Report of the Plant Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota ... · 2015 Annual Report for the . North Dakota State University Extension . Plant Diagnostic Lab . January 1 through December

2015 Annual Report for the North Dakota State University Extension

Plant Diagnostic Lab

January 1 through December 31, 2015

Available on-line at http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl

Compiled by Jesse Ostrander and Kelsie Mettler

NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab

Department of Plant Pathology

College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources

http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl

Annual Report of the Plant Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University

Table of Contents

About the Lab ................................................................................................................ 3 PERSONNEL ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 NATIONAL PLANT DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK AND NPDN FIRST DETECTOR TRAINING ........................................ 3 ACTIVITIES OF THE NDSU PLANT DIAGNOSTIC LAB ......................................................................................... 4 2015 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND HIGHLIGHTS ...................................................................................................... 4

Services and Fees ......................................................................................................... 5

Fee Waivers for Extension Personnel ......................................................................... 5

Turn-Around Time ......................................................................................................... 6

Lab Statistics ................................................................................................................. 7 TOTAL SAMPLES RECEIVED BY YEAR, 1991 THROUGH 2015 .............................................................................. 7 MONTHLY SAMPLE SUBMISSION 2012 THROUGH 2015 ...................................................................................... 8 NORTH DAKOTA SAMPLES BY COUNTY 2015 .................................................................................................... 9 OUT-OF-STATE SAMPLES 2015 ........................................................................................................................... 9 TOTAL NUMBER OF SAMPLES RECEIVED BY SAMPLE CATEGORY, 2015.......................................................... 10 ROUTINE DIAGNOSES RECEIVED IN 2015 ......................................................................................................... 11 ROUTINE DIAGNOSES SAMPLES IN 2015 ........................................................................................................... 12 NUMBER OF DIAGNOSES AND CAUSAL AGENT TYPE BY ROUTINE DIAGNOSIS SUBCATEGORY 2015 ............... 13 NUMBER OF ROUTINE SAMPLE SUBMISSIONS BY SAMPLE SOURCE 2015 ......................................................... 14 DUTCH ELM DISEASE IN ND AND MN ............................................................................................................. 15 SEED HEALTH AND PHYTOSANITARY SAMPLES OF 2015 ................................................................................. 16

2015 Sample Details .................................................................................................... 17

Specialists consulted .................................................................................................. 30

Page 2 of 31

NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2015

About the Lab For over 40 years, the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab has helped individuals and professionals in agriculture and horticulture identify plant pests, diseases, cultural and environmental problems. Before submitting a sample to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, consider referring to local experts (such as county extension agents/educators) within your own state or county, since they may be more familiar with the types of plant problems that are common in your region, and will recommend submitting a sample to the PDL if necessary.

If you submit a sample to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab for seed health testing, phytosanitary testing, or routine diagnosis, a modest fee applies to offset the costs of lab technicians and supplies. Current fee rates for commonly requested services are available online at https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl/services-and-fees . Other services or bulk pricing may be available on request.

Personnel The lab supports up to three full-time personnel and several hourly students. Lab technicians and hourly help (as well as supplies and equipment) are supported with funds generated by the lab. For all of 2015, Kasia Kinzer, (Ph.D. in Plant Pathology) was the director of the lab. Jesse Ostrander (MS, Plant Pathology) is the plant diagnostician (since 2013) and current director of the lab. Kelsie Mettler (BS, Horticulture and Urban Forestry) joined the lab in September of 2015 as the seed health technician. Aimee Thapa (BS, Horticulture) is the extension administrative assistant who supports the lab.

National Plant Diagnostic Network and NPDN First Detector Training The NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab is a member of the Great Plains Diagnostic Network (GPDN), a 9-state region of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN). The NPDN was established in 2002 and consists of five regions. The NPDN provides critical diagnostic training for plant diagnosticians around the country as well as a means of secure communication among plant diagnosticians and regulatory personnel if high risk plant pest threats occur. Its mission stresses the importance of early detection of pests that can negatively impact our agricultural, forestry, natural, or horticultural resources, and to this end the NPDN, via the NDSU PDL, offers NPDN First Detector training in North Dakota through face-to-face training events or online training.

County extension agents: For a programming idea for your county, consider offering NPDN First Detector training. Learn how by contacting the Plant Diagnostic Lab.

A registered NPDN First Detector is any individual in agriculture, horticulture, or forestry who has undergone NPDN First Detector training and who has volunteered to become registered with the NPDN. Professionals and master gardeners who are involved in some way with agriculture, forestry, or horticulture are especially encouraged to consider becoming registered NPDN First Detectors. Self-directed training, via on-line training modules, is available at http://firstdetector.org/. After successfully completing three or more of the online modules, individuals may call the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab to become registered in the NPDN First Detector national database, although registration is optional/not required.

Occasionally, face-to-face NPDN First Detector training is offered, and it may be possible to arrange a session near you if enough interest exists. Contact the lab if you would like to become a registered NPDN First Detector (phone: 701-231-7854; email: [email protected]).

