REPORT of the FAO-APHCA Regional Workshop on Animal ...

REPORT of the FAO-APHCA Regional Workshop on Animal Feed Resources and their Management in the Asia-Pacific Region

Bangkok, 13-15 August 2013

FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2013

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http://www.aphca.org/

REPORT of the FAO-APHCA Regional

Workshop on Animal Feed Resources and their Management

in the Asia-Pacific Region


FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Bangkok, 2013

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Feed assessments and balances .................................................................................................... 1

Linkages with other components of livestock development .......................................................... 1

Workshop objective ...................................................................................................................... 2

Workshop approach ...................................................................................................................... 2

Opening Remarks ............................................................................................................................... 3

Asia-Pacific Livestock Sector Trends ................................................................................................... 5

Importance and Role of Feed Assessments ........................................................................................ 9

Bangladesh Country Report ............................................................................................................. 14

Bhutan Country Report .................................................................................................................... 18

India Country Report........................................................................................................................ 23

Nepal Country Report ...................................................................................................................... 29

Pakistan Country Report .................................................................................................................. 34

Sri Lanka Country Report ................................................................................................................. 40

Indian Livestock Feed Portal – Features and Utility .......................................................................... 44

Balanced Feeding at Smallholders’ Doors ........................................................................................ 49

Use of Co-products of Biofuel Industries as Livestock Feed .............................................................. 53

Indonesia Country Report ................................................................................................................ 58

Lao PDR Country Report .................................................................................................................. 64

Malaysia Country Report ................................................................................................................. 68

Mongolia Country Report ................................................................................................................ 72

Myanmar Country Report ................................................................................................................ 75

Thailand Country Report .................................................................................................................. 78

Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................. 82

General Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 82

Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 82

Timetable ......................................................................................................................................... 84

List of Participants ........................................................................................................................... 87

1

BACKGROUND Increases in population, disposable income and urbanisation in Asian countries are driving an

unprecedented rise in demand for foods of animal origin that will stretch the capacity of existing

production and distribution systems. The increasing demand for livestock products has implications

for natural resource use (land and water) and environmental, health (animal and human) and socio-

economic impacts.

Feed is the foundation of the livestock production, with feed costs generally accounting for up to

70% of the cost of animal production. Furthermore, animal feeding impacts animal reproduction,

health and welfare and safety of animal products. Ensuring access to feed in sufficient quantity and

quality is therefore among the key and strategic priorities for livestock sector development.

However, the prospects of dramatically increasing feed demands raises the serious question as to

how these feed requirements will be met, particularly in land-constrained countries and regions.

FEED ASSESSMENTS AND BALANCES

In most Asian countries feed balances are not usually available or accurate despite their strategic

role in livestock sector development. Guidance in developing national feed assessments (NFAS)

based lessons learned across a wide range of feed situations, from spatially extensive rangeland and

grasslands to highly intensive crop-livestock systems is available (FAO, 2012).

Feed balances can be calculated in terms of energy, protein or other specific nutrients. While

assessments of feed inventories and feed productive capacities provide critical information, the

sufficiency of the feed supply can only be gauged relative to the demands for feeds. Essentially, this

comparison between livestock requirements and feed supplies constitutes the feed balance.

Feed assessments are a pre-requisite for developing optimal feeding strategies at various levels and

thus environmental sustainability and support food security. The ability to cope with emergency

feed shortage situations, the ability to provide input data into country level food input-output

analyses, and the capability to assess environmental impact of livestock are challenges that all

initiatives and stakeholders involved in sustainable livestock development are confronted with.

LINKAGES WITH OTHER COMPONENTS OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT

Better feed assessments will strengthen past and on-going work done by several institutions in the

region (research, development, producers, etc). They could be basis for informed decision and

stronger advocacy on the need for pro-poor investments in livestock feeds in order to face the

increasing market demand for livestock products in the region.

If food security is to be achieved and the demand for livestock feed met, agricultural R&D must also

be involved for a better focus on integrated approaches to producing and marketing more food

(staple crops and livestock products) and feed. Drivers of the sourcing and utilization of the feed

need to be better factored in considering the agro-ecological systems but also the requirements of

the various value chains as well as their constraints, potential, level of integration and specialization.

Feed assessments are therefore a component of an overall strategy or options that will integrate

technical (genetics, health and nutrition), policy and institutional interventions for using resources

more efficiently to produce more food and feed in extensive, mixed crop-livestock, mixed extensive

and intensive systems.

2

By analysing and anticipating the evolution of the feed sector in Asia and subsequently strategically

targeting technical, institutional and policy interventions, it should be possible:

to foster policy processes and mechanisms at regional and national level that contribute to food security, poverty alleviation and sustainable livestock sector development;

to support resource-poor livestock-keepers in their efforts to alleviate input constraints to food and feed production and exploit market opportunities for livestock products;

build mechanisms to establish and maintain feed assessments in Asia.

WORKSHOP OBJECTIVE

As a first step towards the longer-term goal of generating better data to support sustainable and

equitable livestock sector development, this meeting of experts is planned to discuss and review

state-of-the art on national feed assessments and to identify critical knowledge gaps.

The envisaged workshop outcomes are:

1. An agreed approach for: a) conducting feed assessments at country and regional levels, b)

characterising feeding systems, c) generating quantitative information on compound feed and

concentrate mix, including the cereals and cereal types and agro-industrial by-products that

are used in the production of compound feed and concentrate mix, and d) updating regularly

information a), b) and c).

2. A regional initiative for a better use of feed in livestock production in Asia.

WORKSHOP APPROACH

The workshop will be attended by (i) national delegates involved in animal production with

particular expertise in the field of animal feeding, (ii) directors of animal production in ministries of

Livestock or Agriculture, (iii) experts in livestock development, animal nutrition, feed technology, (iv)

livestock development officers (regional development institutions, research, NGO, FAO) and (v)

private processors and feed producers.

To set the scene, country delegates will be requested to prepare a paper and make a presentation

on the animal feed sector in their country. The paper should cover following aspects:

a) National feed resources with quantitative information on their availability (on yearly basis and

on seasonal basis; both),

b) Methodologies used in generating the quantitative information on availability of feed

resources,

c) Information on the main feeding systems (which feedstuff, in what proportions, which period

of the year and in which part of the country they are fed; and the relative importance of each

feeding system in generating animal products) in the country; and

d) Quantitative information on compound feed (manufactured by companies, in mesh or pellet

form and sold in the market) and concentrate feed (large scale operators who manufacture

their own feed, and smallholders who mix own feed on farm).

In the following part of the workshop, international experts will provide overviews of current

approaches to feed assessments and innovations in animal nutrition for consideration by working

groups, which will be formed on day 3 of the workshop to chart the way forward towards

harmonization of approaches for feed assessments and better utilization of available feed resources.

3

OPENING REMARKS H. Konuma

Distinguished delegates, colleagues, ladies and gentlemen,

On behalf of the Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific, Mr.

Hiroyuki Konuma, and on my own behalf, I have great pleasure in welcoming you to Thailand and to

the FAO-APHCA Regional Workshop on “Animal Feed Resources and their Management in the Asia-

Pacific Region”.

This workshop is extremely timely - in fact, it should probably have been held some years ago.

Increases in population and disposable income in Asian countries are driving an unprecedented rise

in demand for food of animal origin, i.e. meat, milk and eggs. This rapidly growing demand will

severely stretch the capacity of existing food production and distribution systems with major

implications for natural resource use and consequential environmental, health - both animal and

human - and socio-economic impacts.

Feed is the foundation of the livestock production, with feed costs generally accounting for up to

70% of the cost of production. Feed prices have been increasingly volatile due to negative impacts of

climate change and natural disasters, as well as from increasing competition in the use of grains

between feed and bio-fuel. Animal feeding systems impact on animal reproduction, health and

welfare, and the safety and quality of animal products. Ensuring access to feed in sufficient quantity

and quality is therefore among key strategic priorities for livestock sector development.

The prospect of dramatically increasing demand for animal source food and consequential growth in

demand for animal feed raises the question as to how these feed requirements can be met,

particularly in land-constrained countries and regions, and in the face of the growing food - feed -

fuel competition.

In order to better monitor and guide national and regional livestock sector development strategies,

it is essential to develop systematic approaches to accurately assess livestock feed supplies and to

obtain better insight into how these feed resources are being utilized, and how the prices are

changing.

Accurate estimation of feed resource availability and use would improve assessments of the

environmental impacts of livestock, both through land use change and through greenhouse gas

emissions associated with livestock production. Accurate information on the proportions of cereals

being diverted to animal feed is a critical element for assessing national and regional food security

situations. Furthermore, feed assessments, including the price developments, are essential pre-

requisites for developing optimal feeding strategies at various levels and thus environmental

sustainability and food security.

Unfortunately, despite their strategic role in livestock sector development planning, feed balances

are not usually available and where available, they tend to be rather inaccurate. Sub-optimal input

data for country-level food/feed input-output analyses and the inability to accurately assess

environmental impacts of livestock are challenges that all initiatives and stakeholders involved in

sustainable livestock development are confronted with.

4

Thus, I consider this workshop is an important step towards the longer-term goal of systematically

generating more and better data to support sustainable and equitable livestock sector development

in the Asia-Pacific region. I am convinced that your expertise, experience and commitment will make

this workshop a success and that you will chart the way forward towards a better understanding and

eventually efficient utilization of feed resources in Asia.

I would like to take this opportunity to reiterate the envisaged workshop outcomes, namely:

3. An agreed and systematic approach for:

a) conducting feed assessments,

b) characterising feeding systems,

c) generating quantitative information on compound feed and concentrate mixes and their

utilization, and,

d) systems for regularly updating the above information

and

4. The foundations for a regional initiative towards better use of feed in livestock production in

Asia.

I suggest that you keep these outcomes in mind in your deliberations.

I wish to welcome once again to the land of smiles. I wish you all success in the deliberations and a

pleasant stay in Thailand.

Thank you.

5

ASIA-PACIFIC LIVESTOCK SECTOR TRENDS

J. Otte

Building Bridges, Supporting Livelihoods

FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific


Asia-Pacific Livestock Sector Trends –Implications for Feed Resource

Management

FAO-APHCA Regional Workshop on Animal Feed Resources

Bangkok, Thailand, 13 August 2013

Joachim Otte (FAO, Bangkok)



Outline

• The ‘critical’ 100 years: 1950 to 2050

• Demand growth for animal sourced food

• Livestock sector development

• Food / feed for thought

2


3FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

The Challenge

3

Over the next 50 years, the world’s framersand ranchers will be called upon to producemore food than has been produced in thepast 10,000 years combined, and to do soin environmentally sustainable ways

Jaques Diouf, FAO Director General, 2007

8/8/20144FAO Regional Office Asia and Pacific

Building Bridges, Supporting LivelihoodsBuilding Bridges, Supporting LivelihoodsBuilding Bridges, Supporting Livelihoods

Global Human Population:2000 BC – 2010 AD

Source: IUCN/WWF Living Planet Report

App. 1850

1950: 2.6 bln

2050: 9.3 bln

4

Billion



Absolute Population Growth

6.7

1.6

0.8

0 2 4 6 8

1950-2050

1850-1950

150BC-1850AD

5

Billion people


8/8/20147FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Food Expenditure Density

Source: PPLPI (2008)

6



Asia’s BOP Markets ($PPP Trillion)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Other

Water

ICT

Health

Transport

Housing

Energy

Food

8

Source: WRI (2007)

$2,200,000,000,000



Income & Food Choice

0

20

40

60

80

100

Dev'ping Dev'ped

Non-food

Other food

Fish

Milk

Meat

Fruit

Cereals1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

China

India

9

Allocation of additional $ income

64 96

Income in $2005PPP



Demand Growth 2000-2030: Meats

0

100

200

300

400

500

S Asia E.Asia SE.Asia Aus&NZ

BeefMuttonPorkPoultryEggs

0

5

10

15

20

25

S Asia E.Asia SE.Asia Aus&NZ

BeefMuttonPorkPoultryEggs

Million MTs

Source: FAO Projections

% 725



Livestock Sector Development

• Growth in total number of livestock

• Relative growth in importance of poultry and pigs vs ruminants

• Faster turnover / increased throughput (intensification)

