Report on documents captured from the bin Laden compound

8/2/2019 Report on documents captured from the bin Laden compound

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Cdrjeiy ^remrdj

@htthrs frej Dkkettdkda2Kgi @dagi _gah`giha5


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@htthrs frej Dkkettdkda2 Kgi @dagi _gah`giha5

Ih``y @dceua

_tudrt Oduag``

@gdj Oe``gisMdkrgh` Lehc`hr-Ahrrgol

Aei [dss`hr

Jucdjjda d`-nXkdyag

CD[JEIW [EM[DJQCH OEJKDQGIM QH[[E[G_J OHIQH[ DQ ]H_Q ^EGIQ

www.oto.usjd.hau

? Jdy ;>4;

Qch vghws hxprhssha gi tcgs rhpert drh tch dutcers dia ae iet ihohssdrg`y rhf`hot tcesh ef tch Oejkdtgim

Qhrrergsj Ohithr, X._. Jg`gtdry Dodahjy, Ahpdrtjhit ef Ahfhish er X._. mevhrijhit.


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Jdy ?, ;>4;

Ferhwera

Qch ahdtc ef Xsdjd kgi @dagi eih yhdr dme uiahrstdiadk`y mhihrdtha d sgmigfgodit

djeuit ef githrhst gi tch prefhssgeid`s wce odrrgha eut tch rdga gi Dkkettdkda,

^dlgstdi, ei tch igmct ef Jdy ;ia. @est gi tch feous ei tcgs sgim`h jgssgei gs tch fdot tcdt

Xigtha _tdths _phogd` Ephrdtgeis Ferohs (_EF) cdvh oeiauotha tceusdias ef

oejpdrdk`h jgssgeis gi Dfmcdigstdi dia Grdq sgioh ;>>4. Qch suoohss ef Ihptuih

_phdr wds tch ouju`dtgvh rhsu`t ef tch hxphrghioh, rh`hit`hss feous dia prefhssgeid`gsj

ef d oejjuigty tcdt cds khhi oeiauotgim tchsh typhs ef jgssgeis fer evhr thi yhdrs.

D shoeia fhdturh ef tch rdga dia eih juoc `hss dppdrhit te tch mhihrd` puk`go gs tcdt tch

prefhssgeid`s oeiauotgim tcgs ephrdtgei whrh trdgiha te survhy tch sgth dia oe``hot diy

h`hotreigo jhagd, pdphrs, er peolht `gtthr tcdt jgmct giferj futurh ephrdtgeis. Ds

agsoussha gi tch rhpert, tcgs preohss, liewi ds F?HD (Fgia, Fgx, Fgigsc, Hxpègt diaDid`yzh), cds ch`pha te rhveùtgeigzh tch fgmct dmdgist d`-Tdngad dia orhdtha d oyo`god`

ephrdtgeid` preohss fer oejkdtgim ihtwerlha doters. Qch hia ef tch rdga gi Dkkettdkda

wds tch khmgiigim ef d jdssgvh did`ytgod` hffert ds hxphrts frej doress tch Gith``gmhioh

Oejjuigty (GO) werlha te hxpègt tchsh odpturha aeoujhits, wcgoc gi turi

uiaeuktha`y oeitrgkutha te daagtgeid` ephrdtgeis.

Qch Oejkdtgim Qhrrergsj Ohithr, ceusha wgtcgi tch Ahpdrtjhit ef _eogd` _oghiohs dt

]hst êgit, cds èim rhoemigzha tcdt odpturha kdtt`hfghà aeoujhits cdvh hierjeus

vdùh te stuahits ef thrrergsj. _gioh ;>>8 tch èimstdiagim pdrtihrscgp khtwhhi tchOQO dia eur oe``hdmuhs wce jdidmh tch Cdrjeiy adtdkdsh cds fdog`gtdtha tch rh`hdsh

ef cuiarhas ef aeoujhits te tch puk`go, wgtc tch githitgei ef davdiogim tch stuay ef

thrrergsj dia pe`gtgod` vge`hioh. Gi gts ewi sjd`` wdy, tcgs rhpert dia tch rh`hdsh ef

sejh aeoujhits frej tch Dkkettdkda oejpeuia te tch puk`go drh sgjp`y d

oeitgiudtgei ef tcgs pdrtihrscgp.

Qch OQO gs preua te oeitgiuh gi tcgs re`h ky puk`gscgim tchsh aeoujhits, dia ds wgtc

prhvgeus rh`hdshs twe odutgeis drh wertc cgmc`gmctgim. Fgrst dia jest gjpertdit`y gs

tcdt tchsh aeoujhits `glh`y rhprhshit ei`y d frdotgei ef tch jdthrgd`s rhpertha`y tdlhi

frej tch oejpeuia. Gf aho`dssgfgodtgei ef sukshquhit aeoujhits frej Dkkettdkda erihw odochs ef jdthrgd`s frej etchr èodtgeis gs fertcoejgim, tcgs weuà gihvgtdk`y

ihohssgtdth daagtgeid` did`ysgs dia rhf`hotgei. Qcus, tch rhpert tcdt dooejpdighs tch

aeoujhits just kh uiahrsteea ds di hffert te ch`p rhdsshss wcdt wh liew dkeut tch

mreup, kut iet ds d ahfgigtgvh oejjhitdry ei d`-Tdngads hveùtgei er tch mreups

ourrhit stdtus, dia wh sceuà kh hxtrhjh`y odutgeus ef tch ietgei tcdt d`-Tdngad cds


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khhi ahfhdtha. [dtchr, tch prek`hjs prhshitha ky bgcdagsj dia vge`hit hxtrhjgsj jerh

kreda`y wg`` oeitgiuh te scgft dia jutdth.

_hoeia, ds wgtc d`` Cdrjeiy prebhots, did`ysgs kdsha ei odpturha aeoujhits dèih gs

frdumct wgtc rgsl. ]cg`h tchy jdy effhr uigquh gisgmcts, tchsh drh jest vdùdk`h wchi

oeithxtud`gzha wgtc giferjdtgei ardwi frej etchr seurohs. Gt gs eur sgiohrh ceph tcdt

tch gigtgd` oejjhitdry dia tch rh`hdsh ef tchsh aeoujhits wg`` iet kh tch `dst wera ei

tch sukbhot kut sgjp`y tch ephigim ferdy gite d juoc `drmhr dodahjgo ahkdth dia

agsoussgei wcgoc wg`` furtchr eur uiahrstdiagim ef d`-Tdngad dia thrrergsj jerh

kreda`y.

Qch ahogsgei te rh`hdsh tchsh aeoujhits te tch OQO gs di dffgrjdtgei ef tch vdùhs ef

]hst êgit dia tch Ohithrs jgssgei. Gt gs jy hxphotdtgei tcdt ds èim ds tch Ohithr

oeitgiuhs te feous ei gts oerh oejphthioghs hjkrdogim tch uigquh rhspeisgkg`gty te

prhpdrh odahts te tcgil orgtgod``y dkeut tch ocd``himhs tchy wg`` fdoh aurgim wdr diaphdoh< preauogim dodahjgod``y rgmereus dia tcherhtgod``y seuia rhshdroc< dia

`hvhrdmgim gts ahhp hxphrtgsh te furtchr tch puk`gos uiahrstdiagim ef thrrergsj gt wg``

oeitgiuh ds di hiaurgim idtgeid` rhseuroh fer tch stuay ef thrrergsj.


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Doliew`hamhjhits

]cg`h tcgs rhpert wds dutcerha ky d sjd`` thdj ef rhshdrochrs dt tch OQO, wh drh

oeisogeus ef tch hierjeus ahkt ef mrdtgtuah wh ewh te tch "drjy" ef supperthrs dia

gistgtutgeis tcdt ch`pha jdlh tcgs prebhot pessgk`h. ]h drh giahktha te Ar. Qcejds

Chmmcdjjhr wce prevgaha d jdsthrfu` rhvghw dia ahtdg`ha orgtgquh ef tch ardft gi

`gmct ef tch aeoujhits. ]h drh d`se mrdthfu` te oe``hdmuhs dia frghias wce prevgaha

githrid` rhvghws ef tch rhpert2 @ghuthidit Oeèih` Bei Krgolhy, Krgdi Aeawh``, Oeèih`

Ogiay Bhkk, Oeèih` Jglh Jhhsh, Ar. Drgh ^hr`gmhr, Ar. [e`dia [goc, Jdber Qeaa

_ocu`tz dia [doch` Wei. ]h drh pdrtgou`dr`y tcdilfu` te Hrgoc Jdrqudrat wce wds

phhr`hss gi cgs jhtgouèus hagtgim dia preefgim ef tch rhpert.

Qceumc sh`f-hvgahit, gt gs gjpertdit te doliew`hamh tcdt tcgs prebhot weuà iet cdvh

khhi pessgk`h wgtceut tch suppert ef sejh `drmhr gistgtutgeid` frghias ef tch OQO. ]hdrh tcdilfu` te tch effgoh ef tch Agrhoter ef Idtgeid` Gith``gmhioh fer hitrustgim us wgtc

tch did`ysgs dia rh`hdsh ef tchsh aeoujhits te tch puk`go fer tch fgrst tgjh. Qcdils d`se

te X._. _phogd` Ephrdtgeis Oejjdia (X__EOEJ)< te eur oe``hdmuhs wce jdidmh tch

CD[JEIW prebhot< dia te eur frghias dt tch Ierwhmgdi Ahfhish [hshdroc Gistgtuth

(FFG) fer tchgr suppert ef tch OQO dia oeitrgkutgeis te tch stuay ef thrrergsj.


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4

Hxhoutgvh _ujjdry

Qcgs rhpert gs d stuay ef 4= aho`dssgfgha aeoujhits odpturha aurgim tch Dkkettdkda

rdga dia rh`hdsha te tch Oejkdtgim Qhrrergsj Ohithr (OQO). Qchy oeisgst ef h`hotreigo

`htthrs er ardft `htthrs, tetd`gim 4=8 pdmhs gi tch ergmgid` Drdkgo dia 47= pdmhs gi tch

Him`gsc trdis`dtgei. Qch hdr`ghst gs adtha _hpthjkhr ;>>6 dia tch `dthst Dprg` ;>44. _ejh

ef tch `htthrs drh gioejp`hth dia/er drh jgssgim tchgr adths, dia iet d`` ef tch `htthrs

hxp`gogt`y dttrgkuth tchgr dutcer(s) dia/er giagodth tch daarhsshh. Gi daagtgei te Kgi

@dagi, tch rhoemigzdk`h giagvgaud`s wce dpphdr gi tch `htthrs hgtchr ds dutcers er ds

rhogpghits drh nDtgyydtu``dc dia Dku Wdcyd d`-@gkg, ketc ef wcej drh d`-Tdngad `hdahrs-;>44 Kgi @dagi shhjha te cdvh

sphit jerh tgjh werrygim dkeut tcgs mreup tcdi dpprhogdtgim gts oeitrgkutgeis.

Gi d streim`y weraha `htthr, tch `hdahr ef DTD^, Idsgr d`-]ucdyscg, wds agrhot`y

wdriha dmdgist pursugim diy hxpdisgeigst p`di, suoc ds aho`drgim di Gs`djgo

stdth gi Whjhi, dia wds urmha te rhfeous cgs hfferts ei dttdolgim tch Xigtha_tdths, iet tch Whjhig mevhrijhit er shourgty ferohs.

Qhcrgl-h-Qd`gkdi ^dlgstdi (QQ^)2 Qch QQ^ shhjs te cdvh oejh giorhagk`y oèsh te

prevelgim d agrhot dia puk`go oeifreitdtgei wgtc d`-Tdngads `hdahrscgp. Gts

giagsorgjgidth dttdols dmdgist Jus`gjs odusha nDtgyydtu``dc dia Dku Wdcyd d`-

@gkg te wrgth te QQ^ `hdahr Cdlgju``dc Jdcsua te hxprhss tchgr agsp`hdsurh wgtc

tch mreups gaheèmy, jhtceas dia khcdvger. Qchy d`se tcrhdthiha te tdlh

puk`go jhdsurhs ui`hss wh shh frej yeu shrgeus dia gjjhagdth prdotgod` dia

o`hdr sthps tewdras rhferjgim \yeur wdysZ dia agsseogdtgim yeursh`f frej tchsh

vg`h jgstdlhs \tcdt vge`dth Gs`djgo @dwZ.

D`-_cdkdk2 Kgi @dagi dpphdrha te cdvh shhi `gtt`h prdotgod` vdùh gi ferjd``yrhoemigzgim tch mreups p`hamh ef èyd`ty (kdynd). Cgs jetgvdtgeis fer

wgtcceàgim tcgs rhoemigtgei whrh `drmh`y prdmjdtgo dia rhf`hotha cgs oeiohri

evhr tchgr peer mevhridioh dia gif`hxgk`h dajgigstrdtgei ef cuaua (ahthrrhit

phid`tghs fer ohrtdgi orgjhs). Ch d`se wditha tchj te feous ei oeistruotgei dia


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?

ahvhèpjhit dia fhdrha tcdt d ferjd` jhrmhr wgtc d`-Tdngad weuà prhvhit

givhstjhit dia ferhgmi dga gi _ejd`gd.

D`-Tdngad gi tch Gs`djgo Jdmcrhk (DTGJ), tch Qd`gkdi dia Bdysc d`-Gs`dj2 ]cg`h tchrh

gs jhitgei ef tchsh mreups gi tch aeoujhits rh`hdsha te tch OQO, tchsh

agsoussgeis drh iet sukstditgvh hieumc te giferj di uiahrstdiagim ef tch

rh`dtgeiscgp khtwhhi d`-Tdngads shiger `hdahrs dia tchsh mreups.

D`-Tdngad Qghs te Grdi dia ^dlgstdi5

]cg`h iet hxthisgvh, tch agsoussgeis ef Grdi dia ^dlgstdi gi tch aeoujhits summhst tcdt

d`-Tdngads rh`dtgeis wgtc ketc oeuitrghs whrh frdumct wgtc agffgou`tghs.

[hfhrhiohs te Grdi scew tcdt tch rh`dtgeiscgp gs iet eih ef d``gdioh, kut ef giagrhot

dia uip`hdsdit ihmetgdtgeis evhr tch rh`hdsh ef ahtdgiha bgcdags dia tchgr

fdjg`ghs, gioùagim jhjkhrs ef Kgi @dagis fdjg`y. Qch ahthitgei ef prejgihit

d`-Tdngad jhjkhrs shhjs te cdvh spdrlha d odjpdgmi ef tcrhdts, tdlgim cestdmhs

dia giagrhot ihmetgdtgeis khtwhhi d`-Tdngad dia Grdi tcdt cdvh khhi ardwi eutfer yhdrs dia jdy stg`` kh eimegim.

Qch agsoussgei ef ^dlgstdi gs sodroh dia gioeioùsgvh. D`tceumc rhfhrhiohs drh

jdah dkeut trustha ^dlgstdig kretchrs, tchrh drh ie hxp`gogt rhfhrhiohs te diy

gistgtutgeid` ^dlgstdig suppert fer d`-Tdngad er gts ephrdtgvhs.

Kgi @dagis ^`dis

Eih ef tch 4= aeoujhits gs d `htthr adtha Dprg` ;>44 dutcerha ky Kgi @dagi gi rhspeish

te tch Drdk _prgim, wcgoc ch oeisgahrha te kh d ferjgadk`h hvhit (cdadtc cdg`) gi

tch jeahri cgstery ef Jus`gjs. Qcgs `htthr rhf`hotha cgs githiaha strdthmy ef rhspeiagimte tch ihw pe`gtgod` `diasodph tcdt wds hjhrmgim gi tch Jgaa`h Hdst dia Iertc Dfrgod.

Gi tch Drdk werà, Kgi @dagi wditha d`-Tdngad te feous gts hfferts ei jhagd

eutrhdoc dia mugadioh. Ch kh`ghvha tcdt d jhagd odjpdgmi sceuà kh

`duiocha te giogth phep`h wce cdvh iet yht rhve`tha dia hxcert tchj te rhkh`

dmdgist tch ru`hrs (lcurub d`d d`-culldj). Kut ch d`se wditha te givhst gi

mugadioh, hauodtgim dia wdrigim Jus`gj phep`h frej tcesh \wce jgmct thjpt

tchj te shtt`h ferZ cd`f seùtgeis, suoc ds himdmgim gi tch shou`dr pe`gtgod`

preohss ky ferjgim pe`gtgod` pdrtghs.