More information about the Great Plains Diagnostic Network is available at www.gpdn.org. For more information on the National Plant Diagnostic Network please visit www.npdn.org.

Page 3 of 31

https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl/services-and-fees

http://firstdetector.org/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.gpdn.org/

http://www.npdn.org/

Activities of the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Our goal is to provide economical, unbiased plant and pest diagnostic services to agricultural professionals, the horticulture/turf/forestry industries, homeowners, and individuals in North Dakota. We can accept samples from throughout the United States including Alaska and Hawaii, as well as from Canada.

2015 Accomplishments and Highlights • A personnel change occurred in the lab in 2015:

o The lab welcomed Kelsie Mettler in September, 2015, as the new seed health technician.

• The lab once again processed a higher-than average number of samples in 2015.

• The lab maintained USDA certification to test for bacterial ring rot to fulfill requirements of the Canadian Seed Potato Certification Program, for seed destined to be sold as certified seed in Canada.

• We continued to support the Master Gardener program and other horticultural community programs.

• In addition to offering routine diagnostic services, we continued to provide:

o seed health testing for seed growers

o phytosanitary testing to support the efforts of the North Dakota Department of Agriculture to facilitate exportation of ND crops

o research support services for faculty and private entities

Page 4 of 31


Services and Fees For a list of our most common services and their current fee rates, please visit our webpage at: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl/services-and-fees or contact us by phone. Please contact the lab (phone: 701.231.7854; email [email protected]) for information on special tests, bulk pricing, or research/survey support options not listed – the lab is flexible and may be able to offer the services necessary to fulfill your needs.

Fee Waivers for Extension Personnel The lab offers fee waivers for Extension Personnel. In 2015, samples referred (or submitted) to the lab by Extension Personnel for non-commercial clients usually qualified for a fee waiver. The purpose of these waivers is to help foster relationships between extension personnel and their stakeholders. These waivers were used to waive the following fees:

• routine diagnosis • culture (including the Dutch elm disease culture test) • herbicide injury evaluation (visual only; NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab does not offer wet

chemistry residue analysis) • plant/insect/fungus identification • some serological tests (ELISA/immunostrip predominately used for virus detection)

Note: The fee waiver cannot be applied to seed health/phytosanitary tests, the potato spindle tuber viroid test, DNA-based tests, most serological testing and certain other tests. If you have any questions, please contact the lab. Fee waivers and other information are typically distributed during the annual extension conference.

Page 5 of 31

https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl/services-and-fees

Turn-Around Time The NDSU PDL is a first-come first-serve lab, with some exceptions. Under certain circumstances, some samples, particularly commercial ones or those suspected to be infected by a ‘high risk’ pest (as defined by USDA-APHIS or the National Plant Diagnostic Network), may be given priority, especially if a very narrow window of time for treatment or response exists. While some of the samples are easily diagnosed the same day they are received, many samples have uncommon or unusual symptoms that are not routinely encountered by the diagnosticians or supporting experts. As a result, be prepared for longer turn-around times. The table below provides a guideline of expected turnaround times for various sample types. These guidelines are based on one sample (not multiple samples from the same client). Actual turnaround times may vary, depending on complexity of the problem, availability of expert consultants, types of tests needed, number of tests needed, number of samples, knowledge of the crop, type of problem suspected, priority, availability of reagents, availability of PDL staff, and so on. Often, by the time a sample is submitted to the lab, corrective measures for the current season may not be available; thus, the problem may be a management issue for subsequent seasons.

These times are maximum turn-around times; often, less time is needed. All submitters should contact the lab with any concerns regarding turn-around times.

Estimated turnaround times for routine samples:

Sample Type Estimated turnaround time (business days from time of sample receipt)

Field Crops 1-14 days Tree/Shrub 1-14 days ELISA testing 1-3 days

PCR2 testing 2-3 days

Culturing a sample 1-4 weeks (varies depending on pathogen growth rate)

Nematode 1-7 days Fruits/Vegetables 1-14 days Ornamentals 1-14 days Turf/Lawn 1-14 days Plant/Insect ID 1-7 days Fungus/Mold ID 1 week Seed Health 1 day to over 3 weeks - highly variable based on

requested test Phytosanitary 1 day to over 3 weeks - highly variable based on

requested test

Notes: Turn-around times for PCR/ELISA are based on consecutive business days; if received later in the week, this time is based off the following Monday. PCR testing may be done same-day in some circumstances, if primers are immediately available and tissue preparation is minimal. Phytosanitary and seed health testing samples are processed immediately or next day; some protocols require a 3 week incubation period.

Page 6 of 31


Lab Statistics

Total samples Received by Year, 1991 through 2015 A historical perspective of total number of samples received by the lab is presented in the graph below. The total number of samples received per year includes routine diagnosis, phytosanitary certification, seed health, research, and survey samples. The average total sample number has been steadily on the rise, albeit inconsistently. The large increase in sample numbers for 2014 is due to over 1,500 research samples being received in spring 2014, rather than December 2013 when such samples are normally received. A historical average of 1,812 samples have been processed per year (dotted red line).