• Larger farming units and concentration of units

• Corporate vs family farms

• Stratification of sector and vertical integration / contract farming

• Longer, cross-border supply chains

13

Building Bridges, Supporting LivelihoodsBuilding Bridges, Supporting Livelihoods

8/8/2014 1414FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Large ruminants

0

100

200

300

400

500

S.Asia E.Asia SE.Asia

1990

2000

2010

Small ruminants

0

100

200

300

400

500


1990

2000

2010

Livestock Population Trends

14

million million

Sourc

e:

FA

OS

TA

T

Building Bridges, Supporting LivelihoodsBuilding Bridges, Supporting Livelihoods

8/8/2014 1515FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Pigs

0

100

200

300

400

500


1990

2000

2010

Poultry

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


1990

2000

2010

Livestock Population Trends

15

million billion

Sourc

e:

FA

OS

TA

T

7



100

200

300

400

500Meat

Chicken

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500East Asia Southeast Asia South Asia

Poultry Sector Productivity Growth

Sourc

e:

FA

OS

TA

T



China: Structure of Poultry Sectors

98.1

30.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

Farms Production

Layer Sector

<500 500 - 2,000 > 2,000

17

98.6

23.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

Farms Production

Broiler Sector

< 2,000 2,000 - 10,000 > 10,000

Source: Bingsheng & Yijun (2007)

27.5

49.2

27.9

41.8



0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000


1990 2000 2009

Asia’s Net Feed ImportsUS$ million

19

Sourc

e:

FA

OS

TA

T



Number of Undernourished

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

3501990-92

2010-12

Source: FAO SOFI, 2012

21

million



Allocation of Crop Calories - Global

Food Feed Other

36% 55%

9%

Sou

rce:

Ca

ssid

y et

al.,

20

13

22



Allocation of Crop Calories

0

20

40

60

80

100

India China Brazil USA

Other

Feed

Food

23

Sou

rce:

Ca

ssid

y et

al.,

20

13

8



Agricultural Land (ha) per Person

0

1

2

3

4

5

Arable Pastures

24

Hectare 10.2

So

urc

e: FA

OS

TA

T


25FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Cropland Use

Sou

rce:

Fo

ley

et a

l., 2

01

1



The ‘Productivity’ Gap

26

Developed countries

Developing countries

LDCs

Meat/head of cattle/year (kg) 92.9 24.2 12.2

Meat/head of shoats/year (kg) 8.0 5.7 3.8

Meat/head of pigs/year (kg) 132.5 83.2 31.6

Meat/head of chicken/year (kg) 7.5 3.2 1.4

Milk/head of cattle/year (kg) 1,047 191 89

Eggs/1,000 chicken/year (kg) 4.3 3.4 1.1



Is ‘modern’ livestock production

• Sustainable if applied on a global scale?

• Efficient in producing food for a growing human population?

• Ethical considering the amount of ‘hunger’ still prevailing?

27

9

IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF FEED ASSESSMENTS

H. Makkar

What and how we have to achieve during this workshop?

Harinder Makkar

Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy

Challenging tasks?

Make quantitative assessment of various feed resources available in your country.

Conduct a critical analysis of the methodologies and approaches used in generating

quantitative data on feed resources.

Characterise feeding systems for main livestock species

Generate quantitative data on the types of grains used and their amount in the diets of

various animal species

Factors affecting the use of various feed ingredients in the preparation of diets.

2010 (million tonnes) 2050/2010

World

Meat 268.7 173%

Dairy not butter 657.3 158%

2010 (million tonnes) 2050/2010

Developing countries

Meat 158.3 209%

Dairy not butter 296.2 216%

Assumptions about purchasing power and eating habits based on previous trends

FAO (2011)

Projected consumption of meat & dairy products

Challenges ahead....

Feed: foundation of livestock production systems

Feed

ProductionReproductive

efficiency

Environment

Land use and

land use

change

Water use &

water pollutionAnimal health

Animal

welfare

Product

quality &

safety

Economic viability

(driver of production systems)

What are National Feed Assessment and National Feed

Assessment System?

National Feed Assessment is a data- and computation-based analysis of the

supplies and demands for livestock feeds in a country

A National Feed Assessment System is a complete set of procedures,

facilities, tools, personnel, organizations, and institutions involved in the

collecting, handling, processing of data necessary to calculate and report

the supplies of livestock feeds from all sources and for all livestock types

in a country.

10

Why do we need National Feed Assessments? ....1/3

Planning of the livestock sector as well as the setting of environmentally

sustainable stocking rates

Used in conjunction with nutrient balances, they can identify potential

surpluses or deficits

Spatial and temporal assessments of current, and forecasted feed resources,

including forages, will assist in disaster management

Development and implementation of sound policies regarding the use of national

feed resources that will contribute to the sustainable growth of national livestock

sectors

Informed decisions related to the nature and quantities of commodities, the feed

resources that could be traded locally, potential areas for feed markets, and feed

resources involved in imports and exports

Why do we need National Feed Assessments? .....2/3

Assess the fractions of food grain that is used for feed

Production + (imports - exports) + (opening stocks - closing stocks) = food

available for human consumption + industrial non-food uses + used as feed

+ used as seed + waste (+ discrepancy)

Help to better characterize the impacts of feed shortages on livestock

production at national levels

Enhance the efficiency and profitability of the animal feed industry and assist

researchers to formulate sustainable feeding strategies.

Enable determination of the input-output relations for countries, e.g. the

estimation of edible protein outputs versus protein inputs

Why do we need National Feed Assessments? ....3/3

Improve the accuracy of assessments of the environmental impacts of

livestock resulting from land use transformations, soil nutrient use, as well

greenhouse gas emissions and element fluxes (e.g. nitrogen) associated

with livestock production.

Facilitate determination of animals that can be supported or produced based upon

existing feed resources, and in identifying what feed resources would and could be

developed to achieve production objectives.

Knowledge of forage biomass availabilities and distributions can assist

pastoralists in determining whether to move, buy or sell, animals, and assess

the level of risk for decision making

Importance of Livestock Sector Data? ......1/2

Questionnaire - The Livestock Data Innovation in Africa Project (n = 641)

Within Governments, use of livestock data and indicators

Policy and planning (44%),

Development projects (33%)

Research (30%)

NGOs/Donors/International Organizations use data/indicators

Design and implement development projects (31%)

Private companies

Formulate investments (76%)

Researchers

Research purpose (67%)

Formulate and implement development projects (39%)

Livestock Data Innovation in Africa

Importance of Livestock Sector Data? .....2/2

Out of 15 different livestock data types

Data on livestock feeds: Ranked fourth in importance

Behind animal health, meat production, and livestock population.

Milk production was fifth.

Respondents also ranked various data types according to needs for

improvements in data quantity and quality

Livestock feed data was ranked third in needs for improved data

Sources:

Pica-Ciamarra, U., N. Morgan & D. Baker. 2012. Core livestock data and indicators” results of a

stakeholder survey. A paper of the World Bank, FAO,ILRI Livestock Data Innovation in Africa Project,

with support from the Gates Foundation. Available at:

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/home/documents/2012_PAP_Core_Livestock_Indicators_120503.pdf )

Feed balance: Why?

At its simplest level, a feed balance is a comparison between

- Requirements of livestock (demand)

- Amount of utilizable feed (supply) and therefore

A “snapshot“ of the current situation

+

Demand Supply

A livestock feed balance can be undertaken: local, regional national level

- Depending on policy requirements & degree of accuracy required

11

Calculation of feed balance: General considerations

Calculated on an annual basis

(many feed crops, such as cereal grains, have an annual production

cycle with one harvest, this may be appropriate)

May be performed over a shorter period

(may be advantages in doing so in certain circumstances)

For example, for periods of the year when the amount of natural grassland

available for grazing animals is low

(to establish the maximum potential livestock carrying capacity of a

particular region when feeds are in limited supply)

Livestock feed balance enables

- Identification of limitations to current levels of production

- Estimation of the feed requirements for increasing production

- Effective handling of emergency situations

- Sound planning of livestock sector

- Potential shortages in feed to meet increasing demand for food

- Types of feed materials that might be required where shortfalls

identified

- Alternatively, where a feed balance identifies a feed surplus, can be

used to estimate the additional livestock production that the surplus

might support

A structured approach to planning – A must

Feed balance in terms of energy required

Feed balances are normally calculated in terms of the energy required by

livestock and the energy supplied by feeds

(energy is usually the first limiting component in livestock diets)

Estimate the energy requirements for each class of livestock

• maintenance;

• pregnancy;

• production (e.g. milk yield, live weight gain, number of eggs produced)

In some situations, adjustments required

- extremes of climate (heat or cold), and

- for exercise where this is significant

Demand Supply

• Numbers of animals at the beginning and end of the feed balance period

(usually the beginning and end of the year)

• Herd or flock production measured as

-- calving/lambing/kidding frequency

-- mortality rate

-- age at first calving

-- calving interval

-- live weight gain

-- output of animal products (milk, meat, eggs, wool)

Feed balance calculation: Animal number & production level

A simple approach for feed balance

Use a form of reverse-balance calculation

- energy required for a given level of production

(growth rate, milk yield, calves born is calculated)

This is then divided by the energy concentration of the forage, after any energy

provided by supplementary feeds has been discounted

Example for a lactating dairy cow

• Energy required for maintenance and production = 190 MJ ME/day

• ME provided by compound feed 1.8 kg DM at 12.5 MJ/kg DM = 22.5 MJ ME/day

• Energy from forages = 190 – 22.5 = 167.5 MJ/day

• ME content of forage = 10.5 MJ ME/kg DM

• Forage DM intake = 167.5/10.5 = 15.9 kg DM/day

In this example, forage dry matter intake is predicted as 15.9 kg/day

(allow for losses)

Further calculated for herd, a month and then a year National level

Feed deficit or surplus?

ME required for

maintenance

plus production

(Animal number

& production

level)

Forage

B

'Forage

A

Conc.

Feed demand (required ME) Feed supply (available ME)

NRC/ARC/INRA/CSIRO www.feedipedia.org

12

How feed balance information can be used?

A surplus may suggest the potential for further livestock production,

although it is important to establish when and where the surplus occurs

A surplus of forages during a brief period of the year or in an area not suitable to

livestock production may not be fully utilizable unless livestock can be

temporarily moved to the area

Alternatively, it may be possible to conserve the forage as silage or hay and

used to supplement grassland when growth is low

In the case of a deficit, this can be rectified by increasing crop production or

improving the efficiency of conservation of surplus forages, by the purchase of

feeds or a reduction in numbers of animals

Comments

Although a feed balance can be assessed at a national level, greater accuracy

achieved if it is done at local or regional levels and the results consolidated.

Because of the different feeds for ruminant and non-ruminant livestock,

it is recommended that reconciliations are done separately for each species

before producing a national feed balance

What is meant by Feeding Systems?

A Feeding System contains information on which feedstuffs and what

proportion are fed to livestock

Feeding Systems

Integrating the temporal information in Feeding Systems, for

being more meaningful :

A Feeding System contains information on which feedstuffs, in what

proportion, and which period of the year (season) are fed to livestock

Integrating also the demographic information in Feeding Systems,

for being even more meaningful:

A Feeding System contains information on which feedstuffs, in what

proportion, which period of the year (for example a season) and in which

region (for example a agro-climatic zone) and/or livestock production system

(for example: extensive, mixed extensive, mixed crop-livestock, intensive (or

zero-grazing)) are fed to an animal species

Why countries should characterize Feeding Systems?

Development of efficient feeding strategies – that increase profitability

– increase nutrient use efficiency in animal food chain – decrease

emission of green house gas emissions – production quality

Generation of accurate country-level GHG inventories for the livestock

industries – animal species/commodity wise

Assessment and development of feed-related approaches – mitigation

of GHG – adaptation of the livestock sector to on-going global warming

Characterization of Feeding Systems enables:

1/2

Why countries should characterize Feeding Systems?