Gi Dfmcdigstdi, Kgi @dagi wditha bgcdags te oeitgiuh tchgr fgmct dmdgist tch

Xigtha _tdths. Ch kh`ghvha tcdt tchgr hfferts whdlhiha tch Xigtha _tdths, hidk`gimJus`gjs h`shwchrh te rhve`t dmdgist tchgr ru`hrs, ie èimhr fhdrgim tcdt tch

Xigtha _tdths weuà kh gi d pewhrfu` pesgtgei te suppert tchsh ru`hrs.

Gt gs pessgk`h tcdt Dyjdi d`-Rdwdcgrg gs tch dutcer ef eih er jerh ef tch

dieiyjeus `htthrs (shh Dpphiagx). Kdsha ei tch 4= aeoujhits, nDtgyyd wds

oèshst te Kgi @dagi.


9/64

1

Gitreauotgei

G p`di te rh`hdsh d stdthjhit \diieuiogimZ tcdt wh drh stdrtgim d ihw pcdsh te oerrhot

\tch jgstdlhsZ wh jdah< gi aegim se, wh scd`` rho`dgj, Mea wg``gim, tch trust ef d `drmh

shmjhit ef tcesh wce èst tchgr trust gi tch bgcdags,4wreth Xsdjd kgi @dagi gi ;>4>. Gi

oeitrdst te cgs puk`go stdthjhits tcdt feousha ei tch gibustgoh ef tcesh ch kh`ghvha te kh

tch hihjghs (dnad) ef Jus`gjs, idjh`y oerrupt dpestdth Jus`gj ru`hrs dia tchgr

]hsthri evhrshhrs, tch feous ef Kgi @dagis prgvdth `htthrs wds Jus`gjs suffhrgim dt

tch cdias ef cgs bgcdag kretchrs (glcwd). Ch wds dt pdgis davgsgim tchj te dkert

aejhstgo dttdols tcdt odusha Jus`gj ogvg`gdi odsud`tghs dia, gisthda, feous ei tch

Xigtha _tdths, eur ahsgrha med`. Kgi @dagis frustrdtgei wgtc rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups

dia cgs shhjgim gidkg`gty te hxhrogsh oeitre` evhr tchgr dotgeis dia puk`go stdthjhits gs

tch jest oejph``gim stery te kh teà ei tch kdsgs ef tch 4= aho`dssgfgha aeoujhits

odpturha aurgim tch Dkkettdkda rdga gi Jdy ;>44.

Qcgs rhpert gs d stuay ef tchsh 4= aeoujhits, kut gt gs ky ie jhdis di hxcdustgvh

did`ysgs ef tch giferjdtgei rhvhd`ha gi tchj. Gt oeisgsts ef feur shotgeis. Qch fgrst shotgei

ahsorgkhs tch aeoujhits ferjdt, tch typgod` beurihy odpturha kdtt`hfghà aeoujhits

uiahrme khferh aho`dssgfgodtgei, dia tch `gjgtdtgeis gjpesha ei dsshssgim tch stdth ef d`-

Tdngad teady gi `gmct ef tchsh 4= aeoujhits dèih. Qch shoeia shotgei drmuhs tcdt ei

tch kdsgs ef tchsh aeoujhits, tch rh`dtgeiscgp khtwhhi wcdt cds khhi aukkha d`-

Tdngad Ohitrd` (DTO) uiahr tch `hdahrscgp ef Kgi @dagi gs iet gi syio ei tch

ephrdtgeid` `hvh` wgtc gts se-od``ha dffg`gdths. Qch tcgra shotgei agsousshs d`-Tdngads

rh`dtgeiscgp wgtc Grdi dia ^dlgstdi. ]gtc rhsphot te Grdi, tch aeoujhits scew tcdt gt gsdi ditdmeigstgo rh`dtgeiscgp, `drmh`y kdsha ei giagrhot dia uip`hdsdit ihmetgdtgeis evhr

tch rh`hdsh ef ahtdgiha bgcdags dia tchgr fdjg`ghs, gioùagim jhjkhrs ef Kgi @dagis

fdjg`y. [h`dtgeis wgtc tch ^dlgstdig mevhrijhit drh iet agsoussha< tch aeoujhits ae

iet hxp`gogt`y pegit te diy gistgtutgeid` ^dlgstdig suppert fer Kgi @dagi. Qch feurtc

shotgei oevhrs jgsoh``diheus sukbhots rdgsha gi tch aeoujhits tcdt pegit te wcdt tch

futurh jgmct ceà fer d`-Tdngad, gioùagim Kgi @dagis rhspeish te tch Drdk _prgim

dia cew ch p`diiha te oeivhrt bgcdag dotgvgtghs gite jgssgeidry dotgvgtghs gi tch Jgaa`h

Hdst dia Iertc Dfrgod, kut iet gi Dfmcdigstdi, ds wh`` ds tch oeispgoueus agstdioh ef

4_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 48. Qch pdmhs ef tch aeoujhits rhohgvha ky tch OQO drh iet d`` iujkhrha gi tch

ergmgid` Drdkgo vhrsgei. Qch Him`gsc trdis`dtgei iujkhrs tch pdmhs te oerrhspeia te tch oeithit ef hdoc

pdmh ef tch Drdkgo vhrsgei. Ds d rhsu`t, jest Drdkgo pdmhs tdlh jerh tcdi d sgim`h pdmh wchi trdis`dtha

(hxohpt wchi tch Drdkgo feit gs vhry `drmh ds wgtc _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>46), se tch rhdahr wg`` fgia tcdt tch

pdmh iujkhr ef tch Drdkgo vhrsgei gs gioùaha ei d shpdrdth `gih gi tch thxt ef tch Him`gsc trdis`dtgei. Qe

dvega oeifusgei, tcgs rhpert rhfhrs te tch pdmh iujkhr gi tch Drdkgo vhrsgei se tcdt tch rhdahr odi hdsg`y

fgia gt gi tch Him`gsc trdis`dtgei.


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8

Dyjdi d`-Rdwdcgrg frej Kgi @dagi gi tch aeoujhits rh`hdsha te tch Oejkdtgim

Qhrrergsj Ohithr (OQO) dt ]hst êgit.

G- Frej Dkkettdkda te tch OQO2 Qch 4= Aho`dssgfgha Aeoujhits

Gt wds rhpertha tcdt tceusdias ef gthjs whrh odpturha frej Xsdjd kgi @dagis

oejpeuia aurgim tch Dkkettdkda rdga.; Qe adth, cewhvhr, ei`y 4= aeoujhits cdvh

khhi aho`dssgfgha dia prevgaha te tch OQO, d`` ef wcgoc drh chrhky rh`hdsha wgtc tch

puk`godtgei ef tcgs rhpert.?Qchy oeisgst ef h`hotreigo `htthrs er ardft `htthrs, tetd`gim 4=8

pdmhs gi tch ergmgid` Drdkgo dia 47= pdmhs gi tch Him`gsc trdis`dtgei. Qchy whrh wrgtthi

evhr shvhrd` yhdrs. Qch hdr`ghst gs adtha _hpthjkhr ;>>6 dia tch `dthst Dprg` ;>44, d

whhl khferh Kgi @dagis ahdtc. _ejh ef tch `htthrs drh gioejp`hth dia/er drh jgssgim

tchgr adths, dia iet d`` tch `htthrs hxp`gogt`y dttrgkuth tch dutcer(s) dia/er giagodth tch

daarhsshh. Mgvhi tcdt tchy drh d`` h`hotreigo aeoujhits prhsujdk`y sdvha ei tcujk

argvhs, jhjery odras er tch cdra argvh ef cgs oejputhr, hxohpt fer tch `htthrs daarhssha

te Kgi @dagi gt odiiet kh dsohrtdgiha tcdt `htthrs hxp`gogt`y dutcerha ky cgj rhdochatchgr githiaha ahstgidtgeis.

Gi daagtgei te Kgi @dagi,1tch rhoemigzdk`h giagvgaud`s wce dpphdr gi tch `htthrs hgtchr

ds dutcers er ds rhogpghits ef `htthrs drh Jdcjua/nDtgyyd8dia Dku Wdcyd d`-@gkg,6ketc

;Advga Gmidtgus, D @gei gi ]githr, ]dscgimtei est, 43 Jdroc ;>4;.?Qch qud`gty ef tch Him`gsc trdis`dtgei prevgaha te tch OQO gs iet dahqudth tcreumceut. ]chi tch

trdis`dtgei wds ahhjha gidahqudth, quetdtgeis ogtha gi tcgs rhpert cdvh hgtchr khhi djhiaha er

trdis`dtha dihw ky Ih``y @dceua. Furtchrjerh, tch oeivhrsgei ef tch adtgim ef tch `htthrs frej tch Cgbrg

te tch Mrhmergdi od`hiadr gs gidoourdth gi sejh p`dohs. Qch Dpphiagx prevgahs oerrhotha adths te sejh eftch `htthrs, dèim wgtc sejh pegithrs ei cew sejh `htthrs rh`dth te etchrs.1Xsdjd kgi Jucdjjda kgi nDwda kgi @dagi wds keri ei 4> Jdroc 478=, gi [gydac, _duag Drdkgd. Ch

gs tch feuiahr ef Qdiacgj d`-Tdngad (d`-Tdngad Ermdigzdtgei), wcgoc odrrgha eut tch dttdols ei tch ]erà

Qrdah Ohithr dia tch ^hitdmei ei 44 _hpthjkhr ;>>4. Qch `gthrdturh ei Kgi @dagi gs hxthisgvh. Fer di

giferjdtgvh dooeuit ef cgs hdr`y `gfh, shh Beidtcdi [diad`, Esdjd2 Qch Jdlgim ef d Qhrrergst(Ihw Werl2

Vgitdmh, ;>>8). Ei ; Jdy ;>44, ^rhsgahit Kdrdol Ekdjd diieuioha tcdt Xsdjd kgi @dagi wds lg``ha gi

cgs oejpeuia gi Dkkettdkda, ^dlgstdi. Fer ahtdg`s, shh [hjdrls ky tch ^rhsgahit ei Esdjd Kgi @dahi,

Effgoh ef tch ^rhss _horhtdry, ; Jdy ;>44.8Ch gs d`se liewi ky tch d`gds Dku nDka d`-[dcjdi dia nDtgyydtu``dc, dia gs eih ef tch `hdagim puk`go

fdohs ef d`-Tdngad. Cgs rhd` idjh gs Bdjd` Gkrdcgj Gsctgwg d`-Jgsrdtg. Ch wds keri gi 47=> gi Jgsrdtd,

@gkyd. nDtgyyd pursuha Gs`djgo rh`gmgeus stuaghs gi Jdurgtdigd, tchi begiha bgcda gi D`mhrgd. Ch whit te

Dfmcdigstdi gi tch `dth 477>s dia wds lg``ha gi d areih strglh gi ^dlgstdi ei ;; Dumust ;>44. Fer ahtdg`s,

shh tch kgemrdpcy Dyjdi d`-Rdwdcgrg prevgaha gi cgs huèmy fer nDtgyyd2 [gsd`dt d`-djd` wd d`-kgscr `g

dc`gid fg Jgsr, 3tchpgseah, cttp2//www.d`bdcda.oej/vk/scewtcrhda.pcp5t:41>>3(doohssha ;8 Dprg`

;>4;).6Cdsdi Tdga/Dku Wdcyd d`-@gkg gs di d`-Tdngad `hdahr dia gaheèmuh, ds wh`` ds d ferjhr jhjkhr ef tch

@gkydi Gs`djgo Fgmctgim Mreup. D`-@gkg gs kh`ghvha te cdvh trdvh`ha te Dfmcdigstdi gi tch hdr`y 477>s,

tchi te Jdurgtdigd te stuay Gs`djgo rh`gmgeus soghiohs khferh rhturigim te Dfmcdigstdi. Ch wds odpturha d


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ef wcej drh d`-Tdngad `hdahrs< Dadj Wdcyd Mdadci, tch Djhrgodi d`-Tdngad

spelhsjdi dia jhagd davgser>7 p`hamh ef d``hmgdioh te

d`-Tdngad wds rhoemigzha ky Dyjdi d`-Rdwdcgrg gi Fhkrudry ;>4; Bu`y ;>>8. Fer ahtdg`s,

shh Jgocdh` Jess dia _euda Jhlchiiht, [gsgim @hdahr fer Ihxt ^cdsh ef D` Tdhads ]dr, Ihw Werl

Qgjhs, 1 Dprg` ;>>3.=Dadj Mdadci wds keri ei 4 _hpthjkhr 47=3, gi Od`gferigd. Mdadci oeivhrtha te Gs`dj gi 4778 dia

sukshquhit`y trdvh`ha te ^dlgstdi te stuay. Mdadci jdah cgs fgrst puk`go dpphdrdioh ds di d`-Tdngad

jhjkhr gi d vgahetdph gi ;>>1 uiahr tch luiyd nDzzdj d`-Djrglg.Fer ahtdg`s, shh Beci J. Kreahr,

Djhrgodi Khgim _eumct ky tch FKG Feuia cgs ^`doh gi Gs`dj, [h`dtgvhs _dy, Ihw Werl Qgjhs, ;3 Jdy

;>>1.3Cgs idjh gs Dcjha Dkag Meadih. Fer ahtdg`s, shh ]ce drh _ejd`gds _cdkddk5 KKO, ;? Fhkrudry

;>4;.7

Ih``y @dceua, Qch Jhrmhr ef D`-_cdkdk dia Tdngadt d`-Bgcda, OQO _hitgih` 8, ie. ;(;>4;).4>Idsgr nDka d`-Ldrgj d`-]ucdyscg gs d Whjhig ogtgzhi dia tch `hdahr ef d`-Tdngad gi tch Drdkgdi

^higisu`d. D`-]ucdyscg shrvha ds d prgvdth shorhtdry te Xsdjd kgi @dagi fer yhdrs gi Dfmcdigstdi kut

`hft gi ;>>4 dia wds seei drrhstha ky Grdigdi dutcergtghs. Qwe yhdrs `dthr, tchy trdisfhrrha cgj te Whjhi

wchrh ch wds gjprgseiha wgtceut ocdrmhs. Gi Fhkrudry ;>>6, Idsgr d`-]ucdyscg wds eih ef ;? Whjhig

odptgvhs wce hsodpha frej ousteay frej d jdxgjuj shourgty prgsei gi _didnd dia wds doliew`hamha ds

tch mreups `hdahr scert`y tchrhdfthr. Fer ahtdg`s, shh Mdkrgh` Lehc`hr-Ahrrgol, ha., D Fd`sh Feuiadtgei5

DTD^, Qrgkhs, dia Ximevhriha _pdohs gi Whjhi, Oejkdtgim Qhrrergsj Ohithr dt ]hst êgit(;>44), ?8, fi

3;, ?6.44Ru`fgqdr Jdcsua wds keri gi 4734. Ch wds h`hvdtha te tch pesgtgei ef djgr(`hdahr) ef Qhcrgl-h-Qd`gkdi

^dlgstdi (QQ^) dfthr gts prhvgeus `hdahr, Kdgtu``dc Jdcsua, wds lg``ha gi d areih strglh gi Dumust ;>>7.

_hh ^refg`h2 Cdlgju``dc Jdcsua, KKO, ? Jdy ;>4>.4;_EF gs efthi oeifusha wgtc _phogd` Ferohs (_F). Qch thrj _phogd` Ferohs er _F dpp`ghs te ei`y d sjd``

suksht ef _phogd` Ephrdtgeis Ferohs wcgoc oeisgst ef X._. Drjy Mrhhi Khrhts. _phogd` Ephrdtgeis Ferohs

oeisgst ef ferohs frej d`` feur shrvgohs gioùagim (4) _phogd` Ferohs (_F), [dimhr, Drjy _phogd` Ephrdtgeis

dvgdtgei, _phogd` Ephrdtgeis JG_E, dia _phogd` Ephrdtgeis Ogvg` Dffdgrs uigts frej tch Drjy< (;)_HD@,

_HD@ ah`gvhry vhcgo`h, dia sphogd` kedt thdjs frej tch Idvy< (?) _phogd` Ephrdtgeis f`ygim uigts

(gioùahs uijdiiha dgrordft systhjs), sphogd` tdotgos h`hjhits (gioùahs oejkdt oeitre`, pdrdrhsouh,

whdtchr, dia sh`hot tdotgod` dgr oeitre` pdrty uigts), dia dvgdtgei FGA uigts frej tch X._. Dgr Feroh< dia (1)


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tchj. Qch odpturha adtd gs tchi pdssha te tch gith``gmhioh oejjuigty fer (furtchr)

hxpègtdtgei khferh gt gs aho`dssgfgha, gi pdrt er gi gts hitgrhty, dia rh`hdsha te tch puk`go

er te di dodahjgo ohithr suoc ds tch OQO te oeithxtud`gzh khferh gts puk`go rh`hdsh.