960 792 783

957 1028 1186

884 1049 926 955

729 740 840 835

1213 1398

2062 2260

2762

4515

3124

3854

2334

4904

2790

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500 Number of Samples Annually, 1991 - 2015

Page 7 of 31

Monthly Sample Submission 2012 through 2015 Samples submitted for routine diagnosis, seed health testing, phytosanitary testing, surveys, and research support are received throughout the year. A large proportion of samples received during June, July, and August are those for routine diagnosis, although survey samples and phytosanitary samples are also received during this time. Samples received in December, January, and February are predominantly research samples. Phytosanitary samples are received throughout the year and seed health testing occurs largely during fall, winter, and spring. The numerical data labels in the chart below correspond to 2015 data only.

247

85 90

167 132 179 252 184

381 464

269 340

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Number of Samples By Month for 2012 - 2015

2012

2013

2014

2015

Page 8 of 31


North Dakota Samples by County 2015 Includes Routine Diagnosis, Phytosanitary, Research, Seed Health, and Survey samples.

Out-of-State samples 2015 (Includes routine diagnosis, seed health, and phytosanitary samples)

Location # Samples Canada 14 Arizona 3 Colorado 6 Georgia 1 Iowa 1 Idaho 130 Maryland 1 Michigan 42 Minnesota 209

Location # Samples Montana 23 Nebraska 13 New York 1 Oklahoma 1 Oregon 2 South Dakota 24 Texas 3 Washington 15 Wisconsin 46 Wyoming 2 Total Out of State 537

Sargent

Ransom

Grand Forks

Cass

Traill

Richland

Walsh Pierce

Benson

Cavalier

Stutsman

Dickey

LaMoure Logan

Barnes

Pembina

Foster

Kidder

Nelson

Wells

Rolette

Ramsey

Eddy

Bottineau

Grant

Stark Morton

Sioux

Mercer

McKenzie

Billings

Mountrail

Dunn

Williams

Burke Divide

McHenry Ward

McIntosh

Emmons

McLean

Burleigh Oliver

Hettinger

Bowman Adams

Slope

Renville Towner

Golden Valley

Griggs Steele Sheridan

1

0

2

6 1

50

194 630

8

2

214

2

0

7

5

57

30

2

5

6

3

1 2

3

1

2 65

0

8

199

6

1

43

2

2

1

6

134

0

15

0

2

10

4

12

32

83

38

102

1

245

0

0

Page 9 of 31

Total Number of Samples Received By Sample Category, 2015 Samples processed by the lab are separated into five main categories:

1. Survey 2. Research 3. Routine Diagnosis 4. Seed Health 5. Phytosanitary

A total of 2,790 samples were submitted in 2015. The pie chart below summarizes the total number of samples submitted by main category.

428

157

539

1005

661

All Samples by Category, 2015

Research

Survey

Seed Health

Phytosanitary

Routine Diagnosis

Page 10 of 31


Routine Diagnoses Received in 2015 The following figure details sample numbers for Routine Diagnosis only (Phytosanitary, Seed Health, and Research samples are NOT included). The ten-year average is 692.5 (dotted red line). While numbers were at the highest in 2014, they were close to average in 2015.

750

633 580

675 680 740 710

800

578

810

661

0

300

600

900

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Number of Samples Received for Routine Diagnoses, 2005 - 2015

Page 11 of 31

Routine Diagnoses samples in 2015 Samples submitted for Routine Diagnosis are further divided into three subcategories. Soil/Nematode samples, as usual, comprise the largest portion of samples submitted for routine diagnoses, followed by field crop samples and horticultural samples.

40%

7%

53%

ROUTINE DIAGNOSIS SUB-CATEGORIES, 2015

Field Crop

HorticulturalSamples

Soil/Nema

Page 12 of 31


Number of Diagnoses and Causal Agent Type by Routine Diagnosis Subcategory 2015 The table below summarizes the type of diagnosis applied to samples submitted for routine diagnosis. Since samples often have more than one diagnosis applied to them, the number of diagnoses exceeds the number of samples submitted. The table excludes data for phytosanitary, seed health, research, and survey samples.

Confirmed or Suspected Causal Agent Type

Subcategory

Tota

l Dia

gnos

es

Fung

us

Bac

teriu

m

Viru

s

Art

hrop

od (I

nsec

t)

Nem

atod

e

Che

mic

al In

jury

Abi

otic

Oth

er

No

Pest

or

Path

ogen

D

etec

ted

Unk

now

n

Insu

ffici

ent s

ampl

e

Field Crop 265 0 1 261 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0

Ornamental 5 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Small Fruit/Vegetable 17 3 4 6 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0

Soil (SCN or bioassay) 349 0 0 0 0 349 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tree/Shrub 20 7 5 1 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

Turf/Lawn 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

Total Diagnoses 661 12 12 268 5 349 2 11 0 1 0 1

Page 13 of 31

Number of Routine Sample Submissions by Sample Source 2015 The table below summarizes the proportion of samples submitted by extension personnel and non-extension, and whether the samples were for a commercial and noncommercial entity. Extension samples comprise 76% of samples received for routine diagnosis (this excludes Phytosanitary, Research, Seed Health, and Survey samples). Use of the lab by extension personnel is encouraged, and the large proportion of Routine Diagnosis samples submitted by extension personnel demonstrates their continued support of the lab.

