Mechanical weeding, weed mix with soil
and become organic manure
Winnowing Fan A Easy and efficient winnowing
Combine Harvester R Low farm holding, Straw not available
Morai (for storage) A Low cost, pest infection is very low
Livestock
Buffalo (Hiranpur, Murrah)
A Use in country plough
Cattle (Jersy, HF, Desi)
A Milk yield and draught purposes
Khaki Campbell A Egg production, increase diversification,
litter can be used by fish as feed
48
Poultry (Desi, RIR Leghorn)
A Broiler varieties, additional income
Goat Rearing (Black Bengal, Jamunapari)
A Alternative source of income, less input requirement, less fodder requirement,
easily digestible milk
Vaccination A Protection from viral (FMD) and
bacterial disease (BQ)
Artificial Insemination A Genetic improvement
Fishery
Katla A High quality and market demand
Rohu A -do-
Silver carp A High production due to fast growth
Mrigal A High quality, less disease problem
Pangasius sutchi A High growth rate, less production cost
Others
Compost A For fertilizer
Local made motor Van A Farm transport
Mushroom cultivation R Market not available
Vermicompost production
R Difficult to do due to high rainfall
6.13 MATRIX RANKING
Key informants: Sk. Md. Hanif, Mulla Noor Nabi, Chowdhury Md. Yeasin,
Molla Nur Haque and Chowdhury Amirul Haque
Matrix ranking was done in the village to know the technology decision
behaviour of adoption, rejection and discontinuance. The villagers of Jagulipara
village have adopted and discontinued several varieties of rice over the years.
The farmers‟ usage of four varieties of aman rice (Table 16) and four varieties of
boro rice (Table 17) were compared to know what drives their technology
adoption behaviour. It was found that the varieties that were adopted and are
being used mainly, had the highest yields. Hence the most decisive factor for a
farmer regarding crop adoption is its yield. Matrix ranking is also done for five
different fish breeds and it was found that farmers choice for fish breed depend
upon market demand (Table 18).
49
Table 16: Technology adoption for Kharif rice (Aman) varieties
(Matrix Ranking of Rice Varieties)
Parameters KI MTU 7029 1001 Govindbhog BN-20
Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value
Crop yield 1 I 4 II 3 IV 1 III 2
2 I 4 III 2 IV 1 II 3
3 I 4 II 3 IV 1 III 2
4 I 4 III 2 IV 1 II 3
Tot. 16 10 4 10
Crop duration 1 III 2 II 3 I 4 IV 1
2 III 2 II 3 I 4 IV 1
3 III 2 II 3 I 4 IV 1
4 III 2 II 3 I 4 IV 1
Tot. 8 12 16 4
Plant height 1 I 4 II 3 IV 1 III 2
2 I 4 II 3 IV 1 III 2
3 I 4 II 3 IV 1 III 2
4 I 4 II 3 IV 1 III 2
Tot. 16 12 4 8
Rice quality 1 II 3 IV 1 I 4 III 2
2 III 2 IV 1 I 4 II 3
3 III 2 IV 1 I 4 II 3
4 II 3 IV 1 I 4 III 2
Tot. 10 4 16 10
Pest problem 1 IV 1 III 4 II 3 I 4
2 IV 1 I 4 III 1 II 3
3 II 3 I 4 IV 1 III 2
4 IV 1 II 3 III 2 I 4
Tot. 6 15 7 13
Cost of production 1 IV 1 III 2 I 4 III 2
2 IV 1 II 3 I 4 III 2
3 IV 1 I 4 II 3 III 2
4 IV 1 I 4 II 3 III 2
Tot. 4 13 14 8
Fodder quality 1 I 4 III 2 II 3 IV 1
2 I 4 III 2 II 3 IV 1
3 I 4 III 2 IV 1 II 3
4 I 4 III 2 IV 1 II 3
Tot. 16 8 8 8
Grand total 76 74 69 61
50
Table 17: Technology adoption for Rabi rice (Boro) varieties
(Matrix Ranking of Rice Varieties)
Parameters KI MTU 1010 IR 36 MTU 1081 Shatabdi Minikit
Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value
Crop yield 1 I 4 III 2 II 3 IV 1
2 II 3 I 4 III 2 IV 1
3 III 2 II 3 I 4 IV 1
4 II 3 IV 1 I 4 III 2
Tot. 12 10 13 5
Crop duration 1 II 3 IV 1 III 2 I 4
2 II 3 IV 2 III 2 I 4
3 II 3 IV 1 III 2 I 4
4 II 3 IV 1 III 2 I 4
Tot. 12 5 8 16
Seed availability
1 I 4 II 3 III 2 IV 1
2 I 4 II 3 III 2 IV 1
3 I 4 II 3 III 2 IV 1
4 I 4 II 3 III 2 IV 1
Tot. 16 12 8 4
Rice quality 1 IV 1 II 3 III 2 I 4
2 IV 1 II 3 III 2 I 4
3 III 2 II 3 IV 1 I 4
4 IV 1 II 3 III 2 I 4
Tot. 5 12 7 16
Pest problem 1 I 4 IV 1 II 3 III 2
2 II 3 I 4 II 3 III 2
3 I 4 II 3 III 2 IV 1
4 I 4 IV 1 II 3 III 2
Tot. 15 9 11 7
Cost of production
1 IV 1 III 2 II 3 I 4
2 IV 1 II 3 III 2 I 4
3 IV 1 III 2 II 3 I 4
4 III 2 IV 1 I 4 II 3
Tot. 5 8 12 15
Fodder quality 1 IV 1 II 3 III 2 I 4
2 III 2 I 4 IV 1 II 3
3 I 4 II 1 III 2 III 2
4 IV 1 I 4 III 2 II 3
Tot. 8 12 7 12
Grand total 73 68 66 75
51
Table 18: Technology adoption for Fish breed
(Matrix Ranking of fish breeds)
Parameters KI Katla Rohu Silver carp Mrigal Pangas
Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value
Quality 1 III 3 I 5 V 1 II 4 IV 2
2 I 5 II 4 V 1 III 3 IV 2
3 II 4 I 5 V 1 III 3 IV 2
4 II 4 I 5 IV 2 III 3 V 1
Tot. 16 19 5 13 7
Demand 1 III 3 I 5 V 1 II 4 IV 2
2 I 5 II 4 V 1 III 3 IV 2
3 II 4 I 5 V 1 III 3 IV 2
4 I 5 II 4 IV 2 III 3 V 1
Tot. 17 18 5 13 7
Cost of production
1 III 3 II 4 IV 2 V 2 I 5
2 II 4 IV 2 III 3 V 2 I 5
3 III 3 IV 2 II 4 V 2 I 5
4 V 5 III 3 I 5 IV 2 II 4
Tot. 15 11 14 8 19
Disease 1 V 1 IV 2 II 4 III 4 I 5
2 V 1 IV 2 III 3 II 4 I 5
3 V 1 IV 2 III 3 II 4 I 5
4 V 1 II 4 III 3 IV 4 I 5
Tot. 4 10 13 16 20
Production level
1 III 3 IV 2 II 4 V 3 I 5
2 III 3 IV 2 I 5 V 2 II 4
3 III 3 IV 2 II 4 V 1 I 5
4 II 4 III 3 I 5 V 2 IV 2
Tot. 13 9 18 8 16
Fingerling availability
1 IV 2 II 4 I 5 III 4 V 1
2 IV 2 I 5 II 4 III 4 V 1
3 III 3 II 4 I 5 IV 4 V 1
4 III 3 II 4 I 5 V 3 IV 2
Tot. 10 17 19 15 5
Growth rate 1 III 3 IV 2 II 4 V 4 I 5
2 II 4 IV 2 III 1 V 3 I 5
3 III 3 IV 2 II 4 V 2 I 5
4 III 3 IV 2 II 4 V 3 I 5
Tot. 13 8 13 12 20
Grand total 88 92 87 85 94
52
6.14 CONSEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Key informants: Sk. Nijamul Haque, Sk. Md. Hanif, Kabi Md. Ffissa,
