Report on Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh

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Report On

Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh

Commissioned by

OxfamGB, Bangladesh

Conducted by

GMark Consulting Limited Suite 604, House 145, Road 03, Block A, Niketan

Gulshan 1, Dhaka, Bangladesh

www.gmarkbd.com

June, 2013

http://www.gmarkbd.com/

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Preface

Bangladesh is one of the world’s poorest countries and the population is predominantly rural, with

about 85 per cent of its 140 million people living in rural areas. Rural people depend mainly on the land

for their livelihoods, which is both fertile and extremely vulnerable and large areas are at risk because of

frequent floods, river erosion, salinity and cyclones. It is estimated that rural poverty rates now stands

at around 40 per cent, and more than 25 per cent of rural households live in extreme poverty. With this

existing situation, chronically poor people, especially women suffer persistent food insecurity, own no

cultivable land or assets, are often illiterate and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities.

Traditionally, men consider ‘heads of households’, in charge of crop production, rearing animals, and

ultimately responsible for selling their produce at market. Men control profits and responsible for

buying the family’s food. Women stay at home, their agricultural and caring work is largely invisible, and

they do not have the opportunity or support to realize their aspirations. Women have little access to

education especially in poor families and are given a subsidiary status as economic dependents. Women

are among the poorest of the rural poor, especially when they are the heads of their households, such

as widows or wives of men who migrate in search of employment. They suffer discrimination because of

their gender, they have scarce income-earning opportunities and their nutritional intake is often

inadequate.

In this context of poverty, the only option which is also a viable means to enhance the sustainable

livelihoods of the rural communities is by addressing the needs of the most vulnerable among them-

women and men who are excluded from development assistance programmes for a number of social,

cultural and other reasons. The economic empowerment programme would promote a core section of

the vulnerable rural population to develop as economic agents of change and they could thereafter

become role models for replicating similar experiences with others.

Oxfam's GROW campaign aims to build a better food system that sustainably feeds a growing

population and empowers poor people to earn a living, feed their families, and thrive. Women's

economic leadership in agricultural markets helps women gain both the economic power and social

power to move out of poverty.

Oxfam commissioned a study on duck value chain in haor and coastal areas of Bangladesh to identify the

root causes of constraints and opportunities and also assess the potential environmental and policy

impacts of the value chain. I believe this study report would help GO, NGOs and private sectors to design

the potential interventions to promote women economic leadership and improve the livelihoods of poor

women and men in the haor and coastal and areas. This study has been carried by GMark Consulting

Limited. I would like to give my thanks to GMark Consulting Ltd to conduct this study and assist in

preparing publication. I would like to give my sincere thanks and gratitude to all Oxfam colleagues and

partner staffs, producers, CBO leaders, market actors, government officials, NGOs and others who gave

valuable time and provided insight information in the respective areas.

Md. Norul Amin

Economic and Private Sector Coordinator

OXFAM

http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/our-work/~/link.aspx?_id=4DCE5114F5144FA6A8D61B790F114DC3&_z=z

http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/our-work/~/link.aspx?_id=4DCE5114F5144FA6A8D61B790F114DC3&_z=z

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

GMark Consulting Limited acknowledges initiative by Oxfam GB Bangladesh in conducting the

value chain analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh and enormous support from its

staff members from designing to completion of the study. Oxfam supported partner NGOs

working in project areas DDJ, Wave Foundation, Jago Nari, NSS, POPI, Chetona and IDEA all

have contributed at their best during field study by providing valuable insights and supporting

logistics. We are thankful and indebted to government officials, representatives of other NGOs,

different civil society members, community leaders, and all individuals giving their valuable time

and opinion in completing the report.

Finally, appreciation goes to my study team members: Mr. Abu Darda, Prof. Masuda M. Rashid

Chowdhury, Dr. Mohammed Habibur Rahman and other members of the study team whose

relentless effort made it possible. Mr Aminul Moven, who took charge of successfully

coordinating a difficult task despite of unstable political environment, must be appreciated.

Thank to every other members, whose names did not appear in the above list nevertheless

contributed a lot in the full process.

Md. Saifuddin Khaled

Team Leader, GMark Consulting Limited

June, 2013

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Table of Contents

Contents CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 13

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE DUCK VALUE CHAIN STUDY ................................................................. 14 1.1.1. Title of the Study ............................................................................................................... 14 1.1.2. Objectives of the Study.................................................................................................... 14

1.2. METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH ................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1. Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.2. Sampling Frame ............................................................................................................... 15 1.2.3. Study Approach ................................................................................................................ 17 1.2.4. Study Tools ....................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.5. Data Collection and Validation ....................................................................................... 18 1.2.6. Data Entry, Analysis and Reporting .............................................................................. 19

1.3. STUDY TEAM .......................................................................................................................................... 19 1.4. LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR DATA COLLECTION ...................................................... 20

CHAPTER TWO DUCK IN BANGLADESH ........................................................................................................................ 21

2.1. OVERVIEW OF DUCK SUB-SECTOR ................................................................................................ 22 2.2. FARMING SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................ 22 2.3. NATIONAL MARKET SITUATION ........................................................................................................ 25 2.4. DEMAND & SUPPLY OF DUCK EGGS .............................................................................................. 26 2.5. GROWTH FACTORS ............................................................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER THREE OXFAM IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ......................................................................................................... 28 NORTH-EASTERN HAORS AND SOUTHERN COASTAL REGIONS ........................................... 28

3.1. OXFAM‘S APPROACH TOWARDS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ............................................ 29 3.2. OXFAM‘S INITIATIVES TILL DATE ..................................................................................................... 30 3.3. OXFAM SUPPORTED GROUP DYNAMICS ...................................................................................... 30

3.3.1 Demographic Scenario .................................................................................................... 30 3.3.2 Resource Background ..................................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Income Generating Activities (IGAs) ............................................................................. 31 3.3.4 Involvement in Community Based Organization (CBO) ............................................. 32 3.3.5 Group Structure ................................................................................................................ 32 3.3.6 Leadership Status ............................................................................................................ 33 3.3.7 Vision & Plan ..................................................................................................................... 34 3.3.8 Activities of the Groups.................................................................................................... 34 3.3.9 Group Strengths, Weaknesses and Opportunities ...................................................... 34

THE NORTH-EASTERN HAORS .......................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER FOUR AREA DYNAMICS ................................................................................................................................... 37

4.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ................................................................................................................... 38 4.2 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF NORTH-EASTERN HAORS............................................................. 38 4.3 ECONOMY ............................................................................................................................................... 39

4.3.1 Crop Production ................................................................................................................ 39 4.3.2 Fisheries and Livestock ................................................................................................... 40

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4.3.3 Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 41 4.3.4 Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................... 41

CHAPTER FIVE EXPLORING THE GAMM IN HAORS .................................................................................................. 42

5.1 CORE VALUE CHAIN FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................... 43 5.1.1 Input Supply ...................................................................................................................... 43 5.1.2 Duck Farming and Egg Production ................................................................................ 46 5.1.3 Egg Trading ....................................................................................................................... 48

5.2 CORE ACTORSIN DUCK VALUE CHAIN .......................................................................................... 49 5.3 CONCENTRATION OF ACTORS IN THE CHAIN ............................................................................. 50

5.3.1 Input Suppliers .................................................................................................................. 50 5.3.2 Duck Producers ................................................................................................................ 51 5.3.3 Egg Collectors ................................................................................................................... 52 5.3.4 Wholesalers ....................................................................................................................... 53

5.4 ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT SERVICE FUNCTIONS IN HAORS ...................................................... 53 5.4.1 Support Services and Service Providers ...................................................................... 53 5.4.2 Service Description .......................................................................................................... 54 5.4.3 Service Matrix in Haors ................................................................................................... 57

5.5 DIS (ENABLING) ENVIRONMENT IN HAORS .................................................................................. 58 5.5.1 Land and property rights ................................................................................................. 58 5.5.2 Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................... 58 5.5.3 Natural resources and environment .............................................................................. 58 5.5.4 Government rules and policies ....................................................................................... 59 5.5.5 Competition and consumer trends ................................................................................. 60 5.5.6 Formal and informal community groups ....................................................................... 60

5.6 CHANNELS IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN: HAOR CONTEXT ............................................................... 61 5.7 VALUE ADDITION IN THE CHAIN AND PROFITABILITY ............................................................... 62

5.7.1 Value Addition ................................................................................................................... 62 5.7.2 Profitability of duck producers ........................................................................................ 63

5.8 DRIVING FACTORS IN THE VALUE CHAIN ..................................................................................... 64 5.8.1 Consumer preferences .................................................................................................... 64 5.8.2 Determinants of price ....................................................................................................... 64 5.8.3 Power of different actors in the value chain ................................................................. 64 5.8.4 Competition from other products .................................................................................... 65

5.9 CRITICAL ISSUES .................................................................................................................................. 65 5.9.1 Remoteness of Haor duck farmers/egg producers from major service zone .......... 65 5.9.2 Risks and challenges in dealing with duck farming and egg production ................. 65

CHAPTER SIX IMPACT OF HAOR CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ................................................................ 66

6.1 CLIMATE IMPACT ON INPUT SUPPLY ............................................................................................. 67 6.2 CLIMATE IMPACT ONDUCK FARMING AND EGG PRODUCTION ............................................. 67 6.3 CLIMATE IMPACT ONEGG TRADING ............................................................................................... 68

THE SOUTHERN COASTAL ................................................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER SEVEN AREA DYNAMICS ................................................................................................................................... 70

7.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ................................................................................................................... 71 7.2 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SOUTHERN COASTAL AREA ........................................................ 71 7.3 ECONOMY ............................................................................................................................................... 72

7.3.1 Crop Production ................................................................................................................ 72

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7.3.2 Livestock and Duck .......................................................................................................... 73 7.3.3 Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 73

CHAPTER EIGHT EXPLORING THE GAMM IN COASTAL .............................................................................................. 75

8.1 ACTORS‘ CONCENTRATION IN THE CHAIN ................................................................................... 76 8.1.1 Input Suppliers .................................................................................................................. 76 8.1.2 Duck Producers ................................................................................................................ 77 8.1.3 Egg Collectors ................................................................................................................... 78 8.1.4 Wholesalers ....................................................................................................................... 78

8.2 SERVICE MATRIX IN COASTAL AREAS ........................................................................................... 79 8.3 CHANNELS IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN: IN COASTAL FRAMEWORK ............................................ 80 8.4 VALUE ADDITION IN THE CHAIN ....................................................................................................... 81 8.5 PROFITABILITY OF DUCK PRODUCERS ......................................................................................... 82

CHAPTER NINE IMPACT OF COASTAL CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ......................................................... 83

9.1 FLOOD SITUATION................................................................................................................................ 84 9.2 DROUGHT SITUATION ......................................................................................................................... 84 9.3 RAINFALL................................................................................................................................................. 84 9.4 CYCLONES .............................................................................................................................................. 84 9.5 TIDAL SURGE ......................................................................................................................................... 85 9.6 SALINITY .................................................................................................................................................. 85

CHAPTER TEN EXPLORING WOMEN IN GAMM IN HAOR AND COASTAL ........................................................... 86

10.1 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED ................................................................................................................... 87 10.1.1 Women in duck farming and egg production ............................................................... 87 10.1.2 Women in household management ............................................................................... 90 10.1.3 Paid productive work........................................................................................................ 91 10.1.4 Women in community ...................................................................................................... 91

10.2 OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS AND ACCESS TO SERVICES ............................................................. 92 10.3 SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE, TABOOS AND RESTRICTIONS .............................................................. 93 10.4 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE & NATURAL DISASTERS........................................................... 93

10.4.1 Impact on duck value chain tasks .................................................................................. 94 10.4.2 Impact on household tasks ............................................................................................. 94 10.4.3 Impact on women health ................................................................................................. 94

CHAPTER ELEVEN CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ............................................... 96

11.1 ANALYSIS OF CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................................................ 97 11.1.1 Input services .................................................................................................................... 98 11.1.2 Production and Farm Management ............................................................................... 98 a. Hatching ..................................................................................................................................... 98 b. Housing ...................................................................................................................................... 99 c. Feed Management ................................................................................................................... 99 d. Disease Management .............................................................................................................. 99 11.1.3 Market access level........................................................................................................ 100 11.1.4 Service provider level .................................................................................................... 100 11.1.5 Women Economic Leadership ..................................................................................... 101 11.1.6 (Dis)Enabling Environment ........................................................................................... 101

11.2 OPPORTUNITIES AND VALUE ADDITION SCOPES .................................................................... 102 CHAPTER TWELVE POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR DUCK VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT .......................... 105

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12.1 VISION AND STRATEGY .................................................................................................................... 106 12.2 POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS .......................................................................................................... 106

CHAPTER THIRTEEN WINDING UP .......................................................................................................................................... 118

13.1 PRIORITY OF KEY INTERVENTIONS .............................................................................................. 119 13.2 ANALYSIS OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) IN IDEAL DUCK FARMING ........................ 120

ANNEX ..................................................................................................................................................... 124

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Study Area for Duck Value Chain Study ............................................................................... 15

Table 2: Sampling Frame of Duck value Chain Study ........................................................................ 16

Table 3: Type of Participants in Duck Value Chain Study ................................................................. 16

Table 4: Tool(s) used under each methodology .................................................................................. 18

Table 5: Responsibilities of the team members .................................................................................. 19

Table 6: Number of Ducks in Bangladesh (number in millions) ........................................................ 22

Table 7: National duck egg scenario at a glance ................................................................................ 25

Table 8: National demand, supply and deficit scenario, 2009-2010 ................................................ 26

Table 9: List of PNGOs of Oxfam in north eastern Haors .................................................................. 29

Table 10: Literacy rate (in %) of Oxfam beneficiaries in Haor and Coastal .................................... 30

Table 11: Population distribution according to age ............................................................................. 31

Table 12: Land ownership status of Oxfam beneficiaries in Haor and Coastal .............................. 31

Table 13: Income Generating Activities in the Haor and Coastal ..................................................... 32

Table 14: Producer Group information in study areas ........................................................................ 33

Table 15: Area under cultivation in North-eastern Haor districts ...................................................... 40

Table 16: Number of Livestock per District .......................................................................................... 41

Table 17: Procurement sources of duck in Haors (in %) ................................................................... 44

Table 18: Feeding Chart for duck in its total life span ........................................................................ 47

Table 19: Actors in duck value chain .................................................................................................... 49

Table 20: Hatcheries data at Haors ....................................................................................................... 50

Table 21: Data on feed sellers, Haors .................................................................................................. 51

Table 22: Data on medicine suppliers, Haors ...................................................................................... 51

Table 23: Data sheet of Haor producers .............................................................................................. 52

Table 24: Data sheet of egg collectors ................................................................................................. 52

Table 25: Data sheet of wholesalers ..................................................................................................... 53

Table 26: Services and Providers in Haor ............................................................................................ 54

Table 27: Haor Service Matrix ................................................................................................................ 57

Table 28: Feed cost of 100 ducks per day in context of haor ........................................................... 63

Table 29: Cost Benefit Analysis of duck producers in context of haor............................................. 63

Table 30: Area under cultivation in southern coastal districts ........................................................... 73

Table 31: Number of Livestock per District .......................................................................................... 73

Table 32: Forest Land Controlled by Department of Forest, 2009-10 ............................................. 74

Table 33: Procurement sources of duck in costal (in %) .................................................................... 76

Table 34: Number of feed sellers in coastal ......................................................................................... 76

Table 35: Number of medicine sellers in coastal ................................................................................ 77

Table 36: Data sheet of coastal duck producers ................................................................................. 77

Table 37: Information on coastal egg collectors .................................................................................. 78

Table 38: Information on coastal wholesalers ..................................................................................... 78

Table 39: Service Matrix in coastal........................................................................................................ 79

Table 40: Feed cost of 100 ducks per day in context of costal ......................................................... 82

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Table 41: Cost Benefit Analysis of duck producers in context of coastal ........................................ 82

Table 42: Data sheet of women unpaid productive work related to duck value chain activities .. 88

Table 43: Comparison of women unproductive work between duck value chain activities and

other areas of activities ........................................................................................................................... 89

Table 44: Haor women‘s unpaid productive work in duck value chain (pie chart) ......................... 89

Table 45: Coastal women‘s unpaid productive work (pie chart) ....................................................... 90

Table 46: Unpaid reproductive tasks of women in haor and coastal ............................................... 91

Table 47: Constrains, market based solution and potential facilitation activities ......................... 107

Table 48: Feed intake (gm /day) .......................................................................................................... 111

Table 49: Feed preparation for ducklings ........................................................................................... 111

Table 50: Feed preparation for mature ducks .................................................................................... 112

Table 51: Feed Chart for mature ducks (preparation of 5 KG and 1 KG feed respectively) ...... 112

Table 52: Feed ingredients to be used for 1 Kg and 5 Kg duck feed ............................................. 113

Table 53: Priority of key interventions ................................................................................................. 119

Table 54: Annual profit calculation for rearing 25 ducks under traditional method ...................... 120

Table 55: Annual profit calculation for rearing 10 ducks under traditional method ...................... 122

Table 56: List of Group Interviews ....................................................................................................... 125

Table 57: List of Household Analysis .................................................................................................. 125

Table 58: List of Key Informants .......................................................................................................... 125

Table 59: List of Input Sellers and LSPs ............................................................................................ 126

Table 60: List of Traders ....................................................................................................................... 127

Table 61: List of Duck Producers ......................................................................................................... 128

Table 62: Seasonality of different duck diseases .............................................................................. 129

List of Pictures

Picture 1: Central Duck Breeding Farm in Narayanganj .............................................................................. 27

Picture 2: Activity of Duck Hatching in Astogram, Kishoreganj .................................................................. 43

Picture 3: Duck Housing at Nichli, Kishoreganj ........................................................................................... 46

Picture 4: Duck Feeding .............................................................................................................................. 46

Picture 5: Duck Storing at Producer Level .................................................................................................. 48

Picture 6: Duck's Eggs at Market ................................................................................................................. 48

Picture 7: A Female Farmer at Nikli, Kishoreganj ....................................................................................... 51

Picture 8: Duck at Coastal Area ................................................................................................................... 73

Picture 9: Ducklings’ .................................................................................................................................... 76

Picture 10: Female Duck Producer at Nazirpur, Pirojpur ............................................................................ 77

Picture 11: Duck Housing at Nazirpur, Pirojpur .......................................................................................... 99

Picture 12: Feed Sales Center by Women Entrepreneur .......................................................................... 103

Picture 13: Floating Shed/Housing for Duck Farming ............................................................................... 103

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviated Items Abbreviated Elaboration

DAE Department of Agricultural Extension

CBO Community Based Organization

MFI Micro Finance Institute

NGO Non-Government Organization

PNGO Partner NGO

REECALL Resilience through Economic Empowerment, Climate Adaptation,

Leadership and Learning

WEALTH Wellbeing through Empowerment, Adaptation, Livelihoods, Resilience,

and Transformational actions for vulnerable people living in Haor

GAMM Gendered and Adapted Market Mapping

DLS Department of Livestock Services

ULO Upazlla Livestock Officer

DoF Department of Fisheries

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EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

Duck farming is considered by the rural people as an economic livelihood option in the informal

sub-sector, which is especially viable for smallholders and women. In Bangladesh, ducks are

commonly tended for meat and egg under traditional system in rural areas (FAO, 1990). While

in Asia, most duck production is closely associated with wetland rice farming, particularly in the

humid and subtropics; the condition is also valid for North-eastern Haor and Southern coastal

parts of Bangladesh, where the Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of

Bangladesh was conducted.

Bangladesh produced 426.77 million ducks in (DLS, 2010); at the same time duck egg

production was found 73.03 million in the same year which was way below than the predicted

demand of 153.9 million. The large deficit (around 52.55 percent) is due to lower production

capacity by present number of ducks and lack of public and private sector initiatives to

accelerate the development of duck sub-sector. Oxfam GB Bangladesh programme have been

working for the extremely poverty-stricken and catastrophe-ridden smallholders and women, by

appending assistance in duck-based IGAs with women empowerment and climate adaptation

concern. A study was carried out by GMark Consulting Ltd., commissioned by Oxfam GB,

during March–May, 2013 to capture the prevailing scenario of duck value chain in the North-

eastern Haors and Southern coastal parts of Bangladesh. The study attempted to address the

dynamics and issues resulted from socio-economic, natural and infrastructural factors and

associated with marginalised women, farmers and Haor and coastal inhabitants exposed to

natural vulnerability and geographic remoteness. This report is articulated in line with the

explorations, observation and analyses though data collected from five specific districts of

Bangladesh – Pirojpur, Patuakhali and Barguna in the Southern coastal parts and, Sunamganj

and Kishoreganj in the North-eastern Haor region.

The study estimates that the total national supply of duck eggs is 73.03 million, 80 percent of

which comes from the Haor districts. While only the Haors are meeting up majority of the total

national supply, coastal regions suffer from lower production of duck eggs and cannot contribute

to the national economy, as the inadequate production cannot meet up the local demand. This

wide disparity in contributing to national economy brings out several underlying causes. One

simple finding can be drawn to clear the picture: hatcheries being the supplier of ducklings

(primary input in duck value chain) play major role in determining the trend of the sub-sector in

the commercial market. As revealed by the study, there are around 25 hatcheries operating in

the North-eastern Haor areas, more specifically within the proximity of Oxfam‘s working areas.

Presence of hatcheries ensures availability of ducklings as well as encourages smallholder duck

producers to undertake medium and large scale duck farming. However, the Southern coastal

regions depicts a different context, where there is not a single hatchery operating within the

proximity of Oxfam‘s working areas or within the District.

There are varieties of market actors involved in the value chain in-between duck farmers and

ultimate buyers. Actors like egg collectors, wholesalers (large traders), retail grocery shops, and

hotels etc. are the common forms of intermediaries in this process, each performing a distinct

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role and value addition across the chain. The flow of eggs mostly (around 70 percent of the total

flows) runs through the egg collectors and thus they tend to demonstrate as stronger market

power in the value chain. Mostly they keep the duck farmers away from accessing to market

information though their role as intermediary between the egg producers and remote local

markets have strong influence in the power relationship with producers – they believe in them

and are happy to sell eggs to collectors even at a lower price than the on-going market place.

Importantly, women play an obvious role in duck farming. The study reveals that Haor women

households invest 62% of their total productive hours to perform duck farming related tasks

while coastal women farmers spend 44% time. Unfortunately, their total productive hours‘

investment in duck value chain has no paid return on the time.

Factors under climate and calamity, natural ecosystem, infrastructure, social and government

institutions, relevant policies and regulations, traditional norms and practices and so forth are

found to be inevitable to draw the context of duck value chain. In most cases, such factors are

found to be either ineffective or adverse or inadequate for the growth of this sub-sector as well

as for women‘s empowerment through this economic intervention. Flood, drought and hailstorm

are the key impediments for Haor people while coastal people are more vulnerable to coastal

tidal surge, cyclone and salinity in drinking and pond water. Excessive rain accompanied with

flood is common round the year in both the regions, which plays havoc in ruining the fate of

small and marginal duck farmers/egg producers with severe casualties around 2-3 times every

year, and some years even more. Drought is another form of calamity that presumes to be a

great curse to Haor and coastal people and continuously draws back the population in the

vicious circle of poverty and economic hardship.

Being river-surrounded, people living in Haor areas commonly use water transportation to reach

mainland. Therefore, water logging for months in Haors impedes their farming along with adding

extra cost on their transportation. Importantly, all such constraints resulted from no-or-low

infrastructure; calamity and social norms hinder women empowerment, by posing restrictions on

their freedom of choice, or by imposing recursive workloads.

This report outlined the constraints and opportunities pertaining to duck value chain that prevail

in the North-eastern Haors and Southern coastal lands, and also depicts a set of potential

interventions that can be initiated to enhance the growth potentials of this sub-sector. While

offering a policy prescription or intervention, the report defines the needs and consequences of

respective intervention or action.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

Chapter one discusses the background, objectives, methodology, approaches and sampling

used for assessment of duck value chain in the North-eastern wetlands (Haors) and Southern

coastal regions. It also presents the tools used for data collection, techniques used for data

validation, analysis and reporting.