Submitter Type Number of Samples for Routine Diagnosis Only

Extension - Total 501 Commercial 0 Non-commercial 501

Non-Extension - Total 160 Commercial 90 Non-commercial 70

Not Indicated - Total 0 Total: 661

Page 14 of 31


Dutch Elm Disease in ND and MN Dutch elm disease continues to infect American elm trees throughout the Red River Valley and the state of ND. The data presented here is limited to samples submitted to the Diagnostic Lab and as such cannot fully indicate whether incidence has risen or lowered from one year to the next. While symptoms of Dutch elm disease are fairly diagnostic by experienced tree health professionals, only a laboratory test can confirm the presence of the Dutch elm disease pathogen.

Keeping American elm trees healthy is the best defense against infection. An NDSU Extension bulletin is available with more information on managing Dutch elm disease. An electronic version of this publication is available online at:

http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/landing-pages/gardens-lawns-trees/dutch-elm-disease-in-nd-pp-1635

A PDF version is available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/trees/pp1635.pdf

Dutch Elm Disease Samples by ND County, 2011 - 2015

County, Number submitted

2011 2012 2013 2014

2015

Positive Not Detected Positive Not

Detected Positive Not Detected Positive Not

Detected Positive Not Detected

Burleigh -- -- -- -- 1 0 -- -- -- --

Cass 4 0 4 1 8 0 2 0 5 2

Clay, MN -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 0 0 1

Eddy -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0 -- --

Griggs -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0 Grand Forks

-- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- --

Kidder -- -- -- -- 1 0 -- -- -- --

Morton 0 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Mountrail -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0 -- --

Richland -- -- -- -- 1 0 -- -- -- --

Sheridan -- -- 1 0 -- -- -- -- -- --

Stark 1 0 1 0 0 1 -- -- -- --

Stutsman -- -- 0 1 -- -- -- --

Wells -- -- 1 0 -- -- -- -- -- --

Total: 5 1 7 1 11 2 7 1 6 3

Page 15 of 31



http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/trees/pp1635.pdf

Seed Health and Phytosanitary Samples of 2015 Samples for seed health testing are usually submitted during the winter months, typically beginning in September. Phytosanitary tests fulfill export requirements and occur year-round. The numbers below do not necessarily reflect unique samples – some samples are submitted for more than one seed health or phytosanitary test.

Seed Health and Phytosanitary Samples

Test Type Number of Samples

Nematode test – export (pulses) 472

Nematode test – export (soil) 251

Dome (dry bean, bacterial) 7

Dry bean anthracnose 2

Bunt teliospore seed wash 2

Potato bacterial ring rot 408

Potato viruses 389

Potato Late Blight 15

Page 16 of 31


2015 Sample Details The table below summarizes selected diagnoses by the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, sorted by host or habitat. Note that the level of confidence of the diagnosis is included, where Confirmed or Suspected indicates that the pest or pathogen was keyed out (morphology) or verified with serological or genetic testing, or based on general morphology, microscopy, or other evidence; Not Detected or Inconclusive means that the pathogen was not detected using one or more tests such as microscopy, culture, serology, or PCR; or test results were contradictory or unresolved.

Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Not Detected Suspected Inconcl

usive Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Winter Injury 0 0 2 0

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)

Greater Peachtree Borer (Synanthedon exitisoa) 0 0 1 0

Arborvitae (Thuja sp./spp.)

Spider Mites (Family Tetranychidae) 1 0 0 0

Ash (Fraxinus sp./spp.)

Growth Regulator Effect 0 0 1 0

Ash Flower Gall Mite (Eriophyes fraxiniflora) 0 0 1 0

Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra)

Cottony Ash Psyllid (Psyllopsis discrepans) 1 0 0 0

Aspen, Quaking (Populus tremuloides)

Insufficient Rootball 0 0 1 0

Twospotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) 0 0 1 0

Bean (Phaseolus sp./spp.)

Bean Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) 0 1 0 0

Bean Halo Blight (Bacterial) (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) 2 0 0 0

Dome Test 7 0 0 0

No Pathogen Found 1 0 1 0

Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var.)

Bacterial Brown Spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae) 0 0 2 0

Bean Anthracnose (Colletotrichus lindemuthianum) 1 4 0 0

Chemical Injury 0 0 2 1

Dome Test 10 0 0 0

Environmental Stress 0 0 1 0

Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 7 0 0 0

Fusarium Wilt Complex (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Genetic Disorders 0 0 1 0


Halo Blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) 1 0 0 0

Page 17 of 31


usive Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var.) Cont.