Chowdhury Md. Yeasin, Molla Nur Haque and Chowdhury Amirul Haque
The consequence diagram indicates the impact of adoption of
technology. It includes the positive and negative consequences of an adopted
technology. It is helpful in finding the technology gap and also in structuring the
future research project. A consequence diagram was found out for canal
irrigation in the village (Figure 5). Canal is very useful for irrigation purpose but
excess amount of canal water submerged the lowland farm areas. The rice
variety MTU-7029, also known as Swarna, is an example of over-adoption of a
technology in this village and a consequence diagram was found out for this
variety (Figure 6). Consequence diagram is also found out for system of rice
intensification and cross breed cow (Holstein Frisian and Jersy) which is
presented in Figure 7 and Figure 8 respectively.
Figure 5: Consequence diagram for Canal Irrigation adoption
53
Figure 6: Consequence diagram for Swarna (MTU-7029) adoption
Figure 7: Consequence diagram for System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
adoption
54
Figure 8: Consequence diagram for cross-breed cow (Holstein Frisian and
Jersy) adoption
6.15 BIO-RESOURCES FLOW
Key informants: Md. Soheb, Chowdhury Nurul Haque, Sk. Sahajahan
Bio-resource flow diagram shows the flow of various inputs & output products
and by-products by the various agricultural system (paddy, mustard) and animal
husbandry. It also shows that output of one process can easily be used as an
input of other process. It shows the interrelationship between different farm
enterprises and helps to develop organic green farming practice which will be
ecologically and economically friendly. It also shows that a product can be used
in different other applications rather than its conventional use. As the process
works in a cyclic manner and one product depends on other product,
optimization of each and every input/output can be done by minimizing the
wastages of any item. The best utilization/application of bio-resource flow could
be done in integrated farming system. Two villagers in Jagulipara have
developed integrated farming system by utilizing many of the bio-resource
available in the village.
55
The existing practice of bio-resource flow is shown in black colour (Picture 22).
The promising new other alternative use of bio-resource for the development of
village is shown in green colour.
Picture 22: Existing and proposed bio-resource flow in Jagulipara village
6.16 WEALTH RANKING
Key Informants: Sheikh Mohd. Hanif, Gopal Maji, Syed Akbar Ali, Choudhury
Maniruddin
Wealth ranking shows the percentage distribution of village population into
different wealth classes. The key informants from different wealth classes were
interviewed for this technique. The key informants were asked to categorize the
126 sample households of the village into different wealth classes. They were
also asked to make the number of wealth class categories based on their
perception. The key informants determined certain criteria for classification of
wealth categories. All key informants categorized village farmers as large,
medium, small and marginal.
56
Table 19: Wealth ranking of families of Jagulipara village as per Key
informants
S. No. Household name KI-1(4) KI-2(4) KI-3(4) KI-4(4) Avg.
1 Choudhury Alamgir 25 25 25 25 25
2 Sheikh Yasin 25 25 25 50 31.25
3 Sheikh Ayat Nabi 50 25 25 50 37.5
.
. . . .
.
. . . .
84 Shashodhar Ruidas 100 100 100 100 100
.
. . . .
.
. . . .
126 Kazi Abdul Azim 25 50 50 50 43.75
Number of sample household = 126
Wealth categories = Average of all KIs
= (4 + 4 + 4 + 4) / 4
= 4
Correction factor = (Max. – Min. Score) / Wealth Categories
= (100 – 25) / 4
= 18.75
Category Range
Marginal 25.00 to 43.75 ( 25.00 + 18.75)
Small 43.75 to 62.50 (43.75 + 18.75)
Medium 62.50 to 81.25 (62.50 + 18.75)
Large 81.25 to 100.00 (81.25 + 18.75)
57
50
30
1010
Distribution of households according to Wealth Ranking
Marginal (50%)
Medium (30%)
Small (10%)
Large (10%)
Table 20: Criteria for wealth ranking as per key informants
Category Criteria
1. Large
>10 acre of agricultural land, Tractor – 1, Pump – 1, Sprayer – 2,
Cattle – 5-6, Buffalo – 2-3, Motorcycle (80% of the farmers
having), Service, Pucca House
2. Medium
3-10 acre of agricultural land, Tractor -1 (10% of the farmers
having), Pump – 1 (15% of the farmers having), Sprayer – 1 (70%
of the farmers having), Cattle – 2-5, Buffalo – 1-2 , Pucca House
(15% of the farmers having), Motorcycle (30% of the farmers
having)
3. Small
1-3 acre of agricultural land, no tractor, no pump, no sprayer,
Cattle – 2-3 (50% of the farmers having), no buffalo, no
motorcycle, kaccha house
4. Marginal
<1 acre of agricultural land or landless, no tractor, no pump, no
sprayer, Cattle - 1 (only 5% of the farmers having), no buffalo, no
motorcycle, kaccha house
Figure 9: Distribution of households of Jagulipara Village according
to wealth ranking
58
6.17 LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS
Key Informants: Sheikh Mohd. Hanif, Gopal Maji, Syed Akbar Ali, Choudhury
Maniruddin
Livelihood analysis is an analytical technique of exploring behaviours,
decisions and coping strategies of households with different socio-economic
backgrounds.
After doing the wealth ranking, one representative from each of the
categories namely large, medium, small and marginal have been identified.
Income and expenditure pattern for each category have been analyzed with the
obtained data.