The chapter illustrates limitations and challenges during data collection, particularly in the

application of CARE TOOL for household analysis. It concludes describing the team

composition (experts and researchers) who have their endeavours and inputs throughout

Gendered and Adapted Market Mapping of Duck Value Chain study.

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1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE DUCK VALUE CHAIN STUDY

Oxfam Bangladesh has been implementing two projects titled ‗Resilience through

Economic Empowerment, Climate Adaptation, Leadership and Learning (REECALL)‟

and “Wellbeing through Empowerment, Adaptation, Livelihoods, Resilience, and

Transformational actions for vulnerable people living in Haor (WEALTH), a programme

of OHK (Oxfam Hongkong) in Bangladesh. REECALL promotes building a resilient

community to anticipate and combat the risks associated with disaster and climate

change adaptation through economic empowerment, securing sustainable livelihood for

women and men in disaster prone Northern char, Haor, and Southern Coastal

communities; and WEALTH aims to enhance sustainable livelihoods for wellbeing of at-

risk and poor people living in Haor basin in Bangladesh.

Project REECALL has been working in coastal southern areas of Bangladesh to

organize predominantly smallholder duck producer groups. They are further

strengthened through ‗Community Based Organisation‘ – CBO approach, which also

serves as a platform for collective learning. Oxfam Hongkong and policy team are

working in Haor region on livelihood improvement where duck has been identified as

potential value chain in contributing improved income and employment opportunities for

smallholder producers.

As a part of strengthening the duck value chain, Oxfam GB, Bangladesh commissioned

this study in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh to identify the root-causes of

constraints and finding opportunities in developing duck value chain and assess

potential environmental impact. Deeming its expertise in value chain studies and

experience of working with Oxfam GB, Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited was

awarded the contract to conduct the value chain study and share its findings through a

national dissemination workshop.

1.1.1. Title of the Study

The duck value chain study was part of an assignment titled ‗‗Study on Duck and Maize

Value Chain in Bangladesh‖ that took place in Southern coastal and North-eastern Haor

areas.

The study is titled “Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of

Bangladesh”.

1.1.2. Objectives of the Study

Specific objectives were to:

1. Explore the nature of production and the terms and conditions of employment along

the duck value chain

2. Identify constraints and opportunities to improve market access, raise productivity

and wages, and foster pro-poor growth in the value chain.

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3. Focus on institutional arrangements that link producers, processors, marketers and

distributors while recognizing that power differentials among actors may influence

outcomes along the chain.

4. Conduct socio economic and household analysis at producer‘s level.

5. Conduct gender analysis while highlighting (the different positions) of men and

women across the chain and addressing issues of power reflected in the production

and marketing.

6. Provide an overview and analysis of existing laws, policies and institutional

frameworks related to duck and maize value chains that need to be addressed for

this study.

7. Highlight specific policy and programme gaps on the development of duck value

chain in Bangladesh.

8. Provide recommendations and propose policy interventions to achieve policy goals

and to develop duck sector in Bangladesh.

9. Analyze the impact of climate change throughout the value chain.

10. Find out specific interventions that could be achieved systemic changes throughout

the value chains.

11. Organize and sharing the key findings from the value chain studies in National Level

Workshop in participation of policy makers, NGOs professional and private sector

representatives.

1.2. METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH

1.2.1. Study Area

Oxfam GB, Bangladesh works in seven sub-districts (Upazilla) under five districts in

North-eastern Haor region and Southern coastal region of Bangladesh for duck value

chain development.

Table 1: Study Area for Duck Value Chain Study

Region Districts Sub-district Union

Southern

Coastal Region

Pirojpur Nazirpur Shakharikati

Patuakhali Patuakhali sadar Joynkathi

Barguna Barguna sadar Fuljhuri

Amtoli Gulishakhali

North-eastern

Haor Region

Kishoregonj Nichli Chatirchar

Astogram Deoghar

Sunamganj Jamalganj Fenarbak

1.2.2. Sampling Frame

The expert team followed Judgmental Sampling Method1 for the study. The table below

presents the total sample covered:

1 Judgmental Sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects units to be sampled based on their

knowledge and professional judgment.

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Table 2: Sampling Frame of Duck value Chain Study

Districts Sub-

district

Union Input

Sellers

Duck Farmers LSP2 Trader KII3 Total

II4 GI5 HHA6

Pirojpur Nazirpur Shakharikati 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 6

Patuakhali Patuakhali

sadar

Joynkathi 2 5 1 1 2 2 3 16

Barguna Barguna

sadar

Fuljhuri 2 1 1 0 1 2 4 20

Amtoli Gulishakhali 2 2 1 1 1 2

Kishoregonj Nichli Chatirchar 3 5 1 1 2 2 3 17

Astogram Deoghar 4 6 1 1 0 2 2 16

Sunamganj Jamalganj Fenarbak 6 4 1 1 2 2 3 19

Total Sample Covered 20 24 7 5 9 13 16 94

The sample covered following types of participants under different sampling units.

Table 3: Type of Participants in Duck Value Chain Study

Sampling Unit Participants’ Type

Input Sellers - Duckling seller

- Pullet seller (duck hatcheries)

- Feed seller

Local Service

Providers

- Vaccination service provider

- Veterinary service provider

- General medication service provider

Traders - Egg collector

- Egg seller (retail and wholesale)

Key Informants - Veterinary Field Assistant (VFA)

- Veterinary Surgeon (VS)

- Union Livestock Officer (ULO)

- District Relief and Rehabilitation Officer (DRRO)

- NGO representatives

- Private pharmaceutical companies

2 LSP refers to Local Service Provider

3 KII depicts Key Informant Interview

4 II refers to Individual Interview

5 GI refers to Group Interview

6 HHA refers to Household Analysis

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1.2.3. Study Approach

Duck value chain in Haor and coastal regions was analysed pursuing four subsequent

steps of Gendered and Adapted Market Mapping (GAMM). These were:

Step 1- Core Value Chain Mapping: The first step was to find the core processes in the

value chain where 6-7 major processes were identified that the raw material goes

through before reaching the final consumption stage. Then the actors involved in this

process were identified. Based on the relationship between them, product and money

flow, value addition at each process, knowledge sharing, cost and benefit factors were

analysed and mapped.

Step 2- Service Market Assessment/Institutional Mapping: To know the service

market situation, Institutional Mapping analysed the service providers‘ profiles in the

Haor, coastal and mainland areas, as well as the extent of service provisions and

required services that are currently inaccessible, thus, depriving participants from

gaining benefits. It also analysed and mapped the service delivery mechanism, payment

modalities including embedded services or fee-based services, incentives around

service provisions etc. for duck farmers.

Step 3- (Dis) Enabling Environment Mapping: Every value chain operates in a greater

environment where the issues of land and property rights, governance rules and policies,

availability of natural resources, economic infrastructure, social norms, competition etc.

play a vital role in deciding the efficiency and often the mode in which the core value

chain functions. Such situations often change the market dynamics. These issues have

been analysed as they are affecting the efficiency of the value chain.

Step 4- Gendered and Adapted Market Mapping (GAMM): The results of first three

steps were viewed through the gender lens by assessing the ratio of male-female

producers, percentage of women‘s presence in the market and market place, how

women carry their produce to long distances, seasonal differences in price, sales prices

of their produce as compared to that of men, comparison of accessibility to financial

resources between men and women. Similarly, the extent of women‘s engagement and

amount of work in the production process, asset owned by them, family acceptance and

social perception about women going and sitting in the market place were analysed

along with whether the government policies for women empowerment are being

implemented in the Haor and coastal areas. Simultaneously, this step assessed the

impact of climate change on the duck value chain, problems women face during regular

natural calamities for sales and marketing of their produce were queried to depict the

scenario of women duck farmers and climate change issues in duck value chain.

To draw the GAMM, the following methodology was adopted:

a) Literature Review- GMark team reviewed project documents on duck value chains

(IFAD, FAO), published data in different journals and articles, government data, etc.

This provided suggestive guidelines about macro-micro environment, stakeholders‘

involvement within the value chain, support service providers, enablers, business

environment and business development service requirement etc.

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b) Stakeholders‟ consultation/ Individual Interview (II): Individual interviews were

conducted with participating input sellers, producers, wholesalers, and retailers.

c) Key Informant Interview (KII): The study team collected information and guidance

from the Key Informant to know specifics and dynamism about the sector, service

market situation, linkages, support services, input market scenarios etc. KIs included

Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Field Assistant, District Relief and Rehabilitation

Officer (DRRO), Upazila Livestock Officer (ULO); representatives from local NGOs

and, private pharmaceuticals organisations.

d) Group Interview (GI): GIs were conducted to identify constraints and opportunities in

the selected sectors and Gender Mapping. GIs were conducted for female groups (in

presence of male) aiming to gather detailed information about the value chain and

climate related issues, less focusing on gender perspective.

e) Household Analysis (HHA): This is a specialized tool to gather gender specific

information of the value chain and other detailed information for GAMM. HHA had

only female participants and was used to gather information regarding the women

access and representation in the value chain, constraints, opportunities, availability of

services for women, what gender focused services will encourage more market

orientation, women empowerment, ability to buy or sell assets and spend their

earnings, productive and reproductive workload, impact of climate change on the

value chain and women health, etc.

f) Rapid Care Analysis Toolbox: This is an Oxfam toolkit, piloted for the duck value

chain study in Chayhara, Notun Para, Jamalganj, Shunamganj. Facilitated by a

Gender Specialist, it was used to understand the involvement of people for

community care work, details of care activities, activities creating difficulties for

women‘s participation or increasing workload and to indentify different types of

support available in the community around care.

1.2.4. Study Tools

For information collection the following study tools were used for each method:

Table 4: Tool(s) used under each methodology

Study Methodology Study Tool(s)

- Stakeholder Consultation/ Individual Interview (II)

- Group Interview (GI)

- Household Analysis (HHA)

- Key Informant Interview (KII)

Questionnaire

- Care Work Measurement of Female Household Rapid Care Analysis Toolbox

1.2.5. Data Collection and Validation

Using the above tools, information was collected from 94 samples. Information was

primarily validated by discussing with Partner NGO representatives. The study tools

were designed in a way that all the information was triangulated and verified by different

actors. Thus, composed information was verified within the process of data collection.

GMark conducted daily review meetings to share the findings by the team members.

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This was the secondary stage of data validation. Finally, during the process of data input

and report writing, experts validated the data and presented into this report.

1.2.6. Data Entry, Analysis and Reporting

The collected data were analysed based on their nature. The quantitative information

were gathered in MS Excel and analysed while qualitative information were composed

and analysed by the experts to understand the dynamics of duck value chain.

The report summarises the key findings integrating issues related to the technical,

policy, gender and climate aspects to duck value chain and capturing different operating

environments and contexts of two geographical regions of North-eastern Haor and

Southern coastal areas. Based on the findings, recommendations were proposed to

Oxfam GB-Bangladesh.

1.3. STUDY TEAM

GMark deployed the following team composing the necessary skilled professionals and

researchers to undertake duck value chain study:

Table 5: Responsibilities of the team members

Name and Position Responsibilities

Md. Saifuddin Khaled

Team Leader

Ensured liaison between Oxfam GB Bangladesh and

GMark for close co-operation, co-ordination and effective

working relationship between team members. He had full

authority to act on behalf of GMark in all technical

matters.

Abu Darda

Value Chain Specialist

Provided insights while preparing study plan, developing tools, field assessment and preparing the GAMM for duck value chain.

Dr. Mohammed Habibur

Rahman

Technical and Policy Expert

Focussed on technical and policy issues, constraints and opportunities related to duck value chain during the assessment and report preparation.

Prof. Masuda M. Rashid

Chowdhury

Gender Specialist

Provided her knowledge and expertise on gender issues to incorporate in the questionnaire; took brief part in the field survey; provided an overview of the gender perspective of this study and assisted in the development of gender specific interventions.

Md. Aminul Moven

Research Coordinator

Team management, logistics, ensured quality data collection, assisted in data analysis and report writing for duck value chain.

Research Assistants

Had the responsibility to interview all individuals and group of actors in the value chain. They were also involved in identifying the key informants, interviewing them and presenting the findings in the review sessions.

20 | P a g e

1.4. LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR DATA COLLECTION

Informal market structure

Like many other agricultural value chain Duck sub-sector is also informally constituted in

value chain framework. Unstructured market system, information inadequacy & flow

along the chain, and lack of public and private initiatives for appropriate database

maintenance of duck value chain. Thus, it was difficult for the researchers to get and

gather necessary information and quantitative data for measurement from various

actors. At some points, researchers could not conclude or satisfy due to vacuums, and

therefore performed judgmental rationalisation to draw a solution.

Respondent number

Within the limited timeframe of duck value chain study, the Team could not explore, find

and interview large number of actors to create sufficient numeric-oriented database

based on which more inclusive facts could be discovered.

Rapid care analysis tool was not finalized

Rapid care analysis tool was not fully tested, having rooms for improvement.

Considering the limitation data collection and analysis have been conducted trying to fit

in within the framework of the assignment.

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CHAPTER TWO DUCK IN BANGLADESH

Chapter two describes the overall condition of duck sub-sector in Bangladesh including analysis

of duck production trend, farming system of duck, national market situation, demand and supply

gaps in national markets and key growth factors of duck industry.

This chapter is a composition of secondary information and primary data collected from the

survey.

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2.1. OVERVIEW OF DUCK SUB-SECTOR

The Agricultural Sample Survey of Bangladesh, conducted in May 2005, contains

information about the distribution of poultry in the country. The Survey Report, dated

June 2006, makes a distinction between subsistence and commercial poultry, but not

between ducks and chicken. However, it appears that the total duck and chicken

population at the time of the survey was 188 million (in rounded figures). While the

statistics presented by the Agricultural Sample Survey do not distinguish between ducks

and chicken, it is safe to assume that all the commercial poultry is predominantly chicken

as the ducks in Bangladesh are still kept in traditional scavenging system(s), although

the Department of Livestock Services lists 2226 registered commercial duck farms by

December 2007. Unpublished, recent estimates of the duck population in the country

vary from 8% of the chicken population (FAOSTAT) to 20% (DLS), in both cases for

2006. Such variation can be explained by the fact that ducks are largely found in the

traditional system where the number of ducks is strongly influenced by season. The

timing of the census is not known.

Table 6: Number of Ducks in Bangladesh (number in millions)

T

T

Total duck production in Bangladesh in 2009-10 was 42.68 million 7 , a significant

increase over 36.4 million in 2003-04. The trend has been upward since 2003-04.

On an average, duck and chicken ratio is 1:5. It also gives information on duck

population distribution. The proportion of duck within the poultry population is high in the

Barisal division (1:3), which is located in the South-west and, in Sylhet (0.69:1) located in

the North-east of the country. This is due to presence of large number of ponds and

water bodies that are suitable for duck production.

2.2. FARMING SYSTEM

The duck population in Bangladesh is commonly tendered for meat and egg. In nature,

they are reared under traditional system in rural areas (FAO, 1990). Ducks have several

advantages over other poultry species, in particular their disease tolerance. In Asia,

most duck production is closely associated with wetland rice farming, particularly in

humid and sub-tropic zones. An added advantage is that ducks normally lay most of

their eggs within the three hours after sunrise (at night) compared with five hours for

chickens and duck producers collect those eggs in the morning. This makes it possible

7 Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, 2010

Year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

Number

of ducks 364.0 372.8 381.7 390.8 398.4 412.34 426.77

Source: Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, 2010.

23 | P a g e

for ducks to freely range in the rice fields by day, while being confined by night (Farrell,

1986).

Nondescript local ducks are ubiquitous in the country and most smallholder farmers

keep them under a subsistent level of management (Islam et al., 2003) in Bangladesh.

Duck comprises about 10% of the total poultry population, occupying second place to

chicken in the production of table eggs in the country. It is an important component of

farming system and plays a significant role to 80 per cent rural people of Bangladesh. It

provides cash income and creates employment opportunity for rural people, particularly

for small and landless farmers (Khan et al., 1999).

It appears that the ducks can be raised cheaper than broiler and if market is properly

organized (Singh, 2001). They are mainly kept in the traditional scavenging system, but

in fact there is not only one system rather at least two different sub-systems: defined by

the absence or presence of large water bodies with large water bodies being associated

with big duck flocks from around one hundred to more than one thousand (Khanum et

al., 2005). When such water bodies are not present, a household will keep just a few

ducks in association with chicken as shown by Rahman (n.d.). In other words land

ecology has a strong influence on duck production systems.

The above views were cited from a resource document for those seeking information on

the poultry sector at national level of Bangladesh. This sector review was prepared by

Frands Dolberg, an international consultant, during a mission in Bangladesh in May-

June 2008. In this information product, are those of the author‘s however, it is not

exhaustive. Duck topics were only partially covered in the above document and I differ

from the fact that unprecedented and widespread outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian

Influenza (HPAI) that occurred in many countries in Asia, Europe and Africa including

Bangladesh since 2003, ducks per se emerged as a resistant species to this devastating

disease which was not known to him.89

It is true that land ecology has had great influence on the growth of duck population

especially in the haor areas. However research records have revealed that Desi ducks

attained their sexual maturity at 26-27 weeks of age and annual egg production was

found to be at the level of 77.15/ year/duck under free range scavenging in the coastal

belt. While, this number was found to be slightly higher and was found to be at the level

of 89 eggs/ year/ duck from the haor areas (Fouzder et al. (1999). This means that land

ecology has had nothing to do to increase production of eggs from ducks when it came

to Bangladesh and a false economy. The only benefit that the duck farmers reap in the

haor is that there is enough open space to forage for their ducks and these helpless

creatures spend so much time to find the food from a wider space to keep their body and

soul together. In truth, they do not get enough food at the end of the day to lay eggs.

Despite the above different view, Dolberg‘s opinion was right that ―Specific consideration

should be given to strategies and measures that ensure a sustainable pro poor

8 Frands Dolberg (2008). Poultry Sector Country Review, Bangladesh. FAO, Rome, Italy

9 Fouzder, S. K., Khaleque, M. A. and Alam, A. B. M. M. 1999. Evaluation of bio-economic performance of duck

farming in Haor area. Bangladesh J. Train and Devt. 12 (1 & 2): 93–98

24 | P a g e

supporting approach and development for the poultry (chicken and ducks). Better

understanding of the specific situations of the different poultry sectors and the related

market chains will help to develop appropriate disease control measures and improved

bio-security‖.

Barua and Yoshimura (1997) presented some basic parameters concerning local ducks

kept under backyard conditions, which showed age at sexual maturity to be 218 days,

adult body weight to be between 1.5 – 2.0 kg and annual egg production to be 60 – 70

eggs. Production is influenced by season, supplementation and breed. Field survey has

revealed that during the July to October rainy season, there will be plenty of feed for

ducks to scavenge. However, in the winter season - November to February – there is

moderate feed supply, while the summer March to June produces little duck feed

according to crop and gizzard. Studies by Kabir et al., 2007, Huque (1999) of 500

households in Chittagong, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Khulna and Sylhet districts used slightly

different seasonal divisions, but found that the season October to December produced

no ducklings, while ducklings constituted 19%, 23% and 28% of the duck flocks during

July-September, January-March and April-June, respectively.

From a study conducted Kabir et al. (2007) revealed that if Jinding breed of duck is

reared by feeding them supplement of wheat bran, rice polish, soybean meal, oil cakes,

vitamins, oyster shells, bone meal, etc, they attained heavier adult weight, matured

earlier and began laying eggs at around 126 to 128 days in comparison to 141 days in

comparison with the un-supplemented ducks who found and ate their food by

scavenging. The supplemented ducks produced more eggs as their egg production

percentage was 43 to 46% compared to 23% for the un-supplemented group.

Supplementation produced heavier eggs and resulted in lower mortality. This study

proves the importance of well nourished food to get required output from the ducks.

Ducks lay bigger eggs that are richer in flavour than chicken eggs. Also, ducks may

make for nicer backyard occupants. Owners are finding they'll eat slugs and weeds and

have a less aggressive pecking order than chickens. Duck eggs are appreciated for a

variety of reasons: richer flavor, better for baking, longer storage life and people who are

allergic to chicken eggs. Duck eggs have higher levels of vitamins and minerals with 12-

13 nutrients than chicken eggs. Ducks eggs are less prone to cracking than chickens; as

the shell membrane is very strong, it prevents leaking even if the shell is broken.

Indigenous ducks in terms of family duck production play a significant role in the socio-

economic development. The birds are generally reared by women and children in small

numbers and housed together along with poultry at night. Thus, both chickens and ducks

are very popular particularly to villagers. The people rear birds with low inputs and obtain

quick returns in terms of eggs and meat. Eggs and meat are usually for domestic

consumption and also a source of good quick earning. Eggs from chicken are sold at a

price similar to commercial eggs although the size is small whereas live birds for meat

purpose are sold at almost double the price, even more, of commercial broilers. Duck

eggs are larger in size and the meat ducks are sold at a price higher than that of local

free-range live chicken. Therefore, indigenous ducks both generate income and ensure

25 | P a g e

protein for the people. Consequently, they are believed to act as an indispensable

“change maker” in the rural economy of Bangladesh.

2.3. NATIONAL MARKET SITUATION

The national wholesale market of duck is centered in Dhaka city. There are two main

hubs for duck trading (meat and egg) – one is Kawran Bazar Arot and the other is

Kaptan Bazar in Old Dhaka. Around 20 large scale wholesalers are active in duck

trading (mainly egg) in Kawran Bazar and Kaptan Bazar.

The estimated trading amount of duck eggs in Dhaka city is 0.2 million (regular) and 0.5

million (peak season) per day alone. 80 percent of these eggs come from Haors alone

while the surveyed Haor districts (Kishoreganj and Sunamganj) cover around 70 percent

of every day supply. The table below shows the national market situation and

contribution of Haor and coastal areas to total supply of duck eggs at a glance:

Table 7: National duck egg scenario at a glance

Total Demand (National) 153.92 millions

Total Supply (National) 73.03 millions

No. of major hubs for duck trading in Bangladesh 2

Total supply of duck eggs from Haor 58 millions

Haor contribution to total national supply (in %) 79.42

Total supply of duck eggs from coastal region 0 millions

Coastal contribution to total national supply (in %) 0

Source: KII, Department of Livestock Services and II, Trader, Duck Value Chain Analysis in

Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited, 2013

26 | P a g e

2.4. DEMAND & SUPPLY OF DUCK EGGS

According to Department of Livestock Services, Bangladesh produced 73.03 million

duck eggs in 2010 against the demand (demand is calculated as expected capacity of

egg production by the present number of ducks) of 153.9 million. Data provided from

DLS shows the following demand supply situation for the years 2009 and 2010.

Table 8: National demand, supply and deficit scenario, 2009-2010

Year National Demand

(in Millions)

National Supply

(in Millions)

Deficit (in

Millions)

Deficit (in %)

2010 153.9 73.03 80.87 52.55

2009 138.5 63.71 74.79 54.00


2.5. GROWTH FACTORS

Absence of private processing companies or commercial duck farms (like Kazi Farm in

poultry) in duck value chain at national level limits the growth of duck sector as money

flows from top to bottom down in the value chain. Though the production of duck over

the last eight years shows upward trend, still the market suffers from formal

infrastructure and specific policies only for the development of duck sector in

Bangladesh.

Figure 1: Production trend of ducks in Bangladesh


27 | P a g e

Insufficient number of hatcheries for quality duckling in the country is also playing key

role in non-accelerated growth of duck sub-sector. There are eight government

hatcheries operating in Bangladesh with a capacity to supply 25,000 ducklings per

year10, which is far below the demand, especially in the Haor basins.

The Central Duck Breeding Farm situated in Narayanganj city, is working on different

duck farming methods and breeding. Their Integrated Fish-Poultry System has

already been applied at four DOF FSMFs located at 4 different parts of the country and

showed productive result for both fish and duck value chain. Innovation of such ground-

breaking and cost-effective systems of duck farming is still in demonstration phase.

Dissemination and replication of these models would certainly bring important

development of duck value chain at grassroots level as these duck producers are still the

largest and major suppliers‘ of duck (meat and eggs) to the local, regional and national

level markets.