Herbicide Carryover 0 0 1 0

Iron Deficiency 0 0 1 0


Rhizoctonia Root Rot (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 3 0 0 0

Soybean Brown Stem Rot (Cadophora gregata) 0 0 1 0

Soybean Pod and Stem Blight (Siaporthe (Phomopsis) phaseolorum sojae) 2 0 0 0

Unknown Abiotic Disorder 0 0 1 0

White Mold (Stem Rot) (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) 1 0 0 0

Navy Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Dome Test 2 0 0 0

Bean Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) 0 2 0 0

Begonia, Rex (Begonia x rex-cultorum)

Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum grossum) Unknown Abiotic Disorder 0 0 1 0

Bird of Paradise (Strelitzea sp./spp.) Brown Soft Scale (Coccus hesperidum) 0 0 1 0

Cherry (Prunus sp./spp.)

Leaf Spot; Shothole (Blumeriella sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Chickpea (garbanzo) (Cicer arietinum)

Bulb; Stem Nematodes (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 23 0 0

Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 23 0 0

Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos)

Scorch 0 0 1 0

Coneflower (Echinacea sp./spp.)

Iron; Manganese Deficiency 0 0 1 0

Corn (Zea mays)

Anthracnose Leaf Blight (Colletotrichum graminicola)

0

0

1

0

Common Corn Rust (Puccinia sorghi) 0 0 1 0

Drought Stress Damage 0

0

2

0

Fusarium Crown Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0

0

3

0

Gibberella Root Rot (Fusarium graminearum) 1

0

0

0

Glyphosate Injury 0 0 1 0

Goss’s Wilt/Goss’s Bacterial Blight (Clavibacter michiganensis nebraskensis) 2 3 0 0

Holcus Spot (Pseudomonas syringae) 0 0 0 1

Natural Senescence 0 0 1 0

Page 18 of 31



usive Corn (Zea mays) Cont.

Northern Corn Leaf Blight (Setosphaeria turcica) 0 0 1 0

Stalk Rot (Unidentified agent) 0 0 0 2

Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp./spp.)


Leaf Spot (Unidentified Fungus) 0 0 1 0

Crabapple (Malus sp./spp.)

Apple Black Rot (Diplodia seriata) 0 0 0 1

Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) 1 0 0 0

Canker (Unidentified agent) 1 0 0 0

Spider mite (Tetranychus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Crabapple, European (Malus sylvestris)

Apple Black Rot (Diplotia seriata) 0 0 1 0

Apple Maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) 0 0 1 0

Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) 0 0 1 0

Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) 1 0 0 0

Spider Mite (Tetranychus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Brown Patch (Rhizotonia sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0

Take-all patch (Gaeumannomyces sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum orbiculare) 1 0 0 0

Cucurbit Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans) 0 0 1 0

Spider Mites (Family Tetranychidae) 1 0 0 0

Dogwood (Cornus sp./spp.)

Glyphosate Injury 0 0 1 0

Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana)

Kabatina Tip Blight (Kabatina juniperi) 0 0 0 1

Phomopsis Tip Blight (Phomopsis juniperovora) 0 0 0 1

Elm (Ulmus sp./spp.)

Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma sp./spp) 4 3 0 0

Wooly Elm Aphid (Eriosoma sp./spp.) 0 0 1 1

Elm, American (Ulmus americana) Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma sp./spp) 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

Fungal ID - see Mold ID

Grape (Vitis sp./spp.)

Black Rot (Phyllosticta ampelicida) 1 0 0 0


Grape Anthracnose; Birds-eye Rot (Elsinoe (Sphaceloma) ampelina (ampelinum)) 0 0 0 1

Grape Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola) 1 0 0 0

Page 19 of 31


usive Grape (Vitis sp./spp.) Cont.

Grape mite (Colomerus vitis) 0 0 1 0



Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)

Alternaria Leaf Blight (Alternaria sp./spp.) 0 0 0 1

Leaf Scorch 0 0 1 0

Hawthorn (Crataegus sp./spp.)

Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) 1 0 0 0 Mite Damage (Unidentified Mite) 0 0 1 0

Hollyhock (Alcea rosea)

Magnesium Deficiency 0 0 1 0


Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos)

Scorch 0 0 1 0

Hops (Humulus lupulus)

Insect Damage (Unidentified Insect) 0 0 1 0


Hosta (Hosta sp./spp.)



Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp./spp.)


No Pest Found 1 0 0 0

Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana)

Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 0 0 2 0

Thrips feeding injury 2 0 0 0

Insect Id

Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) 1 0 0 0

Black Carpenter Ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) 2 0 0 0

Clerid Beetle (Tillus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Giant Water Beetle (Farmily Belostomatidae) 1 0 0 0

Horse Fly, Black (Tabanus atratus) 1 0 0 0

Unidentified Insect 1 0 0 0

Iris (Iris sp./spp.)

Botrytis Bulb and Root Rot (Botrytis sp./spp) 1 0 0 0

Japanese Tree Lilac (Syringa reticulata)

Scorch 0 0 1 0

Juniper (Juniperus sp./spp.)

Insufficient Sample 1 0 0 0

Page 20 of 31



usive Juniper (Juniperus sp./spp.) Cont.

