REPORT oil

RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

OIL SPILLSA MINI PROJECT REPORT

BY

Mr. Shubham Shivaji Kamble(1301031)Mr. Tushar Mohan Patole(1301035)

Mr. Dnyaneshwar Nivrutti Jadhav(1301032)Mr. Shubham Siddharth Bankar(1301036)

Mr. Shivdutt Vasantrao Deshmukh(1301033)

UNDER THE

GUIDANCE OF

PROF. -

P.D.MASKAR

K. E. Society’s

RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYRajaramnagar (Sakharale), Tal. Walwa, Dist.

Sangli PIN - 415 414 (Maharashtra), INDIA.

A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

OIL SPILLSSUBMITTED BY

Mr. SHUBHAM SHIVAJI KAMBLE

Mr. TUSHAR MOHAN PATOLE

OIL SPILLS Page 2

Mr. DNYANESHWAR NIVRUTTI JADHAV

Mr. SHUBHAM SIDDHARTH BANKAR

Mr. SHIVDUTT VASANTRAO DESHMUKH

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. - P.D.MASKAR

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERINGYEAR: 2014-2015

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K. E. Society’s

RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYRajaramnagar (Sakharale), Tal. Walwa, Dist.

Sangli PIN - 415 414 (Maharashtra), INDIA.

___________________________________________

_____________________________

Date:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project report

entitled Oil spills, is a benefit work of S.Y. Automobile

Engineering Students under the guidance of Mr. P. D.

MASKAR, Automobile. Engg. Dept. It is approved for

partial fulfillment of the requirement S.Y. Automobile

Engineering,

Year 2014–15.

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Mr. P.D.MASKAR Prof. S. R. PATIL Guide Head

Automobile Engg. Dept.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my guide Mr. P.D. MASKAR. for guiding me to

accomplish this project work. It is an honor and pleasure to work

under his able guidance. I am thankful to him for giving helpful

suggestions from time to time. Due to his constant encouragement

and inspiration I am able to present this work.

I express my thanks to all teaching & non-teaching staff of

Automobile Engineering Department for their help in completing my

project.

I once again thankful to all those who directly or

indirectly help us in completing this project and making it

pleasurable knowledgeable experience.

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SHUBHAM S. KAMBLE

TUSHAR M. PATOLE

DNYANESH N. JADHAV

SHUBHAM S. BANKAR

SHIVDUTT V. DESHMUKH

-S.Y. (AUTOMOBILE)

INDEX

Sr.n

o.Topic Page

no.

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1 Abstract 6

2 Introduction 7

3 Causes & Present Situation Oil

Pollution

8

4 Effect, Preventions and

Control of oil spill

12

5 The project 16

6 Block Diagram and Description 17

7 Applications, Advantages and

Disadvantages

20

8 Conclusion 21

9 References 22

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ABSTRACTAn oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum

hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to

human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually

applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the

ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil

spills may be due to releases of cruid oil from tankers, offshore

platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined

petroleum products (such as gasoline,diesel) and their by-

products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel,

or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.

Now a day’s bioremediation using microorganisms, control

burning,dispersants, dredging, and skimming processes are used

for cleaning the oil spills.

We are using the solidifying method for cleaning the oil on

surface of sea water. In this method dry hydrophobic polymer is

spread over the oil, thus having characteristics of absorption

and adsorption this polymer changes physical state of spilled oil

from liquid to solid or rubber-like form that floats on the

water. Thus solidifiers cleaned oil by this method.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum

hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to

human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually

applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the

ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil

spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore

platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined

petroleum product (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-

products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel,

or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.

Spilt oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of

birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability,

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and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and

much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil

spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the

type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting

evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and

beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to

clean up. Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than

those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical

miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin

coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and

other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily

containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed

around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land

animals can avoid the oil more easily.

Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and

depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the

temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and

biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches

involved. Bioremediation using microorganisms, control

burning,dispersants, dredging, and skimming processes are used

for cleaning the oil spills.

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CHAPTER 2:CAUSES OF OIL POLLUTION

Oil Spills may happen for several reasons.

1. When oil tankers have equipment faults:

When oil tankers break down, it may get stuck on shallow

land. When the tanker is attempted to move out of shallow land,

abrasion may cause a hole in the tanker that will lead to large

amounts of oil being released into the oceanic bodies. However,

although this form of oil spill is the most commonly known and

has the highest media attention, only 2% of oil in water bodies

is a result of this action.

2. From nature and human activities on land:

 The large majority of oil spilled is from natural seeps

geological seeps from the ocean floor as well as leaks that occur

when products using petroleum or various forms of oil are used on

land, and the oil is washed off into water bodies.