Picture 1: Central Duck Breeding Farm in Narayanganj

10

Key Informant Interview, Central Duck Breeding Farm, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, 2013

28 | P a g e

CHAPTER THREE

OXFAM IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN

NORTH-EASTERN HAORS AND SOUTHERN COASTAL REGIONS

The chapter illustrates working approach of Oxfam GB Bangladesh in duck value chain in the

North-eastern Haors and Southern Coastal lands, their development activities along the duck

value chain till date and involvement of Partner NGOs (PNGOs) in the development approach.

This section of the report also describes the groups involved in duck value chain in both study

locations, formation of the groups, demographic and economic profile of group members, status

of management committee and leadership in the groups and most importantly, describes

groups‘ strengths, weaknesses and prospective areas for development.

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3.1. OXFAM’S APPROACH TOWARDS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Power in Market, Women‘s Economic Leadership and Climate Change Adaptation &

Risk Reduction are at the core of Oxfam‘s coordinated approach. While developing

value chains for resilient communities, Oxfam GB Bangladesh looks at various aspects

that include creation of market linkage, ensuring favourable business environment

through policy and advocacy, and dealing with negative social issues including early

marriage, domestic violence with a specific objective of socially and economically

empowered women in the process.

Oxfam works in a coordinated approach to build resilient community in its project

implementation areas. To do so, Oxfam works with various PNGOs in selected sub-

districts and unions. The table below provides a list of Oxfam‘s PNGOs working in

Sunamganj and Kishoreganj targeting selected communities with duck value chain as

part of the study. The communities are first organised under CBO structure which

includes all households in a village and is managed by an Executive Committee. These

groups play a pivotal role in uniting the villagers to work towards economic and social

development of their communities. Through these CBOs, information is shared,

technology is disseminated, and capacity is developed on various aspects.

Table 9: List of PNGOs of Oxfam in north eastern Haors

District Sub-district Union Name of PNGO

Sunamganj Jamalganj Fenarbak IDEA

Kishoreganj Nichli Chatirchar POPI

Astogram Deoghar Chetona

Pirojpur Nazirpur Shakharikati DDJ

Patuakhali Patuakhali sadar Joynkathi Wave Foundation

Barguna Barguna sadar Fuljhuri Jago Nari

Amtoli Gulishakhali NSS

WOMEN ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP

POWER IN

MARKET

CLIMATE CHANGE

ADAPTATION & RISK

REDUCTION

POLICY

MARKET

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

ENTERPRISE

SERVICE MARKET

30 | P a g e

3.2. OXFAM’S INITIATIVES TILL DATE

To develop duck value chain, Oxfam‘s supportive programmes are in place engaging

beneficiaries through the PNGOs. Oxfam capacitated the PNGO staff on business

planning preparation that in turn disseminated the learning among the beneficiary CBOs.

Oxfam arranged knowledge development programmes on duck rearing and farm

management for REECALL and WEALTH beneficiaries where DLS officials provided

technical training for capacity development of the duck producers. Trainings for LSP and

trader development, market visit to enable duck producers accessing market place and

assessing market price and scopes for advancement were also conducted in course of

time.

Oxfam also distributed through the PNGOs 10-20 ducks per beneficiary household as

starting capital to develop duck value chain in the project areas. Thus, NSS at Aamtoli,

Barguna distributed 141 ducks among the REECALL beneficiaries (10 each), provided

support for business plan preparation to 40 duck farmers and technical training on duck

rearing to 46 beneficiaries. It has also arranged market visits and LSP development

training in the area.

In addition, the PNGOs support the beneficiaries for accessing regular vaccination

service, disaster preparedness and access to local government services.

3.3. OXFAM SUPPORTED GROUP DYNAMICS

3.3.1 Demographic Scenario

The Study revealed the following major demographic dynamics:

Average family size in the study areas is 7.

Recently married family - family size is 3 to 4.

42 percent of the beneficiaries have attained primary education while 37.5 percent

are non-literate.

Table 10: Literacy rate (in %) of Oxfam beneficiaries in Haor and Coastal

Non-Literate 37.5

Under Five Class 41.67

Under Eight Class 16.67

SSC 0

HSC 0

Above HSC 4.16

Source: Group Interview (GI), Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of

Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited, 2013.

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Age distribution in the study population: 37.2 percent of the respective population is

aged between 25-54 years, followed by an age range of 0-14 years covering 33.6

percent of the respective population.

Table 11: Population distribution according to age

0-14 33.6 %

15-24 18.8 %

25-54 37.2 %

55-64 5.6 %

65+ 4.8 %

Source: KII, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark

Consulting Limited (KII), 2013

Gender Ratio: The gender ratio of the surveyed population is 1.05 males to every

female.

All the families have male-headed households except families (2%) who lost their male

head.

3.3.2 Resource Background

54.17 % of the respective population hold their own lands (housing and cultivable) while

37.5 % people are landless. The rest 12.5 % are sharecroppers with large farmers. On

an average, the land owned by the farmers are 4.4 decimal in Barguna, 11 decimal in

Kishoreganj and 18 decimal in Patuakhali.

Table 12: Land ownership status of Oxfam beneficiaries in Haor and Coastal

Land Ownership Land Size in Decimal In %

Own Land 13 54.17

Sharecropping 3 12.5

Landless 9 37.5

Source: GI, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark

Consulting Limited, 2013

In Barguna, people use collective land for duck rearing in an average of 10-15 decimal of

size. In Kishoreganj, average land size for duck rearing is 0.10 decimal.

3.3.3 Income Generating Activities (IGAs)

Duck rearing is considered as a secondary option of livelihood in North-eastern Haor

regions. No commercial practice of duck farming was found in the survey location.

Households in REECALL project areas are mostly involved in rice and vegetable

cultivation in both Sunamganj and Kishoreganj district. The next widely cultivated crops

are potato, garlic and onion in Sunamganj while chili, potato and ground nuts in

Kishoreganj district. Most households are found to believe that livestock and poultry

32 | P a g e

(duck) rearing is part of regular household chores of women in Haor regions where

major tasks related to livestock and poultry rearing are done in-house.

Apart from these, males in the beneficiary families are found engaged in off farm

activities, i.e., grocery business in Sunamganj and rickshaw & van pulling in Kishoreganj.

The table below summarises IGAs practiced by the Haor beneficiary households into

four broad categories.

Table 13: Income Generating Activities in the Haor and Coastal

Districts Crops Poultry &

Livestock

Fishing Off-farm

Sunamganj Vegetables, Rice, Potato, Garlic, Onion, Beans

Duck, Chicken, Cow

- Sewing, Grocery Shops

Kishoreganj Rice, Chilli, Potato, Ground Nut, Vegetables

Duck, Chicken, Cow, Sheep

During rainy seasons only

Karchupi (intricate embroidery) and sewing, Rickshaw pulling

Patuakhali Rice, Vegetables Duck During rainy seasons only

Day labor, carpenter, Rickshaw pulling

Barguna Rice, Sunflower, Watermelon, Vegetables

Chicken, Duck - Day Labor, Grocery shop keeping, hand fan from Keya leaves

Pirojpur Rice, Vegetable Chicken, Duck All time Grocery shop, Restaurant, Puffed rice selling

Source: GI and KII, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited,

2013

3.3.4 Involvement in Community Based Organization (CBO)

All households in the working areas of Oxfam (Sunamganj and Kishoreganj) are

members of CBOs. Members hold monthly meetings at selected member‘s house or in

the CBO office. Only a few groups are found to sit together every week and spend 2-3

hours. Their meetings mostly concentrate on production and marketing of various

agricultural crops, ongoing market price and evaluation of whether to sell their produces

in that price or to hold for future sales, plan for future, and provide social support to each

other. Group receives vaccinations and capacity building trainings for duck rearing from

PNGOs while a few groups were found doing collective selling of their produces (eggs

and ducks).

3.3.5 Group Structure

A CBO covers all 100 to 500 households of a village. CBO Objectives are to raise

awareness on different socio-economic aspects and ensure social protection through

empowering women and developing market linkage by working through a demand-

33 | P a g e

based sustainable system where people are proactively engaged and benefitted. For this

purpose, groups under CBOs including producer groups (PG), trader groups (TG), and

local service providers (LSP) have been formed. Not necessarily that all members will be

in the duck producer or trader groups, depending upon their experience and opportunity,

CBO members join in various functioning groups or multiple groups in the duck value

chain (e.g., duck producer group, duck trader group etc.).

Table 14: Producer Group information in study areas

Area Year of

Establishment

Total No. of

Members

% of

female

members

in the

group

% of female

participation

in the

management

committee

Male Female Total

Jamalganj,

Sunamganj

2005 0 30 30 100 100

Nichli,

Kishoreganj

2012 10 40 50 80 75

Astogram,

Kishoreganj

2008 0 20 20 100 100

Sadar,

Patuakhali

2011 8 7 15 46 46

Aamtoli,

Barguna

2011 0 25 25 100 100

Nazirpur,

Pirojpur

2010 15 39 54 72 72

Source: GI, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting

Limited, 2013

3.3.6 Leadership Status

Each group is headed by a leader who is selected for a year. Besides, there are other

posts in the CBOs as Secretary, Cashier, Executive Members, etc. The leaders are

chosen from the group members through participatory method with the assistance of

project personnel. The leaders are usually leading the group for arranging monthly

meetings, effective planning, activity designing, linkage etc. Group leaders also distribute

the responsibilities among the members of the group. Almost in all areas, group leaders

have a vision to strengthen the group by involving all the members of the group with

different tasks. In case of decision-making, 100% decisions are taken through

participatory way, where both the group leaders and members are engaged equally. If

there is any kind of conflict between groups members, leaders try to resolve with the

help of others.

34 | P a g e

3.3.7 Vision & Plan

Each group has been formed with a vision to achieve the goal of economic growth,

resilience against natural disasters and social development. Their business plans are

also influenced by this aim for achievement. The newly formed groups have the plans to

organize their activities though they expect expert facilitation to do so. It was noticed that

all the groups intend to improve their duck farming as an IGA with developing their own

traders or LSPs to cater to the group members.

3.3.8 Activities of the Groups

Depending upon the maturity of the groups, the activities differ, while the newly formed

groups are still in the planning phase and hold monthly meetings; more structured and

established groups are engaged in savings, disaster preparation, developing food bank,

LSP development, duck rearing, marketing of eggs, vaccination, providing social support

(dowry, domestic violence etc) to the group members. They also build houses for the

group as well. The CBO house structure at Aamtoli, Barguna was solely built by the

group members providing materials and labour. The land was also selected and

provided by the CBO members.

3.3.9 Group Strengths, Weaknesses and Opportunities

Strengths

CBOs on Sunamganj and Kishoreganj have limited physical assets like Meeting

House.

Duck producer groups are linked with CBOs that ease knowledge transfer.

Producer groups in Kishoreganj, Barguna and Patuakhali were found practicing

collective purchasing of vaccination service and collective selling of eggs.

In addition, PGs in Kishoreganj and Barguna have preparing to develop business

plan for small scale commercial duck farming.

Weaknesses

Members lack knowledge on understanding their group purposes

Members are not capacitated enough to carry out group activities efficiently and

independently

Producer Groups in Kishoreganj, Pirojpur, Patuakhali and Barguna are at their early

stage

Groups do not have a minimum fund to operate business

CBOs in Haors have no formal linkages with FIs or MFIs for business loan

Producers lack the knowledge about market demand, supply, buyers‘ preference,

standard demands and others market dynamics

Duck producers have no experience, confidence and appropriate skills to negotiate

business deals independently

35 | P a g e

Opportunities

A number of duck producers are closely related with CBOs that will help in easy and

low cost input channelizing and output product bulking

The groups have potential human resources and opportunity to utilize their full

capacity in commercial duck farming

Fund raising option through group savings will allow arranging seed money for duck

farming

36 | P a g e

THE NORTH-EASTERN HAORS

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CHAPTER FOUR AREA DYNAMICS

Chapter four provides an understanding on the environmental and economic circumstances of

the North-eastern Haors by illustrating the project area dynamics, ecological context of the area,

economic options and practices by the local inhabitants in which the duck value chain operates.

38 | P a g e

4.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

Oxfam GB Bangladesh at present is working in two districts – Sunamganj and

Kishoreganj to develop a thriving duck value chain. A Haor is a wetland ecosystem in

the north eastern part of Bangladesh which physically is a bowl or saucer shaped

shallow depression, also known as a back swamp11.The core Haor area, alternatively

referred to as the Haor basin or the Sylhet basin, is estimated to spread over an area

between 4,45012 sq. km and 25,000 sq.km13.

4.2 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF NORTH-EASTERN HAORS

Haor basin of Bangladesh is geo-morphologically a ‗major floodplain basin‘ hinting to its

inherent vulnerability to habitation. The areas are in the most extensively seasonally

flooded zones not only in Bangladesh but also in South Asia. Oxfam‘s working areas in

this location is between the natural levees (embankment) of rivers subject to overflow

during the monsoon. The major rivers in the area are Surma and Kushiyara. Some of the

tributaries are: Manu, Khowai, Jadukhata, Piyain, Mogra, Mahadao and Kangsha. These

form the dense drainage network of the Haors. The rivers are primarily responsible for

providing rainwater and sediment load to the basin.

During July to November, these areas go under deep water and look like seas with

erosive water surface due to flash flood. During wind storm these waves reach up to 1.5

m in height14. These floods carry high sediments causes channel instability and erosion

and results in destruction of life, property and infrastructure. The area remains under

water for seven months of the year, turning Haor settlements mostly built on earthen

mounds into islands15. During the dry season most of the water drains out, leaving small

shallow lakes or may completely dry out by the end of dry season. This exposes rich

alluvial soil, extensively cultivated for rice.

Compared with other major natural forms of landscape, Haors are young, dynamic and

physically unstable. Variously called jalah, doloni, pitoni, doba, hola or gadeng, it can

change in a season or even in a single storm, as conditions range from virtually

perennial aquatic lowlands to seasonally dry uplands. It changes with the vegetation,

sedimentation, or geological subsidence. The key to vegetation development and

11

Bio-ecological Zones of Bangladesh; International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Bangladesh Country Office; page 31; The World Conservation Union (IUCN); 2002 12

Alam, Mohd Shamsul. "Depression". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 13

Communities and forest management in South Asia; page 32; The World Conservation Union (IUCN) 14

MK Alam; Wave attack in Haor areas of Bangladesh and cement concrete blocks as structural revetment material; Progress in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation: Proceedings (ed. Alphose Zingoni); page 325; Taylor & Francis; 2004 15

"Haor Rural Development Programme". concern.net.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature

http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/D_0117.htm

http://www.concern.net/what-we-do/where-we-work/case-studies/a1142/Haor-Rural-Development-Programme--Khaliajuri--Bangladesh.html

39 | P a g e

community dynamics here is hydro-period, affected by topography, flooding and flood

type, precipitation, and water table fluctuations.16

Due to continuous submergence, wetland habitat is characterized by anaerobic, a

condition which inhibits normal plant growth apart from a group of plants known as

hydrophytes17adapted to withstand these conditions.18 The Haor Basin is the only region

in Bangladesh where remnant patches of freshwater swamps and reed lands still

exists.19 Once extensive forests of Hijal in the area used to provide an important source

of firewood, but these forests are now almost completely destroyed. In recent times,

various herbs and aquatic plants are being collected for use as fuel. On top of that,

aquatic plants are also being collected for use as fertilizers. Only a few patches remain

of the swamp forests that once dominated the area, featuring flood tolerant trees like

Hijal (Barringtonia acutangula) and Koroch (Ponogamia pinnata).20

4.3 ECONOMY

The Haor basin became an important fishing zone since early 20th century, mostly due to

successive natural calamities including floods and earthquakes. The declining population

growth picked up again since then due to the opportunity to cultivate land for a nominal

rent. 21 These Haors support major subsistence and commercial fisheries, while the

seasonally flooded lakes support major rice-growing activities; the abundant aquatic

vegetation provides rich grazing for domestic livestock and an alternative source of fuel

and fertilizers for the local people.

4.3.1 Crop Production

The Haors support a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural crops and fast-growing

introduced timber species (Khan, 2005). A significant number of medicinal plants are

also found in the Haor basins. Agriculture Census 2008 shows that the region‘s major

crop is rice which is quintessential for their food security. The main crop grown in the

area is dry season rice (boro) whereas oilseed, potato, jute and wheat are the secondary

crops.

16

Dr. Sara Bennett, Dr. Derek Scott, Ansarul Karim, Istiak Sobhan, Anisuzzaman Khan, and S.M.A. Rashid,Interpretive Description Of The Region's Wetlands, Wetland Resources Specialist Study, Northeast Regional Water Management Plan, Bangladesh Flood Action Plan 6, Bangladesh Water Development Board, 1995 17

Hydrophytes are aquatic plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater). 18

Dr. Sara Bennett, Dr. Derek Scott, Ansarul Karim, Istiak Sobhan, Anisuzzaman Khan, and S.M.A. Rashid,Interpretive Description Of The Region's Wetlands, Wetland Resources Specialist Study, Northeast Regional Water Management Plan, Bangladesh Flood Action Plan 6, Bangladesh Water Development Board, 1995 19

Bio-ecological Zones of Bangladesh; International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Bangladesh Country Office; page 31; The World Conservation Union (IUCN); 2002 20

Mohd Shamsul Alam, and Md Sazzad Hossain."Haor". Banglapedia.Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 21

Lars T. Soeftestad, Riparian Right and Colonial Might in the Haors Basin of Bangladesh, Paper presented at the conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP), 2000

http://bicn.com/wei/resources/nerp/wrs/ch3.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Flood_Action_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1

http://bicn.com/wei/resources/nerp/wrs/ch3.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Flood_Action_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature

http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/H_0044.htm

http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00001040/00/SoefsteadLars00.pdf

40 | P a g e

Table 15: Area under cultivation in North-eastern Haor districts

Crop Sunamganj Kishoreganj Crop Sunamganj Kishoreganj

Aus 20453 39531 Jute 1355 14023

Aman 78030 100320 Pulses 1017 5803

Boro 332111 346105 Oilseed 3341 14948

Wheat 1422 3505 Sugar Cane 192 395

Maize 172 5148 Potato 2229 7496

Source: Agricultural Census 2008

There are133 and 122 Haors in Sunamganj and Kishoreganj districts respectively. 78%

Haor area in Sunamganj district is under cultivation, whereas, Kishoreganj has almost

80% cultivated land in Haor regions.22DAE data reveals that among the seven Haor

districts in Sylhet Haor basin, the proportion of single cropped area is the highest (44%)

in Sunamganj and due to that cropping intensity in this district stands at the lowest

(143%). On the contrary, the proportion of triple cropped area is the highest (with lowest

single cropped area – 14%) in Kishoreganj that led to have the highest cropping intensity

(215%), higher than the national average cropping intensity of 178% (HAS-2008).

4.3.2 Fisheries and Livestock

The Haor is a critical habitat and breeding ground for fish and other aquatic species and

considered as one of the four major "mother fisheries" in Bangladesh. More than 100

fish species are available in the Haor, one third of which are listed as endangered

(Choudhury and Faisal, 2005).

Some of the major economically important fishes are Rui (Labeo rohita), Gonia(L.

gonius), Kalibush (L calbasu), Katla (Katla catla), Mrigal (Cirhinus mrigala), Boal

(Wallago atiu), Pangus (Pangasius pangasitts), Air (Aorichthys aor), Guizza air

(Aovichihys seenghala), Bagha air (Bagarins bagarius), Rita(Rita rita), Magur (Clarias

batrachus), Singhi (heleropneules fossils), Kani pabda (Ompok binocidaius), Madhu

pabda (Ompok pabda), Tengra (Mystus lengra and AI. villains), Koi (Anabus

testudineus), etc. Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and small

prawns‘ are also available in the small rivers and canals. (CWBMP, 2004).

Statistics on livestock production in north eastern study areas were difficult to interpret

for duck value chain as these are reported under the heading of ‗Fowls and Ducks‘

which includes chicken as well. Considering that the number includes ducks, the majority

fowls and duckswas found in Kishoreganj (leads to the conclusion that the area is rich in

poultry rearing). At the same time Sunamganj has the highest number of cows and

buffalos (rich in livestock rearing) among the Haor districts according to the Agriculture

Census 2008.

22

Data Source: DAE 2008-2009

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Table 16: Number of Livestock per District

District Cow and Buffalo Goat and Sheep Fowl and Ducks

Sunamganj 517,393 112,767 1,720,290

Kishoreganj 491,812 154,816 2,345,410


4.3.3 Forestry

The forest resources (swamp and reed land plants) in the Haor lack proper conservation

and management. Due to absence of such management measures, over and illegal

exploitation by the local people and lease-holders for fire wood, placing for making brush

shelter in the beels (enclosed water bodies), cattle fodder, herbal medicine, food,

housing and mat making materials, the swamp/reed land plants are gradually declining.

These also provide habitat and food for wildlife, fishes birds and serves as barriers

against the erosive effects of wave action etc.

On ground of such threats and rapid degradation of the resources and in recognition of

the urgent need to protect the unique ecology and biodiversity of the Haor, in 1999, the

Government of Bangladesh has declared Hakaluki Haor as an "Ecologically Critical

Area" (ECA) under the provision of the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act

(BECA)(CNRS, 2002).

4.3.4 Infrastructure

Transport and communication is very fragile in Haor areas. Though the study found

improved road infrastructure in Nikhli upazilla of Kishoreganj; roads get submerged in

water during wet season and waterway becomes the only route of communication with

boats and trawlers as the main modes of transportation in North-eastern Haor basin; the

delivery of service has been found irregular and poor. Boat and trawler capsize is a

common phenomenon which takes toll on many lives with children and women the most

vulnerable victims.

Higher lead time of water vehicles also hinders the local inhabitants travel to urban

centre more than once a day. Moreover, farmers found it difficult to transport their agro

or non-agro produces to urban centre for trade purposes due to under-serviced and

inadequate transportation system. Often, they fail to obtain timely inputs that delays

cultivation or results in poor quality production and lower market price.

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CHAPTER FIVE EXPLORING THE GAMM IN HAORS

The chapter describes major findings of Haor duck value chain that embrace core value chain

functions, actors, service providers and business (dis)enabling players. Power relationships

between the actors, actors‘ concentration and trading volume, supporting service conditions,

dominant channels in Haor duck value chain, pricing mechanism in duck value chain and cost

benefit analysis of duck producers at Haors have also been illustrated in this chapter.

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5.1 CORE VALUE CHAIN FUNCTIONS

The core value chain functions of duck sub-sector have three major parts: input supply,

production (duck farming and egg production) and trading.

5.1.1 Input Supply

Duck value chain has four key input components. Eggs, ducks and pullets are the

primary and major inputs for duck value chain. Others are feed, vaccination and

medicine.

Input Component 1: Eggs, Ducklings and Pullets

Duck itself is the prime input for the duck farming. There are three major ways of getting

ducks as inputs for farming.

Eggs are inputs for the duck producers as well as for the hatchery owners. Only

small duck producers in Haor entirely (100%) rely on their own farm production to

source eggs for ducks. They produce, assemble and make use of those eggs for

ducklings‘ production at their own residence.

o Ducklings are procured by medium and large duck farmers in the Haor area

instead of relying on their own farm production. It is the small producers who find

it less profitable to procure ducklings for their farms as they manage only 8-25

ducks at a time.

Traditional egg hatching system

that is locally known as „tush‟, in

which about 15-20 duck eggs are

put under a Broody Hen 23 for

hatching in a basket of rice or

wheat. This traditional household

method takes 28 days to hatch

ducklings; about 75-80% ducklings

are hatched in this way at

households. The commercial

hatcheries use electric incubator

that has 15-20% higher success

rate than the traditional „tush‟

method; it hatches a large number

of egg within the same incubation and hatching period and collected data shows

that 95% of eggs hatch at a time by electric incubation method.

Pullets are the pre-laying duck that are often reared and sold at the age of 6

months, just before they start laying eggs. This is popular among duck producers

23

A broody hen usually stops laying eggs and instead focuses on incubation of the eggs.

Picture 2: Activity of Duck Hatching in Astogram, Kishoreganj

44 | P a g e

as farm input since pullets guarantee immediate return on investment. Large

duck producers were found mostly purchasing pullets and keeping them for a 4-5

months period (or till they have full potential of laying sufficient number of eggs)

and sell them off when the egg laying capacity decreases to an insignificant

number.