59
0
20
40
60
Agriculture Service Livestock & Fishery
Others
60
2510 5
Income Pattern
Livelihood Analysis of Large farmer
Figure 10: Livelihood analysis of large farmer
60
Livelihood Analysis of Medium farmer
Figure 11: Livelihood analysis of medium farmer
61
65
20
55 5
Expenditure Pattern
Food (65%)
Maintenance (Cloths, Fuel, Animal feed, Mobile recharging etc.) (20%)Education (5%)
Medicine (5%)
Asset Creation (TV, Mobile etc.) (5%)
Livelihood Analysis of Small farmer
Figure 12: Livelihood analysis of small farmer
62
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Labour Agriculture Livestock Others
70
10 10 10
Income Pattern
75
20
3 2
Expenditure Pattern Food (75%)
Maintenance (Fuel, House repairing, Cloths, Animal feed etc.) (20%)Medicine (3%)
Education (2%)
Livelihood Analysis of Marginal farmer
Figure 13: Livelihood analysis of marginal farmer
63
6.18 VENN DIAGRAM:
Key informants: Molla Naim, Molla Nur Haque, Zayed Akbar Ali
In PRA technique, Venn diagram is used to observe and analyze the presence
of different institutions, organizations, groups and individuals in a particular
village and their influence and interaction in the village. Venn diagram is also
used to study how much an organization or system is interacting, helping or co-
operating with a village for a particular system such as, agricultural practice and
earning of livelihood. In Jagulipara, the first and foremost contributing and
helping organization is K.V.K.-Budbud, Burdwan because they are helping the
village not only for agricultural practices but also as a totality such as giving the
technology for paddy and mustard cultivation, fish culture, vegetable cultivation,
preparation of various handicraft items. The Govt. organizations such as ADO,
BDO and BLDO are helping the village through the village panchayet. The 28
self help groups in the village are deeply involved in various products and
practices to become entrepreneur for different agricultural and handicraft items.
Villagers are also getting updates on agriculture through various television
programmes in different channels like Etv, Annadata and – Krishi Darshan in DD
Bangala T.V. programme. In addition, the village library keeps good collection of
books and magazine related to agriculture. Within the village, there is a farmers‟
co-operative society naming, “Village Development Samity”, however, it is not
that much active or dynamic. The interaction of various organizations,
institutions and social groups is shown in Venn diagram (Figure 14).
Figure 14: Venn diagram for
agriculture production and
earning livelihood
64
6.19 MOBILITY MAP
Key informants: Sukumar Ruidas and Nizamul Haque
It is the map that leads to explore the spatial mobility of the villagers for the
different activities like buying agricultural inputs, availing medical/veterinary
services, shopping, education etc. The KIs were asked to give information on
mobility of villagers and information was collected on locations, purposes, distance,
mode of transport and cost for travelling to each location. It was observed that
Paraj is the most frequently visited place for most of the purposes due to its vicinity
and good connectivity with the village, followed by Ramgopalpur, Galsi, Budbud
and Burdwan. Villagers go to Paraj for buying agricultural inputs, banking,
vegetable marketing, schooling, purchasing of household items and to avail
veterinary services. Villagers travel to Galsi and Budbud for buying agricultural
inputs and home consumption items, and also for availing medical services. They
go to Budbud for visiting agriculture development office, Block development office,
KVK and also Block Livestock Development Office. Landless labourers move to
Paraj for working in the rice mills. Villagers go to Burdwan mainly for getting good
medical facilities, availing education in Colleges and Universities and also for
buying other household commodities. Ramgopalpur is a popular destination for
purchasing of vegetable items (2 times in a week). Villagers also go there for
education, shopping household items like cloths and medical purposes.
Figure 15: Mobility map of Jagulipara Village
65
Table 21: Mobility table for Jagulipara village
S.
No. Destination
Distance
(km) Frequency
Mode Of
Transport
Fare
(Rs.) Purpose
1. Paraj 3 2 days in a
week
Bicycle,
Rickshaw,
Walk
4 Agricultural
Inputs,
Education,
Working in
Rice Mill,
Gramin
Bank,
Vegetable
Marketing
(2 times in
a week),
Shopping,
Veterinary
Services
2. Ramgopal-
pur
3 2 days in a
week
Bicycle,
Rickshaw,
Walk
4 Vegetable
Marketing
(2 times in
a week),
Shopping,
Education,
Medical
3. Galsi 15 1 day in a
week
Bus 6 Agricultural
Inputs,
Medical,
Shopping
4. Budbud 13 1 day in a
week
Bus 6 Agricultural
Inputs,
Medical,
Shopping,
ADO, BDO
, KVK,
BLDO
5. Burdwan 36 1 day in a
week
Bus 16 Agricultural
Inputs,
Medical,
Education,
Shopping
Figure 23: Mobility map of Paju Kalan village
66
6.20 INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK)
Key informants: Sk. Nizamul Haque, Padma Ruidas, Farida Yashmin
Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) is kind of special knowledge,
information, process or product that are specific to a particular area or
community. This knowledge or technology has been developed by a
particular community over the period of time for their daily requirement to
sustain in a particular environment or making some unique items at low cost
by best utilizing their common traditional knowledge. This knowledge is
generally gathered by practicing a particular work for long time and this
information flows from generation to generation through practicing that work
without recording in black and white. Hence, over the period of time, this
knowledge or technology becomes more pure, fine, precise and accurate.
Villagers in Jagulipara are also practising a good number of ITKs over the
period of time such as keeping paddy in Morai, making jute rope, winnowing
of paddy, use of coal tar in the wall of mud house, making rice power in
Dhanki, making fishing net etc. which are shown in Picture 23 a and b.
Table 22: ITKs in crop and livestock management in Jagulipara village
S.
No. Practice Purpose
For Paddy
1 Morai: Storage
place of paddy
To keep paddy in Morai, which is made of paddy straw
only. The paddy can be stored safely for around one
year.
2 Dhanki Making rice from paddy and rice powder from rice
3 Winnowing
Fan
To easily separate small paddy straw from grain
Others
1 Charka:
making jute
rope
The charka is used in making of jute thread. Now, three
to four single threads are used to make jute rope which
is used in different daily practices
2 Use of coal tar
in wall
West Bengal is quite rainy area and the houses which
are made of mud, easily get damage in rainy season.
Therefore, they are applying coal tar in the mud wall to
increase the longevity of house by protecting the wall
from rain water and termites.
67
3 Making
Ghonni
As the village has plenty of water in pond and cannel,
huge amount of fish is also available in these areas.
Therefore, they are making Ghonni to capture fish. This
is made of bamboo stick.
4 Making fishing
net
As mentioned above to capture fish, they are also
making different types of fishing nets in addition to
Ghonni.