3. Water Sports:

 Other causes of oil spills are spills by petroleum users of

released oil. This happens when various water sports or water

vehicles such as motorboats and jet skis leak fuel.

4. Drilling works carried out in sea:

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 When drilling works carried out in the sea, the oil and

petroleum used for such activities are released into the sea,

thus causing an oil spill.

Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills. According to the

United Coast Guard 35.7% of the volume of oil spilled in the

World from 1991 to 2004 came from tank vessels (ships/barges),

27.6% from facilities and other non-vessels, 19.9% from non-tank

vessels, and 9.3% from pipelines; 7.4% from mystery spills. On

the other hand, only 5% of the actual spills came from oil

tankers, while 51.8% came from other kinds of vessels.

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CHAPTER 3:PRESENT SITUATION IN THE WORLD

One metric ton (tonne) of crude oil is roughly equal to 308

US gallons or 7.33 barrels approx.; 1 oil barrel (bbl) is equal

to 35 imperial or 42 US gallons.

Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have

damaged natural Ecosystem in Alaska, the Gulf of mexico, the

Galapagos island, France and many other places. The quantity of

oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons

to several hundred thousand tons (e.g. Deepwater Horizon oil

spill, Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadize) but is a limited barometer

of damage or impact. Smaller spills have already proven to have a

great impact on ecosystems, such as the Exxon Voldez oil spill

because of the remoteness of the site or the difficulty of an

emergency environmental response.

The 2013 Mayflower oil spill occurred on March 29, 2013,

when an ExxonMobil pipeline carrying Canadian Wabasca heavy

crude from the Athabasca oil sands ruptured in Mayflower,

Arkansas, about 25 miles northwest of Little Rock. Approximately

12,000 barrels (1,900 m3) of oil mixed with water had been

recovered by March 31. Twenty-two homes were

evacuated. The United States Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) classified the leak as a major spill. A reported

5,000−7,000 barrels of crude were spilled. Exxon's Pegasus

pipeline carries 95,000 barrels per day (15,100 m3/d) of crude a

distance of 850 miles (1368 km) from Patoka,

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Illinois to Nederland, Texas. The pipeline is twenty inches in

diameter and is buried an average of twenty-four inches below

ground. On April 2, 2013, PHMSA, the federal pipeline regulator,

issued a corrective action order until repairs have been

completed and all safety concerns addressed.

This causes lot of effect on environment of Mayflower,

Arkansas. Since the spill on March 29, there have been

conflicting reports as to whether the oil sands oil has

reached Lake Conway. Total toxic hydrocarbons were detected at

more than 88,000 parts per billion in the ambient air.

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CHAPTER 4:WORLD’S BIGGEST OIL SPILLS

1.GULF WAR OIL:

The Gulf War oil spill was one of the largest oil spills in

history, resulting from the Gulf War in 1991. The apparent

strategic goal was to foil a potential landing by US Marines. It

also made commandeering oil reserves difficult for US forces.

2.KUWAITI OIL FIRES:

The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by Iraqi military

forces setting fire to a reported 605 to 732 oil wells along with

an unspecified number.

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CHAPTER 5:EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS

Our planet, earth has large reserves of the oil and gas

trapped deep beneath its surface. Occasionally, these reserves

develop cracks and some of the oil or gas seeps out. However,

this is a part of nature and rarely ever causes any major damage.

On the other hand, there are times when the problem is causes

because of human interference and it can cause a great deal of

damage to marine ecosystems. In the last thirty odd years, the

issue of oil spills and their effects has taken on much

importance. This is because when oil spill occurs, it causes a

multitude of problems for environment and us.

Oil spills are considered forms of pollution. Oil spills

also have highly adverse effects on the environment. These oil

spills greatly affect animals, which may in turn sometimes lead

to animals getting endangered. Animals may be affected because

oil spills may cause hypothermia, inducing low body temperatures.

Oil may also enter the lungs or livers of animals, in turn

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poisoning the animals. Oil may also kill animals by blinding

them, affecting their natural predator prey instincts, resulting

in which they will be unaware of their predators, and will

eventually be preyed on.

1.Environmental Effect:

First of these is Environmental effect. The animal life that

lives in water or near the shore are most affected by the spills.

The oil works its way in fur and plumage of the animals.

Oil spills largely affect the plumage of birds and fur of

mammals by penetrating it and thereby affecting its insulation

abilities thereby making them less able to adapt to temperature

fluctuations and less buoyant in water. Mammals get hypothermia,

which is a reduction in body temperature which may lead to death

of both birds and mammals. Oil may reach the mammals liver or

lungs poisoning it. Oils may also blind certain animals which

reduces their ability to avoid predators and they may this be

killed, which can lead to that animal species being endangered.

When sea birds are covered in oil slick, they become heavy and

may find it difficult to fly. The birds then attempt to clean

themselves by eating the oil slicks from their plumage which

leads to irritation of their digestive tract, altering their

liver function, causing kidney damage and eventually leads to

death.