Identification of appropriate methodologies and approaches including

institutional mechanism for estimating feed use and feed balance

Better understanding of the drivers influencing use of feedstuffs, enabling better

forecasting of their use and likely changes in livestock production systems

Estimation of resources that are human foods but used for animal feed, for example

cereal grains, soybean, enabling accurate assessment of food security situation in

country

Improvement of feed related statistics in national and international databases

including FAOSTAT, furthering sound scientific analyses and sound policy

formulation

Characterization of Feeding Systems enables:

2/2

Feed Assessment, Feed Balance and Feeding Systems?

“Feed Assessments, Feed Balance and Feeding Systems are an integral

component of an overall strategy for enhancing resources use

efficiency to produce more food.

Technical, policy and institutional interventions are required – generate –

sustain these efforts

13

• Make quantitative assessment of various feed resources available in

your country.

• Conduct a critical analysis of the [methodologies and approaches used]

in generating quantitative data on feed resources and in calculating

feed balance.

• [Approaches] Characterise feeding systems for main livestock species

• Generate quantitative data on the types of grains used and their amount in

the diets of various animal species [approaches for assessing the grain use

in on-farm feed production and in compound feed]

• Factors affecting the use of various feed ingredients in the preparation of diets.

Focus on …………………….1/2

Identify strengths and weakness in approaches

Identify knowledge gaps in data, approaches, methodologies

– feed assessments – characterisation of feeding systems

How to bridge the knowledge gaps

Reach at the conclusions which methodologies and approaches to use

Prepare a roadmap on how to complete the task

Discuss how to sustain this work

Prepare guidelines for feed assessments and characterization

of feeding systems from Asian perspective

Focus on …………………….2/2

14

BANGLADESH COUNTRY REPORT M. Uddin

FAO-APHCA regional workshop in Bangkok : 13-15 August 2013

Animal Feed Resources and their

Management in Bangladesh

Mohammad Mohi Uddin

Bangladesh country Report


1. Background

2. Approaches,

methods and data

i) Feed Inventory

ii) Feeding system

characterization

3. Knowledge gaps

4. Potentials for

improvement

Outline


Livestock and poultry population

Year Livestock (1000 heads) Poultry (1000 heads)

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Backyard Breeder Layers Broilers

2012 24688 642 3120 25212 97800 5500 33800 286000

Source: DLS 2013

Livestock population Poultry population

25%

1%

8%

66%

Backyard Commerical breeders

Commercial layers Commercial brolers


Overview of livestock products in Bangladesh

Item Livestock production, demand and

balance

Production DemandBalance

(+ or -)Milk

(million ton)2.89 13.15 -10.251

Meat

(million ton)1.17 6.31 -5.139

Egg (million

number)8395 14997 -6602

Source: Poultry Business Directory (2011), Bangladesh; for milk only: IFCN sector data for Bangladesh 2013

For meat and egg: estimation for egg was done based on data from Ali, 2012 and for meat BBS 2005 but using a growth

rate of 2% to estimate for 2012.

Livestock products are highly demand driven


Aveneus to increase productivity

Increasing feed resources and effective management of feed

resources- way for

• improving productivity,

• mitigating demand gap and

• achieving MDG

What we see in the feed resources in BD:

Is this only in Bangladesh? Looking at globally……

Country Feeds Production

(Million Ton=

MT)

Requirement

(MT) for

livestock and

poultry

Deficiency

(%)

Overall

deficiency

(%)

Bangladesh Roughage 26.27 37.45 -29.85% -61.72.8%

Concentrate 5.83 46.4 -87.44%

Gap between feed production and requirement in Bangladesh


Source: Feed inventory report by Uddin et al., 2013;

personal communication with the respective country research partner via IFCN network;

-62%

-15% -14%

-34%

57%

17%

-70%

-40%

-10%

20%

50%

80%

Ba

ng

lad

es

h

Ch

ina

Ira

n

Eg

yp

t

Se

rbia

Ch

ile

% deficiency or surplus

Asia and Africa

are probably the

feed deficient

countries

Global feed supply and demand

15


Approaches, methods and dataApproaches and methods

Two major approaches of feed management are:• Using quantitative and qualitative information

• Use of mixed methodological approach

Data sources

Secondary data

• Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)

• Department of Livestock Services (DLS)

• Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE)

• IFCN dairy sector model and IFCN farm database 2012 for

Bangladesh

• Several literature review

Primary data

• Field survey from three production systems from 220 dairy farms

• Panel approach which is called modified Delphi Technique


Overview of feed inventory model in Bangladesh

Key strength of this model:

Xls based simple modeling

to get the output which are

not available as such.

Potential for improvement

Making holistic

Incorporation all animal +

Production + breed + environment

Feed inventory approach

+ Feed to poultry


Feed inventory approachStep 1: Total feed requirement

Total livestock

(cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat)

Total Poultry

(Chicken and ducks)

Conversion to total ACU

(Adult cattle Unit)

+Total feed requirement for livestock:

ACU * 7.0 kg DM*365

Total feed requirement for poulty:

173g*365*total poultry number

=

Total feed requirement:

Total feed for livestock + poultry (in DM)


Livestock

population

Category Conversion factor Number of

animals

ACUs

Cattle Male

<12 months 0.11 1649 181

12-36 months 0.34 1697 577

>36 months 1.00 8605 8605

Female

<12 months 0.11 2359 259

12-36 months 0.34 1947 662

>36 months 1.00 7789 7789

Total Cattle ACUS 18074

Buffalo Male

<12 months 0.11 23 4

12-36 months 0.34 33 17

>36 months 1.00 382 436

Female

<12 months 0.11 29 5

12-36 months 0.34 27 13

>36 months 1.00 146 167

Total Buffalo ACUS 642

Sheep Male

0-12 months "sub adults / replacements" 0.03 10 10

> 12 months "adults / breeders" 0.10 88 88

Female

0-12 months "sub adults / replacements" 0.03 20 20

> 12 months "adults / breeders" 0.10 122 122

Total sheep ACUS 241

Goat Male

0-12 months "sub adults / replacements" 0.03 82

> 12 months "adults / breeders" 0.10 700

Female

0-12 months "sub adults / replacements" 0.03 165

> 12 months "adults / breeders" 0.10 998

Total Goat ACUS 1945

Grand total ACUS (cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat) 20901

Source: Livestock population-DLS 2012; Conversion factors from Anandan and Sampath (2012)


Feed inventory approachStep 2: Total feed for livestock and poultry

Total Feed production in FM (Gross)

-Harvesting, processing

and other losess

X proportion used for livestock and

Poultry (%)

Total feed production in FM

=

Total feed production in DM

X % DM

Total feed production in DM

% Extration rate for Grain

Feed availble for livestock and poulty

(Feed inventory)


Total Feed resources

Feed resources Data source Estimation

Crop Residues DAE, 2011, IFCN2013 Estimated using HI, IFCN WF

model using ratio of crop and

crop residues

Oil seed cakes/meals DAE, 2011

Grain by-products DLS 2013 Estimated using ER

Grain DAE, 2011, Estimated to livestock and

poultry by using the coefficient

for grain used for livestock and

poultry and to human by using

panel approach

Roots and tubers and

their by-products

- -data missing

Other by-products - -data missing

Grasses DAE, 2011, Sarker et al., 2012 -data missing

Forage trees - -data missing

Other forages

DAE = Department of Agricultural Extension, WF = Water footprint model

16


Harvesting and processing loss:

7-12% for crop residues and other forages; for grain 5-7%: all

depending on season and region

% DM:

From IFCN farm result database for Bangladesh (2013) and

Khandaker and Uddin, (2002)

% Extraction rate

From Anandan and Sampath (2012)

Cereal used for livestock and poultry

Estimated from panel


Feed inventory approach

Step 3: Feed balance

Feed availble for livestock (DM) + Poultry Total feed requirement

Livestock + poultry (DM)-

=

Total feed balance (+/-)


Species

No of Adult Cattle Units

(ACUs) (1000 heads)

DM

million ton

Total feed requirement by different species

Cattle 18074 46.18

Buffalo 642 1.64

Sheep 241 0.62

Goat 1945 4.97

Poultry 388 30.45

Total feed requirement 83.85

Total feed available for livestock and poultry

Total available (Roughage and concentrate) 32.08

Total Roughage 26.27

Total concentrate 5.82

Source: own analysis based on the feed inventory method

Feed available and requirement


Feed balance in Bangladesh

Species

Demand Supply

Total

(roughage+

concentrate

) Roughage Concentrate

Total

(roughage+

concentrate)

Rougha

ge

Conce

ntrate

Cattle 46.18 32.33 13.85 13.46 11.47 1.99

Buffalo 1.64 1.15 0.49 0.32 0.25 0.07

Sheep 0.62 0.52 0.09 1.60 1.53 0.07

Goat 4.97 4.22 0.75 12.32 12.23 0.09

Poultry 30.45 0.06 30.39 4.39 0.79 3.61

All 83.85 37.45 46.40 32.09 26.27 5.83

Source: own analysis based on feed inventory method,

Method:

Demand:

allocation for roughage and concentrate for large ruminant= 70:30; for small ruminant =85:15; for poultry = 3

: 97 (because geese eats small roughage, some roughage may be used as binder)

Supply:

Allocation to Livestock: Roughage = 97% and 3% to poultry

Concentrate: 38% to livestock and 62% poultry

Allocating concentrate to different species: Cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat = 90:3:3:4


Livestock

species

Mixed Extensive

Systems

Mixed Crop-Livestock

SystemsIntensive Systems

Home-

made

concentra

te

(kg/d)

Compound

feed a

(kg/d)

Total

(kg/d)

Home-

made

concen

trate

(kg/d)

Compound

feed a

(kg/d)

Total

(kg/d)

Home

made

conce

ntrate

(kg/d)

Compo

und

feed a

(kg/d)

Total

(kg/d)

Dairy cattle 0.74 0.12 0.86 1.85 0.34 2.19 1.95 0.91 2.86

Non-dairy

cattle - 0.48 - 1.58 0.7 0.2 0.9

Dairy

buffalo 0.9 - 0.9 1.5 - 1.5 - - -

Non-dairy

buffalo 0.51 - 0.51 - 1.3 - - -

Sheep 0.22 - 0.22 0.25 - 0.25 - - -

Goat 0.22 - 0.22 0.25 - 0.25 - - -Source: Estimation based on Khan et al., 2009; Uddin et al., 2013 and opinion from panel membersa Mainly as mesh form produced by feed industry

-typically not used

Estimation of the average daily amount of home-made concentrates and compound feed

(concentrate feed produced by the feed industry) for different livestock.


Livestock population

Estimation of total

concentrate consumption

Total consumption

All

livestock

Mixed

extensiv

e

Mixed

crop

livestock

Intensi

ve

Mixed

extensi

ve

Mixed

crop

livesto

ck

Intensive total/d in

t

total/y in

t

total/y

million

ton

Dairy

cattle 11797 2241 1614 97 1928 3534 277 5739 2094704 2.09

Dairy

buffalo 292 15 14 0 7 21 28 10387 0.01

Non-

dairy

cattle 12249 980 804 56 470 1270 51 1791 653556 0.65

Non-

dairy

buffalo 292 9 8 0 4 11 15 5620 0.01

Livestock 7573 2764268 2.76

Sheep 3120 406 2434 62 89 608 698 254636 0.25

Goat 25212 11598 9833 3782 2551 2458 5010 1828513 1.83

Sheep and goat 5707 2083149 2.08

Grand

total 13281 4847416 4.85

Method explanation: using proportion of different livestock species from different production systems (Table 6)

and their corresponding consumption (Table 21)

Human-animal competition: concentrate goes to Livestock

17


total

livestock

Semi-

intensive/

semi-

scavenging Intensive

Total

consumptio

n/year in

million ton

Backyard /small

holder 97800 62000 0 1.96

Commercial

breeder 5500 5500 0.39

Commercial layers 33800 5746 28054 2.51

Commercial

broilers 286000 105820 180180 20.02

Duck 46635 46635 0 0.17

Total poultry 25.05Method explanation: using proportion of different livestock species from different production

systems (Table 7) and their corresponding consumption (Table 27)

Human-animal competition: concentrate goes to poultry


Challenges: Knowledge gaps

Challenges

Knowlege

gaps

• No data/missing data

• Lack of updated

• Purpose

• Animal strucure

• Socio-economic

• Coordination

• Dissemination

• Data quality

• Validation

• Regional and

seasonal

• Difficult to

disntiguish

• Varies with feed

resources

• Suitability

• Extrapolation

• Holistic view

DataFarming

systemMethod

• No method

• Inconsistency

• Simple, old

• Typical faraming

system

• Rapid in and out

• Farming

knowledge

What


Data gaps and approaches to overcome

SL. Nr. List of things/data Reasons Approaches to achieve

1 Livestock and poultry

populationNon ruminants

-pig

-rabbit

Data is not available from

any of the national or

regional statistics

Conducting sample survey in

selected regions and estimation by

utilizing panel approach

Poultry

-Geese

Quail

Turkey

Pigeon

2 Feed resourcesData on production by

species are missing.