]cdt tchi gs tch pdtc tcdt ocdrdothrgzhs tch beurihy ef aho`dssgfgha odpturha kdtt`hfghà

aeoujhits5

Xiahr`ygim tch jystgquh tcdt Idvy _HD@s dia etchr _EF ceà gi tch puk`gos oejjei

phrohptgei gs tchgr suphrger dkg`gty te oeiauot agrhot dotgei (AD) rdgas `glh tch eih

odrrgha eut gi Dkkettdkda te odpturh er lg`` Xsdjd kgi @dagi. Gi rhd`gty, agrhot dotgei gs

ei`y eih ef h`hvhi oerh dotgvgtghs er tdsls oeiauotha ky _EF. 4?_gioh 7/44, eih ef tchgr

jdber oerh dotgvgtghs cds khhi oeuithrthrrergsj ephrdtgeis, wcgoc gioùah oeiauotgim

shisgtgvh sgth hxpègtdtgei (__H). Di __H gs sgjg`dr te mdtchrgim hvgahioh aurgim d

aejhstgo orgjgid` givhstgmdtgei, d`tceumc tch phrgea d`èwha fer jg`gtdry ferohs te

mdtchr giferjdtgei gs juoc scerthr, oeisgstgim ef jgiuths ds eppesha te ceurs, adys er

whhls. Juoc `glh d orgjgid` givhstgmdtgei wchrh tch giferjdtgei gs usha te kugà d odshdmdgist d susphot, tch giferjdtgei mdtchrha frej d jg`gtdry tdrmht gs did`yzha fer

tdotgod`, ephrdtgeid` dia strdthmgo purpeshs. Fer hxdjp`h, tch giferjdtgei jdy prevgah

ahtdg`s ei di gjphiagim dttdol, er sphogfgos dkeut tch `drmhr ihtwerl tcdt prevgahs ihw

`hdas er gisgmct gite tch giagvgaud`s er tch ermdigzdtgeis strdthmgo p`dis.

Qch jg`gtdry gi mhihrd` dia _EF gi pdrtgou`dr cdvh d`wdys rhoemigzha tch gjpertdioh ef

odpturgim giferjdtgei dkeut tch hihjy ei tch kdtt`hfghà. Giahha, stdrtgim frej tch fgrst

ephrdtgeis gi Dfmcdigstdi gi Eotekhr ;>>4, _EF kug`t di __H gite hvhry ephrdtgei gt

odrrgha eut, shgzgim oeuit`hss oejputhrs, pceihs, pcetemrdpcs, pdphr aeoujhits diaetchr h`hotreigo jhagd. ]chi tch _HD@s oeiauotha Ephrdtgei Ihptuih _phdr ei ; Jdy

;>44,41 odpturgim er lg``gim Kgi @dagi wds ei`y eih ef tchgr ekbhotgvhs< dietchr jdgi

ekbhotgvh wds tch __H ef tch oejpeuia te mdtchr hvhrytcgim tcdt oeuà kh hxpègtha

frej di gith``gmhioh phrsphotgvh.

Qch __H efthi yghàs uigquh dia vdùdk`h giferjdtgei. _ejhtgjhs tch giferjdtgei odi

kh hxpègtha gjjhagdth`y, kut efthi gt wg`` tdlh daagtgeid` tgjh dia odpdkg`gtghs gi erahr

Jdrgih _phogd` Ephrdtgeis kdttd`geis. _hh Begit ûk`godtgei ?->8, _phogd` Ephrdtgeis, 43 Dprg` ;>44, GG-4, GG-

;.4?_EF Oerh Dotgvgtghs er Qdsls gioùah tch fe`èwgim2 agrhot dotgei (AD), sphogd` rhoeiidgssdioh (_[),

oeuithr-pre`gfhrdtgei ef whdpeis ef jdss ahstruotgei (O^ ef ]JA), oeuithrthrrergsj (OQ),

uioeivhitgeid` wdrfdrh (X]), ferhgmi githrid` ahfhish (FGA), shourgty feroh dssgstdioh (_FD),

oeuithrgisurmhioy (OEGI), giferjdtgei ephrdtgeis (GE), jg`gtdry giferjdtgei suppert ephrdtgeis (JG_E),

ogvg` dffdgrs ephrdtgeis (ODE). _hh Begit ûk`godtgei ?->8, _phogd` Ephrdtgeis, Jdy 8, ;>44, GG-8, GG-47.41Gt sceuà kh ietha tcdt tch Dkkettdkda rdga fh`` ei Jdy 4 gi tch Xigtha _tdths dia Jdy ; gi ^dlgstdi.


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fer gt te kh prephr`y hxpègtha. Qch oe``hotha adtd gs tchi scdrha wgtc tch kredahr

gith``gmhioh oejjuigty fer furtchr did`ysgs. Qypgod``y, tch mevhrijhit dmhioy tcdt

doqugrhs tch adtd hffhotgvh`y ewis gt dia ahthrjgihs gts o`dssgfgodtgei, ds wh`` ds

oeitre`s gts agstrgkutgei dia aho`dssgfgodtgei. Qch stdiadra preohaurh gs te o`dssgfy tch

adtd gi tch gjjhagdth pcdsh fe`èwgim tch _EF ephrdtgei. Frej tch gith``gmhioh

oejjuigtys phrsphotgvh, jdiy rhdseis bustgfy gjjhagdth o`dssgfgodtgei, gioùagim tch

pessgkg`gty tcdt gts puk`go rh`hdsh oeuà odush etchr h`hjhits ef tch thrrergst ihtwerl te

jevh er me gite cgagim, jdlgim gt cdrahr te èodth dia odpturh tchj. Gi tch odsh ef tch

Dkkettdkda rdga, gt gs pessgk`h tcdt aho`dssgfgodtgei ef daagtgeid` aeoujhits er gthjs gs

fertcoejgim. Gt gs d`se pessgk`h tcdt tch rhjdgigim gthjs drh ef ie vdùh te tch puk`go

(h.m., keels, jevghs, er mreohry `gsts), dia tch gith``gmhioh dmhioy tcdt ewis tchj jdah

tch ahogsgei tcdt aho`dssgfygim suoc gthjs aga iet wdrrdit tch oest give`vha, er tch tgjh

dia hihrmy ef gts stdff.

Gt gs ei`y dfthr tch gith``gmhioh oejjuigty cds hxcdustha tch adtd fer tdotgod` diastrdthmgo purpeshs tcdt gt gs aho`dssgfgha. Qchrhferh, wchi di dodahjgo ohithr, suoc ds

tch OQO, gs prevgaha aho`dssgfgha aeoujhits te stuay dia did`yzh khferh rh`hdsgim

tchj te tch puk`go, gts rhshdrochrs cdvh ie pdrt gi tch sh`hotgei ef aeoujhits te kh

aho`dssgfgha dia drh prgvy ei`y te aho`dssgfgha aeoujhits. @glh wgtc diy rhshdroc

prebhot, d rhshdrochr aehs iet d`wdys cdvh dt tchgr agspesd` d`` tch jdthrgd`s te stuay d

mgvhi tepgo dia just tchrhferh hxtrdpe`dth tcdt wcgoc gs uiliewi frej tcdt wcgoc gs

liewi. Gi sejh odshs, suoc hxtrdpe`dtgeis jdy `hda te fgrj oeioùsgeis. Gi etchr odshs,

cewhvhr, oeioùsgeis rhdocha ei tch kdsgs ef hxtrdpe`dtgeis hvhi wchi tchsh drh

kdsha ei wh``-feuiaha rhshdroc jdy ihha rhvgsgei wchi prhvgeus`y uidvdg`dk`hjdthrgd`s drh aho`dssgfgha. ]chi soce`drs pursuh d rhshdroc tepgo tcdt give`vhs jdthrgd`s

sukbhot te o`dssgfgodtgei ky tch mevhrijhit, tchy fdoh wcdt eih jdy thrj tch

(ah)o`dssgfgodtgei ocd``himh. Qchy cdvh ie ocegoh kut te wdgt fer jdthrgd`s te kh

aho`dssgfgha, cewhvhr frustrdtgim tch wdgtgim phrgea jdy kh. Qch preohss ef

aho`dssgfygim jdthrgd`s oeuà eoour d`` dt eioh er gi agffhrhit stdmhs< gf gt gs tch `dtthr, gt gs

hvhi cdrahr te rhdoc fgrj er hvhi p`dusgk`h oeioùsgeis.

]chrhds gi tch hyhs ef tch _EF oejjuigty tch Dkkettdkda rdga wds suoohssfu``y

oejp`htha, tch dodahjgo oejjuigty stuaygim d`-Tdngad cds juoc werl dchda khferh

di dutcergtdtgvh stuay ef d`-Tdngad odi kh hxphotha. Gf tch jgssgei ef tch _HD@s jht d`èf gts ekbhotgvhs fgia, fgx, fgigsc, hxpègt, dia did`yzh (F?HD)48 tch dodahjgo

oejjuigty gs stg`` gi tchfgiastdmh ef tch ihohssdry aeoujhits te dooejp`gsc gts tdsl.

48Jgocdh` Q. F`yii, [goc Buhrmhis dia Qcejds @. Oditrh``, Hjpèygim G_[2 _EF Khst ^rdotgohs,Begit

Ferohs Tudrthr`y, ie. 8> (;>>3), 86-64. F?HD ahsorgkhs tch preohsshs effgiagimd pdrtgou`dr giagvgaud`


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Frej di dodahjgo phrsphotgvh, gi vghw ef tch tcgi veùjh ef tch aeoujhits dia tchgr

sprhda evhr d phrgea ef sgx yhdrs, tchrh gs `gtt`h ceph ef wrgtgim d oechrhit stuay ef tch

hveùtgei ef d`-Tdngad sgioh ;>>6 kdsha hxoùsgvh`y ei tchsh `htthrs. Ds gt stdias,

did`yzgim tch stdth ef d`-Tdngad ei tch kdsgs ef tch aeoujhits gs `glh oejjhitgim ei tch

tdgèrgim ef d bdolht wchi ei`y d s`hhvh gs dvdg`dk`h. D`tceumc d s`hhvh odiiet sukstgtuth

fer tch rhjdgigim pdrts ef tch bdolht, gt odi stg`` effhr gjpertdit fhdturhs dkeut tch

evhrd`` bdolht2 gt odi giagodth gts oeèr, gts thxtg`h ahsgmi, dia jest `glh`y tch qud`gty ef gts

stgtochs dia `gigim.

GG-

D`-Tdngad dia [hmgeid` Bgcdag Mreups

Qe dpprhogdth tch ihw gisgmcts mdgiha frej tch aeoujhits, gt gs ch`pfu` te p`doh tchj gi

tch oeithxt ef wcdt gs prhvgeus`y liewi dkeut d`-Tdngad ds di ermdigzdtgei tcreumc tch

`his ef puk`go`y dvdg`dk`h aeoujhits jhdit te kh githrid` te tch ermdigzdtgei.46 Qch

feuiahrs ef d`-Tdngad hivgsdmha tchgr ermdigzdtgei ds di githridtgeid` hitgty, shrvgim dsd wh``sprgim fer hxphrtgsh gi jg`gtdry trdgigim dia \tch drt efZ fgmctgim.4=D`-Tdngads

ky-`dws drh hxp`gogt tcdt tcgs wh``sprgim ef hxphrtgsh weuà d`se shrvh te hidk`h

etchr bgcdag mreups dreuia tch werà, stdtgim tcdt eur rh`dtgeiscgp wgtc sgiohrh bgcdag

mreups dia jevhjhits gs prhjgsha ei oeephrdtgei \te davdiohZ rgmctheusihss dia

pghty.43Gi tcgs oe``dkerdtgvh spgrgt, wchi d`-Tdngad wds ephrdtgim gi tch ephi gi tch `dth

473>s dia tcreumceut tch 477>s, gt jdah gts muhstceushs (jdadfdt) dia gts trdgigim

odjps gi ^dlgstdi dia Dfmcdigstdi dvdg`dk`h te diyeih wce seumct jg`gtdry trdgigim

(gnada) khferh himdmgim gi fgmctgim (bgcda) hgtchr gi Dfmcdigstdi er etchr èodtgeis. Qcgs,

cewhvhr, aga iet jhdi tcdt tcesh wce rhohgvha trdgigim gi d`-Tdngads odjps

tch prhogsh èodtgei ef tch hihjy tdrmht>4, jdthrgd`s whrh odpturha ei tch kdtt`hfghà dia

cdvh sgioh khhi sterha gi tch Ahpdrtjhit ef Ahfhishs Cdrjeiy adtdkdsh. ]cg`h tchy drh g`ùjgidtgim,

did`yzgim tchj gs frdumct wgtc ohrtdgi rgsls sgioh gt gs agffgou`t te dsshss cew rhprhshitdtgvh tchy drh ef tch

`drmhr oerpus ef jdthrgd`s tcdt hxgst.4=DFM^-;>>;->>>>=3, pdmh eih ef tch Drdkgo aeoujhit, kut tch aeoujhit stdrts ei pdmh igih.43DFM^-;>>;-6>>>13, 1-8. Qrdis`dtgei djhiaha. Gt gs wertc ietgim tcdt tch ky-`dws stdth agffhrhit typhs ef

rh`dtgeiscgps tcdt d`-Tdngad odi er odiiet cdvh2 eur rh`dtgeiscgp wgtc Gs`djgo iei-bgcdag mreups gs

prhjgsha upei èvh, frghiascgp dia davgoh< wh doliew`hamh tchgr meea ahhas kut, gf ihha kh, jdlh

hvgahit te tchj wcdt wh kh`ghvh te kh tchgr scertoejgims. D`se shh2 eur pesgtgei wgtc rhsphot te tch

gae`s, shou`dr dia idtgeid` pdrtghs dia tchgr g`l gs te agsseogdth frej tchj dia te aho`drh eur eimegim

hijgty dmdgist tchgr uikh`ghf uitg` tchy kh`ghvh gi ietcgim kut Mea. ]h scd`` iet \oejprejgshZ wgtc tchj

ei tch kdsgs ef cd`f-seùtgeis, er \dmrhhZ te d agdèmuh wgtc tchj er hvhi f`dtthr tchj \te furtchr eur

dmhiadZ.


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dutejdtgod``y khodjh jhjkhrs ef tch mreupQch rh`dtgeiscgp khtwhhi Giaeihsgds Bhjdnd

Gs`djgyyd (BG) dia d`-Tdngad typgfghs tcgs ayidjgo. Gi tch weras ef d BG jhjkhr wce

phrseid``y `gdgsha wgtc d`-Tdngad, tch ayidjgo gs `glh tcdt ef d kusgihss dffg`gdth, wh odi

dsl tchj (g.h., d`-Tdngad) fer di epgigei kut tchy cdvh ie dutcergty evhr us. ]h drh frhh.

]h cdvh eur ewi fuias, eur ewi jhi. ]h drh giahphiahit, `glh Dustrd`gd dia tch X._.

Kut wchi gt oejhs te di ephrdtgei wh odi begi temhtchr.;4

Ahspgth gts oe``dkerdtgei wgtc vdrgeus bgcdag mreups dreuia tch werà, d`-Tdngad aga iet

shhl te ferjd`gzh tchsh rh`dtgeiscgps gite d uigfgha oejjdia uiahr gts ujkrh``d.

Giahha, jhjkhrs ef d`-Tdngad shh tchjsh`vhs ds pdrt ef d agstgiot hitgty tcdt gs shpdrdthfrej dia hvhi suphrger te etchr bgcdag mreups.;; Gt wds ei`y wchi d`-Tdngad èst gts

sdiotudry fe`èwgim tch X._.-`ha givdsgei ef Dfmcdigstdi gi ;>>4 tcdt d trhia ef rhmgeid`

bgcdag mreups p`hamgim d``hmgdioh te d`-Tdngad er dotgim gi gts idjh hjhrmha.