5 Making Chatai They are making Chatai from Palmyra leaf. These are
used for sitting and sleeping purpose as a substitute of
mat.
(a)
68
(b)
Picture 23 a & b: Pictures of the few ITKs available in the Jagulipara village
Alternate Livelihoods:
The people of the Jagulipara village mainly depend on agriculture products
such as, paddy and to some extent mustard seed for earning their livelihood
purpose. The male category of the village mainly works in the agriculture field
and females are involved in house work. Over the period of last three years,
they have got several training from KVK, Budbud and developed expertise in
various handicraft items. These items include outstanding embroidery skill in
saree, table cloths, umbrella and handkerchief. They also have skill to
prepare various knitted bags, dolls like teddy bear. Different handicraft items
prepared by the village women are shown in Picture 24.
(a)
69
(b)
Picture 24 a & b: Different handicraft items prepared by women of the Jagulipara village
6.21 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE
After completing all the survey about the technology and resources
available in the village, next process is to identify the problems faced by the
villagers in the village environment especially in agricultural sector. Fifteen
farmers were identified using snowball technique to determine the problems.
After that villagers were asked for some problems related to agriculture which
affect their livelihood. Then correlating with the previous study of PRA, we
listed six major problems of that village following the procedures of problems
identification. Then farmers ranked those problems according to severity of
the problems. They were also enquired for extent of damage in terms of
acreage of crops affected in the village; and number of animal affected for
livestock by the respective problems. The average monetary loss for the
village by each problem has also been taken from the farmers for each
problem. Frequency of each rank was calculated for the all six problems.
Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI) were then
calculated using the following formulae.
1. Rank Based Quotient
RBQ = ∑f1 (n+1-i) x100 N X n
2. Value Based Index
VBI = RBQ x Average loss experienced x area of crops/animals
Where, i = Concerned ranks (1 to 6); N = Total numbers of farmers (15) n = Numbers of rank (6); f = Frequency (Number of farmers reporting
that particular problem under ith rank)
70
Major agricultural problem in Jagulipara village
Figure 16: Major agricultural problems of Jagulipara village.
Table 23: Problems identified by villagers in Jagulipara
Sl. No.
Problems identified
Farmers’ response according to ranks
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Yearly decline of rice yield - - 1 4 9 2
2. Low farm income 6 7 1 1 - -
3. Land submergence by excess canal water
8 5 1 - - 1
4. Lack of diversification - - 2 6 3 4
5. Animal health problems and low milk production
- 1 - 4 2 8
6. Shortage of labour 1 2 11 - 1 -
Table 24: Ranking of problems based on Ratio Based Quotient (RBQ)
S.No Problems RBQ Ranks
1. Yearly decline of rice yield 40.00 3rd
2. Low farm income 86.66 1st
3. Land submergence by excess canal water 86.66 1st
4. Lack of diversification 40.00 3rd
5. Animal health problems and low milk
production
32.23 4th
6. Shortage of labour 68.89 2nd
6.22 PROBLEM AND SOLUTION TREE
Under this PRA tool, all the problems were discussed with the farmers
for all possible reasons using top down approach. It is a short dendrogram
analysis of the problem by the farmers. The possible solution for each cause
was also discussed with the farmers. These causes and solutions were
discussed with the subject matter specialist of KVK, Budbud before the
finalization of the tree.
Yearly decline
of rice yield
Low farm
income
Land submergence by
excess canal water
Lack of
diversification Shortage of
labour
Animal health problem
and low milk production
71
Figure 17: Problem solution tree for yearly decline of rice productivity.
72
Figure 18: Problem solution tree for Cattle health problem and low milk production
73
Figure 19: Problem solution tree for low diversification index.
74
Figure 20: Problem solution tree for low farm income
75
6.23 PERESPECTIVE OF PROBLEMS
Problems identified were categorized as problems arising out of gaps in
research in various agricultural disciplines and as problems arising out of
gaps in extension activities.
Research gap
Suitable crops for diversification
Effective variety for SRI
Disease and insect resistant rice variety
Micronutrient deficiency in rice under low land rice- rice ecosystem
Farm machinery for small farm holding
Management of ear cutting caterpillar in rice
Acid tolerant mustard variety
Extension gap
Imbalance nutrient management
Awareness among small farmers about the advantage of group farming
Unhealthy animal husbandry practices
Awareness about artificial insemination
Awareness about bio- fertilizers (Azolla), coated fertilizers, nitrification
inhibitors
Proper feed mixtures for higher milk yield
6.24 RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL
Based on the problems and research gaps identified, the following research
projects are proposed.
1. Screening and characterization of rice varieties under system of rice
intensification (SRI).
2. Development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules for Rice-
Rice cropping system.
3. Economic evaluation of System of rice intensification (SRI) method of
rice cultivation.
4. Eco-friendly management of ear cutting caterpillar (Mythimna separata)
in rice ecosystem.
5. Screening, validation and refinement of existing indigenous technical
knowledges (ITKs) for development of new technologies.
76
6. Generation and evaluation of integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
strategies for Rice-Rice cropping system.
7. Effect of green manure on rice production and soil fertility in Rice-Rice
cropping system.
8. Constraint analysis in adoption of scientific method of rice cultivation in
Jagulipara village of West Bengal.
9. Development of short duration variety for low land rice ecosystem.
10. Development of integrated farming system module with available
recourses in Jagulipara village.
11. To study the effect of micronutrients (Zn, B) on yield and yield attributes
of rice in low land Rice-Rice cropping system.
12. To evaluate effectiveness of different strains of Azola for sustainable
production of boro rice.
13. Economic validation of banana+duckery+pisciculture as integrated
farming system model for pond based ecosystem.
14. Quantification of growth and development of fishes (Rohu, Katla &
mrigal) for different combination of feeding materials.
77
6.25. ACTION PLAN
What Who Where When How Cost Outcome
Screening and characterization of
rice varieties under system of rice
intensification (SRI).
Agronomist &
Plant breeder
CRRI, Cuttack
July, 2011-
June 2014
Screening of rice varieties and hybrids based on their yield
attributing parameters under SRI
10 lakhs
Identification of some phenotypic characters of rice resulting higher yield under
SRI.
Development of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) modules for
Rice-Rice cropping system.
Entomologist &
Agronomist
CRRI, Cuttack
July, 2011-
June 2013
Assessment of effects of different combinations of pest
management practices
3 lakhs
Development of IPM modules
Economic evaluation of System of rice intensification (SRI) method of
rice cultivation.
Economist &
Agronomist
CRRI, Cuttack
July, 2011-
June 2013
Comparison of cost of cultivation of paddy in SRI technique over conventional
method of rice cultivation.