Kabatina Tip Blight; Needle Blight (Kabatina juniper) 1 0 0 0

Mechanical Damage 0 0 1 0

Rocky Mountain Juniper (Juniperus scopulorum



Stem Canker (Unidentified Canker) 1 0 0 0

Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta lentis) 0 1 0 0


Excessive Water 0 0 0 1


Nematodes, Bulb and Stem (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 500 0 0

Nematodes, Cyst (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 500 0 0

Lilac (Syringa sp./spp.)


Cultural/Environmental Problem 1 0 0 0

Nutrient Imbalance 1 0 0 0

Linden (American, basswood) (Tilia americana)

Chemical; Environmental Injury 0 0 1 0

Linden Wart Gall Midge (Contarinia verrucicola) 1 0 0 0

Maple, Red (Acer rubrum)

Cultural/Environmental Problem 0 0 1 0

Mold and Fungal ID

Artillery Fungus (Sphaerobolus stellatus) 0 0 1 0

Black Mold; Toxic Mold (Stachybotrys chartarum) 1 0 1 0

Fungus Gnats (Mycetophilidae fam.) 0 1 0 0

Wood Decay Fungus (Unidentified Fungus) 1 0 0 0

Drugstore Beetle (Stegobium paniceum) 0 0 1 0

American Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana) 1 0 0 0

Black Carpenter Ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus)

1 0 0 0

Cigarette Beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) 1 0 0 0

Merchant Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus mercantor) 1 0 0 0

Mold (Unidentified Fungus) 1 0 0 0

Pillbugs; Sowbugs (Class Malacostraca) 0 1 0 0

Oak (Quercus spp.)


Page 21 of 31


usive Oak, Bur (Quercus macrocarpa)

Oak Leaf Blister (Taphrina caerulescens) 0 0 1 0

Onion (Allium cepa) Fusarium Basal Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Pear (Pyrus communis)


Mycosphaerella Leaf Spot (Mycosphaerella sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Rhopalosiphum Aphids (Rhopalosiphum sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Peas, Dry Field Peas (Pisum sativum)

Ascochyta Leaf Spot (Ascochyta sp./spp.) 0 2 0 0



Nematodes, Bulb and Stem (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 508 0 0

Nematodes, Cyst (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 508 0 0

Pea seed-borne Mosaic Virus (PsbMV) 1 2 0 0


Peony (Peonia sp./spp.)

Nutrient Imbalance 0 0 1 0

Pine (Pinus sp./spp.)


Dieback; Twig Blight; Canker (Diplodia seriata) (Diplodia sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0

Diplodia Tip Blight; Canker (Diplodia sapinea) 2 0 0 0

Dothistroma Needle Blight (Dothistroma sp./spp.) 0 2 0 0



Pine Needle Scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 3 0 0 0

Poor Pruning Practice 0 0 1 0

Powdery Pine Needle Aphid (Eulachnus rileyi) 0 0 1 0

Root Damage 0 0 1 0

Tortricid Moth (Rhyacionia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Pine, Ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa)

Pine Needle Scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 0 0 1 0


Tip Blight, Canker (Diplodia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0


Plant Identification

American Dragonhead (Dracocephalum parviflorum) 0 0 1 0

Brome (Bromus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Canola (Brassica napus) 0 0 1 0

Page 22 of 31



usive

Plant Identification Cont.

Crowfoot Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus) 0 0 1 0

False Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) 0 0 1 0

Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) 0 0 1 0

Japanse Brome (Bromus japonicas) 1 0 0 0

Prunus species (Prunus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Scentless Chamomile (Matricaria maritima) 0 0 1 0

Spotted Waterhemlock (Cicuta maculate) 1 0 0 0

Toka Plum (Prunus salicina “Toka”) 0 0 1 0

Virginia Pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum) 0 0 1 0

Water Parsnip (Sium suave) 1 0 0 0

Winter Wheat 0 0 2 0

Poplar (Populus sp./spp.)


Popular Petiolegall Aphid (Pemphigus populitransversus) 0 0 1 0


Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Abnormal Plant Growth 0 0 1 0

Bacterial Soft Rot (Erwinia carotovora carotovora) 0 0 2 0


Cold Wet Soils 0 0 1 0

Environmental Injury 0 0 1 0

Early Blight; Leaf Spot (Alternaria solani) 1 0 0 0

Freeze; Cold Damage 0 0 1 0

Fusarium Dry Rot (Fusarium sambucinum) 2 0 2 0


Herbicide Injury; Exposure 0 0 1 0

Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) 0 15 0 0


Not Pathogen; Saprophyte 0 0 1 0

Potato Bacterial Ring Rot (Clavibacter michiganensis sepidonicum) 15 392 0 0

Potato Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies) 2 1 2 0

Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) 1 59 0 0

Potato Mop Top Virus (PMTV) 1 8 0 0

Potato Powdery Scab (Spongospora subterranean) 0 3 0 0

Potato Purple Top Wilt (Phytoplasma sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0

Potato Virus A (PVA) 0 45 0 0

Potato Virus M (PVM) 0 37 0 0

Potato Virus S (PVS) 0 25 0 0

Page 23 of 31


usive Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Cont.