Conducting sample survey + panel

study + detailed land survey + expert

estimation + panel approach

RTB

OBP

Legume forage

Other forage

3 Feeding system characterization Data on characterization at

farm and regional level is

not available

Case study in different regions and

seasons

4 Detailed concentrate use in

different production systems

and livestock species

Data concentrate use at

farm and regional level is

not available

Case study in different regions and

seasons


Feed inventory-strong tool for understanding feeds

and feeding management

• Data collection, method development Panel study, expert round

Case study

Sample survey (too expensive but extremely good)

• Sustainability and long-term viablity Modeling on feed inventory-extended to all Asian countries

Coordinating center and/or institution at central level

country level-to validate and update and published

Proposed name of the network

Asian Animal Feed Comparison Network (AAFCN) : legal point need

to be claified with IFCN;

but AAFSN = Asian Animal Feeding System Netowork: no need

Summary/ Potential for improvements

18

BHUTAN COUNTRY REPORT

J. Gyeltshen

1

Feed and Fodder Resources of Bhutan – Current status

Jambay GyeltshenNCAN, Bhutan

Area - 38,394 Sq.kmCapital - Thimphu

About Bhutan:

Development Philosophy :

Gross National Happiness

Introduction

• 2.93 % arable land; 80 %forests & 60 % peopledepend on agriculture

• Farming system –integration of crops, animals and forest - a mutually supportive system

• Livestock’s role - draft, manure and livestock products

Livestock Units

Live. Categories Animal Units

Improved Cattle (Jersey & BS)

74,240

Local (Mithun & Nublang)

146752

Yaks 35472

Buffaloes 571

Horses 22600

Sheep & Goat 12451

Total 291086

Source: Livestock Statistics, 2012

Livestock Production Systems

• Transhumant yak system -

typical and limited to alpine

cool temperate areas

• Migratory cattle system –

(temperate & subtropical

regions)

- Seasonal movement

between winter and

summer pastures – main

strategy of feeding

19

Livestock Production Systems…

• Sedentary system –

for milking cattle

(improved breeds), draft

animals, buffaloes and

goats.

Tethering; grazing in

fallow lands or forests

during day.

Pig rearing

Population – 19,191

Native: 9788

Exotic: 9403

Breeds: Large black,

Duroc and Saddleback

Reared under intensive

system where feeds are

provided and adequate

housing provided

Poultry production

Population – 549,733

Native : 146,574

Improved : 403,159

Native birds - under

extensive system – birds

search their own food

Improved poultry (layer

and broiler) – reared

under intensive system

Fodder Resources

Tem. Sp.: Cocksfoot (Dactylis

glomereta), Italian rye (Lolium

multiforum) & white clover (Trifolium

Repens)

Subtropical Sp. : Ruzi (Brachiaria

ruziziensis), molasses (Milinis minutiflora)

and stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)

Improved Pasture

Acreage(acres)

DM (MT)

Temperate 9057 54,342

Subtropical 7591 75,910

Total 16,648 130,252

(Wangchuk et.al., 2006)

Fodder resources…

Native Pasture (Tsamdro):Acreage: 1188708 acres - open meadows, shrubs, trees -spread across temperate and alpine regions

DM production: calculated at 1.18 MT/hac. is 283,828 MT i.e. about 35.58 % of total DM requirement

Fodder resources…

Fodder Crops

Acreage DM (MT)

Fodder Maize

39.07 96.89

Tuber crops 1737.67 2884.53

Oats 827.10 1736.91

Total 2604 4718.34

Fodder Crops

Good source of winter feed

20

Fodder resources…

Crop Residues Quantity (MT)

Paddy straw 157460

Maize stover 159652

Wheat straw 12532

Barley straw 6220

Buckwheat straw 16674

Millet Stover 14128

Total 366666

Crop Residues

DM : 293,332.80 MT 79 % utilization only & hence 231,733 MT

Fodder resources…Fodder trees & Plantations

Fodder type Quantity DM (MT)

Fodder trees (nos.)

681945 23868

Fodder plantations (acres)

2002 8809

Total 32,677

Fodder Sp: Guatemala (Tripsicum luxom), Napier (Panesitum purpureum), Paspalumatratum, broom grass (Thysanchaenamaxima)Fodder trees: Ficus Sp. and willow (Salix babylonica)

Feeds Resources

Agro-industrial by-

products :DDGS :4320 MT

WDGS : 576 MT

Oil seeds/meals

Mustard oil cake: 1524 MT

Soybean: 826 MT (90 %

exported to India)

16.33

35.58

0.61

29

3.07 1.1

Dry matter contribution by Fodder resources

Improved pasture

Native Pasture

Fodder crops

Crop residues

Fodder trees

Fodder plantations

Dry Matter Availability: 85.66 %

Constraints:

Seasonal shortage of Fodder (mid February to mid April) in temperate and Alpine regions

Approaches/Methodologies

Ministry : RNR Statistical Steering Committee (RNR-SSC)

Departments : IMS in each Department

RNR Statistical Framework

Information flow (Field)

Regional Livestock Dev. Centres (RLDC)

District Livestock Sector (DFFP)

Extension Centres

Farmers, Farmers’ groups

National Centre for Animal Nutrition (NCAN)

Data collection

Data reporting & Editing

Data analysis &compilation

Data compilation & analysis

NCAN - involved in coordinating and implementing major field activities; hence monitoring and evaluation of activities NCAN: direct access to information from farmers

A quick survey was also conducted by team of technical experts

21

Feeding Systems

Feeding livestock related to

production systems.

Vary – with season & AEZs

Yaks and migratory local

cattle - under extensive

systems; improved cattle and

goats – sedentary, mixed

crop and livestock system.

Pig and commercial poultry

under intensive systems

Yaks… Alpine (>2800 masl)

Season Feeds

Winter (Nov.- Feb.)

At 2800 masl. Open grazing; Dwarf bamboo (Yushinia microfylla) grass, sedges, salt. 98% grazing, 2% conc.

Spring (Mar. - May)

Start migration. Forest and open grazing. Dwarf bamboo, young grasses, sedges and salt. 99% grazing, 1 % concentrate

Summer (Jun – Aug)

≥ 4000 masl. Grazing open meadows. Young grasses & little con. to milchcows. Salt. 99 % grazing, 1 % concentrate

Autumn (Sep - Oct)

Migrate down at 2800 masl. Open grazing Calves given some conc. Dwarf bamboo, dry grass and sedges. 98 % grazing, 2 % conc.

Dairy Cattle .. Temperate (1800-2800 masl)Season Feeds

Winter (Nov. -Feb.)

Grazing crop lands, hay and silage, crop residues (straw). Chopped turnip/Swede mixed with 2 kg con. given to milch cows in gruel form. 30 % grazing, 30% hay, 30 % silage, 5 % root crops, 3 % crop residues and 2 % concentrates.

Spring(Mar. -May)

Most critical period. Oat, Straw & alcohol residues and concentrates fed to milchcows. 30% Oat , 20 % crop residues, 20% grazing, 5% home mixed feeds

Summer (Jun –Aug)

Pasture, full grazing/cut and carry . Conc. feeds for milch cows at 2 kg/cow. Herbaceous under growth. 90 % grazing, 10% concentrates

Autumn (Sep -Oct)

Grazing in pasture and fallow crop lands. Dry grass & crop residues. Hay Feeding by end of November. 80 % grazing, 10 % hay, 5% crop residues and 5 % concentrates

Dairy Cattle .. Mid altitude (1200-1800 masl) Season Feeds

Winter (Nov. -Feb.)

Pasture still available. Grazing. Cropresidues (straw and stover), fodder treesand planted fodder, maize, and oats30 % grazing/ tethering, 40 % cropresidues, 20 % planted fodder, fodder trees,oat, maize and 5 % concentrates.

Spring(Mar. -May)

Pasture/grasses regrow. Oat, Straw, alcohol residues and conc. to milking cows. Fodder trees and planted fodder.90 % grazing/cut and carry/tethering, 5 % Oat and 5 % concentrates.

Summer (Jun –Aug)

Pasture, full grazing/cut and carry . Conc. feeds for milch cows at 2 kg/cow. Herbaceous under growth in forests. 90 % grazing, 10% concentrates

Autumn (Sep -Oct)

Grazing in pasture/ fallow lands. Dry grass & crop residues. Hay Feeding by November. 80 % grazing, 10 % hay, 5% crop residues and 5 % concentrates

Dairy & buffaloes.. Subtropical (150-1200 masl)

Season Feeds

Winter (Nov. -Feb.)

Pasture green till December. Grazing. Cropresidues (straw and stover), fodder treesand planted fodder, maize, and oats30 % grazing/ tethering, 40 % cropresidues, 20 % planted fodder, fodder trees,oat, maize and 5 % concentrates.

Spring(Mar. -May)

Pasture/grasses grow. Oat, Straw & alcohol residues and conc. to milking cows. Fodder trees and planted fodder. 90 % grazing/cut and carry/tethering, 5 % Oat and 5 % conc.

Summer (Jun –Aug)

Pasture, full grazing/cut and carry . Conc. feeds for milch cows at 2 kg/cow. Herbaceous under growth in forests. 90 % grazing, 10% concentrates

Autumn (Sep -Oct)

Grazing in pasture/ fallow lands. Green grass & crop residues. 90 % grazing, 5% crop residues and 5 % concentrates

Compound / Concentrate Feeds

Concentrate feed is very

crucial for production

of milk, meat, eggs and

fibre. In dairy, it enhances

milk production

Bhutan – only 1 feed mill

(100 MT/day capacity)

22

Herd structure of Ruminants

Ruminant production system*

Total

(%)Livestock

type

Extensive

(%)

Mixed-

extensive

(%)

Mixed crop

livestock

(%)

Intensive

(%)

Dairy cattle 21.18 0 75.86 2.96 100

Dairy

buffalo

0 0 100 0 100

Non-dairy

cattle

99 0 1 0 100

Sheep 100 0 0 0 100

Goats 0 0 100 0 100

Yak 100 0 0 0 100

Mixed crop livestock system dominates ruminant production

Herd structure of mono-gastricsLivestock production system*

Total

(%)Livestock type Extensive

(%)

Semi-intensive

(%)

Intensive

(%)

Pigs 0 0 100 100

Chicken: Backyard /

smallholder

100 0 0 100

Chicken: Commercial

breeders

0 0 100 100

Chicken: Commercial

layers

0 0 100 100

Chicken: Commercial

broilers

0 0 100 100

Commercial poultry (layer & broiler) are reared under intensive system while backyard chicken is reared under extensive system

PigNo. of pigs Feed

(Kg/day)Total (Kg/day)

9403

@ 3

kg/day

28,209 i.e.

28.21 MT

PoultryNo. of poultry

Feed (Kg/day)

Total (Kg/day)

403159

@ 120

gm/day/bird

48379 i.e.