2 lakhs
B: C ratio likely to be higher in SRI.
Eco-friendly management of ear
cutting caterpillar (Mythimna
separata) in rice ecosystem.
Entomologist
DRR, Hydera
bad
July, 2011-
June 2013
Field evaluation of different eco-friendly insecticides
against ECC in rice.
3 lakhs
Identification of eco-friendly insecticides against ECC..
Screening, validation and
refinement of existing indigenous
technical knowledge's (ITKs) for
development of new technologies.
Ag. Extension scientist
Div. of Extensi
on, IARI
July, 2011-
June 2012
Base line survey, demonstration and validation
9 lakhs
Development of improved technology based on ITKs
Generation and evaluation of integrated Nutrient Management
(INM) strategies for Rice-Rice cropping system.
Soil Scientist & Agronomist
BCKV, West
Bengal
July, 2011-
June 2013
Assessment of effects of different combinations of
nutrient sources practices for low land.
15 lakhs
Development of INM modules
Effect of green manure on rice
production and soil fertility in Rice-
Rice cropping system.
Agronomist, soil scientist
PDCSR,Meerut
July, 2011-
June 2014
Preparing and maintaining nutrient balance sheet under rice-rice-dhaincha cropping
system.
10 lakhs
Sustainable agricultural
productivity
78
Constraint analysis in adoption of
scientific method of rice cultivation
in Jaguli Para village of West
Bengal.
Ag. Extn.&
Ag. Economist
KVK, Bud Bud
July, 2011-
June 2013
Rank or prioritize different constraints for adoption of new
technology to farmer‟s preference.
2 lakhs
Pin point of main constraints will be easy under resource
availability.
Development of short duration variety for low land rice
ecosystem.
Agronomist, Plant
Physiologist Plant
breeder
CRRI& DRR,
Hyderabad
July, 2011-
June 2017
Following conventional as well as advanced breeding method
15 lakhs
Short duration rice var.
Development of integrated farming system module for Juguli para
village.
Agronomist, Fishery scientist
and Horticul-
turist
KVK, Budbud
,
July, 2011-
June 2013
Combining different enterprises and use ones by-
products for other.
4 lakhs
Profit maximization and recourse allocation.
To study the effect of
micronutrients (Zn,B) on yield and
yield attributes of rice in low land
rice –rice ecosystem.
Agronomist, Soil
Scientist
BCKV, West
Bengal
July, 2011-
June 2013
Measuring yield advantage of rice on application of Zn&B
over control.
5 lakhs
Reduce deficiency and getting
more filled grains and more yield
Economic validation of banana +
duckery + pisciculture as
integrated farming system model
for pond based ecosystem.
Agronomist, Fishery
scientist, Horticult-
urist and
Economist
CIFE, Mumbai
July, 2011-
June 2013
Comparing economic benefit before and after integrating
these components as a system
5 lakhs
Increase system productivity of pond
Quantification of growth and
development of fishes (Rohu,
Catla & mrigel) for different
combination of feeding materials.
Fishery scientist
WBUAH&F, West
Bengal
July, 2011-
June 2013
Measuring fish yield resulted by different organic as well as
inorganic feeds or their combinations
3 lakhs
Developed recommended balanced feed for fishes
79
6.26. OPPORTUNITIES
After getting all the information about resources available in the village we
found some opportunities lies in the village. In future we scientist and villagers
should focus on such opportunities for betterment of livelihood.
1. Use of Eichhornia crassipes use composting materials.
2. Lotus cultivation in canal area.
3. SRI method of rice cultivation.
4. Diversified vegetable cultivation
5. Integrated farming system
6. Scientific pisciculture
7. Breed up- gradation through Artificial Insemination
8. Cultivation of fodder grass (para grass)
9. Bio gas production
10. Vaccination of domestic animals
6.27. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
In Jagulipara village, the importance of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) in dessiminating information related to agriculture is
increasing day by day. ICT is an emerging field focusing on the enhancement
of agricultural and rural development through improved information and
communication processes. More specifically, ICT involves the
conceptualization, design, development, evaluation and application of
innovative ways to use information and communication in the rural domain,
with a primary focus on agriculture. The leading Information communications
technologies exist in the village are newspaper, radio, television, telephone
and mobile. Radio was introduced in the village just after the independence
(1950) by one individual family for listening news and entertainment purpose.
After that gradually most of the villagers adopted radio for the same purpose.
In the early eighties, television and telephone were introduced in the village
and became major communication channel. One important medium for
disseminating information in the village is gossiping and chitchatting. Different
newspapers are available in the village and almost all the villagers read
newspaper. „Krishi-Darshan‟ and „Annadata‟ are the two agriculture related
programmes (broadcasted in DD Bangla and Etv respectively) watched by
some of the villagers. These programmes cover the main activities of
80
agriculture like crop cultivation, water management, fertilizer application, pest
management, harvesting, post harvest handling, transporting of food/food
products, packaging, food preservation, food processing/value addition, food
quality management, food safety, food storage, food marketing etc. All
stakeholders of agriculture industry need information and knowledge about
these phases to manage them efficiently. Any channel or medium applied for
getting information and knowledge for making decisions in agriculture should
deliver accurate, complete and concise information in time or on time. The
information provided by the channel or medium must be in user-friendly form,
easy to access and cost-effective but these are found lacking in the different
existing channel. Only three households in this village which are belong to rich
family are using computer for their personal uses.
7.1 VILLAGE SEMINAR
Village seminar was conducted on 3rd July at the Jagulipara village
Samiti hall which was conveniently placed almost at the centre of the village.
Around 100 farmers attended the seminar. The local FET coordinator, KVK
programme coordinator and a Plant pathologist (SMS) along with the village
sachib were also present during the seminar. The response of village seminar
was very positive since many villagers took active participation in the
discussion.
The findings through PRA techniques were triangulated with the
villagers and the necessary feedback and corrections were taken up. We
discussed the top most researchable problems identified earlier using the
ranking method.
The following problems were discussed in the village seminar:
problems related to crop breeding, monoculture, submergence of land. Also
we suggested the villagers for crop diversification, artificial insemination as
well as vaccination in livestock and alternative livelihood employment
opportunities. Apart from these, management techniques to reduce the
problem of weeds in rice fields were also discussed including SRI and rouging
technique.
The farmers of Jagulipara village perceived that flooding of land by
canal water is the serious problem in their area. The FET group was able to
explain the villagers that rice- rice cropping system is responsible for the
micronutrient (Zinc, Boron) deficiency in that area. This cropping system has
lead to heavy nutrient losses. There is a scope for diversifying the cropping
pattern which can improve soil health and increase the farmers‟ income and
their living standards.