Potato Virus X (PVX) 0 46 0 0

Potato Virus Y (PVY) 96 57 0 0

Scab, Common (Streptomyces sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0

Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) 2 4 4 0


Andean Potato (Solanum phureja)

Potato Bacterial Ring Rot (Clavibacter michiganensis sepidonicum) 0 1 0 0

Pumpkin (Cucurbita sp./spp.)


Rape; Canola (Brassica napus var. napus)

Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Black Leg; Phoma Root Rot (Plenodomus lingam) 1 0 0 0


GMO-Roundup Ready (Abiotic) 0 1 0 0


Sulfur Deficiency 0 0 2 0

Raspberry (Rubus sp./spp.)


Purple Blotch; Stem Spot Disease (Septocyta ruborum) 0 0 1 0

Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum)

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) 0 1 0 0

Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV) 0 1 0 0



Potyvirus Group 0 1 0 0

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) 0 1 0 0

Rose (Rosa sp./spp.)


Saskatoon Serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) 1 0 0 0

Serviceberry (Amelanchier sp./spp.)


Squash, Autumm Winter (Cucurbita mixima)

Odema, Edema 0 0 1 0

Soil (Habitat)

Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines) 309 361 0 0

Page 24 of 31



usive Soybean (Glycine max)

Abnormal Plant Growth 0 0 1 0

Bean Pod Mottle Virus (BPMV) 0 1 0 0

Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) 3 0 0 0




Crown Rot; Root Rot; Stem Rot (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Damping-Off (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 0 0 0 2

Diaporthe Stem Rot (Diaporthe sp./spp.) 11 0 1 1

Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage 0 0 4 0

Fusarium Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 5 0 7 4



Iron Deficiency 3 0 3 0



Nutritional Deficiency 0 0 1 0

Pod and Stem Blight (Diaporthe (Phomopsis) sp./spp.) 9 0 2 0

Purple Seed-stain; Leaf Blight (Cercospora kikuchii) 0 0 1 1

Rhizoctonia Rot (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 11 0 1 0

Soil Compaction 0 0 2 0

Soybean Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea) 0 0 1 0

Soybean Brown Stem Rot (Cadophora gregata) 0 1 0 0

Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines) 1 0 0 0

Soybean Downy Mildew (Peronospora manshurica) 1 0 0 0

Soybean Phytophthora Root and Stem Rot (Phytophthora sojae) 0 2 2 0

Soybean Stem Canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum) 1 0 0 0

Sulfur Deficiency 0 0 0 1

Sunscald 0 0 1 0


White Mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) 1 0 0 0

Spearmint (Mentha spicata)

Crown and Stem Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0

Rhizoctonia Crown and Stem Rot (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Page 25 of 31


usive Spruce (Picea sp./spp.)


Cultural/Environmental Problem 0

0

1

0

Cytospora Canker; Dieback (Cytospora sp./spp.) 1 0 0 1


No Pathogen/Pest Found 5 1 0 0

Spruce Spider Mites (Oligonychus ununguis) 2 0 2 0

Stigmina Needle Blight (Stigmina lautii) 2 1 0 0

Transplant Shock 0 0 1 0



Wood Boring Insect Damage (Unidentified insect) 0 0 0 1

Spruce, Black Hills (Picea glauca densata)


Spruce Spider Mite (Oligonychus ununguis) 0 0 1 0

Stigmina Needle Blight (Stigmina lautii) 1 0 0 0

Transplant Shock; Stress 0

0

1

0


Spruce, Blue (Picea pungens)

Cytospora Canker; Dieback (Cytospora sp./spp) 0 0 1 0


Spruce Spider Mite (Oligonychus ununguis) 1 0 1 0

Transplant Shock; Stress 0 0 1 0



Strawberry (Fragaria sp./spp.)

Strawberry Black Root Rot Complex (Various fungi) 0 0 1 0

Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris vulgaris var. altissima)

Bacterial Leaf Blight (Pseudomonas sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0

Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (BNYVV) 0 1 0 0

Boron Deficiency 0 0 1 0

Calcium Deficiency 0 0 1 0

Damping Off (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 0 2 0

Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radices-betae) 1 0 2 0

Pythium Damping Off (Pythium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot (Rhizoctonia solani) 2 0 0 0

Root Rot (Aphanomyces cochlioides) 1 0 0 0

Page 26 of 31



usive Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)



Downy Mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) 1 0 0 0

Genetic Disorders 0 0 1 0

Insect Damage (Unidentified insect) 0 0 2 0

Rhizopus Head Rot (Rhizopus sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0



Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Magnesium Deficiency 0 0 1 0

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)


Cladosporium Mold (Cladosporium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0

Leaf Mold (Passalora fulva) 0 0 1 0

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) 4 11 0 0

Tomato; Pepper Bacterial Spot (Xanthomonas capestris pv. vesicatoria) 0 0 1 0


Turfgrass (Turfgrass mixed species)

Animal Urine Damage 0 0 1 0


Dense Thatch Layer 2 0 1 0

Dollar Spot (Sclerotinia homeocarpa) 3 0 1 0


Fairy Ring (Various Fungi) 0 0 1 0

Leaf Spot (Unidentified Fungus) 0 0 1 0


Pink Patch (Limonomyces roseipellis) 1 0 0 0

Pythium Root Rot (Pythium aphanidermatum) 1 0 0 0

Salt Damage 0 0 1 0



Viburnum (Viburnum sp./spp.)