48.38 MT

Feed Requirements

Annual Feed requirement for pigs : 10,297 MT

Annual Feed requirement for poultry : 17658 MT

Use of feed ingredients (% DM)

Pigs Poultry

IngredientCompound Feeds

Compound

Feeds

Wheat

Maize 44 51

Soy meal/Cake 10 22

Oilseed Meal/Cake 10

DDGS b 8 5

Fishmeal 10 5

Molasses 2

Cereal Brans 20 14

Vegetable oils 2

TOTAL (%) 100 (%) 100 (%)

Proportion and type of ingredients would change according to the availability and prices

Factors for use of Ingredients

• Farm Labour /Human Resource

• Import of Ingredients

• Availability and price of Feed Ingredients

Tashi Delek

23

INDIA COUNTRY REPORT

T. Vaid and S. Anandan

FAO-APHCA Regional Workshop on

“Animal Feed Resources and their Management in the

Asia-Pacific Region”

COUNTRY PAPER

INDIA

1

> 17% of the world’s population & 11%

livestock and counting

4.2% of the world’s water

2.4% of the world’s area

142 m ha cultivated & 55 m ha net irrigated

137% cropping intensity

52% of population earns livelihood in agriculture

15.7% contribution in GDP

10.23% earning of total exports (~Rs. 86,000 crores)

India Today…

Few Facts

• ~ 500 million livestock

• ~ 650 million poultry

• proportion of unproductive cattle

• Uneven distribution of livestock and feed resources across agro-climatic zones

• Predominantly small holding systems

• < 5% area under fodder production over the years

• crop yield, crop residue quality ??

• Straw burning and diversion for other uses

• Export of oil cakes

• price of oil cakes and by products

Feed assessment methodology

• Primary survey- Time consuming, laborious

but reliable data

• Secondary survey – Quick, suitable for macro

assessments, information generated needs

refinements

• Combination of the two – combines the

advantages of both and suitable for

assessments at regional and national levels.

Approaches, data sources and methodologies

NIANP FEEDBASE – Based on secondary data

1) Crop production- Harvest index and extraction rates (DAC, Directorate of Economics)

2) Land use statistics – Area and biomass productivity (Directorate of Economics)

3) Livestock census – numbers and their productivity (DAHDF)

7

Production of cereals, pulses, oilseeds

& others

Area under cropped area,forests, pastures, fallows

etc.,

Extractio

n rate

sH

arvest in

dex

Bio

mass

Pro

du

ctivity

Potential feed resources available

Crop residues

GreensConcentrates

Nu

mb

ers age

w

ise an

d

pro

du

ctiivity

Cattle, buffalo. sheep. goat,equines, camels, yak,

mithun, pigs,commercial poultry,

Feed requirementsCrop

residuesGreensConcentrates

Feed balance

Adequate

Surplus Deficit

Protein Energy Protein Energy

Crop data Land use Livestock census

8

24

Conversion factors for various feed resources

Crop Conversion Factors Percent (of total produce)

Crop residues oilcakes Grains Bran &

chunnies

Paddy (Rice) 1.30 - 2.00 8.00

Wheat 1.00 - 2.00 8.00

Jowar

(Sorghum)

2.50 - 5.00 -

Bajra (Pearl

millet)

2.50 - 5.00 -

Barley 1.30 - 10.00 -

Maize 2.50 - 10.00 -

Ragi (Finger

Millet)

2.00 - 5.00 -

Small Millet 2.50 - 40.00 -

Other Cereals 2.00 - 10.00 -

Pulses 1.70 - - 3.00

9

Green fodder production potential of various land categories

Source Area Productivity/annum

Cultivated fodder 5% of the total cropped

area

40 tons/hectare

Forests 50% of the area

accessible for fodder

3 tons/hectare

Permanent pastures and

grazing lands

Total area 5 tons/hectare

Miscellaneous tree crops Total area 1 ton/hectare

Cultivable waste lands Total area 1 ton/hectare

Current fallows Total area 1 ton/hectare

Other fallows Total area 1 ton/hectare

Sugarcane tops Proportion of the

sugarcane yield

0.25 of the sugarcane

yield

Source- FEEDBASE, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology 11

For green fodder estimation - the area of land is multiplied by the

biomass production potential .

Factors considered for arriving at the

feed requirements

Species Factors

Cattle - Cross bred Adult body weight- 350 kg

Growth potential- 400 g/d

Milk production - state/national productivity

values provided by Department of Animal

Husbandry, Government of India

Cattle Indigenous Adult body weight- 250 kg

Growth potential- 200 g/d

Milk production state/national productivity



Buffalo Adult body weight-350 kg

Growth potential- 350g /d

Milk production- state/national productivity



13

Sheep & goat 90% of the population under extensive system with no concentrate

supplementation

10% of the population under semi intensive system with 25%

concentrate supplementation.

Dry matter requirement - 3% of the body weight.

Poultry Only commercial broilers and layers have been considered based on the

feed conversion ratio (FCR), assuming 3.5 and 40 kg of feed per broiler

and layer respectively.

Pigs Desi pigs- 35 kg slaughter weight and an FCR of 1:6

Crossbred pigs -70 kg slaughter weight and an FCR of 1:5

Equines ad mules Dry matter intake – 2% of body weight

Horses and donkeys Dry matter intake – 2% of body weight

Camels Dry matter intake – 2% of body weight

Yak Dry matter intake – 2% of body weight

Mithun Dry matter intake – 2% of body weight

Source- FEEDBASE, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology

14

Main screen of FEEDBASE – Feed distribution

Feed availability information in tabular form

25

Feed availability information in spatial (GISMap) form

Feed balance information in map form

Feed balance information in graphical form

Status of feed resources availability (%

deficit / surplus) under different

scenarios -2011

Scenario I – 100% each to productive & non productive animals

Scenario II – 90% to productive animals & 80% to non productive animals

Scenario III – 90% to productive animals & 60% to non productive animals

All India coordinated research project survey for feeding practices

Co-ordinated by NIANP21 Total centers- State agricultural Universities

ICARNGO

Surveyed the different agro-eco regions through primary survey for

Documenting feeding practicesIdentifying limiting nutrientsDeveloping appropriate feeding strategies

Agro eco regions

Broadly classified into 6 agro-eco

regions

Rainfed

Semi arid

Coastal

Irrigated

Arid

Hill and mountain

26

Rainfed agro eco region

Characteristics Occupies 63% of cropped area and contributes 45% of agriculture productionCoarse cereals, pulses, oilseeds and cotton are the major crops, Low crop productivity Livestock is a major source of livelihood

States Gujarat, Maharasthra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,

Tamilnadu

Species Mainly Crossbred cattle ,local buffaloes, bullocks and

small ruminants

Feed resources Cereal grains, millets, rice bran, cereal straws, cotton

seed cake and groundnut cake

Limiting nutrients Protein, energy, Ca, P,Cu and Zn

Semi arid agro eco regionCharacteristics Erratic rainfall and water deficit

Greater reliance on livestock

States Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharasthra,

Species Mainly Crossbred cattle ,local buffaloes, small ruminants

Feed resources Legume straws, lucerne, berseem, fodder trees, green

fodder, sorghum stover, mustard cake, linseed cake,

sunflower cake, pulse chunnies

Limiting

nutrients

Dry matter, Protein, energy, Ca, P, Cu and Zn

Coastal agro eco region

Characteristics Supports livelihood of several millions rural poorAqua culture is predominant followed by agriculture, agro forestry and silvi culture Livestock rearing is an integral part and characterized by high crossbred cattle population and poultry

States Gujarat, Maharasthra, Andhra pradesh, Karnataka,

Kerala, Tamilnadu

Species Mainly Crossbred cattle , bullocks, buffaloes, pigs

Feed resources Native grasses, paddy straw, coconut cake, fodder trees,

banana leaves, tapioca waste

Limiting

nutrients

Protein, fiber, Ca, and Zn

In certain pockets excess feeding of concentrate

Irrigated agro eco region

Characteristics Impact of green revolution most evidentAccounts for 37% of arable land and provides 55% of agriculture productionLivestock is very prominent and characterized by high production potentialStagnation in the crop productivity is a major concernFurther enhancement of livestock productivity is an challenge

States Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

Species Mainly Crossbred cattle , buffaloes, and small ruminants

Feed resources Bajra grain, guar, rice bran, cotton seed cake, sugarcane

tops, berseem, lucerne

Limiting

nutrients

Protein, energy, Ca, P, Cu, Mn and Zn

Arid agro eco region

Characteristics Hot and cold region occupying 19% of geographical areaHigh water deficits and erratic rainfallDroughts marked by long spells are commonSupports 34% of livestock populationAvailability of adequate feed resources is major constraint

States Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh

Species Mainly crossbred cattle , camel, buffaloes, sheep, goats

Feed resources Pastures, fodder tree leaves, local grasses, cotton seed

cake, cotton seed, wheat bran, rice bran, groundnut cake,

GN haulms, Guar,

Limiting nutrients Energy, Cu, Mn and Zn

Hilly and mountain agro eco regionCharacteristics Covers North western Himalaya and North Eastern Himalaya

Climatic variations, sloping land, small holdings, Absence of irrigation and low productivity are the major characteristicsSpecial practice of migratory system of grazing

States Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh,

Assam nad Tamilnadu

Species Mainly crossbred & local cattle , buffaloes, sheep, goats,

yak and pigs

Feed resources Local grasses, fodder trees, kodo grain, mustard cake,,

cereal bran, water weeds, Pastures, fodder tree leaves,

local grasses, cotton seed cake,cotton seed, wheat bran,

rice bran, groundnut cake, GN haulms, Guar,

Limiting

nutrients

Dry matter, Protein, Energy, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn and Co

27

Feeding systems (FS)

• Large diversity in feeding systems across agro-eco regions, species and within species

• Feeding systems governed by –resources(feed/livestock), production objective and economic returns

• Broad classification of FS– better understanding of the feed utilization and requirements

Systems Extensive (no or low

inputs)

Semi intensive systems

(moderate inputs)

Intensive /stall feeding (High inputs)

Local Cattle 80 % 10% 10%

Crossbred cattle

nil 60% 40%

Buffalo 60% 20% 20% Sheep 80% 18% 2%

Goat 85% 13% 2%

Yak & Mithun 99% 1% nil

Ruminant feeding systems

Monogastric feeding systems

Systems extensive system semi intensive systems

Intensive /stall feeding

Poultry

Commercial(layers & broilers)

nil nil 100%

Non commercial (local and backyard)

96-98% 3-4% nil

Aqua

Fishes 10% 90%

Shrimp 30% 70%

Pigs 80-85% 10-15% < 1%

Estimates of grain usage as livestock feeds (000 tons)

Feed used % Grains

Grain quantity Maize Sorghum Pearlmillet

Rice/ wheat

Broiler 11000 50-60 6051 5748 121 61 121

Layer 8100 40-45 3848 2886 462 385 115

Dairy- cooperative

3300 15 495 371 50 49 25

Dairy -Private 3700 5-10 278 209 33 28 8

Dairy - Ingredients

40000 5-10 3000 2100 300 300 300

Aqua sector 8610

345 215

130

Small ruminants

365 10-12 37 19 8 7 3

Pigs 728 20 146 73 37 29 7

Total 75803

14200 11621 1011 859 709

Knowledge gaps- crop related

• Inventory of all crops

• Potential agro byproducts and their

availability

• Harvest index/extraction ratios- regional

& varietal differences

• Non feed uses of feeds & byproducts

• Gap in the potential and actual

availability

Knowledge gaps- Green fodder

• Data on area under green fodder production, type of fodder and their productivity

• Updated land use data

• Biomass production potential of different land categories

• Regional variation in the production potential (grass cover, soil types, rain fall and biomass production potential)

28

Knowledge gaps- livestock related

• Livestock census interval – five years

• Time lag in publishing the information

• Production potential for other functions (growth, draft, reproduction etc)

• Mostly documented for milk production

• Production cycle of different species (age at first calving, lactation length, calving interval)