The seminar ended on a high note with the assurance that farmers will
get advice for the soil and crop problems from the KVK (Budbud) and
research institutes rather than following the advice of the input dealers. At the
end of the seminar, there was a common lunch session of villagers along with
the scientists.
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Picture 25: Village seminar at Jagulipara (03/07/2010)
83
7.2 INSTITUTE SEMINAR
The institute seminar was held on 7th July, 2010 at KVK, Budbud. Dr.
B.S Mahapatra, Director CRIJAF was the chief guest of our programme.
Dr.S.Ghosal Chowdhury, head of extension division, CRIJAF, our local FET
co-ordinator Dr. F H Rahman, scientists of CSRJAF, Subject Matter
Specialists of KVK and some farmers from the village were present during the
seminar. During the institute seminar, we presented complete PRA of that
village including the village transect, resource and social maps, daily activity
profile of villagers, time line, seasonal calendar, consequence and technology
map, venn diagrams, problem tree, solution tree and proposed research
projects. Each FOCARS trainee presented partly of the complete PRA.
We presented the researchable issues on the means to overcome the
problem of sustainability of rice yield, pest problems in rice, land
submergence by canal water, diversification, and animal health problem etc.
we also discussed about the opportunities lies in the village according to the
resources available. After the seminar, active discussion was held among
scientists and feedback was received. The dignitaries were happy with the
FET group presentation and appreciated our PRA work.
.
Picture 26: FET seminar at KVK, Budbud (07/07/2010)
84
8. INDUSTRIAL VISIT
As a part of the new component of PRA module, we visited a number of agro-
based industries and research institutes around the Jagulipara village which
may has direct or indirect influence in livelihood of farmers of that area. We
visited one agro-based industry Bhorosha Rice Mill Pvt Ltd., Paraj, Burdwan
Key Informant: Mohobubal Haque and Mr. Gopeshwar Josh
As mentioned in the above section, the environmental conditions such as soil
and climate are most suitable for the paddy cultivation in the district of
Burdwan. Hence, a good number of rice mills are available in this district.
Mainly, these industries process paddy to make rice. However, they hardly
produce any rice diversified products. The Bhorosha Rice Mill Pvt. Ltd. was
established 10 years back in the village of Paraj by one of the villager of that
village. The indsutry procure raw material i.e. paddy from mainly Paraj and its
surrounding villages such as Jagulipara, Aatpara, Ramgopalpur, Potna, Loya.
The capacity of the mill is around 150 tonnes per day. Mainly, two types of
rice are produced in this mill. One used for rice and other used for fried rices
(in local language ”muri”). The typical flow chart of rice production is shown in
Figure 19.
Figure 20: Flow chart of rice productin
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Picture 27: Visiting of Bhorosha rice mill
The above sequence is followed for twice when the paddy is used for rice.
However, single cycle of the above process is sufficient when the rice is used
for “muri”. Almost all varities of paddy are processed in the Bhorosha Rice
Mill. Few of the Jagulipara villagers work in this mill and majority of the
labourers are from the negibourhood districts and state such as, 24-Pargana,
Orrisa. As the demand of rice in the local market of Burdwan is significantly
high, rice of mill is sold in Burdwan market in the brand name of ”Kohinoor”.
The mill has a positive impact in the livelihood of Jagulipara village in regard
of purchasing paddy, providing employment, supplying rice husk, food for fish
etc. In addition to the main product i.e. rice, other by and/or side products of
the mill are, powder of rice seed cover (husk), rice bran oil (R.B.I.), broken
rice, coloured and defective rice.
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9. INSTITUTE VISIT
Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF)
Place: Barrackpore, West Bengal; Date of visit: 8th July, 2010
CRIJAF is the lead institute shouldering the responsibility of agricultural
research on jute and allied fibres in India. The institute started after
independence in the year of 1953. It concentrates more on jute production,
seed production and quality of fibres. The institute is having three divisions
and four sections for running different kind of research activities.
Divisions: Crop Production, Crop Improvement, Crop Protection
Sections: Agrl. Meteorology, Agrl. Statistics, Agrl. Engineering, Agrl.
Extension
We visited various divisions and sections along with our FET
programme coordinators and scientists of CRIJAF. Scientists are working with
jute along with some other allied fibres such as ramie, mesta, flax, sunhemp
and sisal. They have identified two major problems in jute cultivation –
weeding and retting (post harvest).
At first, we visited the Crop Production division. We visited laboratories
for soil science, plant physiology and microbiology. Currently, two AICRP
projects are running under this division. One is on Soil Test Crop Response
(STCR) and another is on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment. This division has
come out with very effective machinery for weed management namely
„Herbicide Brush‟.
Picture 28: Herbicide Brush
87
Then we moved to Crop Protection division. We visited laboratories for
Nematology, Plant pathology and Entomology (Toxicology). We came to know
that major disease for jute plant is stem rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). The
major insect pests in jute are Bihar Hairy Caterpiller (Spilosoma obliqua) and
Jute Semilooper (Anomis sabulifera). Recently Mealy Bug (Phenococcus
solenopsis) has emerged as a new threat to jute and mesta.
Picture 29: Bihar Hairy Caterpiller (Spilosoma obliqua) and Mealy Bug
(Phenococcus solenopsis)
Then we visited Crop Improvement Division. Scientists in the division are
conducting various research programmes on different varietal development.
For conducting the experiments, they are using different varieties of jute,
mesta, sunhemp and ramie.
Some of them are -
Jute – JRO 524 (Navin), JRO 7835 (Basudev), Bidhan Rupali, S19 (Subala),
JRO 128 (Surya), JRO 8432 (Shakti Tosa), JRO 626 (Golden Jubilee Tosa)
etc.
Sunhemp – Sun-053 (Swastika), K12 Yellow etc.
Mesta – AMC 108, JMB 2004-D etc.
Ramie – HC 583 etc.
Picture 30: Jute (JRO 524) Picture 31: Ramie (HC 583)
88
We also visited Biotechnology Unit under the Crop Improvement division. We
observed different instruments namely PCR machine, various types of
Centrifugers in the biotechnological laboratory.
We made a visit in Agrl. Engineering division. We observed various machinery
for fibre extraction namely CRIJAF Jute extractor, CRIJAF Bast Fibre
Extractor and Flax Fibre Extractor with demonstration.
In the Agrl. Extension section, they have established a museum. In that, they
kept seeds and fibre samples of all types of fibre crops, diversified products of
jute and allied fibres, multi row seed drill, posters related to jute cultivation and
pest management etc.
Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI)
Place: Durgapur, West Bengal; Date of visit: 9th July, 2010
We visited the vermi compost unit at CMERI. One Horticulturist, Amit
Ganguly, is the incharge of the unit. It is a collaborative project on vermi
composting running by CMERI and a NGO namely „Men at Work‟ for the last 4
years. Initially they started with producing vermi compost in underground pit
only. However, due to labour problem and difficulty in maintaining, they have
completely shifted to above ground pit for producing vermi compost. These
above ground pits can easily be constructed in very low cost with one brick
foundation only.
Picture 32: (a) Vermi compost Unit (b) Vermi compost pit
Procedure for preparing vermicompost: In the pit, an initial 3”-4” layer of
cowdung is covered with 3”-4” layer of chopped water hyacinth (only stalk
after cutting the root). These two layers are repeatedly put one after another
to make the height of the entire composting material around 3‟. In a single pit,
89
2 tractors load of cowdung and 1 tractor load of water hyacinth are used.
Other than water hyacinth, coconut leaves, parthenium and vegetable market
waste can also be used as decomposing material. These degradable
materials are kept in layers as such upto 18-20 days. No turning up of the
materials is needed during this period. Then turning is started. Temperature in
the heap goes upto 60-65 degree Celsius and cellulose also starts
decomposing by that time. Then after 20-25 days, earthworm is put in the
heap. These earthworms are bought from Sriniketan situated in West Bengal.
In a single pit, around 10,000 worms are put. Perforation is kept in between
the walls of the pit so that the earthworms can move freely from one pit to
another. Turning is continued once in a week. A gunny cloth is put on the top
of the heap and judicial amount of water is also sprayed in between to control
the temperature. Within 2 months of time, one cycle is completed and the
heap material becomes ready to produce the final product. From a single pit,
around 40t of compost can be produced within a time period of 2 months.
Currently, there are 24 pits in the unit. It is possible to get the compost 6 times
in a year. This material is then placed into mechanical shivering machine to
get the fine product. This machine has the capacity of producing 4t of vermi
compost per day. This compost comprises of around 1-1.2% of nitrogen.
Different micronutrients are also present in traces in this material. This
compost is sold in the market with the trade name of „Vermigold‟. The price is
Rs. 6 per kg.
b) Final product: Vermigold® Picture 33: a) Mechanical Shivering
machine
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10. CONCLUSIONS
Jagulipara is a village which is situated in the „Rice Bowl‟ of West Bengal i.e.
in the Burdwan district of West Bengal. Most of the village population is
dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. The prevailing cropping system
followed by most of the farmers is rice-rice only. Few of them follow rice-
mustard cropping system. They also rear livestock which contributes to their
livelihood to some extent specially for small and marginal farmers. Landless
people including both men and women mostly depend upon labour work in
others field. The village is not self sustainable for livelihood of the entire
village population. Most importantly, people are less interested in agriculture
now a days as it is losing profit making day by day. Specially the young
generations are getting involved in other livelihood. A good number of young
people already moved to Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Rajasthan mainly
for jewellery work. Some of the people work also in the nearby rice mills.
However, farmers in this village are progressive enough to adopt the
new technologies. They have adopted the high yielding rice variety Swarna
(MTU 7092) developed at CRRI, Cuttack early in their cropping system. The
local KVK (Budbud) have organized many programmes on new agricultural
technology and the villagers have shown their keen intensity in adopting the
new methods. Likewise, they have recently trying to adopt the SRI cultivation
method in some of the upland areas. However, some of the newly introduced
methodologies could not get success because of many reasons. Like
mushroom cultivation got started in this village, however, villagers stopped
growing mushroom due to lack of nearby market facility.
However, there are some aspects where the villagers are lagging
behind. The village has no waste land, however, the entire cultivable area is
predominantly lowland. It ruled out the scope for crop diversification in this
village and people stick to rice-rice cropping system only. As a consequence,
soil health gets depleted and scope for cultivating high profit returning crop
also minimized. This village has 100 percent irrigated land as two canals are
running through this village. However, it also creates problem of land
submergence and weed intensification. There is also lack of awareness in
using judicial amount of soil fertilizer in proper proportion among the villages.
91
In our FET exercise, we analyzed these problems in multiple
perspectives and tried to come out with some ideas those can be intervened
with the help of KVK in this village. We emphasized on better livestock rearing
that can be accomplished by good varieties of breed. For maintaining good
soil health, avoiding non-judicious application of chemical fertilizers and
introduction of organic farming can be some way out in the future. We
recommended integrating farming system that can generate more income and
in terms can lead to a better livelihood.
Inertia is inherent in any system and it is natural for farmers to continue
doing what they have been practising for years. Farmers think more in terms
of their immediate needs and situations. The long term view is not the topmost
priority for farmers. Hence it is the scientist‟s obligation to create awareness
among farmers of the long term effects of different cropping systems and how
they should be more dynamic to keep pace with changes in the system.
Creating awareness is also not an easy task and needs to be approached
sensitively and sensibly with good planning. This FET and PRA exercise has
made us more aware of the ground reality and has given us a better
understanding of how to approach farmers and empower them to face the
days ahead.
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Annexure – I -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List of farmers, Key informants and villagers interviewed / interacted
Sl. No.
NAME Sl. No.