^drdaexgod``y, tcgs jdy cdvh khhi auh te tch fdjh tcdt tch 7/44 dttdols mhihrdtha gi tch

bgcdag werà dia dt tch sdjh tgjh d`-Tdngads gidkg`gty te kh gi oeitre` ef gts

ermdigzdtgei dfthr gt èst gts sdiotudry. Jerh prhogsh`y, gt wds gi ;>>? tcdt tch krdiagim

d`-Tdngad teel eff wchi _duag jg`gtdits daeptha tch idjh d`-Tdngad ei tch Drdkgdi

^higisu`d (TD^).;? Gi ;>>1, Dku Jusndk d`-Rdrqdwgs Bdjdndt d`-Qdwcga wd-d`-Bgcda

mreup p`hamha d``hmgdioh te d`-Tdngad, dia Xsdjd kgi @dagi puk`go`y doliew`hamhatch mreup ds d`-Tdngad gi Jhsepetdjgd, er d`-Tdngad gi Grdq (DTG). D`-Rdrqdwgs

mreup wds tch ei`y rhmgeid` mreup tcdt Kgi @dagi ferjd``y dajgttha gite d`-TdngadFdag` Cdrui, d`-Cdrk d`d d`-Gs`dj;, 1;6.;4Tugitei Qhjky, Giferjd` Ihtwerls Xirdvh`gim D`-Tdhads _eutchdst Dsgd D``gdiohs, GC_

Ahfhish, _hourgty dia [gsl Oeisu`tgim, Jdroc ;>4;. Ih``y @dceua gs mrdthfu` te Tugitei Qhjky fer

jdlgim cgs rhshdroc dvdg`dk`h te chr prger te gts puk`godtgei.;;Fdag` Cdrui, d`-Cdrk d`d d`-Gs`dj4, 7.;?Qcejds Chmmcdjjhr,Bgcda gi _duag Drdkgd2 Vge`hioh dia di-Gs`djgsj sgioh 47=7(Odjkrgamh2

Odjkrgamh Xigvhrsgty ^rhss, ;>4>), ?=.;1Gi ;>4;, Dyjdi d`-Rdwdcgrg diieuioha d`-Tdngads jhrmhr wgtc d`-_cdkdk. _hh Dyjdi d`-Rdwdcgrg,

Kuscrd _drrd (M`da Qgagims), cttp2//ds-disdr.oej/vk/scewtcrhda.pcp5t:88=?8 (doohssha ;6 Dprg` ;>4;).

Gi Ievhjkhr ;>>=, d`-Rdwdcgrg dia Dku d`-@dytc d`-@gkg diieuioha d`-Tdngads jhrmhr wgtc tch @gkydi


16/64

44

Qch pre`gfhrdtgei ef rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups dffg`gdtgim tchjsh`vhs wgtc d`-Tdngad dia tch

oeitgiuha hxgsthioh ef oerh d`-Tdngad `hdahrs kh`ghvha te kh kdsha gi ^dlgstdi dia/er

Dfmcdigstdi `ha te tch phrohptgei tcdt d`-Tdngad wds hxpdiagim. Gt wds dssujha tcdt d`-

Tdngad wds dk`h te rhkugà doress ^dlgstdis iertcwhst freitghr fe`èwgim tch èsshs gt

suffhrha gi tch gjjhagdth dfthrjdtc ef tch X._.-`ha jg`gtdry odjpdgmi gi Dfmcdigstdi gi

;>>4. [hbuvhidtha, d`-Tdngad gs kh`ghvha te cdvh khhi dk`h te dot ds di ermdigzdtgei,;8

dia tch gith``gmhioh oejjuigty `dkh`ha tcgs rhvgvha hitgty d`-Tdngad Ohitrd` (DTO)

ketc gi rhfhrhioh te tch mhemrdpcgod` prhshioh ef tch oerh shiger `hdahrs wce whrh sdga

te rhpert te Kgi @dagi te shhl cgs dpprevd` fer jdber ahogsgeis,;6 dia d`se te giagodth

tcdt tchrh gs dt `hdst d syjkgetgo rh`dtgeiscgp khtwhhi DTO dia rhmgeid` bgcdag

mreups, aukkha ds DTOs dffg`gdths. Dooeragim te tcgs drmujhit, DTO mgvhs

strdthmgo mugadioh te gts rhmgeid` dffg`gdths dia gt gs dssujha tcdt tch dffg`gdths dot

`drmh`y gi oejp`gdioh wgtc DTOs agrhotgvhs.;=

Qch Oeistruotgei ef di D`-Tdngad Ohitrd`

Qch aeoujhits rhvhd` d agffhrhit stery dkeut tch rh`dtgeiscgp khtwhhi DTO dia tch

dffg`gdths, dia dkeut Kgi @dagis re`h gi mèkd` bgcdag dotgvgtghs. Qch aeoujhits scew tcdt

tcgs rh`dtgeiscgp gs d oeithstha eih djeim shiger `hdahrs, dia tcrhh agffhrhit pesgtgeis

hxgst wgtcgi d`-Tdngad ei tcgs sukbhot. Dadj Mdadcis `htthr te di uiliewi scdylc

rhprhshitha tcesh wce wdit te rhjdgi fdgtcfu` te tch prgiogp`hs fer wcgoc tchy kh`ghvh

d`-Tdngad stdias, dia urmha shiger `hdahrs te aho`drh tchgr agstdioh er agsseogdth

tchjsh`vhs frej mreups wcesh `hdahrs ae iet oeisu`t wgtc d`-Tdngad yht cdvh tch

ocutzpd te dot gi gts idjh. Etchrs, rhprhshitha ky di dieiyjeus `htthr, urmh tcheppesgth, kh`ghvgim tcdt tch gioùsgei ef rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups gi tch feà oeitrgkuths te

d`-Tdngads mrewtc dia hxpdisgei. Kgi @dagi rhprhshitha d tcgra pesgtgei, ds ch wditha

te jdgitdgi oejjuigodtgei, tcreumc cgs ewi phi er tcdt ef cgs giihr ogro`h, wgtc

Gs`djgo Fgmctgim Mreup. _hh ]dcadt d`-_dff, cttp2//www.pdàf.iht/feruj/scewtcrhda.pcp5t:438=?=

(doohssha ;6 Dprg` ;>4;). Gi Jdy ;>>6, d`-Rdwdcgrg dia Jucdjjda Lcd`g` d`-Cdldyjdc diieuioha d`-

Tdngads jhrmhr wgtc tch Hmyptgdi Gs`djgo Mreup, Oejjuigqu frej Qcesh Dachrgim te tch Oevhidit

gi tch Hmyptgdi Gs`djgo Mreup, cttp2//d`-qgjjdc.iht/scewtcrhda.pcp5t:6;;1&`dimga:; (doohssha ;6

Dprg` ;>4;). Gi _hpthjkhr ;>>6, d`-Rdwdcgrg diieuioha d`-Tdngads jhrmhr wgtc tch _d`dfgst Mreup fer

^rhdocgim dia Oejkdt (M_Ô). _hh Tdadyd _dlcgidc jd d`-_chglc Dyjdi d`-Rdwdcgrg,

cttp2//www.tdwcha.ws/r5g:hfdphrrh (doohssha ;6 Dprg` ;>4;).;8Ordgm ]cgtèol, Qch Ihw d`-Tdhad Ohitrd`, ]dscgimtei est, 7 _hpthjkhr ;>>=. ]cgtèol kdsha cgs

drmujhit ei githrvghws ch cda wgtc shiger X._. gith``gmhioh effgogd`s.;6Gkga.;=Hrgo _ocjgtt, Bht ^èt _cews Mrewgim Dkg`gty ef Tdhad Dffg`gdths,Ihw Werl Qgjhs, ?4 Ahohjkhr ;>>7.

_ocjgtt kdsha cgs drtgo`h ei githrvghws wgtc X._. oeuithrthrrergsj effgogd`s.


17/64

4;

kretchrs hvhrywchrh, te urmh rhstrdgit dia prevgah davgoh, wgtceut mrditgim tchj

ferjd` uigty wgtc d`-Tdngad.

Qch aeoujhits scew tcdt sejh ef tch dffg`gdths seumct Kgi @dagis k`hssgim ei syjke`go

jdtthrs, suoc ds aho`drgim di Gs`djgo stdth, dia wditha d ferjd` uigei te doqugrh tch d`-

Tdngad krdia. Ei tch ephrdtgeid` freit, cewhvhr, tch dffg`gdths hgtchr aga iet oeisu`t

wgtc Kgi @dagi er whrh iet prhpdrha te fe`èw cgs agrhotgvhs. Qchrhferh, tch frdjgim ef

di DTO ds di ermdigzdtgei gi oeitre` ef rhmgeid` dffg`gdths rhf`hots d oeiohptud`

oeistruotgei ky eutsgahrs rdtchr tcdi tch jhssy rhd`gty ef gisgahrs. Buamgim ky tch

`htthrs, d rh`dtgeiscgp, dt `hdst vgd oerrhspeiahioh, o`hdr`y hxgstha khtwhhi Kgi @dagi

dia rhmgeid` bgcdag `hdahrs. Kut gt gs gi tch shoeia cd`f ef ;>4>,;3gi d èim dia ahtdg`ha

`htthr daarhssha te nDtgyyd, tcdt Kgi @dagi, d`drjha ky tch giorhdsha jgstdlhs

oejjgttha ky tch kretchrs wce drh sprhda evhr jdiy rhmgeis,;7 seumct te krgim

rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups gi `gih wgtc d`-Tdngads vgsgei dia oeah ef oeiauot. Qch rhdahr

sceuà ieth tcdt wchi Kgi @dagi usha thrjs suoc ds kretchrs (d`-glcwd) er wh, chwds iet d`wdys rhfhrrgim te jhjkhrs ef d`-Tdngad. Hxohpt fer tch dpestdths

(jurtdaaui), ky wcgoc ch jhdit Jus`gjs wce dot ds tch ]hsts dmhits (wuld`d) dmdgist

tch githrhsts ef tch ujjd (mèkd` oejjuigty ef Jus`gjs),?> d`` Jus`gjs whrh

oeisgahrha te kh wh gi cgs hyhs.?4 Gi tch sdjh spgrgt ef uigty, d`` bgcdags whrh

kretchrs gi Kgi @dagis pdr`dioh gioùagim tcesh wcesh dotgeis ch ocdstgsha (h.m.,

QQ^, DTD^),?;dia tcesh wcesh rhquhst fer ferjd` uigty wgtc d`-Tdngad ch ahigha (h.m.,

d`-_cdkdk).??

;3_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47. Qch oeithit ef tch `htthr jdlhs gt hvgahit tcdt gt gs dutcerha ky Kgi @dagi. Qch

`htthr, cewhvhr, gs iet adtha, kut tch dutcer rhfhrrha te d stdthjhit rh`hdsha ky _dnga d`-_cgcrg oeiohrigim

tch drrhst ef Cdy`d d`-Tdsgr gi _duag Drdkgd, wce wds doousha ef oe``hotgim jeihy fer tch bgcdags. Qch

dutcer d`se rhfhrrha te tch fe`èwgim rhpert ky tch sdth``gth ocdiih` d`-Drdkgyyd, wcgoc gs adtha 1 Bu`y

;>4>2 Igsd d`-Tdngad, d`-Drdkgyyd, cttp2//www.d`drdkgyd.iht/drtgo`hs/;>4>/>6/>1/44>1?7.ctj` (doohssha

;6 Dprg` ;>4;). Qchrhferh, tch `htthr just cdvh khhi oejpesha dfthr 1 Bu`y ;>4> kut khferh ;4 Eotekhr ;>4>

khodush pdrts ef _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>48 (wcgoc gs adtha ;4 Eotekhr ;>4>) fe`èw up ei gssuhs rdgsha gi

_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47.;7_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, ?.?>_hh _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>46, 46, fer di hxp`didtgei ef tch oeiietdtgei dsseogdtha wgtc tch thrj dmhits.?4Gi Gs`dj, tch spgrgt ef uigty djeim Jus`gjs gs di gjpertdit thiht ef tch fdgtc. Qcdt gs wcy gt gs oejjei

fer Jus`gjs te cgmc`gmct tcdt kh`ghvhrs drh kretchrs gi rh`gmgei (of. T. 1724>). Qcus, Kgi @dagis ush ef

kretchrs gs gi rhfhrhioh te khgim kretchrs gi rh`gmgei, kut iet ihohssdrg`y kretchrs/jhjkhrs gi tch

sdjh ermdigzdtgei.?;_hh shotgei khèw ei tch Dffg`gdths.??_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>8, dia agsoussgei ef d`-_cdkdk khèw.


18/64

4?

Gi ;>4>, Kgi @dagi dslha nDtgyyd te prhpdrh d jhjerdiauj ef uiahrstdiagim

(juacdllgrd) tcdt weuà rhqugrh rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups te oeisu`t wgtc DTO khferh tchy

dot.?1Gt gs greigo tcdt Kgi @dagi ahhjha gt fgttgim te dppreprgdth tch hxprhssgei DTO

frej tch jhagd te o`drgfy tch p`di ch seumct te gjp`hjhit. Qcgs hxprhssgei \DTOZ, ch

wreth te nDtgyyd, gs d thocigod` thrj (gstg`dc) usha gi tch jhagd te agstgimugsc khtwhhi

d`-Tdngad gi Dfmcdigstdi dia ^dlgstdi dia d`-Tdngad gi tch rhst ef tch rhmgeis (dqd`gj). G

ae iet ekbhot te usgim gt gigtgd``y te o`drgfy tch ekbhotgvh \ef tch ohitrd`gzdtgei

hiahdverZ.?8

Fdr frej khgim gi oeitre` ef tch ephrdtgeid` sgah ef rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups, tch teih gi

shvhrd` `htthrs dutcerha ky Kgi @dagi jdlhs gt o`hdr tcdt ch wds strumm`gim te hxhrogsh

hvhi d jgigjd` gifùhioh evhr tchj. Gt gs furtchr hvgahit tcdt d`tceumc ch aga iet

oeisgahr puk`go`y agsseogdtgim (tdkdrru jgi) cgjsh`f dia d`-Tdngad frej tch dotgeis ef

rhmgeid` mreups, ds Dadj Mdadci streim`y urmha tch shiger `hdahrscgp te ae,?6 Kgi

@dagi `drmh`y agsdpprevha ef tchgr oeiauot. Cgmc ei cgs `gst ef oeiohris wds tchgrf`hxgk`h uiahrstdiagim ef tdtdrrus, wcgoc rhsu`tha gi tch uiihohssdry ahdtcs ef Jus`gj

ogvg`gdis.?= Qdtdrrus rhfhrs te sphogd` ogroujstdiohs wchi gt gs phrjgssgk`h, frej di

Gs`djgo `dw ef wdr phrsphotgvh, fer d jg`gtdry oejjdiahr te dttdol hihjy thrrgtery,

hvhi gf tch dttdol jdy rhsu`t gi tch ahdtcs ef iei-oejkdtdits, gioùagim Jus`gj wejhi

dia ocgàrhi.?3Gi jeahri pe`gtgod` pdr`dioh, gt gs oejpdrdk`h te ogvg`gdis aygim gi wdr ds

oe``dthrd` adjdmh. Kgi @dagi wds oeiohriha tcdt rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups cda hxpdiaha

tch jhdigim ef d o`dssgod` `hmd` oeiohpt jhdit te kh dpp`gha gi rdrh ogroujstdiohs dia

turiha gt frej di hxohptgei gite tch ierj. Ds d rhsu`t, tch bgcdags, ch werrgha, cdvh èst

oeisgahrdk`h syjpdtcy frej tch Jus`gj puk`go< tcgs èss wds oejpeuiaha wchi tchjgstdlhs ef tch bgcdags whrh hxpègtha ky tch hihjy, \furtchrZ agstertgim tch gjdmh ef

tch bgcdags gi tch hyhs ef tch ujjds mhihrd` puk`go dia shpdrdtgim tchj frej tchgr

pepu`dr kdshs.?7

?1_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 7.?8Gkga., 4=. @gimugstgod``y, tch Drdkgo hxprhssgei Kgi @dagi ushs fer DTO gs rdtchr sèppy. Ch ushs d`-

Tdngad fg d`-jdrldz. D jerh dppreprgdth ahsgmidtgei weuà kh Qdizgj d`-Tdngad d`-Jdrldzg, er

Tgydadt d`-Tdngad d`-Jdrldzgyyd.?6_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>1.?=_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 1.?3_hh, fer hxdjp`h, tch agsoussgei gi _cdykdigs _gydr gi Jdbga Lcdaaurg, Qch Gs`djgo @dw ef Idtgeis2

_cdykdigs _gydr(Kd`tgjerh2 Qch Becis Ceplgis ^rhss, 4766), 4>4-4>;. Qch thrj tdtdrrusgs iet usha gi tcgs

o`dssgod` thxt, kut tch oeithxt ef tch `hmd` agsoussgei gs tch sdjh.?7_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 1.