• Information on the feeding systems and feed resources utilization

• Distribution of livestock under different production/feeding systems

Knowledge gaps- others

• Local trading of feed resources – intra

and inter regional

• Fruits and vegetable/industrial by

products- availability and feed uses

• Import of feed resources/supplements

• Data from feed industry on the

volumes and the type of feeds and

ingredients used

Suggestions for bridging the gaps

• Develop a complete inventory of feed resources

• Co-ordinate with related departments to ensure that the required information is included and updated regularly

• Improve the precision of the data in terms of the land use data and the biomass production potential

Suggestions for bridging the gaps

• Coordinate with the feed, agro processing

industry to generate and share the data

• Animal husbandry departments –

documentation and reporting of the feeding

systems & feed resources and productivity

• Develop an exclusive agency to coordinate

and develop a mechanism for regular

updation, refinement and reporting

29

NEPAL COUNTRY REPORT

D. Yadav

Devendra Prasad Yadav

Chief Livestock Development Officer

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Agriculture Development

Department of Livestock Services

NATIONAL PASTURE AND ANIMAL FEED CENTER

Outlines of PresentationSN Title

1 Brief of Nepalese agriculture

2 Introduction to feed inventory

3 Approaches and methodology

4 Major findings

5 Government policies.. Act.. Regulations..

6 Knowledge gaps & approaches to bridge to those gaps

7 Conclusions and recommendations

Land use statistics

Category Area (000 ha)

Agricultural land cultivated 3 091 (21.0%)

Agricultural land uncultivated 1 030 (7.0%)

Forest land 4 268 (29.0%)

Shrub land 1 560 (10.6%)

Grass and pasture land 1 766 (11.9%)

Water 383 (2.6%)

Others 2 620 (17.8%)

Total 14 718

Source: - MOAC (2012)

Contribution of Livestock

Share in:National GDP~ about 12%Agricultural GDP ~ 30 %Total milk production: Cattle (30%) and buffalo (70%)Total meat production: Buffalo( 65%), Goat(20%)

poultry (7%) and swine (7%)

Above all livestock are: •Living bank-handy source of money at crisis •Insurance against crop failure •Ensures flow of money from urban to rural areas

Livestock Population, 2011/12

SN Species No. (million) %of HH keeping Sps

1 Cattle 7.2 ~60%

2 Buffalo 5.0 ~50%

3 Yak and crosses 0.06 ~1.4%

4 Sheep 0.8 ~0.3%

5 Goats 9.0 ~75%

6 Pigs 1.0 ~7%

7 Poultry 40.0 ~34%

8 Horse/mules 0.01

Source: MoAC, 2011

About 12% of cattle and 25% of buffaloes are milking

Livestock products and per capita availability (DLS, 2012)

Commodity Milk(‘000MT) Meat(‘000MT) Egg (Mill.)

Cattle 447.0 - -

Buffalo 1109.0 167.0 -

Goats - 52.9 -

Sheep - 2.7 -

Pigs - 17.9 -

Poultry - 17.1 704.0

Total 1556.0 257.6 704.0

Per capita

availability

51.0 l/yr 8.5kg/yr 24 nos./yr

30

NATIONAL FEED INVENTORY INTRODUCTION

Nepal - agrarian country - typical crop livestock mixed farming system

Livestock: an integral part of Nepalese farming system - shares about 30% to the AGDP

Livestock are kept for draught in agriculture, transport andmanure besides being a major source of income, whichcontributes nearly 36 – 47 % to the total income of farmhouseholds in different eco-zones and engages nearly 80% offarm families.

Increased urbanization, better mobility and the increased flow

of tourists have increased the demand for livestock products

which has led to increasing commercialization of livestock

Almost all Nepalese farming families keep some animals;

average livestock per family is about 4.8 head.

With increasing altitude the number of livestock per household

rises (Terai: 3.1 head per family; 12.2 in Mountains).

The Agricultural Perspective Plan (APP, 1995) has estimated

livestock growth from 2.9% to 6.1% by the end of a 2015

Accordingly its share in AGDP growth will rise from 31% to

45%

The most important limiting factor to meet this challenging

task is the feed and fodder deficit

Traditionally the major feed resources are crop residues and

by-products, forest, seasonal grazing land, and non-cultivated

areas.

Agricultural lands provide about 60% of the total annual feed

supply whilst 40% by forest and grazing lands (TLDP, 2002)

The feed balance is such that the total dry matter deficit, and

total green roughage deficit in the country is about 30.8% and

54.3%, respectively

Livestock in Nepal are in feed deficit by over three million tons

per annum (TLDP, 2002)

Great effort has to be made to provide adequate feed not only

to increase production, but also to lower the production cost:

only limited options are available to tackle this problem

APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY This report is obtained in present form through the critical review of various literatures

including journal articles, online articles, annual progress reports of various agencies,

institutions and organizations, statistical yearbook of Nepal, text books, research reports,

master and PhD theses etc.

The report has tried to provide detail information regarding to the feeds and feeding

situation in different seasons (summer and winter) in three ecological regions (Mountain,

Hills and Terai) of all five development regions (eastern, central, western, mid-western

and far-western) for each livestock species including ruminants and non ruminants

reared in Nepal

Tables and texts in this report are generated with the help of quantitative data available

in the reviewed articles and reports.

Data on feed assessment has been produced based on available information of different

types of feed manufactured for different livestock species.

Accordingly, total produced volume of feed has been presented based on reported values

for all the country representing last 12 years period that covers requirement of feed.

Indeed, feed assessment has been made considering all three major livestock rearing and two

types of feeds i.e. homemade and compound feeds.

Considering the similarity in nature of all ecological zones and belts calculations has been

made to represent the general scenario. Accordingly, the method followed includes:

Ruminant and non ruminant population has been divided proportionately to the each

production system e.g. Mixed extensive, crop-livestock and intensive systems

Those values were then multiplied by the total feed required per day per animal considering

homemade and compound feeds that gave the value of feed requirement per day to the

livestock population of each category of each species

In the meanwhile, calculation was made for major cereals and pulse ingredients used in feed

manufacturing that could compete to the human food. They were, wheat, maize, millet, barley,

rice, soybean and other pulses

Information thus collected were verified and approved by organizing a day workshop with the

key persons and professional experts from the Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU),

Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) and Department of Livestock Services (DLS) in

Kathmandu Nepal on 12 July, 2013.

31

Feeds and feeding resourcesRoughages

Crop residues covers large parts of animal feeds in all ecological domains and areas.

Approximately 40% TDN comems from crop residues that animals are grazed in the crop field

after harvesting main crops for human feeds. This type of feed resource is temporary in nature

but widely prevails all over the country (Annex 1).

Nepalese farmers are collecting both locally available grasses that includes fodder trees and

tree fodders to meet the daily dry matter need of the ruminants whereas recent trend is to

cultivate improved fodder species such as Napier, Mulato, Stylosanthese and Berseem as well

as peas and oats. Uncultivated grass species are locally available herbs and shrubs whereas

Government of Nepal has proposed to increased about 7600 ha of cultivated land with

improved fodder by the year 2013-2014.

More than 50 species of improved species of leguminous perennial and annual forages are

introduced in Nepal that has increased quality value in feeding management. Stylosanthes,

Butterfly pea, Glysine and centrocema are popular legume species along with vetch and

improved fodder legumes such as Leucaena leucocephala. Legumes are important in the

feeding management as Nepalese farmers often rely to the leguminous species to replace with

the costly concentrates.

Forestry, farming and animal husbandry are intimately related as about 40 percent of livestock feed is derived from forests and trees grown on farms.

There are about 700 fodder trees widely available across the country whereas more than 30 species are widely farmed in the community as well as private farm land in Nepal.

Leguminous as well as non-leguminous fodder trees are widely cultivated in the country with the feeding scope during winter hard period. Even animal in the high altitudes are supplied with fodder trees or tree fodder during winter time.

Besides conventional feed stuffs, non-conventional feeding stuffs are also popular in Nepalese livestock feeding management. Lots of local species that are valued in terms of feeding purpose and are available in the terrace risers and bunds but are neglected, often used in feeding animals.

Besides, husks of maize cobs, rice straws, millet straws, sugarcane tops and molasses are also considered as source for animal feed.

Feed assessment data

Percent produced of the required ingredients is far below to the requirements of the total ingredients per year even when whole of the produced cereals and pulses are used in feed preparation.

This clearly indicates heavy reliance on importing these ingredients as production are not sufficient to meet the requirement.

Out among the ingredient produced, contribution of rice and wheat is less than 5% of the requirement whereas, the production of other ingredients are far below the need.

This fact also highlights that present scenario of production and utilization of cereal and pulses in feed preparation heavily challenges to the food requirement of human population which is already deficit in nature.

Therefore, continued approaches of using major cereals in feed preparation must be re-thought; perhaps there is a need of sound feeding management thorough utilization of crop residues, forest resources, and other roughages and fodder forages rather than paying attention to the higher production and utilization of cereal and pulses ingredients.

Table: Scenario of total cereal and pulses produced in the country in relation to their relevancies in using them in the feed industries and the total requirements of major ingredients used in feed preparation

Ingredients

(Major

cereals)

Requirements

(million

tons/year)

Production

(million

tons/year)

% Produced of

total

requirement

Remarks

Wheat 694 18 2.6

Maize 3047 217 7.1

Millet 2079 3 0.1

Barley 278 0.34 0.1

Rice 464 50 10.8

Soybean 283 0.28 0.1 Too low supply to

the requirement

Other pulses 289 2.9 1.0

Total 7134 291.52

Table: Total feed requirement (kg/d) for each category of ruminant livestock species

Livestock

species

Total Population under Total feed requirement

Mixed-

extensiv

e

Mixed

crop

livestock

Intensiv

e

Mixed Extensive System Crop-Livestock System Intensive system

Home-

made

concentr

ate

Compou

nd

Total Home-

made

concentr

ate

Compou

nd

Total Home-

made

concentr

ate

Compou

nd

Total

Dairy cattle124870.3

75684289 136857 280958.3 n/a 280958.3 1881797 n/a 1881797 376359.3 239501.4

615860.

7

Dairy

buffalo196993 965001 95834 492483.7 n/a 492483.7 2895005 n/a 2895005 287504 143752 431256

Non-dairy

cattle2261045 3110498 218609 2713254 n/a 2713254 4665748 n/a 4665748 393496.8 n/a

393496.

8

Non-dairy

buffalo1463809 1748966 114063 2195714 n/a 2195714 3148140 n/a 3148140 228126.1 n/a

228126.