Table 17: Procurement sources of duck in Haors (in %)

Area Eggs Ducklings Pullets

Nikhli 60 30 10

Ashtogram 60 30 10

Jamalganj 75 20 15

Source: GI, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark


Input Component 2: Feed

Till date, commercially produced duck feed was not available in the market in the Haor

regions. Producers either provides broiler feed to their duck or home prepare feed,

mixing various ingredients like broken rice, rice polish, snails, left-over boiled rice starch,

etc. Only the hatcheries, large producers and a very few part of medium producers were

using commercial broiler feed.

Input Component 3: Vaccines

Ducks are vaccinated four times a year at 3-month interval to prevent outbreaks of duck

plague and duck cholera. Duck farmers from the Haor region often cannot afford

vaccination service due to lack of financial ability to purchase vaccines four times a year.

Input Component 4: Medicines

In Haor regions, duck producers primarily apply duck de-worming thrice in a year.

Producers fed human oral saline to cure duck diarrhoea.

Availability and quality of inputs

Duck eggs are available locally but successful hatching proportion is not good, which

depends on drake (male ducks) to ducks (female ducks) ratio. Ideally, for closed farm

environment, 1 drake is required for 7-10 ducks to ensure fertile eggs. Ducks reared in

scavenging method, at least 2 drakes are needed for 7-10 ducks to ensure mating and

egg fertility. Commercial hatcheries procure eggs from sources that ensure the ratio

required for fertile eggs. This ratio is not maintained at household level, mostly there is

only 1 drake for 15 ducks. It is interesting to note from the respondent data that shows

the ducklings hatched by traditional method are more adaptable and resistant to odds

compared to the ones hatched in incubators. Thus, they often prefer to hatch duckling by

themselves. The quality of eggs is also considered by their color (the whiter, the better)

and size.

45 | P a g e

When the eggs are sourced for commercial hatching or farming, information about the

origin and variety of the input is not available accurately. The mating information about

variety of drakes and ducks is not available or this not maintained. For example, if

breeds like Jinding of Chinese origin mates with Khaki Campbell of British origin, the

variety of the ducklings become cross breed. Thus, when cross-breeding happens, the

production capability also changes. As this information about the eggs or ducklings is not

maintained and available, the output is also not as per expectation and it becomes tough

to define the source of the problem.

Ducklings often die after bringing from hatcheries or other sources. In majority of cases,

ducklings or pullets are sourced from Netrokona, a distant locations with under-serviced

transport facilities. Due to this the day-old ducklings suffer from transportation stress and

often die a couple of days after reaching destination. Pullets also suffer as already

formed eggs inside their body are either destroyed from transportation stress or, possibly

from egg peritonitis. Ducks and chicken are transported together without maintaining any

bio-security measures. Flock uniformity is also not maintained at the beneficiary level.

The study revealed that the demand of day-old-ducklings (DOD) is higher than the

supply.

Due to unavailability of proper duck feed, broiler feed and ingredients for homemade

feed are readily available but the quality is not satisfying. It is usually sold in unsealed

packets and not stored properly once the bag has been opened; therefore, the quality

deteriorates fast to exposed heat and humidity. The snails are given raw to the ducks,

not boiled which should be a standard method. Raw snail often makes the ducks

vulnerable to various vector-borne diseases including Schistosomiasis (also known as

snail fever.

The vaccines are not readily available as per demand. Moreover, it is often of low quality

due to improper storing. The storage temperature for duck plague vaccine needs to be

between zero to -5 degree centigrade with a life of six-month and 4-8 degrees

centigrade for a month; for duck cholera, the storage temperature requirement is 4-8

degrees centigrade for six-month, Very often vaccines become ineffective as these are

not stored in appropriate temperature due to lack of knowledge as well as non-

availability of electricity in the remote Haor areas. When vaccines are thawed after

refrigeration and frozen again, it loses its effectiveness. Also, vaccines are not

transported in temperature controlled cases from the line of production in the DLS

premises to the end point at the beneficiary level. They are carried in flasks, thermos,

even wrapped with banana leaves, so the effectiveness is either greatly reduced or lost.

Quality of vaccines also deteriorates during application as every opened ampoule is to

be instantly used, but such instruction is completely missing for the end users.

Reconstituted vaccines are opened and re-used without maintaining any of the above

standards. Therefore, outbreaks of diseases are often rampant in ducks even after

immunisation.

46 | P a g e

Although medicines for duck are available, due to difficulties to obtain these in a timely

manner, often drugs for chicken and fowl are used, increasing low recovery rate and

mortality.

5.1.2 Duck Farming and Egg Production

Housing Management

In Haors, majority duck farmers practice

separate housing made of wood, bamboo

or of straw for ducks. To prevent rainwater

leaking, producers use plastic or

polythene sheets under the thatched roof.

In addition, they apply polythene sheets in

the mud made floors to keep the place dry

and clean/mud free for ducks. During day

time, the common practice of this area is

to keep the ducks on household yards

within net fencing. Easily available fishing

nets are used for this purpose. Usually,

female members of the household are

responsible for cleaning the duck houses,

generally twice a-day.

Feeding Management

To feed the ducks, producers in Haors

follow semi-scavenging method. Home

mixed feed are given a few times a day,

the rest are scavenged by ducks. A

feeding chart was developed on what is

happening in the total life span of a duck

based on the study findings.

Picture 3: Duck Housing at Nichli, Kishoreganj

Picture 4: Duck Feeding

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Table 18: Feeding Chart for duck in its total life span

Life Cycle Stage

Feeding Method

In-house Feeding Frequency

Description

Duckling In-house Five times a day A grainy fluid paste is prepared ducklings at households which is a combination of mashed rice polish, broken rice and left-over boiled rice.

Pullet and Duck

In-house Semi-scavenging

Three times a day With age comes the gift of swimming and wandering around resulting in less reliability on home-made feed and more dependability on semi-scavenging for feed. At this stage, duck producers provide solid feeds (raw whole snails and slugs) rather than paste or batter -like preparations.

Disease Management

A number of diseases (listed below) were found in the study area in North-western Haor

and Southern coastal regions, of which plague and cholera are dominant:

Duck plague

Duck cholera

Diarrhoea

Bumble foot

Limber neck

White diarrhoea

Coryza (sudden death)

External and internal parasitism especially tape worms and

Rampant nutritional deficiency

Most diseases occur due to bacterial and viral origins; these create havocs as the

farmers do not get adequate treatment time due to remoteness from veterinary services

and unavailability of transports. Breakdown of cholera happens every year though the

intensity has been reduced over the last two years with increase in awareness about

disease management. Except for the vaccination against plague and cholera, no other

medical treatments for ducks are available in Haors. The high incidence of diseases is

mostly associated with negligence, housing and predation and lack of knowledge on

disease identification and appropriate disease control and management.

A chart depicting seasonality of diseases is annexed (See Table 61).

48 | P a g e

Egg Production

Ducks start laying eggs from the age of 6

months and ideally continue for at least five

more years, following a ‗Four-Two-Four-Two’

pattern (lay eggs for a four-month continuous

period with a break for two months). This means

that eggs are available for a period of eight

months in a year. Duck producers sell ducks

within a period that ranges from six months to

twenty four months as ducks remain fertile at

some stage in this period.

Producers collect eggs in the morning that are laid

at night. Once collected those are kept inside a

drum of rice or in a basket in a cool, dark place to

increase their shelf life. In ideal room temperature,

eggs remain unsullied for ten days in winter and

seven days in summer time. A typical household

collects around 160-180 eggs in a year. 12-15

eggs are collected daily from a house containing

20 ducks.

5.1.3 Egg Trading

Duck farmers from the Haor area mostly sell eggs to the collectors. Some of them sell

eggs to local hotels, restaurants and grocery shops. Very few are found selling eggs to

their neighbours though the frequency of such economic events24do not have important

influence on duck value chain in this area. The number of transactions and volume of

trading to neighbors is near to the ground (1% of the total egg trading found by the

study).

24

An economic event is a moment in which transaction happens between two parties in monetary value in exchange of goods or services.

Picture 6: Duck's Eggs at Market

Ducks lay more eggs in March-April

while the number is decreased in

November-December mostly due to

scarcity of nutritious and

appropriate feeding during winter.

Picture 5: Duck Storing at Producer Level

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5.2 CORE ACTORSIN DUCK VALUE CHAIN

Actors in duck value chain are described according to their functions in the following

table:

Table 19: Actors in duck value chain

Function Name of Actor Description

INPUT SUPPLY

Hatchery Hatcheries are the prime sources of ducklings. They facilitate incubation and hatching of eggs to produce ducklings at their own place applying scientific method.

Duckling Trader/Hatchery Agents

Duckling traders sell day-old ducklings to a week-old duckling directly to pullet traders and duck farmers (mostly medium and large producers). Duckling traders procure ducklings from local medium & large hatcheries. Hatchery agents are the nominated duckling traders of private commercial hatcheries who are authorized to sell ducklings of the respective hatcheries to pullet traders and duck producers (medium and large).

Pullet Trader Pullet traders play the major role in producing pullets from ducklings and sell directly to duck farmers.

Feed Seller Sellers who vend ingredients of duck feed (broken rice, rice husk etc.) are visible in Haors. Private poultry feed companies are operating in Haors limitedly, though they do not offer ‗feed for ducks only‘.

Vaccine Provider Government‘s District/Upazilla Livestock Serviceis the monopoly actor who provides vaccination services to duck producers. Some NGOs are playing as intermediary between government service provider and duck producers to create access to vaccination service for poor and vulnerable farming communities.

Medicine Supplier Private pharmaceutical companies are the major source for medicines for ducks sold through their distribution channel (dealers and retailers).

DUCK FARMING AND EGG PRODUCTION

Duck Producer/farmers

Duck producers/farmers are households operating farms to produce duck eggs for trade purpose. The study identified three levels of duck producers based on their farming volume. Small producers owning 8-25 ducks and primarily are part of the beneficiary groups under REECALL and WEALTH projects. Medium producers own 25-100 ducks in their farms. Large producers are owners‘ of 100-1000 ducks in their farms.

50 | P a g e

EGG TRADING

Egg Collector (Small Trader)

Egg collectors are small traders who collect/purchase eggs from the households and sell them to Large Traders (wholesalers) and Retailers (grocery shops) at local markets. It was found that an insignificant portion of eggs were sold to the local hotels/restaurants by egg collectors. This category actor adds value in the chain as ‗transporter‘ by bringing the produces to local markets where duck producers from remote village areas can hardly reach to sell their small volume production.

Wholesaler (Large Trader)

In Haors, large traders (wholesalers) are found purchasing eggs from egg collectors/small traders who later trade these in regional/divisional markets. They purchase in high volume and offer wholesale price to retailers.

Retailer (Grocery Shop Owner)

Within the scope of duck value chain study in the Haors shows that the retailers are the grocery shops owners purchasing from wholesalers, egg collectors and even from the duck producers and sell directly to rural consumers.

Hotel/Restaurant Local hotels and restaurants are the last level traders in duck value chain who purchase duck eggs mainly from the wholesalers and partially from duck producers and egg collectors (small traders).

5.3 CONCENTRATION OF ACTORS IN THE CHAIN

5.3.1 Input Suppliers

Key findings on input suppliers in duck value chain are summarized as follows.

Hatcheries: The study found a very few number of hatcheries (2 in Nikhli and 2 in

Jamalganj) operating in the surveyed Haor zones. Surprisingly, there are 22 hatcheries

found in Dirai, Sunamganj. The survey found that these hatcheries operates in full for

only three months in a year, while hatching operation remains in low production during

other months of the year.

Table 20: Hatcheries data at Haors

Nichli Ashtogram Dirai

No. of Hatcheries 2 2 22

Monthly Trading Volume (Unit) 6,000 10,000 250,000

Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) 210,000 300,000 13,500,00

Remarks Business volumes are shown for 3 months (January, February and March, 2013).

Source: II, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting

Limited, 2013

51 | P a g e

Feed Sellers: Poultry feed sellers usually the source of duck feed (which basically

poultry feed). Ingredients to prepare feeds are purchased from local rice/husk sellers or

neighbours. At the same time, snails are primarily sourced through personal efforts from

the river or pond sides.

Table 21: Data on feed sellers, Haors

Nichli Ashtogram Jamalganj

No. of Feed Sellers 15 8 10

Monthly Trading Volume (Unit) 3000 kg 2000 kg 3000 kg

Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) 130000 88,000 132,000



Limited, 2013

Medicine Suppliers: Private pharmaceutical companies like Renata and Acme are

bringing medicines for ducks/poultry through their distribution channels (medicine

retailers) mostly to the Upazilla bazar level.

Table 22: Data on medicine suppliers, Haors


No. of Medicine Suppliers 5 1 2

Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) 60,000 50,000 30,000



Limited, 2013

5.3.2 Duck Producers

Most of the duck producers in the Haor

areas rear duck at households and not

many do it in a commercial manner. As

identified by the study, more than 70

percent of the total duck producers in the

CBOs are smallholder producers. The

number of large-scale producers (producers

who own 100-1000 ducks in their farm at a

time) is very nominal: 7 in Jamalganj, 5 in

Nichli and 12 in Ashtogram. The rest

(around 10 percent of the respective

population) are medium scale producers

who manage 25-100 ducks in their farms at

a time.

Picture 7: A Female Farmer at Nikli, Kishoreganj

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Table 23: Data sheet of Haor producers

Upazila Total no.

of duck

producers

Total

no. of

ducks

Per year egg

production

(Unit)

No. of

groups

(CBO)

No. of

producers

in group

No. of

ducks in

group

Jamalganj 5,000 244,732 37,440,000 52 200 5,000

Ashtogram 3,000 100,000 15,300,000 30 250 3,750

Nichli 2,500 40,000 6,120,000 2 64 960

Source: GI, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting

Limited, 2013

Consumption of eggs at producers‘ home remains within a range of 25-35 percent of the

total; rest goes to the market for sell.

5.3.3 Egg Collectors

Egg collectors collect eggs from duck producers daily, weekly or at a 2-3 days interval.

As the structure of trading is informal and they are found collecting from 5-7 areas

therefore, there is no specific schedule of collection from the producers‘ end. Egg

collectors are limited by their numbers but are high in their trade volume. Buying price for

each egg is from minimum BDT 7 to maximum BDT 9 while selling price ranges from

BDT 9 to 10 in local markets (to retailers or at grocery shops) or to large traders. Price

fluctuates based on two criteria: to whom the egg collectors are selling and in which

period of the year (seasonal) they are selling. There is also no verbal or written

agreement of egg collection from the producers is in place; instead the collectors pay the

amount in cash at the time of product transaction.

Table 24: Data sheet of egg collectors


No. of Egg Collectors 20 10 50


Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) 960,000 5,600,000 1,600,000


Limited, 2013

Collectors also trade live ducks along with egg trading. They purchase each duck with

BDT 250-280 from the producers and sell at a market price of BDT 300-350 to large

traders or duck retailers.

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5.3.4 Wholesalers

Wholesalers procure eggs only from the egg collectors and then sell to retailers. They

add a nominal value to the product though dealing with large volume brings higher profit

from them.

Table 25: Data sheet of wholesalers


No. of Wholesalers 2 4 8


Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) 430,000 2,580,000 860,000


Limited, 2013

5.4 ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT SERVICE FUNCTIONS IN HAORS

Services in duck value chain in Haors calls for attention as they are very much evident

and playing vital roles in value chain productivity of eggs of this sub-sector. Duck

producers in Haors receive different services from different actors. The existing services

in the study areas are not equally in practice throughout the Haor basin, and incomplete

in terms of leading duck egg producing region and weak in quality.

Service market dynamics were analysed around the value chain actors of the sub-

sector, since service need and demand varies from actor to actor; this variability is

evident in terms of their nature, availability, optimality and so on and so forth. Therefore,

this segment describes, first of all different services each value chain actors need to

grow; existing suppliers of these services were also analysed in terms of their capacity,

quality and availability to gauge the efficiency of the service market around the duck

value chain in Haors.

5.4.1 Support Services and Service Providers

The Duck producers of Haor areas require various services from different service

providers, who are therefore segregated into three broad categories depending on the

type of service they provide:

(a) Embedded Service: actors selling inputs e.g. eggs, duckling, pullets, vaccination,

medicines etc. and thus providing services along with the products; (b)

Transactional Service: transportation of eggs and ducks and (c) Public Benefit

Service: provided by government institutions and NGOs.

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Table 26: Services and Providers in Haor

Service Type Service Service Provider Service Nature

Embedded Service

Information on duck farming and egg production

Hatcheries Embedded

Feed Seller Embedded

Medication Provider-

ULO, Quack, Medicine

Supplier

Embedded

Vaccination Provider- ULO,

LSP

Embedded

DLS Embedded

NGO Free

Neighbour duck producer Free

Market Information Neighbour Free

ULS Free

Egg Collector, Egg Trader Embedded

Transactional

Service

Transportation Van puller, Boat driver Fee based

(Fare)

Mobile Banking bKash and DBBL Mobile

Banking

Fee Based

(Charge)

Public Benefit

Service

Organizational

Strengthening

NGOs Free

Government Free

Financial MFIs, Banks Fee based

(Interest)

Research and

Development

BLRI, BAU --

5.4.2 Service Description

Information Service (Duck Farming and Egg Production)

Feed sellers are the primary contacts who interact with duck farmers in events of feed

transaction. Currently, they are disseminating information on poultry farming and farm

management and this is the only source the farmers in the remote Haor areas have.

However, feed sellers do not have the requisite knowledge or information on duck

farming and farm management, therefore, unable to provide appropriate information.

Public service is available only at the office of the Upazila Livestock Services (ULS),

which is not well connected with the duck farmers of this hard-to-reach Haor area; ULOs

hardly come to visit the farmers in the villages as this workforce is neither ample nor fast

in terms of quality service. ULS office can only provide vaccination service, the required

information on the farming method or disease control is not available at their end.

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Quacks are the immediate service providers in Haors areas to offer treatments.

However, this is also flawed and of poor quality as they do not have sufficient and

updated knowledge on appropriate duck farming and disease management.

Medicine sellers provide only limited information on the specific medicines they are

selling, which is basically on dosage method and applications. Due to lack of information

service, the rural duck farmers depend on the retail medicine shops to seek remedy and

information on various aspects of duck farming; but this set of service providers is also

not equipped with appropriate knowledge on duck farming and management.

Service Providers’ Association in Dimai, Sunamganj presents a milestone towards

accessibility and affordability:

In Dimai, Sunamganj, there is a Service Providers‘ Association with 90 LSPs (all male members)

bringing vaccination service available and accessible to the rural localities. They collect the

vaccines from the ULS office and carry these in ice filled flasks. Each farmer receiving their

services for every flock gets a vaccination card to maintain their record. Every month, three

vaccination programs are conducted at union/village level which also includes an awareness

component on disease management of poultry and ducks. The LSPs charge BDT 2-5 for every

vaccinated bird. Each LSP serves as elected geographic area consisting of 8-10 villages in this

Haor upazilla. The study found this to be an effective demonstration model to village-based

networking making the service accessible and affordable to the marginalised household-based

duck farmers. With further capacity building this service could be an efficient prototype of

vaccination and information dissemination platform.

Few NGOs are providing micro credit to duck farmers but without any capacity

development support on farming methods or disease control. The study observed that

often the household-based or small and medium duck farmers gather their information

by observing the methods followed by large duck farms.

Information Service (Market Facts)

In the absence of a formal system to access market statistics on prices of eggs,

ducklings, pullets, and demand situation, the duck farmers rely on informal discussions

within their localities. Due to remoteness of these Haor based villages, the inhabitants

mostly access their immediate local market places and therefore, such information is

restricted within these small-scale marketing outlets, depriving the duck farmers from

potential large marketing opportunities with a wider commercial value. For the same

reason, the assessment of demand situation is based on assumptions. However, the

egg collectors and other traders provide some idea about prevailing pricing, but these

vary as they seek profit from these ‗information isolated‖ village based duck farmers who

hardly can contact main markets.

Transport Service

In the North-eastern Haors, van is the single mode of transportation during dry season.

Duck farmers transport egg baskets through them to local/mainland markets. Very often,

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the poorer farmers walk the distance to bring their produce to the local markets (haats)

to stay within means and save the transportation cost. They also had to walk when there

is a shortage of van service during the busy market days.

During monsoon, boat is the only mode of transportation from Haor islands to local

markets. The study found that people in Kishoreganj use of launches to travel to

Ashtogram from mainland, an exceptional scenario for Haor regions.

Mobile Banking Service

The recent introduction of mobile banking by bKash and DBBL (Dutch-Bangla Bank

Limited) has also touched the otherwise isolated lives of the Haor inhabitants. Evidence

of using mobile banking service is found for money transaction to near and dear ones

living in other parts of the country. Although, the value chain assessment does not show

any practice of using mobile money transfer service by the duck value chain actors,

increasing use of this services by the locals opens up possibilities for utilizing this

popular banking system; further research can be conducted to identify suitable

transaction mechanism through mobile banking service within the duck value chain in

the Haor region.

Organizational Strengthening (Training)

To develop business skills among its CBO members, Oxfam once arranged Training for

Trainers (ToT) on business plan preparation for its PNGO staff. At present, CBO

members (including duck farmers) have neophyte ideas of business planning as well as

the PNGOs are not capable of sourcing technical requirements to help them grow as an

enterprise.

Financial Services

About 85 percent of duck farmers of this Haor region invest their own capital; the rest15

percent borrows from various MFIs and (local money lenders who charge high interest)

mahazons.

Bank: Both private and public entities provide loans at low interest for agricultural and

poultry farming. However, this service is not available to these small/medium duck

farmers due to their inability to provide collaterals.

MFI: A very few NGOs (Asha, Grameen Bank, POPI, BRAC) have their microcredit

operation in the Haor basins. Their activities (e.g., BRAC and ASA) are limited to micro

credit to women and social awareness programme on health and education mostly in the

mainland and adjacent islands, not reaching the remote areas or islands. Thus,

significant large areas are the remote parts of the Haor inlands and islands are still

outside the purview of these NGOs/MFIs for microcredit service.

Mohajon who are rich people in the locality are the main source of finance for Haor

people, agricultural farmers and poultry/duck farmers. The study found the duck farmers

prefer to take loans from these easily accessible local Mohajons rather from NGOs or

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Banks which requires collateral and weekly instalment payment. Since they do not have

a steady flow of income throughout the month, the weekly payment requirement is not

possible for them, neither they are capable of providing collaterals to access the bank

loans. Although at the Mohajons charge a higher interest but they do not require any

collateral and the repayment is at the end of the production/harvesting period.

Research and Development

Research and development on duck farming is still limited to laboratories and pilot fields,

therefore, the dissemination of research results has yet reach the ultimate beneficiaries.

Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) is the only public research institute for

livestock and poultry that aims to identify livestock and poultry production constraints at

the national and farm levels. The solutions through multi and inter-disciplinary and inter-

institutional research and develop technologies are yet to take shape that would help the

duck farming communities with quality and high yielding farming methods and

technologies. Their assistance is still within a limited scope of laboratory, library,

helpline, and advisory services within their institution and for academic purpose.

Bangladesh Agricultural University also has a Department of Poultry Science with

undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate degrees, specializing on Poultry. Many

research works are carried out by the students and faculties as well, the technical

knowledge is seldom shared with smallholder producers.

5.4.3 Service Matrix in Haors

Service Matrix describes the dynamics of different services in terms of availability,

accessibility and quality. This matrix helps in determining the service efficiency of

providers at a glance and scope out feasible service-oriented interventions for the duck

value chain.

Table 27: Haor Service Matrix

Service Service Provider Availability Accessibility Quality


Hatcheries Available Easy to get Poor

Feed Seller Not available -- --

Medication Provider Available Hard to get Poor

Vaccination Provider-

ULO, LSP

Available Hard to get Moderate

ULS Available Hard to get Moderate

NGO Not available -- --

Neighbour Duck Available Easy to get Poor

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farmers

Market

Information

Neighbour Available Easy to get High

ULS Not available -- --

Egg Collector,

Egg Trader

Available Easy to get Moderate

Transportation Boat Available Hard to get Moderate

Van Available Easy to get Moderate

Mobile Banking Available Hard to get High

Organizational Strengthening

(Training)

Not available -- --

Financial Available Hard to get --

Research and Development Not available -- --

5.5 DIS (ENABLING) ENVIRONMENT IN HAORS

5.5.1 Land and property rights

In Haors, water bodies are leased to fishermen‘s communities for 8-10 months in a year.