19/64

41

Gi prdotgod` thrjs, Kgi @dagi wditha tch jhjerdiauj te gioùah kreda mugah`gihs

oeiohrigim ketc tch mèkd` jg`gtdry dotgvgtghs ef tch bgcdags dia tchgr jhagd rh`hdshs. Qch

twe, ch kh`ghvha, sceuà me cdia gi cdia, se tcdt wh ae iet vge`dth eur weras wgtc

sejh ef eur prdotgohs.1> Qch jhjerdiauj sceuà tchi kh shit te tch rhmgeid`

`hdahrs,14 rhquhstgim tchgr rhspeishs,1; dia u`tgjdth`y ahjdiagim tchgr ferjd`

oejjgtjhit (g`tgzdj).1? Ds fer tch jg`gtdry dotgvgtghs, tch jhjerdiauj sceuà

stgpu`dth tcdt hvhry rhmgeid` djgr (`hdahr) sceuà tdlh d`` ihohssdry jhdsurhs te

jdgitdgi oeitre` dia agsogp`gih evhr tch jg`gtdry dotgvgtghs ef cgs mreup dia dvega d

f`hxgk`h dppredoc te tch quhstgei ef tdtdrrus.11 Gi tch hvhit tcdt jgstdlhs giveùitdrg`y

eoour dia iei-oejkdtdits agh ds d rhsu`t, dpeèmghs dia hxp`didtgeis sceuà fe`èw,

hvhi gf tcesh fd``hi drh sgiihrs (fussdq). _ceuà tch rhmgeid` `hdahrs fdg` te dpeèmgzh, gt

weuà kh ihohssdry fer us \prhsujdk`y DTOZ te tdlh rhspeisgkg`gty \fer tchgr hrrersZ

dia dpeèmgzh fer wcdt cdpphiha.18

Ds fer jhagd rh`hdshs, Kgi @dagi wditha tch jhjerdiauj te gioùah d oejjgtjhit teohitrd`gzh d`` bgcdag jhagd rh`hdshs. Qch gjpertdioh ef cdvgim d sepcgstgodtha dia

oechrhit jhagd strdthmy wds orgtgod` fer Kgi @dagi, kh`ghvgim gt te kh d prgiogpd`

h`hjhit ef tch kdtt`h.16 Gi d agffhrhit `htthr, ch (dia pessgk`y nDtgyyd) strhssha tcdt

wgiigim tch jhagd eooupghs tch mrhdthr pertgei ef tch kdtt`h teady, wgttg`y daagim

tcdt tch sdth``gth ocdiih`s teady drh wersh tcdi tch sdtgrgo pehts (scundrd d`-cgbd) ef tch

prh-Gs`djgo hrd.1= Qch pehtgo mhirh ef cgbd te wcgoc ch gs rhfhrrgim cda d pewhrfu`

1>Gkga., 48.14

Gkga., 7.1;Gkga., 48.1?Gkga., 41.11Gkga., 7.18Gkga., 4>.16_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>48, 8.1=_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>46, 43. Qcgs `htthr jdy iet cdvh khhi dutcerha ky Kgi @dagi. Gt jdy kh ch`pfu` te

uiahrstdia gt gi tch oeithxt ef tch fe`èwgim2 _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>48, dutcerha ky Kgi @dagi, ietha ei

pdmh 8 tcdt ch gs hioèsgim d fg`h oeisgstgim ef pdrts ef d `htthr tcdt ch weuà `glh nDtgyyd te hagt fer tch

purpesh ef shiagim te Dku Kdsgr (Idsgr d`-]ucdyscg), tch `hdahr ef DTD^. Ch giagodtha tcdt nDtgyyd gs

khtthr p`doha tcdi cgj te ardft gt khodush ch liews tch kretchrs tchrh gi Whjhi. Ch d`se dslha cgj te

scdrh wgtc cgj tch fgid` ferjdt ef tch `htthr. _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>4= oeisgsts ef jdiy pdrdmrdpcs dia

ieths tcdt ae iet ferj di githrid``y oechrhit hssdy/`htthr. _ejh ef tchsh drh gahitgod` te pdrdmrdpcs

gioùaha gi @htthr 4?. Gt gs tchrhferh pessgk`h tcdt _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>4= wds tch ardft tcdt Kgi @dagi

hioèsha te nDtgyyd< gi turi, nDtgyyd usha pdrts ef _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>4= dia trdisferjha tchj gite d

oechrhit `htthr te Dku Kdsgr, dia tcgs oechrhit `htthr gs _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>46 wcgoc gs iet sgmiha te

scdrh wgtc Kgi @dagi khferh shiagim. Gt gs iet o`hdr wchtchr Kgi @dagi wditha nDtgyyd te sgmi gt gi cgs er

Kgi @dagis idjh. Qch `gih ei cgbd gs iet gioùaha gi _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>4=< gf gt gs nDtgyyd wce hagtha

gt, tchi tcgs weuà kh cgs oeèrfu` `dimudmh, iet Kgi @dagis.


20/64

48

rhseidioh gi tcdt agstdit hrd, dia Drdks teady uiahrstdia tee wh`` tch oeiietdtgeis gt

gjpdrts. Gi tch weras ef ^h``dt, tch purpesh ef cgbdwds te stgmjdtgzh tch fdg`gims tcdt

whrh tch ditgtchsgs ef tch qud`gtghs mèrgfgha.13

Kgi @dagi hxp`dgiha te nDtgyyd tcdt wh drh gi ihha ef sgiohrh githrid` davgoh dia d

oeistruotgvh orgtgod` hvdùdtgei ef d`` eur pe`gtgos dia \jhagdZ rh`hdshs kh tchy frej

DTO er frej rhmgeid` mreups. Ch davgsha tcdt twe oejphthit kretchrs, githrid` te

tch ermdigzdtgei, sceuà ahveth d`` tchgr hihrmy te tcgs tdsl dia d`se shhl ch`p

hxthrid``y te fgia d trustha dia `hdriha phrsei te dssgst gi oerrhotgim dia ahvhèpgim

eur pe`gtgos.17Kgi @dagi wds iet dèih gi khgim oeiohriha dkeut tch jhageorh stdth ef

bgcdag jhagd. Dadj Mdadci wds cgmc`y orgtgod` ef tch gidahqudth `hvh`, hvhi vu`mdrgty,

ch feuia te kh ocdrdothrgstgo ef bgcdag jhagd. Gi d `htthr oejpesha gi hdr`y ;>44 dia

ferwdraha te Kgi @dagi,8> Mdadci wreth dkeut bgcdag ferujs wgtc utthr agsadgi,

kh`ghvgim tchj te kh rhpu`sgvh te jest Jus`gjs dia d `gdkg`gty te d`-Tdngad. Ch

drmuha tcdt jest ef tchgr pdrtgogpdits drh ocdrdothrgzha ky rh`gmgeus fdidtgogsj diakgdshs, dia tchrhferh agstert te sejh hxthit tch gjdmh ef d`-Tdngad.84

Khyeia ohitrd`gzgim bgcdag rh`hdshs, Kgi @dagi wds lhhi te orhdth d orhagk`h bgcdag jhagd

se tcdt gt khoejhs d rhfhrhioh pegit fer jdgistrhdj Jus`gjs githrhstha gi `hdrigim

dkeut bgcda dia bgcdags. Gt ketchrha cgj tcdt ch wdtocha d th`hvgsgei premrdj ei d`-

Bdzhhrd, d`-Gs`djgyyui, wcgoc rdi di hpgseah `gtthrha wgtc fdotud` hrrers dkeut cgj.8;

D`tceumc Kgi @dagi aga iet mhihrd``y oejh doress ds hmetgstgod`, gi tcgs gistdioh gt gs

o`hdr tcdt ch werrgha dkeut cgs `hmdoy. Ch wce aehs iet jdlh liewi cgs ewi cgstery

13Oc. ^h``dt, Cgabd, Hioyoèphagd ef Gs`dj, shoeia hagtgei. Qchrh gs d`se d pehtgo mhirh fer tch purpesh ef

mèrgfgodtgei, tch mhirh ef jdac.17_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 48.8>_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>1. Qcgs `htthr aehs iet hxp`gogt`y giagodth wce tch dutcer gs er te wcej gt gs

daarhssha. _gioh tch dutcer rhjdrlha tcdt tch Djhrgodi th`hvgsgei ocdiih` DKO kredaodst d pdrt ef d

stdthjhit ch mdvh ei tch feurtc diigvhrsdry ef 7/44, tcgs summhsts tcdt gt wds dutcerha ky Dadj Mdadci

wce aga giahha rh`hdsh d stdthjhit tchi, pdrt ef wcgoc wds kredaodst ei DKO. Qch oeithit summhsts tcdt

gt wds iet daarhssha te Kgi @dagi sgioh Mdadci rhfhrs te cgj gi tch tcgra phrsei. Gt gs d`se iet adtha, kut

gt just cdvh khhi dutcerha hgtchr gi Bdiudry ;>44 er seei tchrhdfthr, sgioh tch dutcer rhfhrrha te tch

rhsgmidtgei ef Lhgtc E`khrjdii frej J_IKO ei ;4 Bdiudry ;>44. Qch `htthr gs gi hsshioh rhspeiagim te

jdiy ef tch rhquhsts/quhrghs tcdt Kgi @dagi jdah gi _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>48, pdrtgou`dr`y tcesh

oeiohrigim d jhagd strdthmy fer tch thi yhdr diigvhrsdry ef 7/44. Gt gs `glh`y tcdt nDtgyyd scdrha _EOEJ-

;>4;->>>>>48 wgtc Mdadci, dia _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>1 kdsgod``y daarhssha tch quhstgeis gi _EOEJ-

;>4;->>>>>48.84_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>1, 1.8;Kgi @dagi gs rhfhrrgim te d premrdj ei d`-Bdzhhrd. Qch sphogfgo hpgseah te wcgoc ch gs rhfhrrgim gs hitgt`ha

Jdi cuwd Kgi @dagi (]ce gs Kgi @dagi). Gt jdy kh vghwha dt

cttp2//www.yeutukh.oej/wdtoc5v:>Wa;I^LuBBD(doohssha ?> Dprg` ;>4;).


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46

\te tch weràZ, ch wreth te nDtgyyd, \ruis tch rgsl tcdtZ sejh gi tch jhagd dia djeim

cgstergdis wg`` oeistruot d cgstery fer cgj, usgim wcdthvhr giferjdtgei tchy cdvh,

rhmdra`hss ef wchtchr tchgr giferjdtgei gs doourdth er iet.8?

Kgi @dagi o`hdr`y seumct te ohitrd`gzh mèkd` bgcdag dotgvgtghs se tcdt DTO oeuà evhrshh

tch dffdgrs ef rhmgeid` mreups dia, gf ihhaha, vhte ohrtdgi ahogsgeis. Gt gs pessgk`h tcdt ch

wditha te jdlh tch jest eut ef d kda, phrcdps hvhi aeejha sgtudtgei tcdt d`-Tdngad

wds oeifreitgim dfthr d`jest thi yhdrs ef wdr. Giahha, tch `htthr gi wcgoc ch prepesha d

kùhprgit fer ohitrd`gzdtgei gs eih ef twe `htthrs tcdt stdia eut fer tchgr rhf`hotgvh teih.81

Iet ei`y gs gt tch èimhst, oeisgstgim ef 11 pdmhs, kut d`se khodush Kgi @dagi oejhs

doress ds sejheih tdlgim steol ef werà hvhits sgioh tch 7/44 dttdols, kurahiha ky tch

p`htcerd ef jgstdlhs oejjgttha ky rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups, dia hdmhr te himdmh gi d

shrgeus dsshssjhit ef bgcdag dotgvgtghs (tdqygj d`-ndjd` d`-bgcdag) ds wh`` ds wdys te

hisurh gts seuia ahvhèpjhit/hveùtgei (tdtwgr).88

Gt gs d`se pessgk`h tcdt Kgi @dagi jdy cdvh cda etchr strdthmgo oeisgahrdtgeis gi jgia,

idjh`y te fgia di d`thridtgvh frdjhwerl fer jeuitgim ephrdtgeis frej eutsgah

Dfmcdigstdi dia ^dlgstdi. Qcdt gs khodush tch yhdr ;>4>, aurgim wcgoc ch put tchsh

rhf`hotgeis gi wrgtgim, wgtihssha tch ahdtcs ef iujhreus shiger d`-Tdngad `hdahrs gi

Dfmcdigstdi dia ^dlgstdi. Qch sdjh `htthr gi wcgoc Kgi @dagi prepesha ohitrd`gzdtgei

wds d`se d `htthr ef oeiae`hiohs te nDtgyyd wcej ch ietgfgha ef shvhrd` `hdahrscgp

dppegitjhits, gioùagim cgs ewi ds tch suoohsser ef Justdfd Dku`-Wdzga. 86 Dku`-

Wdzga cda shrvha ds tch ephrdtgeid` `hdahr ef d`-Tdngad gi Dfmcdigstdi, 8= dia cda

rhohit`y khhi lg``ha gi Jdy ;>4>.83

Qcgs just cdvh khhi d pdrtgou`dr`y teumc phrgea fer d`-Tdngad khodush dietchr `htthr

tcdt Kgi @dagi wreth te nDtgyyd scert`y dfthr d`se stdrtha wgtc `gihs ef oeiae`hiohs,

giagodtgim daagtgeid` èsshs.87Qcus, tch èsshs d`-Tdngad suffhrha gi ;>4> gi ]dzgrgstdi

dia tch peer oeiauot ef rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups oejph``ha Kgi @dagi te rhdsshss hxgstgim

8?_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 11.81Qch etchr `htthr gs _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>4> gi rhspeish te tch Drdk _prgim, `glh`y tch `dst eih ch wreth.88_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, ?.86_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 4-;.8=Ch wds diieuioha ds `hdahr ef d`-Tdngad gi Dfmcdigstdi gi ;>>=. _hh tch fe`èwgim rhpert dkeut cgj ky

d`-_cdrq d`-Dwsdt, ;8 Jdy ;>>=.83Frdil Mdraihr, Ahdtc ef Justdfd Dku d`-Wdzga _htkdol fer d`-Tdhad, KKO, 4 Buih ;>4>. Gt wds

rhpertha tcdt d X._.-ephrdtha uijdiiha dhrgd` vhcgo`h (XDV) lg``ha cgj gi ^dlgstdis Iertc ]dzgrgstdi

trgkd` drhd.87_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>48, 4.


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strdthmghs. Qwe jdber oeiohris shhj te cdvh prheooupgha cgj. Fgrst, ch wds lhhi fer tch

td`hitha kretchrs hgtchr te kh hvdoudtha sdfh`y frej ]dzgrgstdi er, gf tchy just stdy,

te tdlh strgimhit jhdsurhs te dvega khgim odpturha er lg``ha.6> Kgi @dagis `htthr wds

`gtthrha wgtc ahtdg`ha gistruotgeis te kh fe`èwha te hisurh tch sdfhty dia shourgty ef tch

rhjdgigim kretchrs hvhi gf tch werl sceuà preohha dt d sèwhr pdoh aurgim tcgs

phrgea.64

Kgi @dagis shoeia jdgi oeiohri wds te fgia d`thridtgvh p`dohs eutsgah Dfmcdigstdi dia

^dlgstdi te jeuit hxthrid` ephrdtgeis. Ch cda rhohgvha d `htthr frej d _cdylc

Wuigs prhshitgim cgj wgtc d strdthmy ei cew d`-Tdngad oeuà feous ei puttgim

temhtchr d shorht ephrdtgeid` feroh tcdt oeuà hvdah tch hyhs ef tch dutcergtghs. Gt gs iet

o`hdr wchtchr tcgs ephrdtgeid` feroh wds d`rhday gi hxgsthioh er wchtchr gt wds jhdit te

kh d ihw eih tcdt Wuigs ahvhèpha dia Kgi @dagi sceuà werl ei hstdk`gscgim. Qcgs

feroh, Wuigs hxp`dgiha, rhqugrha oeeragidtgei khtwhhi DTO `hdahrs dia `hdahrs ef

bgcdag rhmgeid` mreups, kut suoc d p`di, ch daaha, give`vhs pesgtgvh dia ihmdtgvhoeishquhiohs. Ei tch pesgtgvh freit, tch oeeragidtgei khtwhhi tch `hdahrscgp gi

Lcurdsdi/]dzgrgstdi dia tch `hdahrs ef bgcdag rhmgeid` mreups oeuà yghà preauotgvh

rhsu`ts gi ephrdtgeid` thrjs.6;Gi Wuigs weras2

]h (g.h., tch ephrdtgeid` feroh) ae iet ihha te o`dgj/diieuioh eur \bgcdagZ

dotgvgtghs g.h., tch dotgvgtghs tcdt wh odrry eut. Qchrh gs d sgah \ky wcgoc ch

gjp`gogt`y rhfhrs te Kgi @dagiZ tcdt gs tch feous ef tch hyhs dia chdrts

dtthitgeitcdt oeuà o`dgj \eur bgcdag dotgvgtghsZ< d`thridtgvh`y yeu oeuà davgsh

\bgcdag `hdahrsZ gi tch rhmgeis te o`dgj gttcgs weuà d`èw tch pdrty give`vha gitch \ephrdtgeid`Z werl tch frhhaej ef jevhjhit, iet te jhitgei \tch pessgkg`gtyZ

ef phrfhotgim jhdis dia wdys ef fermhry (tdzwgr) dia sjumm`gim (tdcrgk) te

khoejh prefgoghit gi suoc slg``s. \]h weuà d`seZ trdgi jhjkhrs te k`hia gi wgtc

tch puk`go. D`` ef tcgs weuà d`èw us te jh`t/agsdpphdr (acdwdkdi) wchihvhr wh

wdit, dia tcgs weuà cdvh d jerh prefeuia gjpdot ei oevhrgim eur trdols dfthr

\wh odrry eutZ dttdols.6?