Killer whales are also poisoned when they feed on fish that that

has swam through the oil. The oil poisons them, and eventually

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they die. Sometimes, the oil blocks their blowhole (the holes

through which they breath) and they die. This has led to killer

whales being endangered species.

Plankton, larval fish, seaweed, oysters and bottom dwelling

organisms are strongly affected by oil spills because sunlight

cannot penetrate through the oil slick to the bottom of the ocean

and therefore affects producers. When microscopic plants cannot

photosynthesize and manufacture their food, they cannot release

oxygen for the bottom dwelling aquatic organisms which leads to

their death. When these organisms die, fishes cannot feed on them

so they die as well, humans that have fish farming as a means of

livelihood have their livelihoods denied them and may have to

relocate. The biodiversity of a place where a spill has occurred

is greatly affected.

2.Effect on human:

An oil spill represents an immediate fire hazard. The

Kuwaiti oil fires produced air pollution that caused respiratory

distress. The Deepwater Horizon explosion killed eleven oil rig

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workers. The fire resulting from the Lac-Magnetic deliamen killed

47 and destroyed half of the town's centre.

Spilled oil can also contaminate drinking water supplies. For

example, in 2013 two different oil spills contaminated water

supplies for 300,000 in Malaysia; 80,000 people in US.

Contamination can have an economic impact on tourism and marine

resource extraction industries. For example, the Deepwater

Horizon oil spill impacted beach tourism and fishing along the

Gulf Coast, and the responsible parties were required to

compensate economic victims.

Clean up and Recovery:

Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and

depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the

temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and

biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches

involved.

Methods for cleaning up include:

1.Bioremediations:

In this use of microorganisms or biological agents to

break down or remove oil; such as the bacteria Alcanivoraxor

Methylocella Silvestre’s.

2.Bioremediation Accelerator:

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Oleophilic, hydrophobic chemical, containing no

bacteria, which chemically and physically bonds to both

soluble and insoluble hydrocarbons. The bioremediation

accelerator acts as a herding agent in water and on the

surface, floating molecules to the surface of the water,

including soluble such as phenols and BTEX, forming gel-like

agglomerations. Undetectable levels of hydrocarbons can be

obtained in produced water and manageable water columns. By

over spraying sheen with bioremediation accelerator, sheen

is eliminated within minutes. Whether applied on land or on

water, the nutrient-rich emulsion creates a bloom of local,

indigenous, pre-existing, hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria.

Those specific bacteria break down the hydrocarbons into

water and carbon dioxide, with EPA tests showing 98% of

alkanes biodegraded in 28 days; and aromatics being

biodegraded 200 times faster than in nature they also

sometimes use the hydrofireboom to clean the oil up by

taking it away from most of the oil and burning it.

3. Controlled burning: It can effectively reduce the amount of oil in water,

if done properly.[44] But it can only be done in low wind,and

can cause air pollution.

4.Dispersants: It can be used to dissipate oil slicks. A dispersant

is either a non-surface active polymer or a surface-active

substance added to a suspension, usually a colloid, to

improve the separation of particles and to

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prevent settling or clumping. They may rapidly

disperse large amounts of certain oil types from the

sea surface by transferring it into the water column. They

will cause the oil slick to break up and form water-

soluble micelles that are rapidly diluted. The oil is then

effectively spread throughout a larger volume of water than

the surface from where the oil was dispersed.

5.Dredging: For oils dispersed with detergents and other oils

denser than water.

6.Skimming: Requires calm waters at all times during the process.

7.Vacuum and centrifuge: oil can be sucked up along with the water, and then a

centrifuge can be used to separate the oil from the water -

allowing a tanker to be filled with near pure oil. Usually,

the water is returned to the sea, making the process more

efficient, but allowing small amounts of oil to go back as

well. This issue has hampered the use of centrifuges due to

a United States regulation limiting the amount of oil in

water returned to the sea.

Preventing Oil spills:1. Emergency response plans. This entails that oil

transporters/tankers have detailed written plans on what

actions they will take if a spill occurs. This plans must

have been written out before transporting oil

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2. Double hulls: The law states that all ships transporting

hulls must have double hulls before 2015. Double hulls

reduce the possibility of oil spills during transport by 60%

has compared to single hull ships.

3. Spill funds: This law specifies that Oil companies pay

certain amounts to the government so that in case of a

spill, The government can pay for a cleanup.

4. Navigation: The law states that the Coast Guard (they

protect the United State's water bodies) must know where oil

tankers can navigate through without a spill occurring and

enforcing it.