Highbush Cranberry (Viburnum edule)

Bacterial Blight 1 0 0 0

Nannyberry Viburnum (Viburnum lentago)


Wheat (Triticum sp./spp.)

Bacterial Stripe; Black Chaff (Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens) 0 0 1 0

Basal Glume Rot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens) 0 0 0 1

Page 27 of 31


usive Wheat (Triticum sp./spp.) Cont.

Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV) 0 1 0 0


Dwarf Bunt (Tilletia controversa) 0 3 0 0

Ergot (Claviceps sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0

Flag Smut (Urocystis agropyri) 0 3 0 0

High Plains Disease Virus (HPV) 1 1 0 0


Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) 0 3 0 0

Leaf Spot 0 0 0 1


Physiological Responses 0 0 1 1

Planting Too Deep 0 0 1 0

Scab (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0

Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. poae) 3 0 0 0

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV) 6 3 0 0

Winter Injury 0 0 1 0 Wheat (Spring/Winter) (Triticum aestivum)

Bacterial Stripe; Black Chaff (Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens) 0 0 1 0

Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) 0 2 0 0

Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV) 0 1 0 0


Dwarf Bunt (Tilletia controversa) 0 1 0 1

Flag Smut (Urocystis agrophyri) 0 1 0 0

High Plains Disease Virus (HPV) 3 1 0 0

Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) 0 1 0 1

Nitrogen Deficiency 0 0 1 0

Scab (Fusarium sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0

Tan Spot; Yellow Leaf Spot (Pyrenophora triticirepentis) 1 0 1 0



Durum (Triticum turgidum)

High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 1 0 0 0


Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0


Page 28 of 31



usive

Willow (Salix magnifica)

Cytospora Canker; Dieback (Cytospora sp./spp.) 0 0 2 0

Winged Euonymus (Euonymus alata)


Page 29 of 31

Specialists consulted Given the broad nature of the samples that we accept at the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, accurate diagnoses often rely on collaboration with members of the Department of Plant Pathology, other departments at NDSU, and industry experts.

We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge all faculty and specialists associated with NDSU as well as experts in private industry for their continued support of the lab. Without the expertise of a wide range of individuals, the quality of diagnoses from the lab would suffer tremendously.

The table below is an attempt to acknowledge the diagnostic assistance and other contributions of various faculty, specialists, and other professionals to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, and represent every individual who assisted with at least one sample (although most of you helped with multiple samples and we are extremely grateful!). Due to the nature of entering these ‘consultants’ into the database, a few people may have been inadvertently overlooked. For those who were mistakenly omitted from the list, please accept our sincere apologies. If you feel a name should be added to this list, PLEASE inform us so we can add it immediately.

Name Department Aaron Bergdahl ND Forest Service Aimee Thapa NDSU Extension Plant Pathology Alan Zuk NDSU Plant Sciences Andrew Friskop NDSU Extension Plant Pathology Andrew Robinson NDSU Extension Agronomist Asunta Thompson NDSU Plant Sciences Berlin Nelson NDSU Plant Pathology Brad Schmidt NDSU Plant Sciences Chiwon Lee NDSU Plant Sciences David Franzen NDSU Soil Sciences Deying Li NDSU Plant Sciences Ester McGinnis NDSU Extension Plant Sciences Gary Secor NDSU Plant Pathology Gerry Fauske NDSU Entomology Hans Kandel NDSU Plant Sciences Harlene Hatterman-Valenti NDSU Plant Sciences Jack Rasmussen NDSU Plant Pathology Jan Knodel NDSU Extension Entomology Jay Goos NDSU Soil Sciences Jim Walla NDSU Plant Pathology Joe Zeleznik NDSU Plant Sciences Julianna Franceschi NDSU Plant Pathology Julie Pasche NDSU Plant Pathology Kimberly Zitnick NDSU Plant Pathology Kirk Howatt NDSU Plant Sciences Marisol Berti NDSU Plant Sciences Melanie Ziegler NDSU Agriculture and Biosystems Mohamed Khan NDSU Plant Pathology Pat Beauzay NDSU Extension Entomology Presley Mosher NDSU Plant Sciences Richard Zollinger NDSU Plant Sciences

Page 30 of 31


Name Department Ron Smith NDSU Plant Sciences Robin Lamppa NDSU Plant Pathology Rod Lym NDSU Plant Sciences Sam Markell NDSU Plant Pathology

Shawn (Edward) Dekeyser NDSU Natural Resources Management

Stan Stancyk NDSU Plant Sciences Ted Helms NDSU Plant Sciences Tom Peters NDSU Plant Science Vern Hoffman NDSU Extension Ag Engineer Viviana Rivera-Varas NDSU Plant Pathology

Page 31 of 31

Report of the Plant Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota ... · 2015 Annual Report for the . North Dakota State University Extension . Plant Diagnostic Lab . January 1 through December

Documents