They mark their territories and do not let smallholders to set their ducks free in these

water bodies. The leasing process is a bureaucratic one and there is no provision of

leasing it to duck farmers. It is evident that duck wastes in water lands ensure natural

feeding for fish within the ecosystem (a proportion of 20 ducks in 1 square meter has to

be maintained); but lack of understanding and awareness of the fish and duck farmers

has not allowed this new technique to put in practice.

5.5.2 Infrastructure

The study found no flood or cyclone shelter services in Haor region which is highly

vulnerable to natural calamities. During floods, the duck farmers keep ducks on rooftops

or on sleeping beds.

5.5.3 Natural resources and environment

Smallholder duck farmers follow scavenging feeding method; therefore they are

dependent on natural resources and environment. Slugs and snails are one major

source of protein for the ducks. Snail collection is mostly a work of women and girls, who

collect it from shallow waters or dig waist-deep into sandy mud to obtain snails from the

environment. It has been observed from the beneficiary interviews that snails are

becoming scarce to find; it takes about an hour to fill one small basket with snails which

used to take only 15 minutes two-three years ago. It is assumed that mechanical tractors

for land ploughing have reduced the snail population in the environment.

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5.5.4 Government rules and policies

National Livestock Development Policy 2007 has the aim “To provide the enabling

environment, opening up opportunities, and reducing risks and vulnerability for

harnessing the full potential of livestock sub-sector to accelerate economic growth for

reduction of rural poverty in which the private sector will remain the main actor, while the

public sector will play facilitating and supportive role.”

Accordingly, it is the role of the government‘s livestock department to contribute to the

economic growth by being a channel for improvement and coordinating with the existing

private sector to strengthen the systems and delivery mechanism. The Policy leads to

the following specific objectives:

To promote sustainable improvements in productivity of milk, meat and egg

production including processing and value addition;

To promote sustained improvements in income, nutrition, and employment for the

landless, small and marginal farmers; and

To facilitate increased private sector participation and investments in livestock

production, livestock services, market development and export of livestock

products and by-products.

While all the specific objectives require further work and refinements, there are subjects

on which this may be needed in particular i.e. on modalities for processing, livestock

services, market development and export and quality control on a range of subjects as

stated in the livestock policy document (Dolberg, 2008).

The National Poultry Development Policy 2008 outlines the objectives, scopes for

development and a plan. This Policy deals with chicken farming as a primary poultry

development intervention. There are many similarities between chicken and duck

farming that can effectively applied to duck sub-sector, but the total absence of duck

related intervention in this policy document and plan sidelined this sub-sector; the

agriculture extension services therefore do not have a scope to offer any technical

expertise or business facilities pertinent for its commercial growth.

Haor Master Plan Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board (BHWDB) under

the Ministry of Water Resources has been formulated for the integrated development of

the Haor region of the country. This master plan is developed with nine strategic pillars:

improved water management; agricultural development, food security and social

protection; biodiversity enhancement and wetland management; social safety net and

improvement of standard of living; building physical infrastructure; comprehensive

disaster management; industrialization and trading; institutional strengthening; and ICT,

science and technology.

Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy is based on globally accepted principles and

has the objective to increase the country‘s resilience to climate change: reduce and or

eliminate the risks climate change poses to national development; and rapidly develop

60 | P a g e

the country, following a low-carbon growth path. Following this strategy and action plan

(BCCSAP), the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock has taken appropriate medium and

long-term plan. Assessment has been conducted to identify potential threats to the

poultry sector, develop adoptive measures and disseminate ideas and technologies to

the poultry farmers. In addition, there is a plan to strengthen veterinary services

systems, including animal health measures to reduce disease prevalence affecting

different livestock. However, none of these include duck farming which requires some

additional information and protection measure.

5.5.5 Competition and consumer trends

Competition in duck value chain is affected by a monopoly market situation. It is the

chicken value chain that offers major competition against duck value chain in Haors.

Consumers prefer to purchase chickens for meat and eggs as opposed to ducks. It was

difficult to determine consumer and market trends for duck meat and eggs as they are

traded along with chicken meat and eggs due to existing poultry market structure.

5.5.6 Formal and informal community groups

In the Haor region, NGOs are the key social players and has a major role in social

awareness building, disaster preparedness, women‘s empowerment through gender

mainstreaming, addressing negative social issues like dowry and domestic violence and

advocacy for governance. However, due to infrastructural insufficiency and widely

situated under-serviced area in the region, the outreach of development activities are

limited to certain areas, depriving a significant portion of the marginalised communities

to participate in the process of development. Therefore, the formal growth is mostly

stunted and confined to areas which have easier physical accessibility.

In this context, the growth of informal network for various purposes including investment

of social capital is high in the Haor regions. This somehow offers limited options for

financial and other social assistance; for the marginalized and under-resourced

communities tend to reach these informal options to recover from economic and social

adversities.

Absence of formal structure and pre-dominance of the informal structure to fill-in the

need put the subsistence farming communities in a dilemma and deprivation. This is

further compounded by lack of appropriate information and affordable technical

assistance. However, the emerging informal sector has already creating a scope for

development intervention if policies and action plans utilises the platform by ensuring its

engagement and participation in capacity building, decision-making and planning

processes.

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5.6 CHANNELS IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN: HAOR CONTEXT

One important thing in the available channels in duck value chain in Haors is the proximity of hatcheries within the

geographical boundary. The study identified a number of hatcheries in Sunamganj and Kishoreganj within the geographic

boundary of Oxfam‘s beneficiaries.

CHANNEL ACTOR

Hatchery (HAOR

REGION)

Duckling Trader

Pullet Trader

Duck Farmer Egg Collector

Wholesaler Retailer (Grocery

shop)

Hotel /Restaurant

Consumer

CHANNEL 1

CHANNEL 2

CHANNEL 3

CHANNEL 4

CHANNEL 5

CHANNEL 6

CHANNEL 7

CHANNEL 8

CHANNEL 9

CHANNEL 10

CHANNEL 11

CHANNEL 12

CHANNEL 13

CHANNEL 14

CHANNEL15

CHANNEL 16

CHANNEL 17

CHANNEL 18

62

5.7 VALUE ADDITION IN THE CHAIN AND PROFITABILITY

5.7.1 Value Addition

Case 1: Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailers Consumers

Actor Producer Egg

collector Wholesaler Retailer

Duck Farmer/Egg Producer 7 7 7 7

Egg Collector 1 1 1

Wholesaler 0.6 0.6

Retailer 0.4

Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT)

7 8 8.6 9

Case 2: Producer Egg Collector Hotels/Restaurants Consumers

Actor Producer Egg collector Hotels/

Restaurants

Duck Farmer/Egg Producer 7 7 7

Egg Collector 3 3

Hotels/Restaurants 5

Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT)

7 10 15

Case 3: Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailers Hotels/Restaurants

Consumers

Actor Producer Egg

collector Wholesaler Retailer

Hotels /Restaurants

Duck Farmer/Egg Producer 7 7 7 7 7

Egg Collector

1 1 1 1

Wholesaler

0.6 0.6 0.6

Retailer

0.4 0.4

Hotels/Restaurants

6

Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT) 7 8 8.6 9 15

63

5.7.2 Profitability of duck producers

Different types of producers (small, medium or large) incur different costs at various

expense-field depending on the number of ducks they manage and how they are

managed. The table below presents an estimation based on a producer having 100

ducks. It has been assumed that the feed consisted of broken rice, rice husk, rice water,

and bought snails. Large producers raising pullets use snails, broiler feed and broken

rice as feed. Calculation for daily feed requirement for 100 ducks is given below.

Table 28: Feed cost of 100 ducks per day in context of haor

Ingredients Unit Price (BDT per Unit) Total Cost (BDT)

Rice Polish 5 KG 5 25

Broken Rice 5 KG 26 130

Snail Lump sum -- 100

Rice Husk 5 KG 5 25

Cost for small and medium farmers 280

Broiler Feed instead

of Rice Husk

270 45 270

Cost for Large Farmers 625

Considering this as the feed cost for duck farmer, total cost benefit for 100 ducks thus

stands: Table 29: Cost Benefit Analysis of duck producers in context of haor

Description Amount (BDT)

Eggs Ducklings Pullets

Acquiring ducks 800 2,500 30,000

Feed 92,400 92,400 50,400

Vaccination 1,200 1,200 600

Medication and treatment 180 180 120

Housing 1,000 1,000 1,000

Total cost incurred 95,580 97,280 82,120

- Earning from eggs (Average 150 eggs per

year per duck) 1,12,500 1,12,500 1,12,500

Total Profit 16,920 15,220 30,380

64

5.8 DRIVING FACTORS IN THE VALUE CHAIN

Some factors drive the value chain actors in doing their functions. These shape up the

behaviour of the actors, determine the suitability of product, costing and pricing etc. The

major factors identified by the Study are discussed below.

5.8.1 Consumer preferences

National Consumer

Consumer preferences are defined as the subjective (individual) tastes and satisfactions,

as measured by utility of various bundles of goods. The study identified that demand for

chicken meat and eggs are high in local, national and even beyond national boundary.

Consumers (mostly urban) prefer commercial poultry meat (i.e. Kazi Farm) for

household consumption rather local chicken meat. There is no such commercial farm for

duck value chain that restrains the sector to grow in commercial manner. Consumer

preferences for duck eggs are also parallel to the described circumstances of duck meat.

Haor Consumer

These consumers depend on the availability of produces within their proximity. Available

options over consumers‘ choices play the major role in determining the product (chicken

or duck eggs) that consumers (household) will buy from the market. They consider

opportunity costs of travelling to distant mainland markets that encourages them to

purchase duck eggs from producers nearest to their locality.

5.8.2 Determinants of price

Product Quality

The major driving factor in determining egg price is the product quality. Ultimate

consumers are ready to pay higher prices for large sized, white clean eggs. Though the

study found that benefits of higher prices flow from ultimate consumers to the retailers‘

level (top to bottom); marginal root level duck producers (Haor) do not get the benefit of

that higher price.

Demand Supply Situation

Seasonal demand for duck eggs increases in winter (December to February), which

coincides with the time when production of eggs decreases. Higher demand eventually

increases egg price during the period that affects in all level (top to bottom) in duck value

chain.

5.8.3 Power of different actors in the value chain

Exercising power in pricing of eggs

Haor duck farmers do not have any union or association to bargain with water body

owners, buyers and other input suppliers. Large traders, retailers (grocery shops) and

local hotels/restaurants ultimately dominate and decide the price as they deal with large

volume of products. The traders always have the power to offer price, whereas the duck

farmers/egg producers and in some cases, the egg collectors do not have alternatives to

65

sell eggs to others or in different markets rather than immediate sales due to shorter

preservation period of duck eggs (maximum 7 days during summer and 10 days in

winter).

Exercising power to access water bodies for duck farming

In Haors, water bodies are leased to fishermen communities for 7-8 months period in a

year who does not allow the smallholder duck producers to use the area for duck

feeding. The leasing process does not have any provision to lease out water bodies to

duck farmers..Such restrictions in accessing water bodies eventually bars duck

producers to start commercial farming availing the readily available vast wetlands of the

Haors.

5.8.4 Competition from other products

Again, it is the formal poultry sector that competes with duck sector in Haors as well as

in national market.

5.9 CRITICAL ISSUES

This section discusses some critically important issues which cannot be ignored while

assessing this sub-sector. These indecisive factors also have direct influence on the

duck value chain and over the value chain actors.

5.9.1 Remoteness of Haor duck farmers/egg producers from major service zone

Duck farmers of the Haor region remain isolated round the year from the major service

zones due to under-serviced mode of transportation and unavailability of information on

commercial viability of duck farming. Remoteness from service zones critically shapes

the behaviour for input and service procurement, farming methodology, production and

marketing of ducks and eggs.

5.9.2 Risks and challenges in dealing with duck farming and egg production

The major associated risk is outbreak of diseases. Duck plague causes the most

vulnerable situation and till now no counteractive action has been developed.

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CHAPTER SIX

IMPACT OF HAOR CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN

The chapter describes the dynamics of Haor climates and its affects in different levels of duck

value chain.

67

Life and livelihood in Haors entirely depend on natural weather; such exclusive

dependency on natural environment makes the Haor people in the North-eastern region

most vulnerable to the impact of climate change25. These areas are particularly prone to

the effects of frequent climatic shocks (floods, drought and cyclones) which increase the

precariousness of poor people‘s lives by wiping out their assets and pushing them

deeper into poverty. In addition to the major physical risks associated with the rivers,

poor communication networks and absence of disaster preparedness and risk mitigation

measures in the remote areas expose the Haor-dwellers further marginalized them from

the benefits of mainland Bangladeshi society.

All these climate changing patterns also affect the duck sub-sector in Haors. This

chapter discusses those affects in different levels of duck value chain.

6.1 CLIMATE IMPACT ON INPUT SUPPLY

Declined supply of feed

The predicted increase in rainfall changes in its timing, and melting of glaciers in the

Himalayas exacerbates the flood situation by increasing the frequency, duration, and

extent of flooding. The flood situation diminishes the opportunity of cultivating rice which

is the prime feed for ducks. The impact causes scarcity of rice that in turns increases

feed price.

6.2 CLIMATE IMPACT ONDUCK FARMING AND EGG PRODUCTION

Food insecurity

Erratic (untimely and sporadic) rainfall variability over time (during February to April)

creates the required flow of feed supply at affordable cost to duck farmers.

High disease incident

Natural disasters have direct or indirect impact at producers‘ level. In flood prone

hotspots like Haors, ducks often die during flash flood when people fail to move them to

safe shelters. In flash flood and river flood prone hotspots—ducks are occasionally

affected by rises in water levels, during which they have to be moved to higher lands.

During the epoch of flood, ducks often are affected by waterborne diseases (especially

diarrhoea and cholera) that increases mortality rate immensely, causing severe loss to

farmers.

25

Climate change is a hydro-meteorological event. Long-term change in weather distribution, mainly temperature and

precipitation, is termed as climate change. The global climate is continuously changing; therefore, many scientists argue that

climate change is a natural phenomenon. However, the process has accelerated after industrial revolution since early

nineteenth century, particularly indiscriminate emission of ‘Green House Gases’ from combustion of fossil fuel, trapping

temperature and causing global warming. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) addressed such anthropogenic

activities responsible for global warming and strongly argued that climate change is man made through couple of studies and

simulations, results of those studies have been accentuated in their different reports.

68

Reduced economic efficiency

Haor duck producers suffer from drought situation for 2-3 months during summer. At

some stage of droughts, ducks in Haors do not suffer death, but lack of drinking water

increases their vulnerability to diseases. Since climate change is increasing susceptibility

to natural disasters, the anticipated toll on duck sector is also on the rise. Ducks also

have very limited access to freshwater sources during dry season; due to drinking of

poor quality water, these birds easily fall victim to diseases, which reduces their egg

production, thereby loss of economic efficiency for the farmers.

High death incidents

The mortality rate increases at the Haor duck farms during drought due to extreme heat.

Excessive summer heat also causes disease outbreaks to ducks resulting in fatality.

Ducklings are the worst affected during winter. Duck farmers in Haors reported death

incidents of ducklings due to cold shock or hypothermia. Excessive colds stay for around

one and a half months, with 2-3 cold waves that continues for 7-10 days. This results in

high cold disease occurrence to ducks and eventually higher mortality.

Egg selling gets troubled

Duck producers also reported that they cannot sell eggs or ducks for several weeks

when flood occurs; therefore, income severely declines. Problems occur when rising

water level completely disrupts road communication for prolonged period; poor

communication facilities also increase vulnerability by reducing producers‘ mobility and

livelihood options.

6.3 CLIMATE IMPACT ONEGG TRADING

Limits the livelihood options for egg collectors

The erratic seasonal behaviour due to climate change does not affect the egg traders

much; however, egg collectors in Haor areas suffer extensively during floods due to

restricted mobility and lack of storage facilities.

Except the Haor basins, trading of eggs in upazilla and regional markets is less affected

by changing weather pattern.

69

THE SOUTHERN COASTAL

70

CHAPTER SEVEN AREA DYNAMICS

Chapter seven illustrates the project area dynamic of southern coastal, ecological context of the

area and economic practices by the locality.

71

7.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

The coastal area of Bangladesh is a complex delta of vast network of river systems

comprising of the mighty Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. In general, the river

systems have their origin in India –the Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi-Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country. While flowing through

Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal, these rivers carry an estimated annual

sediment load of about 2.5 million tonnes. These sediments are subjected to coastal

dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of Bangladesh.

This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative changes in coastal

region of Bangladesh; of various effects, new land formation is a significant factor in

influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone.

The Ganges river systems, originating from North-west of the country influences the

South-eastern part of the coastal zone to the South-western border districts of Khulna,

Bagerhat, Pirojpur, Barisal and Patuakhali and part of Barisal which is situated in the

middle of coastal line. The Brahmaputra and Meghna, on the other hand, influences

coastal districts of Noakhali, Bhola and parts of Patuakhali and Barisal, generally

referred as South-central coast.

7.2 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SOUTHERN COASTAL AREA

The Ganges-Padma river systems are responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and

ecology of this zone. This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma

flood plain, which is the coastline in general and transverse to the structure of the

continental margin. Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact, the

world famous Sundarban is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh, which is again

famous for containing the largest mangrove. The dense mangrove forests restrict the

adverse effects of cyclone, and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc.

Forest cover of the region has helped stability of this coastal belt.

The whole coast runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal, forming 710 km long coastline

(CZPO, 2005). The coastal zone covers 19 out of 64 districts facing or in proximity to,

the Bay of Bengal, encompassing 153 Upazilas (MoWR, 2006). Out of these 19 districts,

only 12 districts meet the sea or lower estuary directly. Because of the sediment

discharge and strong current, the morphology of the zone is very dynamic and thus

erosion and accretion rates in the area are very high. This area is highly vulnerable to

cyclones, storms and tidal surge. With time, the increasing problem has become salinity

which is slowly getting into the ground water as well. The water logging has left many of

the areas unable for any crop cultivation and has depleted the water quality in the area.

72

7.3 ECONOMY

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the least developed regions of the country. Despite

having potentials to accelerate growth, this region is lagging behind in many aspects.

Primary reason for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative

negligence in making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area.

The importance of policy issues is needed in this respect.

Climate in coastal Bangladesh is not favorable for agricultural activities. On the other

hand, it is natural that the coastal areas of Bangladesh suffer from infrastructure facilities

in absence of adequate non-agricultural activities. Thus, the development of coastal

region and coastal agriculture are synonymous. Share of coastal belt in country‘s total

agricultural output has more or less, maintained harmony with its share in population and

total cultivable area. Unfortunately, during the recent past, the share of coastal zone in

country declined from around 24 to 23 percent due to poor performance of the sector.

7.3.1 Crop Production

Coastal areas of Bangladesh cover more than 30% 26 of the cultivable lands of the

country. Again, it is the salinity that harms cropping and productivity, and thus

sustainability of agriculture is under threat in southern coastal zone. About 53%27 of the

coastal areas are affected by salinity. Salinity causes unfavorable environment and

hydrological situation that restrict the normal crop production throughout the year. The

factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soil are, tidal flooding

during wet season (June-October), direct inundation by saline water, and upward or

lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season (November-May). The

severity of salinity problem affects crops depending on degree of salinity at the critical

stages of growth, which reduces yield and in severe cases total yield is lost. Soil reaction

values (pH) in coastal regions range from 6.0-8.4. The organic matter content of the soils

is also pretty low (1.0-1.5%). Nutrient deficiencies of N and P are quite dominant in

saline soils. Micro-nutrients, such as Cu and Zn are widespread. During the wet

monsoon the severity of salt injury is reduced due to dilution of the salt in the root-zone

of the standing crop. The dominant crop grown in the saline areas is local transplanted

Aman rice crop with low yields. The cropping patterns followed in the coastal areas are

mainly Fallow-Fallow-Transplanted Aman rice.

Major crop produced in southern coastal belt (Patuakhali, Pirojpur and Borguna) is

Aman; and Aush follow the lead crop. In the same time, production of pulses, oilseeds

and sugarcanes is particularly higher than that of production in Haor basins.

26

Salinity Problems and Crop Production in Coastal Regions of Bangladesh, S. A. HAQUE, 2006 27

Salinity Problems and Crop Production in Coastal Regions of Bangladesh, S. A. HAQUE, 2006

73

Table 30: Area under cultivation in southern coastal districts

District Aus Aman Boro Wheat Maize Jute Pulses Oilseed Sugar

Cane

Potato

Patuakhali 91,122 265,856 6,813 238 859 690 95,945 13,234 231 2,618

Pirojpur 35,495 84,925 35,903 222 237 1,043 9,565 525 1,123 2,339

Barguna 66,816 166,549 66,628 2,076 596 7,861 57,411 3,902 2,136 1,865


7.3.2 Livestock and Duck

While assessing the livestock and duck

situation in Southern coastal districts, the

Study observed that concentration of fowls

and ducks is highest in Patuakhali while

Barguna is in the second place considering

all five surveyed districts (including Haors).

Rationale says that ecological environment

of coastal regions is more suitable for

fowls and duck production than in any

other regions in the country.

Table 31: Number of Livestock per District

Name of District Cow and

Buffalo

Goat and

Sheep

Fowl and Ducks

Patuakhali 483,909 198,789 3,542,319

Pirojpur 220,986 87,106 1,962,417

Barguna 296,676 117,256 2,413,825


7.3.3 Forestry

The coastal zone has extensive areas of both natural and planted mangrove forest.

Natural forest includes the Sundarbans, the Chakaria Sundarbans and fringe mangroves

along the Eastern coast. After a cyclone devastated the coastal region in the 1960s —

except for Khulna District, which is protected by the Sundarbans — coastal afforestation

with mangrove species was initiated to protect life and property from cyclones and tidal

surges. Later, industrial raw material and fuel wood production, conservation of coastal

ecosystem and the environment, protection of wildlife and aquatic resources, protection

Picture 8: Duck at Coastal Area

74

of agricultural land against salt intrusion, tourism, poverty reduction and enhancing land

accretion were added to the objectives of development programs. In this context, over

the last four decades the Forest Department has successfully implemented several

massive projects (Box 1) and has established some 148 000 hectares of mangrove

plantations scattered over on- and offshore areas mostly along the central part of the

coast.

Projects for coastal forests executed by the Forest Department, Bangladesh28

Afforestation in the coastal belt and offshore islands (1960–61 to 1964–65).

Afforestation in the coastal belt and offshore islands (1965–66 to 1969–70).

Afforestation Project in the coastal regions of Chittagong, Noakhali, Barishal and Potuakhali

(1974–75 to 1979–80).

Mangrove Afforestation Project (1980–81 to 1984–85).

Second Forestry Project (1985–86 to 1991–92).

Forest Resources Management Project (1992–93 to 2001–2002).

Extended Forest Resources Management Project (2002–03 to 2003–04).

Coastal Green Belt Project (1995–96 to 2001–02).

Coastal Char Land Afforestation Project (2005–05 to 2009–10).

Management Support Project for Sundarbans Reserve Forest (2005–06 to 2009–10).

Besides, Department of Forest, Bangladesh controls forest lands in all three surveyed

coastal districts. Under the reserved forest area, Barguna has the highest forest lands

(75000 hectors) while Pirojpur has the lowest (6000 hectors). No protected forest, acquired

forest, vested forest, or un-classed forests in these districts are recorded.

Table 32: Forest Land Controlled by Department of Forest, 2009-10

Name of District Reserve Forest (in Hectors)

Patuakhali 15,000.00

Pirojpur 6,000.00

Barguna 75,000.00

28

Country Paper, Coastal forest rehabilitation and management in Bangladesh, Md. Mozaharul Islam, Deputy Conservator of Forests

75

CHAPTER EIGHT EXPLORING THE GAMM IN COASTAL

The chapter describes major findings of coastal duck value chain that embrace core value chain

functions, actors, service providers and business enabling players.