1

Yak/Nak/Ch

auri19997 8419 1052 n/a n/a n/a 19365.54 n/a 19365.54 n/a n/a n/a

Sheep 242180 121090 20181 n/a n/a n/a 60545.03 n/a 60545.03 15136.26 n/a15136.2

6

Goat 903731 523212 0 n/a n/a n/a 261606.3 n/a 261606.3 0 n/a 0

Horse/Asses 6187 3712 0 6187.5 3093.75 9281.25 3712.5 1856.25 5568.75 0 0 0

Table: Total feed requirement (kg/d) for each category of non ruminant livestock species

Non

ruminants

livestock

species

Total available population Feed requirement

Semi

intensive

Intensive Semi-intensive / semi-scavenging

Systems

Intensive / industrial Systems

Home-made

concentrate

(Kg/d)

Compound

(Kg/d)

Total (Kg/d) Home-made

concentrate

(Kg/d)

Compound

(Kg/d)

Total (Kg/d)

Pigs 349777.8675 47092044.6 699555.7 n/a 699555.7 129503123 117965572 247468694.4

Backyard/

small holder574558.776 103888243.8 28727.94 n/a 28727.94 5194412.2 5194412.2 10388824.38

Commercial

breeder- 162712200 n/a n/a n/a n/a 24406830 24406830

Commercial

layers- 831194400 n/a n/a n/a n/a 116367216 116367216

Commercial

broilers- 7606194000 n/a n/a n/a n/a 912743280 912743280

Duck 242557.413 - 21830.17 n/a 21830.17 n/a n/a n/a

Rabbit 930987 0 n/a 0 162922.73 n/a 162922.725

Total 750113.8 0 750113.8 134860458 117965572 1311537767

32

Table: Calculation of total requirement of feed ingredients and their supply situation in Nepal, 2013

Feed Ingredients

Requirement

Grand Total

(t/yr)

Total

production

(t/yr)

% Produced of

the

requirement

Ruminants Non ruminants

Total (Kg/d) Total (t/yr) Total (Kg/d) Total (t/yr)

Wheat 999876.2658 364955 18937486.87 69121827 69486782 1846142.294 2.6

Maize 3470337.989 1266673 83150777.24 303500337 304767010 2179413.61 7.1

Barley 356946.9545 130286 7607284.294 27766588 27896873 34829.83384 0.1

Millet 563863.4196 205810 7607284.294 27766588 27972398 315066.6 0.1

Rice 410000.3966 149650 12693809.43 46332404 46482055 5072248.47 10.8

Soy 1567785.475 572242 7607284.294 27766588 28338829 28269.8222 0.1

Pulses 1406257.385 513284 7783734.291 28410630 28923914 291499.9437 1.0

Table: Calculation of amount of requirement of feed ingredients to each category of livestock species, 2013

Ruminant

s

Wheat Maize Barley Millet Rice Soy Pulses

%

contri

butio

n

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contribu

tion

Total

amount (t/yr)

%

contribu

tion

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contributi

on

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contrib

ution

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contrib

ution

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contribu

tion

Total

amount

(t/yr)

Dairy

cattle60 218973 50 633336.5 25 32571.5 25 51452.5 25 37412.5 35 200284.7 25 128321

Buffalo 30 109486.5 30 380001.9 25 32571.5 25 51452.5 35 52377.5 25 143060.5 25 128321

Goat 8 29196.4 18 228001.1 25 32571.5 25 51452.5 20 29930 20 114448.4 25 128321

Sheep 2 7299.1 2 25333.46 25 32571.5 25 51452.5 20 29930 20 114448.4 25 128321

Non-

ruminants

Wheat Maize Barley Millet Rice Soy Pulses

%

contri

butio

n

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contribu

tion

Total

amount (t/yr)

%

contribu

tion

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contributi

on

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contrib

ution

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contrib

ution

Total

amount

(t/yr)

%

contribu

tion

Total

amount

(t/yr)

Pig 70 13256240.8 30 91050101.1 50 13883294 50 13883294 60 27799442.4 40 11106635 40 11364252

Poultry 30 5681246.06 70 212450236 50 13883294 50 13883294 40 18532961.6 60 16659953 60 17046378

Tariffs/barriers to feed imports

Recently, Government of Nepal also has emphasized in its policy to support private industries in facilitating custom duties and relaxing rules and tariff regulations in purchasing important ingredients from abroad.

Agricultural reform duty is levied at a flat rate of 10% ad valorem on those agricultural products that face no customs duty. Thus, even those imports eligible for duty free import from India and Tibet are subject to a levy.

The purpose of this duty seems to provide some protection to domestic products while remaining within the broad framework of the Nepal-India bilateral treaty, which provides for trade in primary products free from customs duty and quantitative restriction.

A local development duty is also levied on importable items at the rate of 1.5% ad valorem (Chapagain, 2004).

It is evident from the tariff structure that poultry products have some protection as compared to feed. In case of feed, it is somewhat complex to determine the level of tariff protection.

In addition, Nepal has also committed to amend existing relevant laws rules and regulations to make them WTO compatible (WTO, 2003).

Of direct concern to the poultry industry are the laws concerning export and import and customs valuation listed in the legislative action plan of Nepal’s submission to the WTO.

Nepal also committed to introduce a new law on anti-dumping by July 2004.

Parallel to this development, the government is also reviewing the current Food Act 2023 (1966) with an intention to update it to meet the future feed requirements (Chapagain, 2004).

Restrictions on exports

There are no export duties on any of the poultry products

Two feed ingredients, namely rice bran and molasses, are however subject to export duty at the specific rate of Rs. 0.25 per kilogram (Chapagain, 2004)

This is subjected to change in terms of price adjustment. Nepal already lacks enough feeds and feeding materials to support its growing livestock

Therefore government’s policy is to move towards self sufficiency in feed production and supporting its livestock’s requirement thus major ingredients related to feed production are restricted to export

This seems to be continued in the future in order to safe guard the growing livestock population and livestock related industries

Drivers including the policy options

Employment generation- Government of Nepal is encouraging its people to create employment through self efforts whereas out among the natural resource sector livestock is also one of the increased interest creating sectors for employment generation.

Youth Self-employment Fund of Government of Nepal has been especially involved in creating jobs/employments to the youths that are largely based to the livestock sector.

Issues related to feeds and feeding management are already becoming a matter of great concern of the farmers/entrepreneurs.

Marketing potentials- Livestock sector has ever increasing potentials of marketing in Nepal. Most of the livestock produced are domestically consumed whereas it hasn’t met the potential meat requirement of people in the country.

Marketing potentials is thus related with industry development that is well linked to the pricing, quality as well as quantity supply of feed ingredients.

33

Knowledge gaps

Precise information on exact dry matter requirement of each species under different categories of rearing systems and stage of rearing (lactation, dry, pregnant)

Exact contribution of seasonal forages (local), crop by-products, their volume and nutritional values at different stage of harvesting that could be varied according to the niche specific context

Well prediction of dynamics of animal population covering different stages of growth

Real use and contribution of major cereal ingredients to the dominant rearing systems in terms of feeding management

Approaches that could help in bridging knowledge gaps

Continued preparation of feed inventory covering resource base, feeding systems, niche specific variation rather than broad ecological domain

Generation of required data at lower level of system hierarchy (at village and community level) by DLS in association with other line agencies and NGOs

Conduction of representative workshops at lower level of system hierarchy (at village and community level) to verify the obtained data and to update the inventory with the involvement of major stakeholders

Major assumptions

There is no or least variation existed in different eco-zone in relation to the existing livestock rearing systems

Major sources of feeds in Nepalese livestock feeding management comes from natural resource base including crops residues and seasonal fodder/forages that they are similar in nature in terms of contributing to the feeding management (quantity issue)

Fodder tree including non-conventional feeds contribute major say during winter season whereas those contributions are similar and peculiar only in the mid-hills of Nepal

Feeds ingredients are largely used as minimum quantity in rest of the systems whereas intensive system use major ingredients that can compete to the human food as well

Verification of major assumption in order to improve quality of the data/information

Available published literatures have consistently used similar statistics that reflects consistency in nature of available data

Government of Nepal and other authentic data sources also have used similar assumption while generating data bases that also resembles to the data on feed inventory

40% of the total land in Nepal has been covered by forest resource whereas only 25% arable lands barely contribute to the animal feeds thus natural resource base reflects valid assumptions

Conclusions and recommendations Nepalese farming system is typically crop-livestock integrated in nature where

role of livestock is pivotal in supporting the livelihood of Nepalese people.

All types of livestock species including ruminants, non-ruminants are reared in across the ecological domains where feeding management is often traditional in nature.

Forest, crop lands, crop residues, stovers and by-products are major feed resource in Nepal. The role of these sectors are seasonal in nature especially while contributing to the feeds needs of the existing species.

Livestock feed situation is not constant in terms of seasons as well as ecological belts. Winter is the hard hit season to supply feeds whereas lush of feeds and feed by-products are available during summer time.

The role of conservation fodder is minimal in overall to mange feed requirements and supply.

Fodder trees and tree fodder plays pivotal roles in feeds management during winter hard period as more than 100 fodder species are domesticated in the country.

Leguminous as well as non-leguminous fodder trees are common in practice.

Hundreds of improved fodder species including perennial legumes are introduced in the country that has increased access to the feeds and feeding management in the country.

Government current policy is friendly and practical that aims to manage sustainable feeds utilization and resource use through proper management.

Government of Nepal has implemented several policies to regulate production and quality aspects of feeds and feeding management that would, hopefully, support in mitigating DM requirements of increasing livestock population

34

PAKISTAN COUNTRY REPORT

G. Habib

Feed Assessment & Management in Pakistan

Ghulam Habib

5 out of 10 highest value Pakistani Commodities are Livestock -2011

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Val

ue

in In

t. $

bill

ion

FAOSTAT., 2013

Livestock share in national GDP sustained better than crops

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

GD

P %

Crops

Livestock

High Consumption of animal origin food has raised the production demand

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

1980 1990 2000 2015

1000 tonnes

Year

Meat total

Beef and buffalo

Sheep and goat

Poultry

Milk (/10)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Beef Mutton Poultry Meat

Pro

du

ctio

n m

illio

n t

on

2005-06 2011-12 Growth %/yr

David Hall,2004Economic Survey Pakistan, 2011-12

Demand Driven Livestock Population Growth in Pakistan

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1955 1960 1972 1976 1986 1996 2000 2006 2012

Mill

ion

nu

mb

er

Years

Cattle

Buffaloes

Sheep

Goats

Fragmented Farm Base

0 20 40 60 80

>50

16-50

7-15

1-6

%

He

rd S

ize

Buff

Cattle

0 20 40 60 80

>350

76-350

31-75

1-30

%

Flo

ck S

ize

GoatSheep

35

Heterogeneous Distribution of Livestock in 10 Agro-Ecological Zones

Distribution of livestock species driven by Feed Resources

Cattle Buffalo

Sheep Goats

Feed Resource Inventory Approach / Methodology used

1. Crop based Feed Resources:

Crop types, acreage and yield: Official statistics

Crop residues yield : Extraction ratio local data

Grain use in ruminant feed: estimate based on local practices, survey reports, feed compounding data

Oilseed cakes/meals: used extraction ratio local data & literature values

Proportion used for cakes & meals got from local main processors

Imported oilseeds & meals: from official statistics

Grain Byproducts: extraction rate local data from milling industry

Feed Resource Inventory Approach / Methodology used

2. Fodder Crops: Official statistics on aggregated summer and

winter cultivated fodder

3. Grazing:

Grazing land: Official statistics on land utilization

Feed from grazing land: Published data , project reports

4. Nutrient Composition of Feeds: Local composition tables

5. Animal Numbers & Feed Requirement• Used Pakistan Livestock Census 2006 as a base line

• 1996-2006 inter-census growth rate for estimating 2010-11 numbers

• Feed Requirements: NRC standards for dairy cattle, sheep and goats

• Minimum dry matter intake as 2 percent of BWT

Characterization of Production Systems & Feeding Management

Approach used1. Agro-ecological zones: Distribution & agro-climatic feature

published by National Agric. Research Center (PARC)

2. Livestock distribution & feeding practices in 4 production systems: Estimated based on fragmented survey /project reports and unpublished information from provincial livestock departments

3. Pricing of feed ingredients: published data and personal communication

4. Government policies on animal feed: Ministry of National Food Safety and Research

Feed Resources

Crop Residue59%

Oil Cakes,Bran5%

Grains1%

Fodder26%

Grazing9%

36

Heterogeneous Feed Resources

Crop Residue

61%

Oil Cakes 5%

Grains1%

Fodder31%

Grazing2%

Punjab Province

Agricultural land 49%

Crop Residue

62%

Oil Cakes6%

Grains1%

Fodder16%

Grazing15%

Sindh Province

Crop Residue

57%

Oil Cakes,3%

Grains1%

Fodder16%

Grazing23%

KP province


Crop Residue

28%

Oil Cakes2%

Grains0%

Fodder7%

Grazing63%

Baluchistan Province

Agricultural land 2.4%


Crop residues constitute bulk feedCrop residue Thousand Tons %

Rice straw 7,235 10.8

Wheat straw 37,821 56.3

Barley straw 107 0.2

Maize stover 11,121 16.6

Millet stover 1,384 2.1

Sorghum stover 565 0.8

S. Cane leaves 4,839 7.2

Guar straw 809 1.2

Pulses straw 2,641 3.9

Others 608 0.9

Total 67,137 100.0

Estimated Feed Balance

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

DM CP TDN

Mill

ion

To

ns

Available

Requirement

Million Tons

DM CP TDN

Available 113.4 8.5 61.2 Requirement 139.9 12.6 80.7 Balance -26.4 -4.1 -19.4Percent -18.9 -32.8 -24.1

Grain use as animal feed 2010-11thousand tons

Grain Poultry Sheep, Goats

Dairy Cattle & Buffaloes

Total Consumption

Domestic Production

Maize 1,922 53 1,043 3,018 3,707

Broken Rice 123 - 21 144 772

Millet 205 31 6 245 346

Sorghum - 23 7 30 147

Barley - 15 21 37 71

Total 2,250 122 1,098 3,470 5,043

2020 4,050 244 1669 5,963 ?