6>Gkga., ;.64Gkga., ?.6;Qch thrj Lcurdsdi gs efthi usha gi bgcdag `gthrdturh te ahsgmidth Ohitrd` Dsgd, kut gt gs d`se usha te rhfhr

te Dfmcdigstdi. _hh tch agsoussgei2 d`-Jd`dcgj wd-d`-Fgtdi, Lcurdsdi2 cd` cgyd Dfmcdigstdi5

cttp2//d`fhti.iht/vk?/scewtcrhda.pcp5t:4=;?4 (doohssha ;6 Dprg` ;>4;). D`tceumc gt oeuà iet kh dsshrtha,

tch èodtgei ef Wuigs wds `glh`y ]dzgrgstdi.6?_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 16.


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Wuigs tchi daaha sejh oeiohris. Qch fgrst oeiohri phrtdgiha te sejh ef tch kretchrs

uipreauotgvh hitcusgdsj fer bgcda wcgoc odushs fdgùrhs gi shourgty< tch etchr phrtdgiha

te hxtrhjgsj dia fdidtgogsj gi rh`gmgei ky sejh kretchrs wce o`dgj te kh dffg`gdtha

wgtc d`-Tdngad. Wuigs wds rhfhrrgim te tdlfgrgs, g.h., bgcdags wce rhdag`y aho`drh fh`èw

Jus`gjs te kh uikh`ghvhrs `gdk`h te kh lg``ha gf tchy agsdmrhh wgtc tchj evhr rh`gmgeus

aeotrgihs.61Weu \g.h., Kgi @dagiZ hxphrghioha tcgs prek`hj \fgrst cdiaZ gi ^hscdwdr \gi

tch 473>sZ dia yeu \d`seZ sdw gts eutoejh gi \D`mhrgdZ,68ch wdriha Kgi @dagi. Gi etchr

weras, Wuigs wdriha Kgi @dagi tcdt ui`hss tch hitcusgdsts dia rh`gmgeus hxtrhjgsts drh

kreumct gi `gih, tchy weuà kh d `gdkg`gty fer suoc d strdthmy.

_cdylc Wuigs gs prekdk`y Wuigs d`-Jurgtdig wce wds odpturha gi Tuhttd, ^dlgstdi, gi

_hpthjkhr ;>44.66 Ch gs rhpertha te kh gi cgs jga-?>s, dia gf ch gs giahha tch sdjh

_cdylc Wuigs gt summhsts tcdt d`-Tdngad cds jdidmha aurgim tch pdst ahodah te

dttrdot bgcdags wce drh agstgimugscha ky tchgr strdthmgo dia ephrdtgeid` vgsgeis. Wuigs

`htthr o`hdr`y `hft d pewhrfu` jdrl ei Kgi @dagi< Wuigs strdthmgo ephrdtgeid` vgsgei diacgs hruagtgei, hvgahioha ky ogtgim hxdjp`hs frej Gs`djgo cgstery gi tch dppreprgdth

p`dohs, just cdvh gjjhagdth`y gjprhssha Kgi @dagi. Ch rhfhrrha te Wuigs ds scdylc,

iet kretchr (dlc), khstewgim upei cgj d shigergty stdtus tcdt Kgi @dagi shhjha te

rhshrvh fer `hdahrs ef DTO, oejpdrha wgtc tch kretchr`y `dimudmh ch usha wchi

rhfhrrgim te rhmgeid` bgcdag `hdahrs. Ch furtchr scdrha Wuigs `htthr wgtc nDtgyyd dia

gistruotha cgj te `ht Wuigs liew tcdt ch gs te kh agspdtocha te Dfrgod dia ]hst Dsgd

dia kh rhspeisgk`h fer tch hxthrid` werl6= te kh odrrgha eut gisgah ]hsthri

oeuitrghs.63

Kgi @dagis dppegitjhit ef Wuigs te chda d`-Tdngads hxthrid` werl gs d thstdjhit te

cgs dpprhogdtgei ef Wuigs `htthr. Gt gs rhjdrldk`h tcdt Kgi @dagi, wce aga iet tdlh

dppegitgim `hdahrs `gmct`y, iejgidtha Wuigs te d cgmc`y shisgtgvh pest hvhi tceumc ch

dpphdrha te cdvh liewi `gtt`h dkeut cgs kdolmreuia. Gi tch sdjh `htthr wchrh ch dslha

61Ei tch `gdkg`gty ef tdlfgrgste bgcdagsj, shh Ih``y @dceua, Qch Bgcdags ^dtc te _h`f-Ahstruotgei(Ihw

Werl/@eiaei2 Oeùjkgd Xigvhrsgty ^rhss/Curst, ;>4>), 4-41.68_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, 13. Fer di hxpdiaha agsoussgei ef d`-Tdngads gaheèmy ds uiahrsteea ky gts

jhjkhrs gi oejpdrgsei wgtc tch rgmga/hxtrhjgst rh`gmgeus gaheèmy ds hspeusha ky etchr bgcdag mreups,

shh Ih``y @dceuas fertcoejgim OQO rhpert kdsha ei Fdag` Cdruis dutekgemrdpcy d`-Cdrk d`d d`-Gs`dj

(Qch ]dr Dmdgist Gs`dj2 Qch _tery ef Fdag` Cdrui).66D`-Tdhad Ocghf Weuigs d`-Jdurgtdig Chà, _dys ^dlgstdi, KKO, 8 _hpthjkhr ;>44< Jdzgi Djdi, d`-

Drdkgyyd tdzur usrdt Wuigs d`-Jurgtdig, d`-Drdkgyyd, = _hpthjkhr ;>44< Gntgqd` fg ^dlgstdi jdn

nXisurdyi Kdrgzdyi kg-d`-Qdizgj, d`-Drdkgyyd, 8 _hpthjkhr ;>44.6=_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, ?4.63_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>48, 8. Qcgs rhfhrhioh summhsts tcdt Kgi @dagi gs o`drgfygim wcdt ch wreth khferh,

wcgoc summhsts tcdt tch aeoujhit wds oejpesha dfthr _EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47.


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nDtgyyd te dppegit cgj te chda tch hxthrid` werl, ch d`se dslha cgj te shia dt tch

hdr`ghst oeivhighioh d rhpert dkeut _cdylc Wuigs tcdt weuà gioùah cgs adth ef kgrtc,

upkrgimgim, dodahjgo stuaghs, seogd` stdtus, hxphrghiohs dia slg``s< dia d`se gioùah

\ahsorgptgeiZ dkeut cgs ocdrdothr dia cgs jdiihr ef ahd`gims wgtc tch bgcdags dia cgs

rh`dtgeiscgp wgtc tchj< dia d`se tch adth wchi ch begiha \d`-TdngadZ (aulcu`gcg jdn d`-

ju`tdzgjgi) dia wchi ch khmdi te tdlh pdrt gi bgcda \ei tch kdtt`hfghàZ (idfgrucu

`g`bgcda).67

Etchr `htthrs dutcerha ky Kgi @dagi summhst tcdt ch wds qugth sh`hotgvh gi cgs ocegoh ef

`hdahrs. Gt shhjs tcdt Dku Kdsgr (tch d`gds ef Idsgr d`-]ucdyscg) cda summhstha Diwdr

d`-nDw`dqg te kh cgs rhp`dohjhit ds tch `hdahr ef DTD^ gi Whjhi, kut Kgi @dagi

pe`gth`y rhbhotha tch summhstgei. Gf hvhr d s`dp dia d lgss oeuà kh oejkgiha, Kgi @dagis

rhspeish te Dku Kdsgr oeuà oeuit ds eih. Ch oejp`gjhitha Dku Kdsgr ei khgim

qud`gfgha dia oejphthit te jdidmh tch dffdgrs ef Whjhi, kut daaha tcdt d`tceumc cgs

pesgtgvh dtthstdtgei ef d`-nDw`dqg gs au`y doliew`hamha, wh weuà `glh furtchrdssurdiohs< fer hxdjp`h, evhr chrh wh drh mhihrd``y dssurha dfthr phep`h me te tch

kdtt`hfghà dia drh thstha tchrh.=> Ahspgth tch prheooupdtgei wgtc d`-nDw`dqg djeim

X._. did`ysts dia tch gith``gmhioh oejjuigty, tcgs gi gtsh`f aehs iet dpphdr te cdvh

hdriha cgj rhoemigtgei gi Kgi @dagis jgia. Kgi @dagi, wditgim jerh hvgahioh dkeut

d`-nDw`dqgs sugtdkg`gty, dslha tcdt Dku Kdsgr, Dku _ufydi, _dnga d`-_cgcrg dia d`-

nDw`dqg wrgth cgj shpdrdth`y wgtc d ahtdg`ha oeiohptud`gzdtgei ef tch wdy tchy hdoc

oeiohgvha ef tch hvhits gi Whjhi. Gt gs ds gf Kgi @dagi wds mhttgim cgs rha phi rhday te

mrdah, dia hvhi fdg`, tch hssdys ef hdoc ef tchsh `hdahrs.

Cew jgmct ohitrd`gzdtgei ef mèkd` bgcdag jhagd dia ephrdtgeid` dotgvgtghs shrvh Kgi

@dagis strdthmy5 Qch p`htcerd ef jgstdlhs tcdt Kgi @dagi hiujhrdtha dkeut tch

oeiauot ef rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups summhsts tcdt ch weuà pdrtihr wgtc tchj ei`y gf tchy

dmrhha te p`dy ky DTOs ru`hs, chioh tch ihha fer d jhjerdiauj. Kgi @dagi phrcdps

rhdseiha tcdt ch weuà wgtcceà tch syjke`go puk`go k`hssgim tcdt shhjha te jdtthr te

rhmgeid` `hdahrs gi rhturi fer tchgr oejp`gdioh< sgioh ch wds prhpdrha te dpeèmgzh fer

jgstdlhs suoc ds uigithiaha ogvg`gdi odsud`tghs, ch jdy cdvh hvhi khhi wg``gim te

khstew tch krdia d`-Tdngad puk`go`y gf tchy weuà oejjgt te tch jhjerdiauj gi

wrgtgim.

Qch aeoujhits summhst tcdt Kgi @dagi d`se ihhaha rhmgeid` mreups te mgvh oevhr te d`-

Tdngads hxthrid` werl sgioh tch `diasodph ef ]dzgrgstdi wds tee oèsh`y jeigterha

67_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, ??.=>_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>?, ;.


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ky X._. gith``gmhioh te phrjgt tch sdfh werl ef tch kretchrs. Kgi @dagi, tchrhferh,

èelha fer d`thridtgvh mhemrdpcgod` drhids te fdog`gtdth hgtchr tch oeitgiudtgei ef

hxthrid` werl gi ]hsthri oeuitrghs, wgtc tch Xigtha _tdths ei tch tep ef cgs `gst, er

stdrt d ihw gigtgdtgvh. Cgs gjjhagdth p`di wds te agspdtoc Wuigs hgtchr te Whjhi er

D`mhrgd er tch surreuiagim drhds ef tchsh twe oeuitrghs dia wditha tch `hdahrs ef

DTD^, Idsgr d`-]ucdyscg, dia DTGJ, Dku Jusndk d`-]daua, te mgvh Wuigs tchgr fu``

oeephrdtgei. _phogfgod``y, Kgi @dagi gistruotha nDtgyyd te wrgth te tchsh twe `hdahrs

dslgim tchj te jdlh tchgr utjest hfferts te oeephrdth wgtc _cdylc Wuigs gi

hvhrytcgim ch dsls ef tchj, dia furtchr dslha tch kretchrs gi tch Gs`djgo Jdmcrgk te

prevgah Wuigs tch fgidiogd` suppert ch ihhas, wcgoc jdy rhdoc ;>>,>>> hures gi tch

ihxt sgx jeitcs.=4 Qch rhquhst fer suoc d suj jdy summhst tcdt DTOs fgidiogd`

sgtudtgei wds iet sh`f-suffgoghit gf gt ihhaha te shhl tch dssgstdioh ef tch dffg`gdths, dia

gt jdy d`se summhst tcdt Kgi @dagi cda d sphogfgo ephrdtgei gi jgia tcdt ch wditha

Wuigs te odrry eut.

Gf tch dkevh sphou`dtgeis drh p`dusgk`h, tch aeoujhits summhst tcdt di DTO gi syio

wgtc tch dffg`gdths ei tch ephrdtgeid` `hvh` wds khgim fermha gi ;>4> te davdioh d`-

Tdngads hxthrid` ephrdtgeis. Hvhi gf tch sphou`dtgeis drh iet hitgrh`y p`dusgk`h, DTO

dia tch dffg`gdths dpphdr te cdvh cda jerh agffhrhiohs tcdi oejjeid`gtghs.

Gt gs agffgou`t te sphou`dth ei tch presphots ef Kgi @dagis strdthmy. _tg``, hvhi gf gts

ocdiohs ef suoohss drh s`gj, Kgi @dagis strdthmy te ohitrd`gzh tch puk`go stdthjhits dia

dotgvgtghs ef rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups gi tch githrhst ef hffgoghit`y davdiogim hxthrid`

ephrdtgeis gs odrhfu``y oeisgahrha. Qcgs strdthmy, dèim wgtc Kgi @dagis ahtdg`hagistruotgeis ei tch lgia ef jhdsurhs tch kretchrs just daept te hvdah tch dutcergtghs,

drh fdr jerh ahvhèpha tcdi tch hxp`gogt ephrdtgei ch eut`giha te dssdssgidth ^rhsgahit

Kdrdol Ekdjd dia/er Mhihrd` Advga ^htrdhus wce, dt tch tgjh, wds shrvgim ds tch

IDQE oejjdiahr ef tch Githridtgeid` _hourgty Dssgstdioh Feroh. Kgi @dagi cda dslha

nDtgyyds prhahohsser, Justdfd Dku d`-Wdzga, te tdsl G`yds, prhsujdk`y G`yds Ldscjgrg,

te sht up twe uigts, eih gi ^dlgstdi dia dietchr gi Kdmrdj, Dfmcdigstdi, te tdrmht

dgrp`dihs liewi te kh odrrygim ^rhsgahit Ekdjd dia/er Mhihrd` ^htrdhus ei tchgr vgsgts

te tchsh drhds. Ch ei`y wditha ^rhsgahit Ekdjd dia Mhihrd` ^htrdhus te kh tdrmhtha.

Ch hxp`dgiha tcdt tch ahdtc ef ^rhsgahit Ekdjd weuà shh tch utthr`y uiprhpdrha

Vgoh ^rhsgahit Beh Kgahi dutejdtgod``y dssujh tch prhsgahioy, wcgoc weuà odush tchXigtha _tdths te hithr gite orgsgs jeah, dia tch lg``gim ef ^htrdhus weuà cdvh d

shrgeus gjpdot ei tch oeursh ef tch wdr, ds Kgi @dagi oeisgahrha cgj te kh tchjdi ef

=4_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, ?;.


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tcgs \orgtgod`Z pcdsh.=; Kgi @dagi aga iet hxp`dgi, cewhvhr, wcy ch aga iet wdit

_horhtdry ef Ahfhish Mdths er tch Begit Ocghfs ef _tdff Ju``hi er tch _phogd` Hivey te

^dlgstdi dia Dfmcdigstdi Ce`kreelh te kh tdrmhtha.=?Gt gs pessgk`h tcdt Kgi @dagi cda

prhpdrha d jerh ahtdg`ha p`di gi d prhvgeus `htthr, wcgoc jgmct hxp`dgi wcy tch krghf

ahsorgptgei dvdg`dk`h rhdas ds di djdthurgsc pèt er bust wgscfu` tcgilgim.