Power relationships between the actors, actors‘ concentration and trading volume, supporting

service conditions, dominant channels in coastal duck value chain, pricing mechanism within the

chain and cost benefit analysis of duck producers at coastal have also been illustrated in this

chapter.

76

8.1 ACTORS’ CONCENTRATION IN THE CHAIN

8.1.1 Input Suppliers

Key findings on input suppliers in the coastal areas in the duck value chain are

summarized as follows.

Source of inputs: Duck farmers in southern

coastal areas mainly source eggs for duck

farming. This is due to lack of hatcheries

and duckling traders in the areas. The

below table shows high percentage of egg

sourcing by coastal duck producers while

very few of them purchase ducklings and

pullets for their farm.

Table 33: Procurement sources of duck in costal (in %)

Area Eggs Ducklings Pullets

Nazirpur 80 15 5

Patuakhali sadar 85 5 10

Barguna sadar 85 5 10

Source: Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark


Hatcheries: The study found total absence of hatchery operation in southern coastal

part. If sourced, traders need to go to Khulna to collect ducklings. This results in

higher operational cost discouraging to procure ducklings.

Feed Sellers: Situation in the coastal areas is similar to the Haors areas. The

number of informal feed sellers is also fewer in coastal parts except for the sadar

areas. Table 34: Number of feed sellers in coastal

Amtoli Barguna

sadar

Patuakhali

sadar

Nazirpur

No. of Feed Sellers 5 8 12 6

Monthly Trading Volume (BDT)

56,000 120,000 182,000 86,000


Source: Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting

Limited, 2013

Picture 9: Ducklings’

77

Medicine Suppliers: Private pharmaceutical companies have supply operations in

coastal inlands but this does not cater the need for duck famers.

Table 35: Number of medicine sellers in coastal

Amtoli Barguna sadar

Patuakhali sadar

Nazirpur

No. of Medicine Sellers

0 3 3 1


-- 30,000 56,000 8,800

Remarks Business volumes are shown for 3 months (January, February and March, 2013.


Limited, 2013

8.1.2 Duck Producers

In the coastal parts, duck rearing is a

common household level activity like Haor

duck farmers. However, in this part, the

number of large duck farmers is higher

than that in Haors. This is primarily due to

easy access to water bodies by the duck

farmers which encourage them to go for

large scale farming. In Pirojpur alone, there

are more than 100 farmers who own 500

plus ducks, although the total number of

farmers is lowest while Patuakhali has the

highest number of duck farmers.

Table 36: Data sheet of coastal duck producers

Upazila

Total no.

of duck

farmers

Total no.

of ducks

Annual

egg

production

(Unit)

No. of

CBOs

No. of

farmers

in group

No. of

ducks in

group

Patuakhali 15,000 60,000 9,180,000 144 632 7,640

Barguna 4,800 36,600 5,599,800 34 188 3,219

Pirojpur 1,500 10,000 1,530,000 60 230 3,450

Source: Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited,

2013

In southern part, household consumption of eggs by the duck owners is estimated to be

25 percent, lower than in Haors (35 percent). Though the fact does not imply that duck

Picture 10: Female Duck Producer at Nazirpur, Pirojpur

78

producers in haors are earning more than haor producers; the number of egg production

remains lower in coastal part of the country.

8.1.3 Egg Collectors

Egg collectors in southern coastal areas enjoy limited return on investment than that of

the Haor collectors. Farmer‘s selling price of an egg is between BDT 7.50 and 8.00

which is sold at BDT 9.00at the local markets (to retailers or in grocery shops or to large

traders).

Table 37: Information on coastal egg collectors

Amtoli

Barguna sadar

Patuakhali sadar

Nazirpur

No. of Egg collectors 12 15 30 8

Monthly Trading Volume (Unit)

50,000 80,000 800,000 20,000


1,600,000 400,000 640,000 6,400,000

Source: Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited,

2013

8.1.4 Wholesalers

Wholesalers procure eggs only from the collectors to sell at retailers‘ end. The number of

wholesalers is limited in the Southern coastal belt and most of them bring eggs from

outside of the region as its production is lower than the demand.

Table 38: Information on coastal wholesalers

Amtoli

Barguna sadar

Patuakhali sadar

Nazirpur

No. of Egg collectors 0 2 3 0

Monthly Trading Volume (Unit)

-- 80,000 400,000 --


-- 696,000 3,480,000 --


Limited, 2013

79

8.2 SERVICE MATRIX IN COASTAL AREAS

Service matrix in coastal areas follows similar approach described in the Haors (Chapter

7).The unstructured market for ducks and eggs limits the service options in its duck

value chain in this area. Moreover, the production scenario in Southern coastal area

creates gaps between the service providers and recipients.

Table 39: Service Matrix in coastal

Service Service Provider Availability Accessibility Quality


Hatcheries Not available -- --

Feed Seller Not available -- --

Medication Provider Available Hard to get Poor

Vaccination Provider-

ULO, LSP

Available Hard to get Poor

ULS Available Hard to get Moderate

NGO Not available -- --

Neighbour Duck

Farmers/Egg Producer

Available Easy to get Poor

Market

Information

Neighbour Not available -- --

ULS Not available -- --

Egg Collector,

Egg Trader

Available Easy to get Poor

Transportation Van Available Easy to get Moderate

Mobile Banking Available Easy to get High

Organizational Strengthening

(Training)

Not available -- --

Financial Available Hard to get --

Research and Development Not available -- --

80

8.3 CHANNELS IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN: IN COASTAL FRAMEWORK

As observed in the Study, the duck Value Chain in the Southern coastal parts is same as in the Haors. The major difference

between the channels found in coastal and Haors is position of hatcheries. There is no single hatchery in coastal regions

while in Haors a few were found within the proximity of Oxfam‘s working zones. In the Southern coastal parts, duckling

traders procure ducklings from hatcheries that are situated in Khulna, very far from Oxfam‘s working zones.

CHANNEL

ACTOR

Hatchery (REMOTE DIVISION)

Duckling Trader Pullet Trader Duck Producer Egg

Collector Wholesaler

Retailer (Grocery

Shop)

Hotel /Restaurant

Consumer

CHANNEL 1

CHANNEL 2

CHANNEL 3

CHANNEL 4

CHANNEL 5

CHANNEL 6

CHANNEL 7

CHANNEL 8

CHANNEL 9

CHANNEL 10

CHANNEL 11

CHANNEL 12

CHANNEL 13

CHANNEL 14

CHANNEL15

CHANNEL 16

CHANNEL 17

CHANNEL 18

81

8.4 VALUE ADDITION IN THE CHAIN

Case 1: Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailers Consumers

Actor Duck Farmers/ Egg Producer

Egg collector

Wholesaler Retailer

Duck Farmers/Egg Producer 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

Egg Collector

1.5 1.5 1.5

Wholesaler

0.5 0.5

Retailer

0.5

Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT) 7.5 9 9.5 10

Case 2: Producer Egg Collector Hotels/Restaurants Consumers


Egg collector

Hotels/Restaurants

Duck Farmers/Egg Producer 7.5 7.5 7.5

Egg Collector

2.5 2.5

Hotels/Restaurants

5

Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT) 7.5 10 15

Case 3: Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailers Hotels/Restaurants

Consumers


Egg collector

Wholesaler Retailer Hotels/

Restaurants

Duck Farmers/Egg Producer 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

Egg Collector

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Wholesaler

0.5 0.5 0.5

Retailer

0.5 0.5

Hotels/Restaurants

5

Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT) 7.5 9 9.5 10 15

82

8.5 PROFITABILITY OF DUCK PRODUCERS

Calculation for daily feed requirement for 100 ducks is given below.

Table 40: Feed cost of 100 ducks per day in context of costal

Ingredients Unit Price (BDT per Unit) Total Cost (BDT)

Rice Polish 5 KG 5 0

Broken Rice 5 KG 26 130

Snail LS 40

Rice Husk 5 KG 5 25

Cost for small and medium farmers 195

Considering this as the feed cost for duck farmer, total cost benefit for 100 ducks thus

stands:

Table 41: Cost Benefit Analysis of duck producers in context of coastal

Description Amount (BDT)

Eggs Ducklings Pullets

Acquiring ducks 800 2,500 30,000

Feed 64,350 64,350 35,100

Vaccination 1,000 1,000 600

Medication and treatment 150 150 150

Housing 500 500 500

Total cost incurred 66,800 68,500 66,350

Total Earning from eggs (Average 100 eggs per year per duck)

80,000 80,000 80,000

83

CHAPTER NINE

IMPACT OF COASTAL CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN

This section describes the affect of various results due to climate change which influence the

operation of duck value chain.

84

9.1 FLOOD SITUATION

In the coastal region, the duck sub-sector suffers from drought, incessant rain, flood,

cyclone, tidal surge and salinity; during the Monsoon, the land remains under water for

about 3 months (June, July and August). The worst flood happened in 2007 after Sidr,

which has severely affected livelihood of certain coastal part. Similar to the Haor region,

the natural disasters, especially floods and storms happens every year destroying

livestock farms and homestead production units, increases diseases incidences (e.g.,

diarrhoea) and mortality rate in animals. For duck farmers, it becomes very difficult to

manage their farming unit as the flock needs to be confined within the household in safe

areas and feed, especially snails is to be brought at a higher price. Those who are

unable to keep their flock in a safe place are forced to sell at a cheaper price. As a

coping mechanism, the duck rearing in the coastal areas during the flood time is done in

a semi-intensive way rather than in the traditional scavenging way.

9.2 DROUGHT SITUATION

Apart from the floods, the coastal region also suffers from drought for at least three

months each year. During this period due to lack of swimming water holes the ducks get

sick from diarrhoea, they also die of heart shock due to heat. To avoid these situations,

the farmers have to take them to nearest tributaries or canals which are time consuming.

To keep the duck healthy and hydrated, the farmers also give them oral saline.

9.3 RAINFALL

In the coastal areas 2-3 times a year it continuously rains for 10-15 days. In fear of

losing their ducks in such situation, the farmers again confine their ducks at their

households in higher ground. This means that they need to buy increased amount to

feed the flock three-four times a week. This increased cost of feed reduces the profit

margin of the farmers.

9.4 CYCLONES

When cyclones hits, life halts. This is severe than the other two situations as cyclone

does immense damage within a short period of time, The duck farmers are forced to buy

feed and often ducks die because of food deficiency. Very often, cyclones completely

destroy whole flock of farmers.

85

9.5 TIDAL SURGE

Tidal surge happens 2 to 3 times in a year during June and July. In last 5 years, it

happened seven times in the coastal areas and following that huge areas were

submerged for a longer duration creating problems of a temporary water logging and

increased salinity. Ducks cannot be sent scavenging outside and kept inside home and

thus the cost of feed increases at the local level.

9.6 SALINITY

Salinity is one growing problem in the Southern coastal belt of Bangladesh. It increases

most between February and April. During dry season, the fresh water sources dry up,

more ground water is extracted, and sea water comes upstream through canals which

increase salinity in the surrounding areas. Saline water is not healthy for ducks and

scavenging in saline water harm the ducks.

86

CHAPTER TEN

EXPLORING WOMEN IN GAMM IN HAOR AND COASTAL

This chapter explains how women are taking part in duck value chain, activities they perform,

their involvement in paid and unpaid farming work, their participation and role playing in social

and family issues.

87

10.1 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED

Social perspective says duck rearing is a task of a woman; she would do it as she does

other households chores. No matter their high involvement in duck value chain, women

are highly discouraged going to market place for purchasing input or selling eggs or

ducks. A small percentage, less than 5% women in the study area, used to travel to

markets because they do not have any male members in the family who can do the

marketing thing for them.

While preparing GAMM for duck value chain, researchers found their inclusion in four

broad levels- paid productive work, unpaid productive work, household care work, and

community works. The study identified the level of paid and unpaid productive hours of

women in duck farming as well as in household care management.

10.1.1 Women in duck farming and egg production

Input Purchase

Women are generally forbidden to go markets for purchasing inputs for ducks rather the

task is mostly carried out by the male members of the family. Exception is found in two

cases – 1) women who do not have males in their households move to market place and

2) husbands are engaged in other labor works encourage female households to occupy

inputs for ducks.

Feed Collection

Involvement in duck value chain for women starts with feed collection – majorly snail

collection. It takes a woman eight hours to fill a bag (10 KG) full of snails in the North-

eastern Haor regions while it takes around two hours in the Southern coastal regions.

Women in Haors were found to collect snails half weekly whereas women in the

southern coastal were seen collecting snails in daily basis.

Feed Preparation

Household women take more or less 1 hour 20 minutes from 24 hours to prepare feed

for the ducks. This timetable is applicable if the ducks are being fed four times a day,

means women spend thereabouts 20 minutes in duck feed preparation.

Feeding

Feeding on the other hand takes 30 minutes each time. During feeding, female

households ensure proper feeding of duck observing from a nearest place. A total two

hours is spent to feed ducks four times a day.

Taking ducklings to water bodies

Women take ducklings to water bodies twice a day in summer and once in winter. This is

to make them familiar with semi-scavenging feeding system and also to ensure that

ducklings do not get lost from the site. The task takes more or less 15 minutes to be

completed.

88

Egg Collection

It is the household women who also take care of collecting the eggs every morning,

cleaning the eggs and setting the eggs in a basket or bowl filled with rice to keep them

safe (unbroken) and fresh for later sales. The process of egg collection and storing takes

around 15 minutes for the household females each time.

Egg Trading

TAs said earlier in this chapter, women are discouraged to go to market places for

trading of eggs or even the ducks. In the surveyed region, egg collectors are the

immediate sales contact for women who visit door to door, collect eggs, and pay the

price accordingly. Trading of sales takes place at duck producers‘ end where women

spend around 10 minutes to make the transaction.

Acquiring Services

To get vaccination and treatment for ducks, women duck producers play the major role

in acquiring the services from quacks, LSPs or ULO seven taking the sick ducks to the

service place.

The below table shows women‘s time involvement in the duck value chain (Unpaid

Productive Participation), considering the maximum time spent and minimum time

spent for the identified tasks.

Table 42: Data sheet of women unpaid productive work related to duck value chain activities

Tasks Women

involvement* (in Haors)

Women involvement (in coastal)

Women involvement

(in Haors)

Women involvement (in coastal)

Maximum Unpaid Productive Work

Minimum Unpaid Productive Work

Input purchase 50 90 30 30

Feed ingredient collection

480 120 480 120

Preparing feed, Totalling 4 times a day

80 80

Feeding, Totalling 4 times a day

120 120

Taking ducklings to water bodies, Twice a day

30 30

Egg collection 15 15 10 10

Egg sales Mostly at producers‘ end Mostly at producers‘ end

**Egg sales in market 90 120 60 90

Acquiring services 120 180 90 120 *Involvement in Minutes **Lack of involvement by women households

89

Table 43: Comparison of women unproductive work between duck value chain activities and other areas of activities

Data Sets Haor Coastal

Max Time Min Time Max Time Min Time

Total Unpaid Productive Work in Duck Value Chain per day(in minutes)

895 840 635 510

Total minutes spent in other areas per day 545 600 805 930

Total Unpaid Productive Work in Duck Value Chain per day(in percentage)

62.15 58.33 44.10 35.42

Total minutes spent in other areas per day (in percentage)

37.85 41.67 55.90 64.58

Table 44: Haor women’s unpaid productive work in duck value chain (pie chart)

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Table 45: Coastal women’s unpaid productive work (pie chart)

10.1.2 Women in household management

A woman wakes up around 4:30 to 5:00 am every morning finishes her morning prayer

and starts household chores. She then cleans her house and surrounding areas. She

does it 3-5 times a day. Each time, it takes her around 10 minutes. A total of 30-50

minutes a day is spent on cleaning. It takes around 2 hours to cook each meal. In the

Haor region, people cook twice- once in the morning and once in the evening. In the

southern coastal region, women mostly cook once a day- in the noon. For the women in

Haor region, a total of 4 hours is spent on cooking for the family. Usually women don‘t go

to markets for shopping. When they do, it takes around one to two hours to go to the

local haat. Fetching water is another important household task in which girls help at

times, but women do it most often. If there is a tube well nearby, it takes around 10

minutes to collect water and water is collected 3-4 times a day. When tube well is not

nearby, women collect water in larger volumes twice a day. On an average, an hour and

a half is spent in fetching drinking and cooking water. Women in the Haor districts collect

firewood on a weekly basis. It takes 2 hours to collect firewood for the week. They also

use a fuel which is made by drying soil dug from at least 3 feet deep in the grounds. This

soil is black in color and is lightweight when dried. It is widely used in the Haor regions. It

is dried in the dry season and used during the wet season. In the southern region,

women collect firewood on a daily basis and spend around an hour doing so. Women

spend 2-3 hours every day taking care of children, feeding them, bathing them, making

them study in the evening, taking care of elders etc. Most women take their children to

work along with them. In some houses the older children help look after the younger

ones, while in some houses the elderly in-laws assist in child care. In Kishoreganj, it is

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known that the neighbors and the relatives offer to take care of the children when

mothers are busy with business related work. A total of 9 hours is spent in household

care/reproductive works on an average. This duration increases when the

weekly/monthly tasks are added to the list. They accommodate the responsibilities by

reducing time spent on other tasks.

Table 46: Unpaid reproductive tasks of women in haor and coastal

Tasks Hours spent by women

Taking care of children and elders 2-3 hours

Cooking food 4 hours in Haor, 2 hours in coastal

Shopping 1-2 hours

Fetching water 1 and half hours

House and compound cleaning 30-50 minutes

Collection of firewood 2 hours

Unpaid Productive Work For Household Consumption (Vegetable Gardening, Poultry rearing)

4 hours

Women also spend around 4 hours on unpaid productive work for household like

vegetable gardening, livestock or poultry rearing etc. They spend around 30 minutes

every day nurturing the vegetable garden; 10-20 minutes caring for the poultry, namely

chicken; around 3 hours in bathing cows, feeding them and cleaning their shelter.

10.1.3 Paid productive work

Women in the Haor regions, namely Nichli and Kishoreganj, work on sewing embroidery

during spare times. Along with their daughters they spend an average of 1 hour each

day embroidering. After a month, they get a saree done completely and is paid around

BDT 700 for their effort. In other areas, women work as labors. During harvesting of chili,

maize, lentils, nuts etc they provide labor and spend around 6-8 hours in the field. They

are not paid in money in Kishoreganj or Patuakhali. They are given a portion of the

harvest as their payment whereas men are paid in cash and given food three times.

Even if women are paid, they are paid BDT 100-120 while men are paid BDT 200.

10.1.4 Women in community

Women are involved in various works in the community. As CBO members, they spend

time at the CBO meetings. These meetings are held on a weekly or monthly basis. Each

meeting is around 2-4 hours long. Women help in preparing for weddings in families.

They finish their household works early and leave for 4-5 hours. If the place is nearby,

they go to the wedding venue and come back home to finish their household work.

When a woman dies in the neighbourhood other women help with household works of

that family, mainly with cooking. They spend 3-4 hours in that house helping with the

chores and spend another1.5 hours to wash the dead body.

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During religious festivals like Eid or Puja, they go out after finishing household works.

Women are also involved in school committees. Women also serve the community

during childbirth. Due to lack of health facilities these ‗dhatri‘ or ‗dai‘ are the only resort to

pregnant women. When a woman goes into labor, these women go there no matter what

the time is and stays till the baby is safely delivered. During that period, neighbours help

with her new mother‘s household chores if other family members aren‘t available. These

women rarely go to visit their relatives. When they do, they have to manage their

household tasks first and then leave the house.

10.2 OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS AND ACCESS TO SERVICES

Women do not own land, equipments, tools, inputs, or other productive assets on their

name. They rarely own jewelleries as well. Though many women may take decision

about cultivation, selling and leasing their lands, they have to consult with their male

family members first. As is the custom of the areas, in case of every participant without

exception the head of the family was a male member. In some places there were a few

women who were widows where some female-headed households were found. For

taking decision on benefitting, selling and using productive assets like cow, goat, poultry

etc., women can make the decision when the sales volume is small. For larger volumes,

they have to consult with the male family members.

Women have high access to credit. They can borrow from micro-financing institutions as

these institutions have specific programs on providing credit to women. They have high

access to producer groups or Self Help Groups and most women obtain services from

service providers. The women can prepare basic business plans based on their CBOs

activities. To take decision on choosing crops and their types, women must consult their

male family members unless she is widowed without a son.

Women have high access to market information on price, technology or assets. They

consult among themselves to keep themselves updated. They do not have access to

storage facilities due to lack of any so they resort to community locations like schools or

Masjids to store their crops during natural calamities.

Women are highly involved in duck and duck based product selling though more than

95% of them sell from home. They have knowledge and skills for duck rearing as they

received training from REECALL. Most women can trade their own products if sold from

home.

Majority of the women can take decision on purchasing input and spend their money on

their own accord given it is beneficial for them or their households. Some women need

to consult their male family members before making such expenditures.

Women have high access to the nearby hospitals or health facilities when needed they

are provided transportation from available service providers. All the girls go to schools,

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at least until Class 5. Although available, Scholarships for girls are difficult to obtain.

Where available, girls go to Madrasahs as well.

Women have high access to transports like rickshaw, CNG or boats to attend skill

training, purchase inputs, or sell products though not many women go to the

marketplace with the latter two objectives. They have access to skill development

facilities like the one provided by REECALL. It has not been seen that women go to the

training sessions to skill development facilities on their own. Women have access to DLS

extension services provided by male officers when they travel to the DLS office. The

officers do not come to the village.

10.3 SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE, TABOOS AND RESTRICTIONS

Women‘s involvement in duck rearing and other related tasks is viewed positively by the

community however there are some norms to be maintained when marketing. Although

with time the custom of being escorted by males have changed and women can go to

the markets alone as seen at Nichli, Kishoreganj, they have to cover themselves with

Burkhas before going out. In some places women are allowed to go to the market taking

a child with them but not alone. In areas like Potuakhali Sadar, women do not go to

market if male family members are at home. Only when male family members go to

distant places for work or migrate abroad the woman can go to the market. These

traditions are still maintained though it is widely accepted that women can go to markets

to obtain services, purchase inputs or groceries or sell products. This is a significant

change in the custom because earlier women were not allowed to go to market at all.

There are no significant spiritual or cultural beliefs associated with women and duck

rearing business particularly even though at Sheyakathi, Potuakhali Sadar, daughters

and daughter-in-laws are not allowed to go outside the house after sunset during the

Bengali month of Chaitra (mid-March to mid-April). Then, all the tasks outside the house

are either done by elderly women or by the male family members. In terms of feeding

ducks, it is done by elderly woman of the house.

Women are allowed to care for ducks during menstruation without any restrictions.

However, there is a restriction in terms of dairy related tasks. Women cannot touch cows

during that period. There are some restrictions regarding other household works. At

Sheyakathi, Potuakhali Sadar, women do not cook during menstruation. Other female

family members do the cooking instead. When there is no one else to do the cooking like

mother-in-law, daughter, or daughter-in-law, only then women cook during menstruation.

10.4 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE & NATURAL DISASTERS

Both the North-eastern Haor areas and Southern coastal areas are prone to many

natural disasters and impacted by drought, flood, storm, untimely rain, continuous rain,

cyclone, tidal surge, salinity etc. as a consequence of climate change. These natural

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events not only impact the livelihoods of those localities, but also impact the women in

particular as they are involved in both productive works as well as household works.

10.4.1 Impact on duck value chain tasks

Women do all the tasks related to duck rearing except purchasing input or selling

products at the market regularly. When different natural disasters befall, the regular

tasks are hampered increasing the workload. During hail storm or storms women have to

go out to bring the ducks inside. Also during flood, they bring ducks inside the house.

Keeping the ducks inside, women have to take more care of them. They have to be fed

within a smaller space. During droughts or hot summer days, ducks need to be fed more

water. They need to be taken to the water bodies more. As the smaller water bodies dry

up, women have to walk longer distances at times to take the ducks to water bodies for

swimming and to find snails to feed them. Ducks become ill during summer time and

they have to especially be treated and taken care of which is also done by women. They

need to go to service providers to bring medication for the ducks. During winter and cold

waves specially, ducks need to be kept warm. Otherwise, they die of hypothermia.