NAME
1 Sk. Nizamul Haque 24 Sk. Nur Alam
2 Sk. Asgar Ali 25 Sk. Absar Ali Miyan
3 Mollah Deloiar Hosen 26 Mollah Nahim
4 Sk. Omed Ali 27 Soyed Amir Ali
5 Sk. Santao 28 Aynal Chowdhury
6 Sukumar Ruidas 29 Chowdhury Aminul Haque
7 Sk. Abbu Bakkar 30 Mollah Abdul Momin
8 Sk. Sahadur Mollah 31 Sk. Iyad Ali Mondal
9 Sk. Nural Aksar 32 Sk. Abdus Samad
10 Mollah Nurul Haque 33 Ajad Mandal
11 Sk. Gulam Nabi 34 Sk. Miraj
12 Chowdhury Md. Yasi 35 Sk. Haradhan Ansari
13 Sk. Soyab Hosen 36 Sk. Imran
14 Ajib Imran 37 Sk. Iysin
15 Kaji Md. Hosen 38 Sk. Ayat Nabi
16 Chowdhury Nurul Huda 39 Gulam Nabi
17 Sk. Samser 40 Sk. Rijwan Hosen
18 Sk. Janerul 41 Chowdhury Alamgir
19 Sk. Nausad Ali 42 Sk. Nasimuddin
20 Sk. Dilar Hosen 43 Sk. Amiul Haque
21 Chowdhury Nurul Haque 44 Sk. Akbar
22 Mollah Md. Hosen 45 Subhas Maji
23 Bodradoza Mondal
93
Annexure – II -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Check lists / questionnaires / schedules used
1. Basic information:
Name of the Village :
Village Panchayat :
Block :
District :
State :
North :
South :
East :
West :
Climatological Data
Mean Annual Rainfall :
Mean Annual Temperature:
Relative Humidity :
Geographical Coordinates
Latitude :
Longitude :
Altitude :
Geographical Area
Total Area :
Cultivated Area (Net Sown Area) :
Irrigated Area :
Canal irrigated area :
Pond irrigated area :
Residential Area :
Fallow Land :
Demographic Pattern (2001 census)
Total no. of households :
Total population :
No of Males :
No of Females :
94
Percentage of nuclear family :
Percentage of joint family :
Literacy in percentage :
Community Categorisation
Percentage of Muslim Families :
Percentage of Hindu families :
Occupational Distribution of families
Dependent fully on agriculture and livestock :
Agriculture and service :
Dependent on labour and livestock :
Agricultural Scenario
A) Land Distribution
Land Holding per House Hold
Largest :
Average :
Smallest :
B) Crop Husbandry
Gross Cropped Area :
Cropping Intensity :
C) Animal Husbandry
Type of Animals:
Mortality Rate of Different Animals:
Feed material availability:
D) Water Bodies
Open well :
Bore well :
Pond :
Canal :
E) Others
Soil Type :
Soil pH :
F) Agricultural implements
Tractor :
Power tiller :
Cultivator :
Country plough :
95
Bullock cart :
Seed drill :
Knapsack Sprayer :
Power sprayer :
Thresher :
Oil engine :
Husking machine :
2. General Transect
a. slope,
b. soil type,
c. crops,
d. vegetation,
e. livestock,
f. technologies,
g. problems
h. opportunities of the village
3. Information on ecological aspects
a. natural vegetation,
b. weeds,
c. crops,
d. topography
4. Social map
a. Information on caste distribution of the village
b. Neighborhood of the village, spatial distribution of castes and the related information
c. Community information about the village
d. Social institutions information
e. Family information
f. Religion information
g. Economy information
h. Government institution information in the village
i. Education background of villagers information
j. Social groups information in the groups
k. Leadership patterns existing in the village
l. Value systems information of the village
96
m. Social interactions information
n. Cooperation information
o. Competition information
p. Conflict information
q. Assimilation information
r. Accommodation information
s. Caste structure information-
t. Media of communication information
u. Social norms,folkways,mores information about the village
v. social evils like dowry,alcoholism,child labour,prostitution information
w. Religion, leadership pattern and customs existing in the society information
5. Resource map check list
a. Transport facilities information
b. Communication facilities information
c. Health and welfare societies information
d. Supply and service agencies information
e. Agricultural implements found in the village information
f. Animals used for agriculture information
g. Marketing facilities information
h. Processing industries information
i. Financial facilities information
j. Advisory facilities information
k. Community pastures or grazing land information
l. Natural service versus AI for various animals information
m. Labor availability for various purposes information
n. Storage facilities information
o. Carcass disposal facilities for animals information
p. Other resources used for agriculture information
6. Agro ecology map checklist
a. Land information about the farmers and village
b. Extent of irrigation about the farmers and village
c. Soil salinity status about the farmers lands and village
d. Soil fertility status about the farmers lands and village
e. Water resources like rivers,canals,dams etc information
97
f. Forest resources information about and village
g. Crop resources information about the village
h. Animal resources information about the farmers and village
i. Fish resources information about the farmers and village
j. Grasses information about the farmers and village
k. Sheep information about the farmers and village
l. Cattle and other information about the farmers and village
7. Variation in Seasonality of labor ,crops, pests, activities or any other agriculture operation during
a. Kharif ,
b. Rabi,
c. Summer information
8. Time line:
a. Information on technological time line in a village
b. Year wise information
c. Preferable select an old person in the village for this technique
9. Time trend
a. trend analysis of production,
b. productivity,
c. price of major enterprises in a village
10. Technology map: technology with respect to:
a. Adoption
b. Rejection
c. Active adoption
d. passive adoption
e. Discontinuance
f. forced discontinuance
g. replacement discontinuance
h. disenchantment discontinuance
i. Over adoption
j. Re-invention
11. Consequence diagram:
a. Technological impacts to individuals and society
b. consequence on adoption of a technology
c. positive or negative effects of a technology leads to other technology behaviors like rejection, discontinuance, over adoption, reinvention
98
12. Bioresource flow:
a. net total outputs produced by a farm after deduction of the cost of cultivation to produce it and that consumed by the individual,
b. propose meaningful and profitable bio resource flow to improve the current bioresource flow
13. Wealth ranking
a. Develop criteriae for wealth ranking
b. measure the success or failure of technologies and development process in general
c. write the households names on the cards
d. get them sorted
e. then do livelihood analysis
14. Livelihood analysis
a. Household size and composition
b. Number of labor migrants in the household
c. Livestock and land ownership
d. Proportion of income by source
e. Expenditures
f. Seasonality
g. Relative income
h. Credit and debt
15. Venn diagram
a. relative importance of various institutions in the village
b. relationship among them,
c. linkages among them
d. weaknesses with respect to decision making process
e. development of the village by institutions
f. duplication of efforts among institutions
g. gap identification between institutions
h. objectives and felt needs of farmers
i. concentration of power within villages
16. Mobility map
a. Places
b. Purpose
c. Direction
d. Distance
e. Mode
99
f. frequency
g. cost of transport to and from a village
17. ITK map
a. caste based
b. neighborhood based
c. occupation based,
d. with / without a scientific validity
18. Rank based quotient
a. Collect all problems
b. Sort them to into researchable, extension and development gaps
c. List only researchable problems
19. Problem tree/solution tree
a. using interrelated factors and causes that could be identified for technological problems faced by farmers
100
Annexure – III -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Feedback from Village Seminars
a. On technology validation: Villagers acknowledged validity of the
technologies we suggested.
b. On Triangulation of data: Villagers added some more information
based on their experience over the years.
c. On your proposed action plan: We had mainly focused on
agricultural problems, however, farmers expected some action
plans for general problems.
d. On your technology intervention points: Ready to bring the
technology into their field if they get proper training on the new
technology.
2. Feedback from FET Seminars
a. On technology validation: Confirmed by Scientists at KVK,
Budbud.
b. On Triangulation of data: Scientists of KVK, Budbud came up with
some suggestions. As the KVK already adopted the village, they
are well aware of the practical situations existing in that village.
We incorporated those points in our action plan.
c. On your proposed action plan: Scientists of KVK, Budbud focused
on some practical constraints related to availability of seeds in
green manure cultivation.
d. On your technology intervention points: Scientists of KVK, Budbud
put some additional points particularly on SRI Technology.
e. On the proposed research project to solve the identified
researchable problems and its relevance: Received some
suggestions from scientists of KVK, Budbud.
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