Qch Dffg`gdths

Qch aeoujhits scew tcdt tch se-od``ha dffg`gdths cdvh iet bust khhi d prek`hj fer d`-

Tdngad gi thrjs ef cdrjgim gts gjdmh gi tch hyhs ef tch jdbergty ef Jus`gjs wce cdvh

khhi tch prgjdry vgotgjs ef tchgr dttdols, kut tch dffg`gdths cdvh d`se odusha githrid`

ahkdths djeim tch shiger `hdahrscgp. D pdierdjgo vghw ef tch aeoujhits pegits te

tcrhh agffhrhit pesgtgeis wgtcgi d`-Tdngad ei tch sukbhot. Qchrh drh wcdt eih jdy thrj

tch prgiogp`ha, rhprhshitha ky Dadj Mdadci, urmgim shiger `hdahrs te aho`drh tchgr

agstdioh dia hvhi te agsseogdth tchjsh`vhs frej mreups wcesh `hdahrs ae iet oeisu`t

wgtc d`-Tdngad yht stg`` dot gi gts idjh. Qchrh drh tcesh rhprhshitha ky di dieiyjeusdutcer urmgim tch eppesgth, kh`ghvgim tcdt tch gioùsgei ef rhmgeid` bgcdag mreups gite

tch feà oeitrgkuths te d`-Tdngads mrewtc dia hxpdisgei.=1 Kgi @dagi rhprhshitha d

tcgra pesgtgei. Kgi @dagi wditha te jdgitdgi oejjuigodtgei, tcreumc cgs ewi phi er

tcdt ef nDtgyyd, wgtc kretchrs hvhrywchrh, dt `hdst te urmh rhstrdgit dia prevgah

davgoh hvhi gf gt fh`` ei ahdf hdrs, kut wgtceut frdiocgsgim tch krdia.

Qch mreups fer wcgoc tchrh gs hieumc sukstditgvh oeithit gi tch aeoujhits te mdgi d

jhdigimfu` uiahrstdiagim ef d`-Tdngads rh`dtgeiscgp wgtc tchj drh2 Gs`djgo _tdth ef

Grdq (G_G/DTG), d`-Tdngad gi tch Drdkgdi ^higisu`d (DTD^), Qhcrgl-h-Qd`gkdi ^dlgstdi(QQ^) dia te d `hsshr hxthit d`-_cdkdk. DTGJ gs jhitgeiha gi d iujkhr ef `htthrs, kut

iet ds d shpdrdth sukbhot ef agsoussgei tcdt agsohris cew Kgi @dagi vghwha tch mreup.

Qchrh gs d`se d `htthr adtha ;>>6 ferwdraha te d ohrtdgi nDka d`-Cdjga. Qch dotud` `htthr

wds daarhssha te nDtgyyd, oeisgstgim ef `hmd` quhstgeis frej tch mreup od``ha Drjy ef

Gs`dj (Bdysc d`-Gs`dj) kdsha gi Mdzd.=8 Qch mgst ef tch `htthr jdlhs gt liewi tcdt tch

mreup gs gi ihha ef fgidiogd` dssgstdioh te suppert bgcda, dia tch quhstgeis `drmh`y

=;_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, ?8-?6.=?Gkga.=1_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>6, 4.=8_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>3. Qch `htthr gs ferwdraha te d ohrtdgi nDka d`-Cdjga. Bdysc d`-Gs`dj hjhrmha ei

tch pe`gtgod` sohih gi ;>>6 wchi gt jeuitha d begit ephrdtgei (wgtc tch suppert ef tch jg`gtdry wgims ef

ketc Cdjds dia Fdtdc) tcdt rhsu`tha gi tch lgaidppgim ef tch Gsrdh`g seàghr Mg`da _cd`gt. _hh tch did`ysgs

ky Jdrwdi _chcdah, Bdysc d`-Gs`dj d`-Fg`dstgig nd`d Lcutd d`-Tdgad d`-nD`djg,Jdbd``dt d`-nDsr, 8 Bu`y

;>>6. Qchgr rh`dtgeiscgp wgtc Cdjds qugol`y ahthrgerdtha dia tchgr quhstgeis te nDtgyyd jdlhs tcgs o`hdr>13>rhfhrrha

te gi tch shoeiadry `gthrdturh ds DTG, khodjh d `gdkg`gty, iet di dssht.34D`-Rdrqdwgs

mreup `duiocha shvhrd` giagsorgjgidth dttdols dmdgist _cggth ogvg`gdis, dia wchi Grdqg

_uiig jg`gtdits agsdpprevha ef cgs tdotgos ch turiha dmdgist tchj.3; Qch mreups

=6_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>3, 4.==Gt gs iethwertcy tcdt nDtgyyd rhfrdgiha frej diswhrgim quhstgeis tcdt ch aga iet ahhj cgjsh`f qud`gfgha

te daarhss, suoc ds wchtchr gt gs `dwfu` te givhst jeihy gi tch steol jdrlht gf tch prefgt gs usha te

davdioh tch odush ef bgcda. nDtgyyd oeifhssha tcdt tcgs quhstgei rhqugrha hxphrtgsh ch `dolha dia davgshatchj te shhl tch epgigei ef `hdriha `hmd` soce`drs wce sphogd`gzh gi tchsh thocigod` gssuhs. Ch aga iet

summhst tch idjhs ef diy `hmd` soce`drs wce cdvh tch ihohssdry hxphrtgsh, wcgoc jdy kh di daagtgeid`

giagodtgei tcdt ch wditha te jdgitdgi d oeragd` kut agstdit rh`dtgeiscgp wgtc tch mreup.=3_hh, fer gistdioh, Cdjdss dotgeis dmdgist Bdysc d`-Gs`dj evhr tch lgaidppgim ef tch KKO rhperthr D`di

Becistei, wcesh rh`hdsh Cdjds shourha. Cdjds Drrhsts evhr KKO [hperthr, KKO, ; Bu`y ;>>=.=7D`-Rdrqdwgs mreup wds od``ha Bdjdndt d`-Qdwcga wd-d`-Bgcda< wchi gt wds dajgttha gite d`-Tdngad, gt

khodjh liewi ds d`-Tdngad gi Jhsepetdjgd. Dfthr ch wds lg``ha gi ;>>6, dia Dku Cdjzd d`-Jucdbgr dia

Dku nXjdr d`-Kdmcadag suoohhaha cgj, tch mreup aho`drha gtsh`f ds tch Gs`djgo _tdth ef Grdq. Qch ihw

idjh wds cgmc`y oeitrevhrsgd` gi bgcdag ogro`hs.3>Xsdjd kgi @dagi, [gsd`d g`d d`-Jus`gjgi fg d`-Grdq Lcdsdtdi wd-d`-Xjjd d`-Gs`djgyyd Djjdtdi,

Ahohjkhr ;>>1 (OQO @gkrdry).34_hh, fer gistdioh, Dyjdi d`-Rdwdcgrgs `htthr te Dku Jusndk d`-Rdrqdwg,

cttp2//www.oto.usjd.hau/pests/zdwdcgrgs-`htthr-te-zdrdqdwg-ergmgid, dia nDtgyydtu``dc d`-@gkgs `htthr te

d`-Rdrqdwg, cttp2//www.oto.usjd.hau/pests/dtgydcs-`htthr-te-zdrqdwg-ergmgid .3; Qch Gs`djgo Drjy ef Grdq, [da d`-Bdysc d`-Gs`djg fg d`-nGrdq nd`d Lcgtdkdt d`-dlc Dkg Ejdr d`-

Kdmcadag, cttp2//www.drdk-him.erm/vk/scewtcrhda.pcp/8>8=4-- - -- - -

5s:;6kd76d=fd1??f=ha8>ff14oa;681o76 (doohssha ;8 Dprg` ;>4;). _hh tch agsoussgei gi Ih``y @dceua,

Qch Bgcdags dtc te _h`f-Ahstruotgei, ;>8-;44.


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giagsorgjgidth dttdols aga iet gjprevh wgtc d`-Rdrqdwgs ahdtc< Dku nXjdr d`-

Kdmcadag dia Dku Dyyuk d`-Jgsrg, wce suoohhaha cgj dia aho`drha di Gs`djgo _tdth ef

Grdq (G_G), whrh phrohgvha ky bgcdag `hdahrs te kh jerh rhpu`sgvh dia adimhreus tcdi d`-

Rdrqdwg.3?Ky ;>>=, Kgi @dagi wds puk`go`y hxprhssgim cgs agsdppegitjhit wgtc bgcdags

gi Grdq, urmgim tchj te ferj d uigfgha freit.31

Qch aeoujhits oeifgrj dia prevgah daagtgeid` gisgmct gite tch mrghf G_G/DTG odusha gi

jdiy bgcdag ogro`hs. D `htthr adtha ;3 Jdroc ;>>=,38daarhssha te d `hmd` soce`dr ky tch

idjh ef Cdfgz _u`tdi,36dia dutcerha ky sejheih wce gs o`hdr`y ef Hmyptgdi ergmgi,3=

scews tcdt tch dutcer wds d`drjha ky DTGs oeiauot dia urmha _u`tdi te wrgth te gts

`hdahrs te oerrhot tchgr wdys2 G fhdr fer tch kretchrs frej oejjgttgim pe`gtgod` jgstdlhs,

yeu cdvh ie aeukt chdra Dku nXjdr \d`-KdmcadagsZ rhohit sphhoc< gi jy vghw, gt

oeitdgis ekvgeus jgstdlhs. Gi cgs jgia, iet ei`y wds tch sphhoc uifgttgim fer d `hdahr

te jdlh, kut gt d`se rhvhd`ha tcdt tchy drh hxtrhjgsts (jutdscdaagaui)\dia tcdt cgs

sphhocZ gs rhpu`sgvh dia `dols wgsaej.33 Qch dutcer wds ky ie jhdis d agstdit eretgesh ekshrvhr< ch dssurha _u`tdi tcdt G \d`rhdayZ wreth te tchj dia rhkulha tchj.

Ch wds dpphd`gim te _u`tdi khodush ch lihw cgj te kh rhsphotha ky dia pessgk`y

rh`dtha te d`-Ldrrujg, prhsujdk`y Dku Cdjzd d`-Jucdbgr/Dku Dyyuk d`-Jgsrg, dia

wditha _u`tdi te hxhrt prhssurh ei cgj.37

Qch dutcer ef tch `htthr d`se urmha _u`tdi te rhspeia te tch `htthrs dia mrghvdiohs ef

eur kretchrs \BdyscZ Disdr d`-_uiid, fer tchy dwdgt yeur oerrhspeiahioh dia

rhspeishs te tchgr oejp`dgits dia `htthrs.7>Gt shhjs tcdt Disdr d`-_uiid, tch thjperdry

3?_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>44, 4. Qcgs `htthr gs gioerrhot`y adtha gi tch Him`gsc trdis`dtgei ds ;3 Jdroc ;>44. Gt

sceuà kh ;3 Jdroc ;>>=. Gt wds oejpesha d fhw jeitcs khferh Disdr d`-_uiid ferjha di d``gdioh wgtc

etchr _uiig jg`gtdit mreups hxoùagim DTG. Qch ihw d``gdioh wds ferjha gi Bu`y ;>>=.31Xsdjd kgi @dagi, G`d Dc`gid kg-d`-Grdq, cttp2//www.grdqgpd.iht/4>U>=/;4U;8/Ihws/d4U;8elt>=.ctj

(doohssha 4? Dprg` ;>4;)38_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>44.36Cdfgz _u`tdi gs prekdk`y tch sdjh phrsei wce wreth drtgo`hs fer tch jdmdzgih Vdimudras ef Lcurdsdi.

Qch jdmdzgih odi kh doohssha ei Jgikdr d`-Qdwcga wd-d`-Bgcda dt cttp2//www.tdwcha.ws.3=_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>44. Qch dutcer ushs Hmyptgdi oe`èqugd` thrjs, suoc ds dw cdaag jgi glcwdigid,

dia jd ylcgssgidsc.33Gkga., 4.37Dku Cdjzd d`-Jucdbgr/Dku Dyyuk d`-Jgsrg gs iet rhpertha te kh liewi ky tch idjh d`-Ldrrujg.

Cewhvhr, sgioh cgs idjh gs usha gi tch sdjh shithioh ds Dku nXjdr d`-Kdmcadag dia sgioh ch gs

prhsujha te kh gi d `hdahrscgp pesgtgei, gt weuà iet kh fdrfhtocha te dssujh tcdt d`-Ldrrujg gs tch sdjh

jdi.7>_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>44, 4.


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idjh ef Disdr d`-Gs`dj,74cda tcrhdthiha te ahieuioh DTG, dia tch dutcer wditha te

prhvhit tcgs ky dslgim _u`tdi te wrgth te tchj, syjpdtcgzh wgtc tchgr oeiohris, kut d`se

wdri tchj tcdt fgtid (shagtgei/agvgsgei) gs wersh dia tchy just tchrhferh stgol wgtc

tchgr fh`èw bgcdags. Cgs oeiohris whrh wh`` p`doha. ]gtcgi d fhw jeitcs ef cgs `htthr,

Disdr d`-_uiid rhturiha te usgim gts ergmgid` idjh Disdr d`-Gs`dj dia ferjha di

d``gdioh wgtc etchr _uiig jg`gtdit mreups, di d``gdioh tcdt hxoùaha DTG.7;

D fhw jeitcs khferh Cdfgz _u`tdi wds urmha te wrgth te dia oeuish` tch `hdahrs ef DTG,

gt shhjs tcdt d agsputh wds rdmgim djeim rh`gmgeus soce`drs gi _duag Drdkgd. Qch

agsputh gs agsoussha gi eih ef tch `htthrs dutcerha ky di githrjhagdry khtwhhi sejh ef

tchsh soce`drs dia nDtgyyd, te wcej tch `htthr gs daarhssha.7?Qch `htthr wds dutcerha gi

hdr`y ;>>= scert`y dfthr prgvdth jhhtgims tch githrjhagdry chà wgtc shvhrd` rh`gmgeus

soce`drs aurgim tch Cdbb (Ahohjkhr ;>>6-Bdiudry ;>>=). ]cdt gs liewi puk`go`y gs d

stdthjhit rh`hdsha gi Ievhjkhr ;>>6 dia sgmiha ky ?3 _duag soce`drs gi suppert ef

Grdqs _uiigs. Gt gs ocdrdothrgzha ky d cgmc`y shotdrgdi teih, doousgim tch Qwh`vhr _cggthsef Grdq, wcej tchy oeisgahr te kh rdfgad(rhbhotgeigsts), ef hjkrdogim tch Orusdahrs dia

prethotgim tchgr kdols, puttgim gite prdotgoh tchgr cdthfu` orhhas (ndqdgaucuj d`-

kdmcgad) dmdgist _uiigs.71 Qcgs wds fe`èwha ky d stdthjhit tcdt nDtgyyd rh`hdsha

prdgsgim tchsh soce`drs, tdlgim gt te jhdi suppert fer bgcdags, dia sgim`gim eut twe ef

tchj, nDka d`-[dcjdi d`-Kdrrdl dia nDkad``dc d`-Mcuidyjdi. nDtgyyd tchi daaha

wcdt wds jgssgim gi tchgr stdthjhit, od``gim ei _uiigs gi Grdq te begi dia suppert tch

74

Qch mreup gs kdsha gi Luragstdi. Dooeragim te Dku nDkad``dc d`-_cdfgng, tch `hdahr ef Disdr d`-Gs`dj,tch mreup wds hstdk`gscha gi ;>>4, kut gt cda te ocdimh gts idjh te Disdr d`-_uiid khodush gt wds tch

tdrmht ef X._. eooupdtgei ferohs gi ;>>?. Fer sejh tgjh, ch hxp`dgiha, tch mreup ocdimha gts tdotgos dia

hxpdiaha gts ephrdtgeis te oevhr d`` ef Grdq, dia ds ef Ievhjkhr ;>>= tch mreup rhsujha usgim gts

ergmgid` idjh, Disdr d`-Gs`dj. Qch ocdimgim ef gts idjh gi ;>>= jdy cdvh khhi te sgmid` gts shpdrdtgei

frej DTG. Cgs stdthjhit gs dvdg`dk`h eiDrocgvh d`-Bgcda,

cttps2//www.bdrocgvh.iht/k/ahtdg`s.pcp5gthjUga:?844(doohssha ;; Dprg` ;>4;). Ch wds rhpertha te cdvh

khhi drrhstha ky tch X._. Drjy gi Jdy ;>4>. _hh _cgrzda _chglcdig, Rdngj Disdr d`-Gs`dj Wditdcg fg

Tdkadt d`-Bdysc d`-Djrglg, d`-_cdrq d`-Dwsdt, 8 Jdy ;>4>.7;Krgdi Fgscjdi, Aysfuiotgei dia Aho`gih2 @hsseis @hdriha frej Gisgah d`-Tdngad gi Grdq, Oejkdtgim

Qhrrergsj Ohithr dt ]hst êgit (;>>7).7?_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>41.71Igad `g-Dc` d`-_uiid fg d`-nGrdq wd-jd Wdbgku nd`d d`-Xjjd jgi Idsrdtgcgj, d`-Jus`gj,

cttp2//d`jes`gj.iht/ieah/166;7(doohssha ;; Dprg` ;>4;). Qch thrj rdfgadgs `gthrd``y tcesh wce rhbhot. Gt

gs usha gi d phberdtgvh wdy dmdgist _cggths te ahieth tcdt tchy rhbhot tch `hmgtgjdoy ef tch fgrst tcrhh

od`gpcs tch _uiigs oeisgahr te cdvh khhi `dwfu`. Qch Qwh`vhr _cggths oeisgahr tcdt nD`g (tch feurtc od`gpc

frej tch _uiigs phrsphotgvh) te cdvh khhi tch fgrst `dwfu` gjdj. Fer di dodahjgo stuay ef tch hveùtgei

ef shots gi Gs`dj, shh ^dtrgogd Oreih, Meas [u`h - Mevhrijhit dia Gs`dj2 _gx Ohiturghs ef Jhaghvd` ê`gtgod`

Qceumct(Ihw Werl2 Oeùjkgd Xigvhrsgty ^rhss, ;>>8), ocdpthrs ;-44.