Especially ducklings are at a higher risk during this time. Women need to ensure that

they are covered with warm clothes during winter days.

10.4.2 Impact on household tasks

Women spend a major portion of their times doing household caring works. During

natural disasters, regular routine is hampered and more chores are added to the already

long list. After hail storm or storms, houses need to be repaired. Minor repairs are done

by women while they help the men in major repairs. During flood all the regular tasks are

hampered. They need to raise the height of the furniture inside or build a large shelf,

known as Macha where they live along with the livestock. The food is often cooked there

or they have to cook on a boat. As life is constrained within the realm of the shelf,

finishing cooking takes more time than usual. Collecting firewood becomes more

complicated as dry once are not found very easily during the wet season. Also, elders or

children need to be taken better care of. Members fall sick with waterborne diseases and

women have to take care of them. During drought, all the household tasks take longer

time. Women, who don‘t have tube well nearby have to cover longer distances to fetch

fresh water for drinking and cooking. During winter, women have to go extra miles to

make sure that the livestock and the household members are warm enough not to fall

sick. As the effect of climate change is increasing, the load on women‘s daily work is

increasing as well.

10.4.3 Impact on women health

As women spend such a long day doing household works as well as productive works, it

takes a toll on their health. During natural disasters, the increased workload makes them

more vulnerable. During drought, women fall sick and suffer from headache, nausea,

and weakness due to their long walks for fetching drinking water, collecting snails or

taking the ducks to the water bodies. As they have to collect snails from waist deep mud

they suffer from skin irritation. Daily tasks become difficult to carry out due to the heat.

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During flood, women can‘t use latrine and have to spend longer time to find a suitable

place to urinate or defecate. As well as this is a sanitation issue, holding it for longer time

also causes other health issues. They have to share their living space with livestock

which is unhealthy and makes them vulnerable to transferrable diseases like avian flu.

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CHAPTER ELEVEN

CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN

This chapter analyses duck sub-sector constraints that affects different value chain actors

(mainly duck farmers/egg producers), and the opportunities that are yet to be addressed. The

constraints were identified and analyzed in context of North-eastern Haors and Southern coastal

regions. These have also been categorizes into a variety of broad aspect like technological,

product development and diversification, market access and market linkages, input services,

capacity development of women in this value chain, infrastructure, policy and advocacy,

capacity development of service providers and climate.

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11.1 ANALYSIS OF CONSTRAINTS

While analyzing the constraints in duck value chain, the research team took a number of aspects into consideration including constraints in knowledge level of duck farmers, access to markets, input services, women‘s capacity etc. i) Input Services

1. Unavailability of duck feed causes nutrition deficiency for ducks resulting in lower egg production in both Haor and coastal areas

2. Unavailability of Hatchery leads to scarcity of duckling supply in coastal areas 3. Lack of fertile egg supply to hatchery and improper hatchery management leads

to high duckling mortality rate in hatchery; as a results supply becomes scarce in Haor area

4. Inappropriate transportation of duckling causes random early death

ii) Production and Farm Management 1. Improper male-female ratio in duck farming causes economic losses while

hatching at home 2. Lack of knowledge on housing management leads to higher risk of transmittable

diseases causing death events of ducks 3. Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production

inefficiency that leads to lower income for duck producers 4. Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production

inefficiency that leads to lower income for duck producers iii) Production and Market Access

1. Micro scale duck farming results in limited egg production results in poor market access forcing to sale at farm-gate

iv) Service provider level

1. Lack of quality management of vaccines causes unproductive vaccination that eventually leads to casualty of duck health

2. Poor technical knowledge of Local Service Providers leads to inappropriate service delivery for duck farming results in high mortality

v) Women Economic Leadership

1. Lack of access to finance by women duck producers hampers farm growth potential

vi) (Dis)Enabling Environment

1. Lack of open feeding source & shortage of housing space during Seasonal & flush flood in Haor areas prevents farmers in getting full potential from duck farming

2. Lack of effective breeding policy in duck value chain leads to genetic decomposition of the native varieties

3. Dispute over water body ownership restricts access for duck rearing during flood time in Haor areas

4. Toxicity from applied pesticide in crop fields causes death to scavenging ducks in coastal areas

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11.1.1 Input services

Unavailability of duck feeds causes nutrition deficiency for ducks resulting in

lower egg production in both Haor and coastal areas

Nutrient feed is required for balanced growth of duck and egg production. Some medium

and large farmers use broiler feed for ducks although nutrition content requirement for

chicken and ducks have significant difference. Therefore, broiler feed with the traditional

meal does not fulfil the nutrition requirement and as a result, the ducks do not produce

the standard output. Recently, duck feed is prepared by some companies, but they are

not widely available.

Unavailability of Hatchery leads to scarcity of duckling supply in coastal areas

There is no hatchery in the Coastal areas i.e. Patuakhali, Pirojpur and Barguna. Duckling

supplies are coming from Netrokona and Khulna by boat and bus. As a result, per unit

cost of duckling increases and due to high mortality during transportation, cost multiplies.

Number of supplies is much less than demanded. Situation leads the producer to

depend on home based hatching and use of pullet as input for production with higher

cost.

Lack of fertile egg supply to hatchery and improper hatchery management leads

to high duckling mortality rate in hatchery as a results supply becomes scarce in

Haor area

Unlike hatcheries of Kishoreganj (Ostogram) and Netrokona, hatcheries in Sherpur and

Sunamganj districts avail fertile eggs from wholesale egg suppliers. Fertility rate from

these supplies are close to 50% only, causing the duckling production costly and supply

less than the demand. Improper hatchery management with indigenous methods for

controlling and monitoring hatching temperature also increases duckling mortality rate.

Inappropriate duckling transportation often causes premature death

Farmers and traders carry ducklings and pullets in roughly made cages. While travelling

long distance, these ducklings and pullets give required breathing and movement space

and hygiene factor is not maintained. These in turn cause physical weaknesses and viral

diseases and less adaptability of the new environment of the ducklings, eventually

leading to premature death.

11.1.2 Production and Farm Management

a. Hatching

Improper male-female ratio in duck farming causes economic losses while

hatching at home

Male-female ratio is not properly maintained in farming culture both in Haor and Coastal

areas. As a result, the rate of egg fertility is always low. As farmers have to rely mostly

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on rice-husk incubation of duckling at home, many eggs remain un-hatched causing

economic loss to these poor farmers.

b. Housing

Lack of knowledge on housing management leads to higher risk of transmittable

diseases causing death events of ducks

Intensity: Very high in Coastal areas; Medium in Haor regions

Ducks are not kept as financial asset,

rather as traditional homestead birds. The

duck shelter roof is made with hay which

harbours bacteria and can make the ducks

sick. The houses are made of weak

bamboos which make them vulnerable to

civet attacks at night. Often, ducks are

kept with chicken which increases the

incidence of avian flu in ducks, which

mostly goes untreated.

c. Feed Management

Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production inefficiency

that leads to lower income for duck producers

Duck farmers severely lack knowledge of proper feeding management including

nutritional facts for ducks, appropriate mixing of nutritional feed ingredients, feeding

methods (amount and times). Nutrition deficiency potentially increases disease rates in

ducks, ultimately lowering the egg production efficiency. As a result, farmers are

deprived of optimum production and incur avoidable loss.

d. Disease Management

Lack of knowledge on disease identification and disease management leads to

higher mortality rate of ducks resulting in loss of assets and investments

Duck farmers are unaware of diseases, unable

to identify disease in ducks and management of

diseases. Very often, they do not maintain

vaccination record for their flock. The Study

found that only in Jamalganj, Sunamganj and

Aaamtoli under Barguna district, vaccination

cards are maintained by the farmers. Moreover, syringe for human body is used for

vaccination, which is improper for ducks as it heightens the risk of pushing wrong

dosage. The method of injecting the medicine is also faulty as they push the medicine on

thighs which leads to potential risk of paralyses. It was found that wrong medicines with

wrong dosage levels are also applied; e.g., Oxytetracycline (Trade name = Renamycin)

is given to ducks which it is widely used for cattle; a 500mg Renamycin bolus is

Calcium deficiency results in

production of thin-shelled eggs

that are highly exposed to small

pores and lose saleability.

Picture 11: Duck Housing at Nazirpur, Pirojpur

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applicable for 50 ducks whereas it is given to four ducks only. Due to such

mismanagement of drug and vaccination, ducks often suffer from fatal drug toxicity. It

was also observed that the farmers are not even able to identify the reason of sickness

and death.

11.1.3 Market access level

Micro scale duck farming results in limited egg production and poor market

access forcing to sale at farm-gate

In most Haor areas, egg selling was not reported as a problem; normally eggs are kept

for several days for the egg collectors. Only one case was found in Jamalganj where

Oxfam supported CBOs collects eggs from their group members and sellin bulk amount.

In other areas, individual farmers are selling their produce to the egg collector,

sometimes smaller amount discourages the collector to come, when the farmer is forced

to sell at local markets or to groceries at cheaper price. Bargaining power of small farmer

is less than large farmers as the carrying cost for smaller number of eggs is higher.

Similar problems are evident in coastal areas.

11.1.4 Service provider level

Lack of quality management of vaccines causes unproductive vaccination that

eventually leads to casualty of duck health

As identified by the Study, LSPs do not maintain required temperature required for

vaccines preservation.. Use of traditional Banana leaves method to keep the vaccines

cool is rampant which does not allow retaining vaccine quality, therefore after

application; the vaccines do not produce the expected result but increases health risk by

lowering the natural immunity.

Poor technical knowledge of Local Service Providers leads to inappropriate

service delivery for duck farming results in high mortality

In general, the LSPs are not knowledgeable on quality management of vaccines, dosage

level and application methods. None of the LSPs covered by the Study were from

agricultural background or have formal/informal education on livestock discipline. Some

of the LSPs received training from DLS that was not sufficient to fulfil their knowledge

requirement. They are inappropriately providing essential services on disease

identification, management and duck farming to the producers. The knowledge gap is

hindering the growth of quality farm management.

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11.1.5 Women Economic Leadership

Lack of access to finance by women duck producers hampers farm growth

potential

A common phenomenon in rural communities is that the ownership of assets (land,

house, equipment, products and income) remains with the male-headed households.

MFIs and other formal financial institutions have flexible approach to lend money to the

poor women households, but they need collateral to secure their loan disbursement

system. This collateral (land, house, equipment) must be owned by the person (in this

case, the women) who is borrowing the money. Rural women in general do not enjoy the

rights to hold assets in their name. As a result, they fail to access loans and thus, lose

the opportunity to manage finance for their farm, having the available options at their

hands.

In addition to the problem of accessing to finance, women who are eligible to take loan

do not know the formal procedure (how to apply, where to apply, legal documents

required for the grant) of taking loans from financial institutions. Lack of knowledge on

loan procurement thus restricts women farmers from managing the required capital and

investment for their farms.

11.1.6 (Dis)Enabling Environment

Lack of open feeding source & shortage of housing space during seasonal &flash

flood in Haor areas prevents farmers in getting full potential from duck farming

During flash flood and seasonal flood, open grazing yards for duck are inundated. At the

same time housing space for duck becomes unavailable. Farmers had to rely heavily on

readymade feed, purchased at a higher cost to keep ducks alive. It was observed that

ducks can bring high return on investment if reared for atleast 3-4 years years. However,

those who cannot manage the higher cost during the disaster period andare forced to

sell ducks before the flood comes, misses the business potentials and profit margin.

Lack of effective breeding policy in duck value chain leads to genetic

decomposition of the native varieties

Due to lack of proper breeding policy, the valuable native duck species are disappearing.

Indigenous poultry, both chicken and duck, retain their original germplasm in the

population so long they have not been disturbed by the introduction of blood from high

yielding breeds and varieties. Although initial attempts of cross-breeding between high

yielding breeds in the government farms or other institutions could not affect their

originality, subsequent efforts to upgrade them in the rural areas by introducing foreign

blood from pure or cross-bred birds have affected their genetic purity. Recently,

development and distribution of Sonali (crossbreds of Rhode Island Red male and

Fayoumi female) in rural areas also affected the genetics of local duck species. Of

course, so called pure Sonali is difficult to find in rural households nowadays; rather they

are termed desi even though they derive from crosses with other native types. According

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to Biswas et al. (2007), the distribution of improved breeds among backyard poultry

growers has facilitated random meeting of desi (local) chickens and thus, genetic

decomposition over time have occurred. Although, production of crossbreds to augment

productivity was not sustainable due to institutional weakness, the decomposition of

original germplasm of the native stock has occurred in some areas of the country leaving

a threat to preservation, conservation and future genetic improvement of the original

native stock. This is also true for native duck population and is happening due to poor

policy and administration.

Dispute over water body ownership restricts access for duck rearing during flood

time in Haor areas

Commercial or medium and large scale duck farming requires access to water bodies

that are at present owned only by the fishermen communities. Lack of policies to

address the need of small and marginal duck farmers to access waterbody leasing

ownership and management rights discourage them to start large scales duck farming

with their limited working capital.

Toxicity from applied pesticide in crop fields causes death to scavenging ducks in

coastal areas

The practice of excessive use of pesticide is high in both regions. The application of

chemical fertilizers and pesticides in rice fields often makes the natural feeds poisonous

and ducks scavenging on the rice fields suffer untimely death.

11.2 OPPORTUNITIES AND VALUE ADDITION SCOPES

The duck sub-sector assessment has found several growth opportunities for the duck

value chain as well as the total sub-sector for Haor and coastal people. This

unaddressed issue cut off high likelihood of improving of existing situation. In addition,

the duck value chain study identified scopes that will add value to make the business

viable - particularly formally investing on capacity building of women to improve their

business scope

Promoting women’s engagement in feed selling

Promotion of women‘s participation in selling high quality duck feed which can be

operated from their households and within close proximity of duck farmers will ensure

availability of duck feeds at affordable price in remote areas. This requires technical

support to develop knowledge on in-house preparation of proper mixed feeds (high in

nutrition) for ducks and business development plan to establish sales centers operated

by women entrepreneurs.

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Picture 12: Feed Sales Center by Women Entrepreneur

Introducing floating shed/housing for duck farming particularly in Haor area

Floating bamboo rafts as it is seen in

the river Karnafuli (Photo 1), PVC

pipe blocked at both ends and

discarded oil drum (Photo 2) may be

the base of floating duck house in the

Haor areas. It is possible to cover the

base with thin wood and add a house

to accommodate ducks and other

livestock and even human beings

above the base. One can actually

make a gazebo style nest box for

ducks and for geese.

In fact, to adapt to the global warming

and future rising of flood waters an

affordable duck house has been already designed by Vietnamese workers. The homes

are designed to fight the severe flooding that is prevalent in Southeast Asia by rising and

Picture 13: Floating Shed/Housing for Duck Farming

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falling with the incoming waters. In our case, the thatched homes can be built on

platforms made from reused oil drums and kept in place with anchors, allowing the

structures to float in place during flood season. Since, our Haor water system is different

from many others we should go forward to design duck house to suit our need using

locally available resources to keep the building cost at optimum level. This proposal may

well be tested in the Haor areas.

Developing duck/egg traders within the producer groups to ensure better price for

duck producers

Development of traders (duck/egg) from the farming groups will ensure access to

large/regional markets. It will enable them to access high-priced market and trading

higher volume. The financial benefit will flow from the trader to the duck farmer by

ensuring right price for their products.

Introducing feather business at producers’ level

The study could not explore the feather business potentials but gained important

perspectives to include it as a value addition scope in duck value chain. Duck feathers

are commonly used in exotic home textile industry for making pillows, quilts and duvets.

Feathers can be harvested from live birds (supported by Animal Rights Association) or

after slaughtering. Single Size 90% down feather or 10% Duck Feather Quilt Duvet & 5%

Duck Down Pillow costs USD 80 in international market (BDT 6,400). Pair of pillows of

living Duck Feather and Down costs GBP 12 (BDT 1296) and are sold by luxury brands

like Marks and Spencer. The feathers are also used in producing shuttlecocks and it is

mainly supplied from producers from Ulubaria, Kolkata, India. Famous sporting

equipment manufacturers have reported that they cannot use synthetic feather for

shuttlecocks and unavailability of duck feathers is a matter of concern to the shuttlecock

industry now-a-days.

The expert team, therefore, recommends conducting an in-depth study to identify scope

for feather business within or outside the country, before making it as a suitable value

addition.

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CHAPTER TWELVE

POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR DUCK VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT

The chapter portrays several interventions designed by the expert team with a view to address

the prevailing constraints and potential opportunities of the duck sub-sector in the North-eastern

Haor and Southern coastal areas.

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12.1 VISION AND STRATEGY

Resilience through Economic Empowerment, Climate Adaptation, Leadership and

Learning (REECALL) project develops community leadership, reliable income source

and economic equality in order to build resilient communities able to deal with disasters

whereas Wellbeing through Empowerment, Adaptation, Livelihoods, Resilience,

and Transformational actions for vulnerable people living in Haor (WEALTH)

Programme aims to enhance sustainable livelihoods for wellbeing of at risk and poor

people living in Haor basin in Bangladesh. Working alongside local partners, various

PNGOs, Oxfam aims to:

Help communities to prepare for and respond to disasters.

Protect people‘s homes and livelihoods and improve water and sanitation

facilities.

Increase farming and fishing incomes by training; distributing animals, plants and

equipment; and creating links between traders.

Enable communities to lobby for government support.

To achieve these, broader strategies will be:

Increasing income of the duck value chain actors,

Increasing involvement of the women in the value chain addressing various

scopes of value addition,

Managing and minimizing the risks of climate change and natural calamities.

12.2 POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS

With a view to addressing the prevailing constraints and potential opportunities of the

duck sub-sector in the North-eastern Haor and Southern coastal areas, several

interventions were designed by the expert team. The interventions aim at increasing the

competitiveness of the Haor and coastal duck farmers in various fields like technological,

product development and diversification, market access and market linkages, input

services, capacity development of women in this value chain, infrastructure, policy and

advocacy, capacity development of service providers and climate.

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Table 47: Constrains, market based solution and potential facilitation activities

SL

NO Constraints

Market based

solution/Intervention Potential Facilitation activities

Implementation

Area Priority

Interventions for immediate implementation (1st year)

1. Lack of fertile egg supply

to hatchery & improper

hatchery management

leads to high duckling

mortality rate in hatchery

as a results supply

becomes scarce in haor

area

Capacity building of

hatchery owners on

hatchery management

- Provide training on appropriate hatchery

management and technique to source fertile

eggs

- Link with large duck farms to ensure proper

male-female ratio

Haor

2. Improper Male-Female

Ratio in duck farming

causes economic losses

while hatching at home


women producers on

duck rearing & farm

management

- Link women producers with DLS and input

companies (feed and medicine) to ensure

embedded services

- Provide training for duck producers on

appropriate duck rearing and farm

management, housing management,

disease diagnosis and management and

feeding management though DLS, medicine

companies and hatcheries

- Arrange exposure visit to commercial duck

farms to make the producers learn methods

of appropriate duck farming and its financial

benefits

- Arrange exposure visit in commercial

hatcheries to learn appropriate hatching

system

Haor and

Coastal

3. Lack of knowledge on

housing management

leads to higher risk of

transmittable diseases

causing death events of

ducks


proper feeding

management causes

production inefficiency

that leads to lower

income for duck

producers

108


disease identification and

disease management

leads to higher mortality

rate of ducks resulting in

loss of assets and

investments

6. Lack of quality

management of vaccines

causes unproductive

vaccination that

eventually leads to

casualty of duck health


LSPs

- Identify, select and train potential LSPs

through DLS and other Lead LSPs

- Link with DLS to ensure institutional

certificate as LSP and avail vaccine from

DLS

- Provide training on appropriate

storage/preservation of vaccination

- Link up with CBOs to ensure availability of

services

Haor and

Coastal 7. Poor technical

knowledge of Local

Service Providers leads

to inappropriate service

delivery for duck farming

results in high mortality

8. Unavailability of Hatchery

leads to scarcity of

duckling supply in coastal

areas

Developing duck

hatchery

- Identify and select feasible area to establish

hatchery

- Identify interested entrepreneurs in the

selected area

- Link them with DLS for technical support to

establish hatchery

- Link them with FIs/MFIs for financial

support

- Provide capacity building trainings on

hatchery management

- Arrange exposure visit to commercial

hatcheries

Coastal

109

9. Unavailability of duck

feeds causes nutrition

deficiency for ducks

resulting in lower egg

production in both haor

and coastal areas

Creating women feed

seller at local level

- Identify potential women entrepreneurs

- Link them with CBOs, feed sellers and DLS

for capacity building training

- Provide training on ready feed preparation

for ducks

- Provide support in business plan

development for feed selling

Haor and

Coastal

Interventions for gradual implementation (2nd and 3rd year)

10. Inappropriate duckling

carrying causes random

early death of ducks

Developing and

capacity building

duck/egg traders

within the producer

groups

- Identify and select potential duckling/egg

traders within the producer groups

- Link them with hatcheries to ensure

procurement of ducklings

- Link them with CBO members to ensure

channel of sales

- Provide training on appropriate

duckling/egg carrying techniques

Coastal

11. Micro scale duck farming

results in limited egg

production results in poor

market access forcing to

sale at farm-gate

Increase access to

low interest credit

facilities for achieving

farm growth

- Linking duck women duck producers with

FIs/MFIs to ensure access to credit facilities

for duck farming

- Advocacy for establishing dedicated credit

line for duck producers at lower interest rate Haor and

Coastal 12. Lack of access to finance

by women duck

producers hampers farm

growth potential

13. Dispute over water body

ownership restricts

access for duck rearing

during flood time in haor

areas

Advocacy for

accessing water body

for rearing of ducks

- Conduct Information Dissemination

Workshop with policy makers on the

existing scenario of water body ownership

and its affect on duck rearing

- Advocacy for revising/establishing haor

duck producers‘ friendly policy to create

Haor and

Coastal

110

easy access to water bodies

14. Lack of effective

breeding policy in duck

value chain leads to

genetic decomposition of

the native varieties

Development of

specific breeding

policy in consultation

with scientists,

national planners,

Government officials

and development

workers to impede

decomposition of

genetic characteristics

and its effective

implementation

- Advocacy to develop specific breeding

policy for duck value chain with researchers

, scientists, national planners and

government officials

- Advocacy for effective implementation of

policies in field through DLS and

development workers National

15. Lack of open feeding

source & shortage of

housing space during

Seasonal & flush flood in

haor areas prevents

farmers in getting full

potential from duck

farming

Development and

introduction of floating

housing to ensure

housing for ducks

during flood period

- Sharing idea of floating house for ducks

with DLS and private manufacturers

- Develop design through technical experts

- Conduct demonstration of floating house

- Arrange Result Dissemination Meeting with

duck farmers

- Link CBOs with private manufacturers to

get access to floating house facilities

Haor

16. Toxicity from applied

pesticide in crop fields

causes death to

scavenging ducks in

coastal areas

Promoting judicious

usage of pesticides

and appropriate

marking of toxic crop

field

- Conduct Awareness Campaign with farmers

(crop and duck) to make them aware about

the judicious usage of pesticides through

DAE, DLS and pesticide companies

- Arrange Information Sharing Meeting with

farmers to educate them practice marking

the pesticides applied crop fields

Coastal

111

Creating women feed sellers at local level both in Haor and Coastal areas

Potential Partner: CBOs, Duck Feed Suppliers, DLS

More women‘s business enterprises can be developed through training an required

business assistance to establish viable feed selling units in joint collaboration with

private feed selling companies.

Ideal feed requirement and preparation for ducklings and ducks along with the chart are

given below.

Table 48: Feed intake (gm /day)

Age

(weeks)

Feed intake

(gm/ day)

Age

(weeks)

Feed intake

(gm/ day)

1st 5-15 5th 50-60

2nd 20-30 6th 60-70

3rd 30-40 7th 70-80

4th 40-50 8th 80-90

9. 100 16. 145

10. 110 17. 145

11. 120 18. 140

12. 130 19. 140

13. 135 20. 140

14. 145 21. 140

15. 145 Full grown 140-160

Protein requirement

1. Duckling (day 1-2 months) 20%

2. Growing pullet (2-5 moths) 18%

3. Layer (egg laying(over 5-month of age) 16%

4. Layer duck for hatching eggs 18%

Table 49: Feed preparation for ducklings

Sl. No Ingredients Weight (gm)

1. Crushed wheat 2.250

2. Rice polish 1.0

3. Wheat husk 600 g

4. Sesame oil cake 600 g

5. Fish meal 500 g

6. Salt (Iodized) 25 g

7. Vitamin (Rena grower) 12 g

112

Duck producers can follow any of the below feed charts for mature ducks based on their

affordability.