CHAPTER 6:THE PROJECT

We are using the solidifying method for cleaning the oil on

surface of sea water. In this method dry hydrophobic polymer is

spread over the oil, thus having characteristics of absorption

and adsorption this polymer changes physical state of spilled oil

from liquid to solid or rubber-like form that floats on the

water. Thus solidifiers cleaned oil by this method.

Solidifying:

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Solidifiers are composed of dry hydrophobic polymers that

both adsorb and absorb. They clean up oil spills by changing the

physical state of spilled oil from liquid to a semi-solid or a

rubber-like material that floats on water. Solidifiers

are insoluble in water, therefore the removal of the solidified

oil is easy and the oil will not leach out. Solidifiers have been

proven to be relatively non-toxic to aquatic and wild life and

have been proven to suppress harmful vapors commonly associated

with hydrocarbons such as Benzene, Xylene, Methyl Ethyl, Acetone

and Naphtha. The reaction time for solidification of oil is

controlled by the surf area or size of the polymer as well as the

viscosity of the oil. Some solidifier product manufactures claim

the solidified oil can be disposed of in landfills, recycled as

an additive in asphalt or rubber products, or burned as a low ash

fuel.

This demonstration serves to heighten awareness of

environmental issues facing our society today, while at the same

time exploring the unique properties of polymers. Polymers are

very useful in environmental applications. One example is an

experimental product called Enviro-Bond® polymer(Hydrophobic

Polymers), which demonstrates how polymers are used to control

and cleanup oil spills on our oceans. Other types of oil spill

cleanup methods include collecting oil using pumps, burning it,

using detergents to break up the oil and the use of polypropylene

(another synthetic polymer!) booms to contain and absorb the oil

from the ocean surface.

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This method is very convenient than other methods.

Because of non toxic nature of this polymer there is no pollution

to the environment at all and also we can remove the oil from the

surface of water easily. This polymer have nature to float on the

water. After solidification of oil we can remove it easily so

that this method is very useful to prevent oil spills.

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CHAPTER 7:BLOCK DIAGRAM

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CHAPTER 8:PROCEDURE

1. SUCTION: Oil floating on the surface of sea water suck by

the suction pipe by applying motor. This oil+water mixture

is then collected into the Tank 1(Suction Tank).

2. This oil+water mixture is slowly release to Tank 2,i.e.,

Stability tank. In this tank mixture is stable, so that oil

is on the surface of water.

3. From tank 2 first water is release to the tank 3 and again

very slowly water is release to tank 4. When oil is come in

tank 3 water release valve of tank will closed.

4. Now Hydrophobic Polymer will spray or throw on the oil.

After 3-5 minutes the oil will frozen,i.e., it changes its

state from liquid to semi solid or rubber form.

5. After this solid oil will remove into a separate tank and

remaining water is release to tank 4.

6. Water is first purified and then release to the ocean. This

process is continuous process.

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7. Oil solidifiers are polymers that have a physical attraction

to hydrocarbons (oil, gasoline, etc.) that is caused by Van

de Waal's forces. They consist of long chains of

hydrocarbons that have a loose molecular structure and a

very porous matrix. They increase the viscosity of the oil

to the point that it forms a solid mass.

8. Solidification time is primarily controlled by grain size

(and thus surface area) of the product. Solidification time

varies from a few seconds to a few minutes, depending on the

viscosity of the oil. Fine-grained powders solidify faster

than granules because of higher surface area on the product

and higher diffusion rate of the oil.

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CHAPTER 8: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

APPLICATIONS:

For cleaning the oil from the surface of water and road.

ADVANTAGES:

1. Traditional oil spill cleanup methods such as vacuum trucks

and skimmers are very expensive and require a lot of

manpower. The cleanup process is often slow, and

transporting water for processing is often needed.

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2. Solidified oil does not need any processing afterwards. It

can be recycled, reused in various industrial applications,

or disposed of in landfills depending on local regulations.

3. Solidifiers are non-toxic and float on water. They are not

harmful to animals, humans or the environment. They are very

cost effective, up to 80% compared to traditional cleanup

methods.

4. Once oil is solidified, it is very easy to manage and remove

with simple tools such as rakes, shovels and nets. The

solidified oil can be recycled for use in asphalt or various

other industrial applications.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. This process is time taking process.

2. Man power for this process is more than other processes.

3. Initial cost for arrangement is slightly high.

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CONCLUSION:Solidifiers are non-toxic and float on water. They are not

harmful to animals, humans or the environment. They are very costeffective, up to 80% compared to traditional cleanup methods. Itis very easy to manage and remove oil with simple tools such asrakes, shovels and nets.

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REFERENCES:

1. “Oil Spills”- Wikipedia.

2.  Harvey, Steve (2010-06-13). "California's legendary

oil spill". Los Angeles Times.

3. Oil spill cleanup technology Patents and patent

applications.

4. “Sick of science- polymer for oil spill”, Youtube.

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