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Gs`djgo _tdth ef Grdq (g.h., DTG). 78 Qch Gs`djgo _tdth ef Grdq d`se rh`hdsha gts ewi

stdthjhit k`hssgim tch soce`drs stdthjhit.76

Dooeragim te tch dooeuit ef nDtgyyds githrjhagdry, tch jhhtgim aurgim wcgoc _duag

soce`drs sgmiha tch stdthjhit wds dtthiaha ky => soce`drs, ?; ef wcej dkstdgiha frej

sgmigim. _ejh, ch rh`dtha, agsdmrhha wgtc gts weragim, wcg`h etchrs ogtha tchgr fhdr ef

khgim supprhssha er oèsh`y jeigterha ky tch dutcergtghs te bustgfy tchgr dksthitgei.7=

Jerh gjpertdit`y, nDtgyyds githrjhagdry wds teà tcdt tch stdthjhit ergmgid``y

gioùaha feur daagtgeid` `gihs tcdt whrh orgtgod` ef tch Gs`djgo _tdth ef Grdq, aho`drgim gt

te kh ui`dwfu`. Cewhvhr, d mreup ef soce`drs, `ha ky d`-Kdrrdl, gisgstha ei ah`htgim

tchsh `gihs, wcgoc feroha etchrs te oeiohah gi vghw ef tch gjpertdioh ef rh`hdsgim tch

stdthjhit dmdgist tch [dfgad dia hisurgim tcdt d`-Kdrrdl wds djeim tch sgmidterghs

te tch stdthjhit.73

D kgemrdpcy ef d`-Kdrrdl dvdg`dk`h ei tch githriht giagodths tcdt ch gs d rhtgrha prefhsseref rh`gmgeus soghiohs, wce suphrvgsha jdiy aeoterd` dia jdsthrs tchshs, kut rhfusha

shvhrd` effhrs te khoejh d jhjkhr ei tch oeuiog` tcdt ah`gvhrs ferjd` `hmd` epgigeis.77

Qch hxp`gogt rhfhrhioh te cgs rhfusd` gs dietchr wdy ef jdlgim liewi tcdt ch rhfushs te

ceà di effgoh tcdt jgmct oejprejgsh cgs prgiogp`hs dia rhiahr cgj dooeuitdk`h te tch

ru`gim _dua fdjg`y. Gi cgs jhhtgim wgtc nDtgyyds githrjhagdry, d`-Kdrrdl hxprhssha tcdt

ch wds teuocha dia ceierha wchi nDtgyyd sgim`ha cgj eut gi cgs stdthjhit dia prdyha

fer vgotery fer dia oeise`gadtgei ef tch Gs`djgo _tdth ef Grdq.4>>nDtgyyds githrjhagdry

oeuà iet jhht gi phrsei wgtc nDkad``dc d`-Mcuidyjdi, tch etchr soce`dr sgim`ha eut

gi nDtgyyds stdthjhit, kut ch jht wgtc eih ef cgs stuahits. Ch wds teà tcdt d`-

78nDgtyydtu``dc, Qdkscgr Tuùk d`-Jubdcgagi kg-Qd`dcujg dc`g d`-nG`jg wd-d`-Jubdcgagi,Ju`tdqd

Cdardjut, cttp2//www.carjut.iht/vk/t;;=8;1.ctj`(doohssha ;; Dprg` ;>4;).76Gs`djgo _tdth ef Grdq, Adw`dt d`-Grdq d`-Gs`djgyyd tukdrgl kdydi Igad `g-Dc` d`-_uiid fg d`-Grdq wd-

jd Wdbgku d`d d`-Xjjd,

cttp2//www.d`dqsdmdth.erm/vk/scewtcrhda.pcp5t:=;6&s:>o=684;;31>77?6h1?a>;f76af=fo31k (doohssha ;6

Dprg` ;>4;).7=D iujkhr ef tch soce`drs wce sgmiha tch stdthjhit drh rhpertha te kh gjprgseiha ky _duag dutcergtghs.

_hh Jgikdr d`-Qdwcga wd-d`-Bgcda.73_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>41, 1. Qcgs gs d cgmc`y agffgou`t thxt te rhda gi Drdkgo< gt wds wrgtthi gi d curry, gt gs

`gtthrha wgtc sph``gim jgstdlhs dia gt `dols o`drgty gi shvhrd` orgtgod` p`dohs.77Idkacd Julctdsdrd ndi d`-_grd d`-Acdtgyyd `g-d`-_chglc nDka d`-[dcjdi d`-Kdrrdl Cdfgzdcu D``dc,

cttp2//www.sddga.iht/]drdtcdc/4/d`kdrdl.ctj(doohssha ;; Dprg` ;>4;). Fer giferjdtgvh kdolmreuia ef

tch re`h ef d`-Kdrrdl dia etchr _duag soce`drs gi suppertgim bgcdags, shh _thpcdih @doregx,Dwdlhigim

Gs`dj2 Qch ê`gtgos ef [h`gmgeus Agsshit gi Oeithjperdry _duag Drdkgd(Odjkrgamh2 Cdrvdra Xigvhrsgty ^rhss,

;>44), pdrtgou`dr`y ocdpthr 8. D`se shh Chmmcdjjhr,Bgcda gi _duag Drdkgd, pdrtgou`dr`y ocdpthr =.4>>_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>41, 1.


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Mcuidyjdi cda jdah d prejgsh iet te puk`gsc cgs keels aurgim cgs `gfhtgjh, kut

cdppg`y ocdimha cgs jgia wchi eih ef cgs stuahits summhstha tcdt ch sceuà puk`gsc

tchj dia aeidth tch preohhas te tch bgcdags.4>4D`-Mcuidyjdi gs d rhiewiha rh`gmgeus

soce`dr, cdvgim eooupgha shvhrd` prhstgmgeus fdou`ty pesgtgeis, dia cgs o`dsshs drh

rhpertha te kh cgmc`y seumct dfthr.4>;

Gt gs iet o`hdr frej tch `htthr gf tch suppert ef tchsh rh`gmgeus soce`drs hxthiaha khyeia

prhdocgim dia wrgtgim gi suppert ef bgcdags. Wht tch `htthr pegits te d ohrtdgi _cdylc

Dku Rgfr/Rdfr wce gs o`hdr`y gi oeitdot wgtc nDtgyyd ei d jerh ephrdtgeid` `hvh`

tcreumc d agffhrhit githrjhagdry. Cgs rh`dtgeiscgp wgtc nDtgyyd just cdvh give`vha

shisgtgvh jdtthrs khodush ch oejp`dgiha tcdt tch ourrhit githrjhagdry tcreumc wcej

ch oejjuigodtha wgtc nDtgyyd wds iet trustwertcy dia oeuà iet kh trustha wgtc

shorhts gf drrhstha.4>?Ch d`se giagodtha tcdt ef tch ?3 soce`drs wce sgmiha tch stdthjhit

gi suppert ef Grdqs _uiigs, tchy ae iet d`` ahshrvh te kh prdgsha, rhjdrlgim tcdt tchy

drh `glh`y te turi dmdgist yeu< cewhvhr, ch aga iet ekbhot te sgim`gim eut d`-Kdrrdl diad`-Mcuidyjdi, ketc ef wcej drh ahshrvgim ef cgs prdgsh.4>1 _cdylc Dku Rgfr/Rdfrs

idjh aehs iet dpphdr gi tch stdthjhit< gt gs pessgk`h tcdt gt gs di d`gds dia tcdt gs wcy ch

oeuà iet kh gahitgfgha.

Qcrhh yhdrs dfthr tchsh ahkdths, Kgi @dagi rhjdgiha oeiohriha dkeut agvgsgeis djeim

bgcdag mreups gi Grdq dia cepha tcdt tchy weuà rh-uigth dfthr tch lg``gim ef Dku nXjdr

d`-Kdmcadag dia Dku Dyyuk d`-Jgsrg. Ch dslha nDtgyyd te wrgth cgj d rhpert dkeut

Dku Kdlr d`-Kdmcadag dia cgs ahputy, Dku _u`dyjdi d`-Idsgr, tch ihw `hdahrs ef

DTG.4>8

Ch furtchr daaha tcdt G weuà `glh fer yeu te dsl eur kretchrs gi Disdr d`-Gs`dj dkeut tchgr stdioh vgs--vgs tch ihw `hdahrsdia rhjgia tchj te hxhrt tchgr

utjest hfferts te shhl uigty dia rhse`vh agffhrhiohs khtwhhi tch agffhrhit bgcdag hitgtghs

gi Grdq.4>6

Gi vghw ef DTGs `gdkg`gty te tch gjdmh ef bgcda mhihrd``y dia ef d`-Tdngad gi pdrtgou`dr, gt

stdias te rhdsei tcdt gt sceuà shrvh ds d pegit ef oeithitgei djeim shiger DTO

`hdahrs. Ie eih djeim tch jdgi phrseid`gtghs wce stdr gi tch aeoujhits oejhs doress

4>4Gkga., 8.4>;nDkad``dc kgi Jucdjjda d`-Mcuidyjdi, cttp2//www.dùldc.iht/]hk/meigjdi/OV/(doohssha ;;

Dprg` ;>4;).4>?_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>41, 4-;.4>1Gkga., ;.4>8_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, ?1. Qchy whrh diieuioha ds `hdahrs ei 48 Jdy ;>4>. _hh d`-_cujulc,

cttp2//www.scdjglc4.gife/vk/scewtcrhda.pcp5t:6;43=(doohssha 4; Dprg` ;>4;).4>6_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>47, ?1.


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jerh rgmctheus`y orgtgod` tcdi Djhrgods ewi Dadj Mdadci. Mdadcis `htthr wds

jhdit te rhspeia te Kgi @dagis quhrghs dkeut di hffhotgvh jhagd strdthmy, gioùagim

himgihhrgim d wdy tcdt weuà mht Djhrgodi th`hvgsgei ocdiih`s te kredaodst d sphhoc

ky Kgi @dagi ei tch thitc diigvhrsdry ef 7/44.4>=Djeim tch rhdseis Kgi @dagi wditha d

ihw strdthmy wds te jdlh liewi tch bustgoh ef eur odush te tch werà.4>3 Mdadci

odpgtd`gzha ei tch bustgoh ef eur odush dia usha gt ds di ephigim te cgmc`gmct tch

gibustgohs ch kh`ghvha tch bgcdags drh oejjgttgim, wgtc DTG dia QQ^ eooupygim tch

`geis scdrh ef cgs orgtgogsj.

Mdadci cda p`diiha te prhpdrh di Drdkgo stdthjhit daarhssha te Ocrgstgdi Drdks. Ch

wditha te wdri tchj dmdgist oe``dkerdtgim wgtc tch hihjghs ef Gs`dj, givgth tchj te

begi Gs`dj, dia whòejh teadys Gs`djgo oeiquhst, prhsujdk`y ky tch bgcdags, bust ds

tchgr diohsters aga wchi tch shoeia Od`gpc nXjdr oeiquhrha Bhrusd`hj.4>7 Gi tch

oe``hotgvh jhjery ef Jus`gjs dia Drdk Ocrgstgdis, nXjdr gs rhputha fer cgs rhsphot ef

tch rh`gmgeus rgmcts ef Ocrgstgdis. Gt gs rhpertha tcdt ei cgs teur ef Bhrusd`hj, nXjdrvgsgtha Ocrgstgdi ocurochs kut rhfrdgiha frej phrferjgim tch Jus`gj prdyhr gi eih ef

tchj, `glh`y tch Ce`y _hpuòchr, `hst gt kh turiha gite di Gs`djgo scrgih dfthr cgs ahdtc Mdadci

wditha te givelh tch spgrgt ef Gs`djgo te`hrdioh tcdt nXjdrs rhgmi hvelhs. Cgs p`di wds

tcwdrtha, cewhvhr, wchi d Odtce`go ocuroc gi Kdmcada wds dttdolha ky DTG, tch

ermdigzdtgei tcdt wh suppert dia wcgoc `glh gt er iet \Z gs liewi te tch phep`h ds

di Grdqg krdioc ef tch ermdigzdtgei ef d`-Tdngad.444Ch tcus odioh``ha cgs p`di khodush

cgs dpphd` te Drdk Ocrgstgdis weuà cdvh ie orhagkg`gty gi vghw ef G_G/DTGs dttdols

tdrmhtgim Ocrgstgdi ocurochs.44;

Ch oejpdrha DTGs pe`goy te tcdt ef ^rhsgahit Mhermh]. Kusc, wce, gi cgs jgia, rhph``ha tch Hurephdis dia tch gith``hotud`s ef tch werà. Gi

d phrcdps oeistruotgvh orgtgogsj ef Kgi @dagi, dia te cgmc`gmct tch ihha fer d`-Tdngad te

agsseogdth gtsh`f frej G_G/DTG, Mdadci pdssgeidth`y dslha2 gs tcgs tch bustgoh tcdt wh

prhdoc dia tcdt _cdylc \Kgi @dagiZ prhdochs gi cgs stdthjhits dia `htthrs544?

Mdadci wds o`hdr`y cgmc`gmctgim te DTOs `hdahrs tcdt tchy whrh bust ds mug`ty ef tch

aeuk`h stdiadras tchy doousha tch ]hst ef phrphtudtgim gi tch Jus`gj werà. Ch wds

4>=_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>1.4>3_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>48, 3.4>7_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>1, 6.44>_.A. Megthgi, d`-Luas, Hioyoèpdhagd ef Gs`dj, shoeia hagtgei, ei`gih hagtgei (doohssha ;3 Dprg` ;>4;).444_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>1, 6.44;Gkga. Ei dttdols dmdgist ocurochs gi Grdq, shh Ditceiy _cdaga, Ocuroc Dttdol _hhi ds _trglh dt Grdqs

Oerh, Ihw Werl Qgjhs,4 Ievhjkhr ;>4>.44?_EOEJ-;>4;->>>>>>1, =.


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;3

d`drjha ky tch mdp khtwhhi tch stdthjhits ef eur `hdahrs dia rh`gmgeus soce`drs dia

tch dotgeis ef tcesh wce drh sdga te kh dffg`gdtha te er d``gha wgtc tchj. 441 Ch tcus

davgsha tcdt d`-Tdngad sceuà tdlh ahogsgvh puk`go jhdsurhs te agsseogdth gtsh`f frej tch

gmierdit/uimea`y orgjgid`gty (d`-gbrdj d`-bdcg`g) ef bgcdag mreups.448 Gi cgs weras, d`-

Tdngad sceuà puk`go`y2

aho`drh gts agsdpprevd` ef tchsh dia etchr dotgeis tcdt tch ermdigzdtgei se-

od``ha tch Gs`djgo _tdth ef Grdq (g.h., DTG) gs odrrygim. \Gt sceuà kh jdah o`hdr tcdt

DTGs dotgeis drh khgim tdlhiZ wgtceut tch erahrs ef er oeisu`tdtgei wgtc d`-

Tdngad. G kh`ghvh tcdt seeihr er `dthr cephfu``y seeihr gt gs ihohssdry tcdt d`-

Tdngad pu

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