Table 50: Feed preparation for mature ducks

SL No Ingredients Weight (g)

1. Wheat 0

2. Wheat husk (Gamer bhushi) 750

3. Rice polish 2200

4. Sesame oil cake (Tiler khail) 600

5. Fish meal (Shutki macher gura) 250

6. Oyster shell (Jhinuker gura) 360

7. Salt (Iodized) 25

8. Vitamin (Rena vit DB or Rena layer) 12

Table 51: Feed Chart for mature ducks (preparation of 5 KG and 1 KG feed respectively)

SL No Ingredients Weight (g)

1. Broken rice (khud) 2650 530

2. Wheat husk (Gamer bhushi) 0 0

3. Rice polish 1353 271

4. Sesame oil cake (Tiler khail) 600 120

5. Fish meal (Shutki macher gura) 0 0

6. Oyster shell (Jhinuker gura) 360 72

7. Salt (Iodized) 25 5

8. Vitamin (Rena vit DB or Rena layer) 12 3

Total 5000 1000

Note: Expert recommends to trial of production with this feed and try to feed ad libitum

however, generally, a duck consumes 117 g/ day and provide in three times/ day.

113

Table 52: Feed ingredients to be used for 1 Kg and 5 Kg duck feed

Name of products Price

(BDT)

Inclusion

in kg/ton

Inclusion

in g/5 kg

Inclusion

in g/1kg

Price/kg

(BDT)

Broken wheat 30 450 2250 450 13.5

Rice bran 5 298.5 1500 300 1.4925

Linseed oil cake 30 120 600 120 3.6

Full Fat soya 75 0 0 0 0

Sunflower cake 60 0 0 0 0

Snail crush 8 25 125 25 0.2

Fish meal 70 100 500 100 7

Calcium Premix 0 0 0 0 0

Lime stone 8 0 0 0 0

Salt 15 5 25 5 0.075

Vit-Min Premix (Rena layer) 200 1.5 8 1.5 0.3

Lysine 1500 0 5 1 0

Methionine 1600 0 5 1 0

Enzyme (Phytase) 800 0 0 0 0

Toxin Binder 85 0 0 0 0

Choline Chloride 60 0 0 0 0

Diclazuril 650 0 0 0 0

Soya bean oil 250 0 0 0 0

Palm oil 250 0 0 0 0

GrowthPromoter (Non Antibiotic) 810 0 0 0 0

Total 1000 5 1 26.1675

Note: Feed may be provided 3-4 times a day.

114

Developing of a duck hatchery in coastal area

Potential Partner: entrepreneurs, FIs, MFIs, DLS

Unavailability of hatchery in the coastal area is a big hindrance for commercial growth of

duck in these areas. Potential entrepreneur can be searched and encouraged to

establish commercial hatchery. Atleast one in Patuakhali district (as a central place) with

the technical support from DLS and financial support from FI/MFI will enhance affordable

and accessible input procurement.

Capacity building of hatchery owners on hatchery management in Haor area

Potential Partner: DLS, Large Duck Farms

To increase the capacity of hatchery owners on improved hatching technique, they

should be linked with large farms maintaining proper male-female ratio of duck for

sourcing of quality fertile eggs.

Capacity building of women producers on duck rearing & farm management in

Haor and Coastal areas

Potential Partner: Medicine companies, CBOs, Hatcheries, DLS

Improved farm management practice will lead to massive change in the life of poor duck

farmers as duck rearing appears to be a profitable option. Medicine companies

supplying vaccines and medicines have a big market in coastal and Haor area as well

hatcheries for specific medicine applicable for ducks.

Developing egg collectors/trader within CBOs in Coastal areas

Potential Partner: CBO members, Egg and Duck traders, Hatcheries

The Study recommends replication/scale up of the Jamalganj egg collection method

through the CBOs ensuring bulk amount of collection and direct dealing with wholesale

egg traders.

Advocacy for institutional strengthening of the Department of Livestock for

deployment of adequately trained technical human resources in Haor and coastal

areas for improved service delivery.

Potential Partner: DLS, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock

There is a severe shortage of technical trained human resources deployed at field

offices under DLS. This inadequacy needs to be immediately addressed through fast

tracking skills development of ULOs and other relevant stakeholders of the duck farming

sub-sector. This will be major steps towards increasing productivity, reducing mortality,

enhancing feed quality, finally to improve the living condition of rural duck farmers.

Capacity building of LSPs in Haor and Coastal areas

Potential Partner: CBOs, DLS, Lead LSPs, PNGOs

115

To ensure adequate and effective diseased management, capacities of the LSPs need

to be increased. New LSPs should be selected through criteria and with requisite

certified educational background and skills on poultry/duck management.

Increase access to low interest credit facilities for achieving farm growth

Potential Partner: MFIs, FIs

Easy and farmer-friendly credit line will reduce the problem of accessing seed money or

other financial assistance to establish a viable business targeting high income. PNGOs

can encourage banks/MFIs to develop loan schemes with dedicated credit line suitable

for duck farming. Such credit schemes will enable and encourage women farmers to

engage in medium and large duck farming.

Introduction of floating houses to ensure safe shelters for ducks during flood

period

Potential Partner: BAU, CBOs, DLS, Private plastic goods manufacturing

companies

The idea of a floating housing for ducks can be designed and promoted in Haors; this

will enable the farmers to retain their flock during floods and heavy prolonged monsoons

and keep their livelihood and economic benefits intact throughout the season.

Development of specific breeding policy (and ensure implementation thereof) in

consultation with scientists, national planners, relevant government officials and

development workers to avoid decomposition of genetic characteristics of

indigenous duck species

Potential Partner: Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, BAU, BLRI, Ministry of

Planning & Development, PNGOs, CBOs

Indigenous ducks in Bangladesh has been thriving well all over the country despite its

poor management. Their contribution to the rural economy, in food security and nutrition

is undisputed. Recent efforts of scientists to improve their productivity have paved the

way to exploit their full genetic potential even under conditions of extreme stress to

which they are already adaptable. Thus, a specific breeding policy should be developed

in order to discourage indiscriminate breeding, identification, characterization and

conservation of germ-plasm, improvement in nutritional and feeding practices, improved

management, well defined disease preventive measures and finally producers‘

participation in all development processes.

Advocacy for accessing water bodies for duck rearing

Potential Partner: Union Parishad, PNGOs, CBO members and Community

Leaders

Coordinated advocacy with relevant Haor and water management authorities need to be

carried out. It will enable smallholder duck farmer accessing leasing options or using

water bodies for duck farming. This also calls for developing or revising existing policies

116

and regulation of leasing the water bodies that will be friendly and flexible for Haor duck

farmers.

Promoting judicious usage of pesticides and appropriate marking of toxic crop

field in coastal area

Potential Partner: Union Parishad, CBOs, PNGOs, Lead Farmers

Awareness raising interventions are required to ensure rules and regulations for

monitoring of pesticides usage in paddy fields to address ducks mortality from chemical

pesticide affects. This is a significant factor that will increase effectiveness of the existing

duck value chain along with the crop value chain in Haors and coastal regions.

117

Unavailability of duck feeds causes nutrition deficiency for ducks resulting in lower egg production in both Haor and coastal

areas

Unavailability of Hatchery leads to scarcity of duckling supply in coastal areas

Lack of fertile egg supply to hatchery & improper hatchery management leads to high duckling mortality rate in hatchery as a results supply becomes scarce in Haor area

Inappropriate duckling carrying causes random early death of ducks

Improper Male-Female Ratio in duck farming causes economic losses while hatching at home

Lack of knowledge on housing management leads to higher risk of transmittable diseases causing death events of ducks

.

Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production inefficiency that leads to lower income for duck producers

Micro scale duck farming results in limited egg production results in poor market access forcing to sale at farm-gate

Lack of open feeding source & shortage of housing space during Seasonal & flush flood in Haor areas prevents farmers in getting full potential from duck farming

Intervention: Capacity building of women producers on duck rearing & farm management in Haor and Coastal areas

Intervention: Developing of a duck hatchery in coastal area

Intervention: Capacity building of hatchery owners on hatchery management in Haor area

Intervention: Creating women feed seller at local level both in Haor and Coastal areas

Lack of quality management of vaccines causes unproductive vaccination that eventually leads to casualty of duck health

INPUT

SERVICES

SERVICE PROVIDER LEVEL MARKET ACCESS LEVEL WOMEN ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP

PRODUCTION AND FARM MANAGEMENT

Lack of knowledge on disease identification and disease management leads to higher mortality rate of ducks resulting in loss of assets and investments

Poor technical knowledge of Local Service Providers leads to inappropriate service delivery for duck farming results in high mortality

Lack of access to finance by women duck producers hampers farm growth potential

(DIS) ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

Lack of effective breeding policy in duck value chain leads to genetic decomposition of the native varieties

Dispute over water body ownership restricts access for duck rearing during flood time in Haor areas

Toxicity from applied pesticide in crop fields causes death to scavenging ducks in coastal areas

Intervention: Capacity building of LSPs in Haor and Coastal areas

Intervention: Developing and capacity building duck/egg traders within the producer groups in Coastal areas

Intervention: Increase access to low interest credit facilities for achieving farm growth

Intervention: Development and introduction of floating housing to ensure housing for ducks during flood period

Intervention: Development of specific breeding policy in consultation with scientists, national planners, Government officials and development workers to impede decomposition of genetic characteristics and its effective implementation

Intervention: Advocacy for Institutional Strengthening of the Department of Livestock in terms of adequate trained manpower focusing on Haor and coastal areas.

Intervention: Promoting judicious usage of pesticides and appropriate marking of toxic crop field in coastal area

Intervention: Advocacy for accessing water body for rearing of ducks

118

CHAPTER THIRTEEN WINDING UP

Conclusions are drawn based on the findings, describing interventions‘ priority and financial

analysis for ideal duck farming.

119

The study shows that duck sub-sector has huge potential in poverty reduction and income increase of poor farmers and a

number of interventions are suggested in this report that can act as the stimulant to turn that potential into reality. But

obviously, according to the change of the market situations, new interventions may come up and at the same time, some

proposed interventions might drop down.

13.1 PRIORITY OF KEY INTERVENTIONS

Table 53: Priority of key interventions

Key Interventions

Haor Coastal

Impact Outreach Feasibility Impact Outreach Feasibility

Creating women feed seller at local level both in Haor and Coastal areas Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Developing of a duck hatchery in coastal area Low Low Low High High Moderate

Capacity building of hatchery owners on hatchery management in haor area

High High High - - -

Capacity building of women producers on duck rearing & farm management in Haor and Coastal areas

High High High High High High

Developing egg collectors/trader within CBOs in Coastal areas

Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Advocacy for Institutional Strengthening of the Department of Livestock in terms of adequate trained manpower focusing on haor and coastal areas.

Moderate High Low Moderate High Low

Capacity building of LSPs in Haor and Coastal areas

High High High High High High

120

13.2 ANALYSIS OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) IN IDEAL DUCK FARMING

Examples of expected costs and returns from small-scale family duck operations are given below. These calculations are only

generalized approximations to give an indication of comparative profitability of the different farming operations based on 270

eggs per year. Nonetheless, they would need to be refined for specific locations (Haors as well as coastal belt) and for current

prices. Due to the bio-security measures in the proposed systems, it is to be expected that mortality rates would be much less

than the generally observed mortality rate of 10-20% in existing operations. 2% mortality is assumed and for exotic Khaki

Campbell and Jinding, it is assumed that up until they start to lay eggs, they will consume around 16 Kg/duck and later each

duck will require 93 Kg feed to complete the 18-month egg-laying cycle under intensive farming system. Labor cost is

excluded from the calculations as it is assumed that all labor will be provided by the farm operating family members (although

it is recognized that this has an opportunity cost). Returns appears to be less but if case of disease infestation, or some other

catastrophe (e.g. severe storm, flood, cyclone and or tidal surge), causes abandonment of the duck cycle at the pullet stage,

then much less time and investment in operating expenditure would be lost if a full-laying cycle (18-month) to be abandoned.

Also, initial investment cost per cycle is less for the pullet rearing, an important consideration for marginalised beneficiaries of

the Haor and coastal belt. In duck farming, it is possible to minimize the initial cost of capital investment by using local ducks

rather than opting out for the exotic breeds. In either case, if proper management and bio-security are not maintained, there

would be high risk of disease and hence, expected mortality would be higher (50-100%).

Table 54: Annual profit calculation for rearing 25 ducks under traditional method

Capital Cost

Items Unit Cost (BDT) Interest Rate Life in years Number of items Annual Cost (BDT)

Duck house (Bamboo supports, thatched roof, brick floor)

5000 13% 3 1 2118

Water and electricity connections

3000 13% 10 1 553

Feeders – 4@ Tk.50/ unit 200 13% 2 1 56 Watering troughs – 4@ Tk. 50/ unit

200 13% 5 1 30

Buckets, plastic pipes, Storage bins

2500 13% 5 1 711

121

Ceiling fan 4000 13% 10 2 2111 Sub-Total 5579

Operating Cost per cycle

Item Unit Name Unit Cost (BDT) Total Units Total Cost (BDT)

Ducklings (Mortality > 10%) Bird 35 30 1050 Feed cost KG 30 463.8 13914 Vaccines, medication @10.00/ bird

250

Water and chlorination cost

1000

Disinfectant 1000 Veterinary services 2000 Total cost/ cycle without interest

24793

Interest costs 3223 Total per-cycle with interest 28016 Total per year (0.66 cycles)

18490

Return

Item Unit Name Price Total Units Total Value (BDT)

Eggs/ cycle (> 10% mortality)*

Piece 8 3750 30000

Sale of cull ducks Bird 200 5 1000 Flock liquidation Bird 200 20 4000 Manure 200 Annual return 35200 Annual profit 23467 *Note: mortality is lower than standard due to improved bio-security.

122

Table 55: Annual profit calculation for rearing 10 ducks under traditional method

Capital Cost

Items Unit Cost (BDT) Interest Rate Life in years Number of items Annual Cost (BDT)

Duck house (Bamboo supports, thatched roof, brick floor)

1000 13% 3 1 425

Water and electricity connections

3000 13% 10 1 185

Feeders – 2@ Tk.50/ unit 100 13% 2 1 56 Watering troughs – 2@ Tk. 50/ unit

100 13% 5 1 30

Buckets, plastic pipes, Storage bins

2500 13% 5 1 284

Ceiling fan 2000 13% 10 1 1200 Sub-Total 2180

Operating Cost per cycle

Item Unit Name Unit Cost (BDT) Total Units Total Cost (BDT)

Ducklings (Mortality > 10%) Bird 35 15 525 Feed cost (up to laying) KG 30 230 6900 Feed cost up to the end Of cycle (18 months)

KG 30 930 27900

Vaccines, medication @10.00/ bird

250

Water and chlorination cost

500

Disinfectant 500 Veterinary services 1000 Total cost/ cycle without interest

37275

Interest costs 4846 Total per-cycle with interest 42121

123

Total per year (0.66 cycles)

27800

Return

Item Unit Name Price Total Units Total Value (BDT)

Eggs/ cycle (> 10% mortality)*

Piece 8 4310 34480

Sale of cull ducks Bird 200 2 600 Flock liquidation Bird 200 8 1600 Manure 50 Annual return 36730 Annual profit 8930 *Note: mortality is lower than standard due to improved bio-security.

124

ANNEX

The annexes listed the participant (interviewee) details of the study as well as a seasonal

disease chart.

125

Table 56: List of Group Interviews

SL Name Address

1. Shapla Gana Sangathan Angnl Kata, Gulshakhali, Amtali, Borguna

2. Soihara Horohati Soihara, Canerbag, Jamalganj, Sunamjang

3. Dokkhin Sayakathi-1 Dokkhin Saykathi, Joyeenkathi, Sadar, Patuakhali.

4. Phutontokoli Unnayon

Sangothon

Biyterchar, Guroi, Chatirchar, Noyabazer,Nikli Kishorgonj

5. Alor Disha Mohela Dal Sabiha Nagor, Dewgarh, Austogram, Kishoregonj

Table 57: List of Household Analysis

SL Name of Group/Individual Address Type

1. Chamili Mahila Dal Dewgarh, Austogram, Kishoregonj. HH

2. Aroti Rani Shearkhati, Sadar, Potuakhali HH

3. Shapla Songothan Amtoli, Borguna. HH

4. Kuinta Koli Unnayan Songothan Biyterchar, Guroi, Nikli, Kishorgonj HH

5. -- Soihara, Notunpara, Jamalgonj, Sunamgonj RCA

Table 58: List of Key Informants

SL Name Designation Contact Number

1. Shaik Kabir Hossain Project Coordinator,

NSS, Amtali, Borguna

01718180990

2. Mostafizur Rahman ULO,

DLS, Borguna.

01715422722

3. Dr. Mohammad Rezaul

Karim

ULO,

DLS, Najipur, Pirojpur.

01723566645

4. Md. Abu Bakar Siddiq Veterinary Field Assistant,

DLS, Austogram, Kishorganj

01913458413

5. Dr. Sagia Afrin Veterinary Field Assistant,

ULO Office, Nikli, Kishorganj

01719816000

6. Mehidi Hossain SSPO,

Aquve Pharmaceutical Agro Vet

Division, Patuakhali.

01713245263

7. Nazrul Islam MIO, Agro Vet Division, Popular

Pharmaceutical Ltd., Amtoly, Bogruna.

01715587131

8. Md. Habibulla MR, Veterinary Divisio,

ACME Laboratories Ltd., B.Baria Sales

Center.

01716962924

9. Md. Azizur Rahman Veterinary Field Assistant,

DLO, Amtoly, Borguna.

01713867284

126

10. Md. Abdullah Al Mamun ULO,

DLS, Patuakhali Sadar, Patuakhali.

01728254691

11. Shanti Ranjan Boida/

Abdur Rahim

DRRO,

DRRO Office, Patuakhali Sadar,

Patuakhali.

01716447512/

01723399499

12. Abdul Latif Mea Veterinary Field Assistant,

Jamalgonj

01716051386

13. Jeebon Kumer Mandal Veterinary Field Assistant,

Betagi, Borguna

01719689838

Table 59: List of Input Sellers and LSPs

SL Name Address Contact Number

Type

1. Lipi Begum Joynkathi, Sadar, Patuakhali Vet. LSP

2. Rohena Akter East Austogram, Austogram,

Kishoregonj

0176892140 Hatchery

3. Sunil Chandra

Sarker

Gurai, Nikli, Kishorgonj 01933278362 Input

4. Ujjal Kumer Khaskel Newmarket, Sadar, Patuakhali 01712201620 Input

5. Monir Hossain

Bachu

Poshu Hospital Road, Sader,

Borguna.

01720463477 Input

6. Entaq Ahmed Sabiha Nagar, Austogram,

Kishoregonj

NA Vaccination

7. Md. Motiur Rahman Pakhimara, Nilgonj, Kolapara,

Patuakhali

01828012560/

01922465396

Input

8. Sujata Modal South Sakerkahi, Nazipur,

Pirojpur.

NA Vaccination

9. Aminul Islam Zakir Word no. 2, Amtoli, Borguna 01730175041 Input

10. Md. Abdur Razzak

Biswas

Word no. 5, Powcosoua,

Amtoli, Borguna

01714934943 Input

11. Md. Sultan Mahmud/

Zahir Hossain Sobuj

Galachipa, Galachipa,

Patuakhali.

01724076458 Input

12. Mohammad Ali Biatinaogao, Gurui, Nikli,

Kishoregonj

01936709552 Input

13. Nitish Debnath Austogram, Auatogram,

Kishoregonj

01715588370 Input

14. Md. Sohel Ahmed Austogram Sadar, Kishoregonj 01736029296 Vet. Medicine

15. Joni Reza/ Resam

Ali

Austogram Boro Bazer,

Austogram, Kishoregonj

01746386657 Input

16. A K M Mamun-or- Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, 01712528501 Vaccination

127

Rashid Kishoregonj

17. Halima Akter Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli,

Kishoregonj

01926273575 LSP

18. Robindra Das Dattagram, Vatipara, Dirai,

Sunamgonj

01746025260 Input

19. Tipu Das Dattagram, Vatipara, Dirai,

Sunamgonj

01749646122 Input

20. Shebendra Kanta

Sarker

Gonganadharpur, Fulerbag,

Jamalgonj, Shunamgonj

01735928343 vet

21. Kobindra Das Dattagram, Vatipara, Dirai,

Sunamgonj

01759895053 Input

22. Sukdeb Talukder Choihara, Fenarbak,

Jamalgonj, Sunagonj

01779619413 Input

23. Vobesh Das Dattagram, Vatipara, Dirai,

Sunamgonj

01923799772 Input

24. Abul Hossain Sasna Bazer, Jamalgonj,

Sunjamgonj

01745391374 Input

25. Md. Alamin Eastpara, BeatirChar, Gurui,

Nikli, Kishoregonj

01923571477 Input

26. Muklesur Rahaman Moddabazer, Jamalgonj,

Sunamgonj

01914156050 Medicine

Table 60: List of Traders


1. Md. Mizanur Rahman Kishoregonj 01823673509

2. Somir Chandar New Market, Patuakhali. 01718248997

3. Nantu Rai Sakarkhati, Pirojpur

4. Abu Bokkar ( Abu Mea) Sunamganj 01740433182

5. Sultan Matbar Sunamganj 01738634683

6. Md. Sher-e-Gul Mea Sunamganj 01920135583

7. Abdul Alim Kishoregonj

8. Md. Pono Mea M/S Mithu Murgi House, Sadar

Road, Mas Bazer, Borguna.

0172549715

9. Md. Atiqur Rahman M/S Shathi Enterprise, Kursha

Bazer, Nikli, Kishoregonj

01747618444

10. Md. Mirigel Shajna Bazer 01739526405

128

Table 61: List of Duck Producers


11. Anwara Thenggai, Shaiakathi, Godnkathi,

Patuakhali.

NA

12. Parul Rani Sarker Rajaapur, Fenarbug, Jamalgonj 01756365188 re.

13. Sobera Khatun SaviaNagar, Austogram, Kishoregonj 01926180375

14. Mohosin Sarikathi, Nazirpur, Pirojpur NA

15. Khadija Sheakathi,Jainkathi, Patuakhali NA

16. Nazmunnahar Jainkhati, Sadar, Patuakhali NA

17. Kalo Rani Khesurtola, Sadar, Borguna 01738315368 re.

18. Rubia Akter Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj

19. Ismil Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj 01942167839

20. Juma Rani Takukder Soihar, Pherabadh, Jamalgonj,

Sunamgonj

NA

21. Md. Aitul Mea SaviaNagar, Austogram, Kishoregonj NA

22. Sadon Talukder Soihara, Fenarbug, Jamnalgonj,

Sunamgonj

NA

23. Md. Rashed Miah SaviaNagar, Dewghar, Austogram,

Kishoregonj

NA

24. Mrs. Ratia Khatun SaviaNagar, Dewghar, Austogram,

Kishoregonj

NA

25. Dipa Rani Soihara, Fenarbug, Jamnalgonj,

Sunamgonj

01944997294

26. Morzina Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj NA

27. Shamsunnahar Middle Shaidia nagar, Dewghar,

Austogram, Kishoregonj

NA

28. Morium Begum Dokkhin Shiakati, Joinkathi,

Patuakhali Sadar, Patuakhali.

NA

29. Alam Sikder Charmoisal, Kamlapur, Sadar,

Patuakhali.

NA

30. Rushia Begum Angulkata, Khekuani, Gulishekhali,

Amtoli, Borguna

01744244882

31. Salina Angulkata, Khekuani, Gulishekhali,

Amtoli, Borguna

NA

32. Kodbanu Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj 01915784651

129

Table 62: Seasonality of different duck diseases

Diseases Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Duck Plague

Duck Cholera

Diarrhea

Water falling from

eyes

White Excrete

Bumble feet

Limber neck