Commercial Fish & quails faming will further add to grain need

Oilseed Byproducts –meals/cakes 210-11Thousand Tons

Soybean Cottonseed

Rapeseed & canola

Sunflower

Guar Total

Poultry 408 449 123 41 1,021

Ruminant 4,022 421 126 - 4,569

Total 408 4,022 870 249 41 5,590

Production 434 3,782 421 506 51 5194

Protein meals are imported to meet the domestic demand

0

100

200

300

400

500

SBM CSM RSM CM SFM GM

Tho

usa

nd

To

n

Domestic

Imported

Dependence on import of oil meals will continue for poultry, fish and dairy sectors in future

37

Animal Distribution in Production Systems

Livestock typeExtensive

Mixed-

Extensive

Mixed Crop

Livestock

(%)

Intensive

(%) (%) (%)

Dairy Cattle &

Buffalo44 12 35 9

Sheep & Goats 67 20 12 1

Poultry 10 0 0 90

Yak 100 0 0 0

Camels 70 30 0 0

Extensive Production System

• Country’s major production system

• Large herd size,

• Small ruminant dominant ( SR 64%, LR 36%)

• Entirely depend on grazing lands, No suplt.

• Use of grazing lands depend on timing & intensity of rain fall

• Nomadic and Transhumant systems (landless)

• Large diversity in arid, desert EPS and semi arid, subhumid hilly EPS---- migratory system as mitigating measure

Mixed Extensive System

• Grazing + stall feeding; sedentary small size flocks/herds

• Crop residues, hay, tree leaves, fodder

• Home mixed supplement to milking cows & goats only (oil cakes + cereal bran, other grain byproducts 40:60)

• Fattening kids, lams for Eid fed grain based suplt for 4 months (200g/d)

Mixed Crop-Livestock System (MCLS)

• Small holder farming- mixed spp.• Accommodate nearly half of LR &

one third of SR• Feed dependency on arable land• Complementary roles• Contribute 70% milk supply• Diversified – arid and irrigated

regions– Herd size & species composition– Input-output– Breed quality– LR/SR ratio– Land for fodder– Market access

Mixed Crop-Livestock System (MCLS)

Supplement Feeding• 95% farmers use home-mixed

conc. & 5% compound feed• Oilseed cake, cereal bran ,

grains/dried bread as 45:45:10• Fed to milking & adv. Pregnant

cow, buff (3 kg/d) & goats (300g/d)

• Occasional Special supplement oil/ghee 500 ml , raw sugar 1 kg to milking cows/buff

• Animal Fattening for eid on grain-oilseed cake, bran (20:40:40) based suplt.

• Dry & growing animals not given suplt.

• Silage making slowly adopted

Intensive Production SystemDairy Cattle & Buffalo

• Close to urban settlement

• Small scale: <100 anim, medium Scale: 100-300 anim, large scale : 300 - >1000 anim

• Small, medium farms are buff dominant

• Large scale farms have exotic cow breeds

• Rising interest in dairy intensification

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1-6 7-20 21 - >50

Cat

tle,

bu

ff %

of

Tota

l nu

mb

ers

Herd Size

1996 2006

38

Intensive Production SystemDairy Cattle & Buffalo- Feeding Systems

• Less fodder (15-20 kg/anim) & more concentrate ( 6-12 kg/anim)

• Small, medium farms are more traditional, 80% prepare own suplt.- oilseed cake-cereal bran based (50:50)

• Large scale farms have State of art Technology, use compound feed ( grain, oilseed cake , cereal bran, molasses 20: 30:40:10)

Intensive Production SystemDairy Cattle & Buffalo- Feeding Systems

Suppl. feeding practices in small, medium farms

• No or little grains – Imbalance E/P

• No minerals added - wide Ca:P ratio 2:11-2:13

• Fixed allowance not based on milk yield

• Not cost effective – overburden low producers & deprive higher producer

• High N & P excretion – Env. Pollution

• High afflation intake from moldy dried bread & CSC --

--decreases milk , reprod and make milk unsafe for human consumption

Baled Silage is getting popular for solving fodder problem

Animals are fed large amount of cereal straw during fodder shortage in peak summer and peak winter months . Baled silage as effective alternative for landless commercial dairy farms

Issues/missing InformationFeed Resource Inventory

Crop Residues• Changes in extraction ratio with varietal shift in cereal

cultivation • Multiple use of crop residues as feed, fuel, industry &

other• Movement/trading of crop residues among different AEZ

Grains• Quantity used in ruminants, equine, rural poultry, quails

and fish feeds• Grains used in food processing and directly consumed by

human • Export/Import


Oilseed Byproducts

Data Compilation on

• Local extraction rates of oil cakes & meals

• Proportion of seeds used for meals and cakes

• Imported oilseeds & meals and export

• Proportion by type used in diets of different animals, seasonal & geographical variation

Grain byproducts

Data compilation on local extraction rates of bran, polishing, husk, milling waste

39


Fodder crops

• Land utilization & yield data on fodder crop reported by statistical bureau – questionable

• Data on fodder species/varieties & zonal distribution

• Seasonal variation - impact of climate change

• Quantity of non-cultivated forages (grasses, tree leaves, weeds, crop thinning)

• Hay and silage making

• Quantity exported?


Grazing

• Most neglected area

• 20-30 years old data

• Carrying capacity of range lands-quantification

• Degradation of range lands-changes in vegetation cover (biomass & quality)

• Reduction in grazing lands-erosion & agric. & other uses

• Grazing practices; AEZ & seasons


• National Livestock Census is conducted after every 10 years---long gap

• Validity of estimates based on old data ?• Quality of Livestock Census data is not up to the mark

– Milk production data misleading ?– Missing information on fattening – Missing information on intensive system– No data on primary feeding systems (grazing, stall feeding,

both)– No consideration for AEZ

• Data on commercial fish farming and quails farming not traceable

Way Forward

Main Cross Cutting Issue is;

Scattered information, raw data, no compilation & Updating on regular basis

• Need institutional set up to collect, update, identify gaps & generate missing data

• Use university students in each province as work force

• Funding needed to support the activity at national level with coordinating units in each province

• Regional partnership for experience sharing & exchange of knowledge

40

SRI LANKA COUNTRY REPORT

G. Premalal

Regional Workshop on

“ Animal Feed Resources and their Management”

in Asia-Pacific Region


Country Report- Sri Lanka

G.G.C.Premalal1

and W.K. de Silva2

1. Research Officer, Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH)

2. Director General, Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH)

Ministry of Livestock and Rural Community development (MLRCD)

Sri Lanka

Introduction – Agro ecological and livestock

Agro ecological

background

Main features

Monsoonal rains- 2 periods

South West

North East

May – Sep; “Yala”

Nov – Feb; “Maha”

Rainfall – 3 climatic zones

Wet Zone

Intermediate Zone

Dry Zone

Highlands and the southwest parts;

> 2500 mm; Both Monsoonal rains

Narrow strip of land fringing the

highlands to the North and East;

1750-2500mm

Northern and Eastern lowlands ;

North East Monsoon; < 1750mm;

Altitude- 3 regions

Low Country

Mid Country

Up Country

< 300 mm; Covers 2/3 of the

Island.

300 – 900 mm

> 900

Livestock- 2 Distinct regions

Coconut Triangle

Jaffna Peninsula

Main coconut area; Wet and

In termediate zones; < 300m;

1750 – 2750 mm

Dar zone; < 300; 1200-1750mm

Introduction – Agro ecological and livestock

Major ecological zone/Livestock zone

Elevation from

sea level (m)

Rainfall

(mm/yr)

Temp.

Range CO

Low country wet zone < 300 2500 - 2750 25 - 30Low country intermediate zone < 300 1750 - 2500 25 - 30Low country dry zone < 300 < 1750 30 - 37Mid country wet zone 300 - 900 2500 - 3000 22 - 27Mid country intermediate zone 300 - 900 2000 - 2500 22 - 27Hill country wet zone > 900 > 2500 13 - 15Hill country intermediate zone > 900 2500 - 2750 20 -25Coconut Triangle < 300 1750 - 2750 25 - 30Jaffna Peninsula < 300 1200 - 1750 30 - 37

9 ecological and livestock

zones

Introduction –Livestock Sector

Animal Species Purpose of Keeping Total of each species in 2012(million)

Cattle Milk, Draft 1.23

Buffalo Milk, Draft 0.41

Goat Milk, Meat 0.38

Sheep Meat 0.0091

Poultry-Chicken Meat, Eggs 14.03

Poultry- Ducks Meat, Eggs 0.0012

Poultry – Geese, Guinea Fowl, Quail, Turkey etc.

Meat, Eggs ?

Swine Meat 0.089

Reared under different;•Environmental/ecological• Production/farming systems•Feeding systems – extensive, supplementary extensive, mixed feeding, intensive

•Socio economic backgrounds; landholdings, level of wealth, ethnic groups etc.

Animal feed resources

Feed Type Source

Green forages (pasture/fodder/Herbage)

100% local

Crop residues (straw/stover/tops/leaves)

100% local

Grains (maize/sorghum/wheat)

55% local45% imported

Grain by-products(rice polish/rice bran/wheat bran)


Oil seed cake/meal(coconut poonac/ soya meal/rape seed meal)

10% local(90% imported

Toot/tuber/their by- products(cassava/sweet potato)

100% local

Animal by-products(fish meal/meat & bone meal)


Source: Data Bank (2011), Divisions of Pasture and Fodder Crops; and Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Research Institute


Green forage sources, their land extents and expected productions

Source Land Extent

(000' ha)

Expected dry matter production

(MT/yr)

Favorable

(Rainy season)

Unfavorable

(Drought

season)

Permanent Pasture under large farms -

well managed pasture

5.7 68,400 27,360

Permanent Pasture under large farms -

poorly managed pasture

13.27 52,800 13,200

Permanent Fodder under large farms -

well managed

1.87 93,500 70,125

Cultivated fodder under small/medium

holders

18.5 925,500 308,330

Coconut plantations (30% of total coconut

lands)

145.0 725,000 181,250

Marginal tea lands 30.23 151,150 50,380

Fellow paddy fields/bunds 150.0 400,000 160,000

Road sides/Railway embankments 5.0 40,000 12,000

All the types of natural

grasslands/scrubs/wastelands (50% total

land extent)

530 1,590,000 170,500

Total 898.57 4,046,350 993,145Source: Data Bank (2011), Division of Pasture and Fodder Crops, Veterinary Research Institute

41


Production and potential availability of residues of major crops in Sri Lanka

Source: Modified by the authors on data of Department of Census and Statistics, 2011-2012

Crop Type of residue Residue: Crop

yield ratio

Dry Matter

Content (%)

Expected Dry

Matter Quantity

(MT/yr)

Rice Straw 1:1 90 2,493,961

Maize Stover 3:1 75 39,746

Sorghum Stover 4:1 75 360

Meneri Straw 4:1 90 72

Kurakkan(Millet) Straw 4:1 90 2,545

Ground Nut Vines(Stem and leaves) 5:1 80 56,520

Green Gram Vines(Stem and leaves) 4:1 80 29,856

Soybean Vines(Stem and leaves) 4:1 80 13,888

Cowpea Vines(Stem and leaves) 4:1 80 36,992

Black gram Vines(Stem and leaves) 4:1 90 31,104

Gingerly Stem and leaves 3:1 90 23,625

Cassava Leaves 3:1 25 170,827

Sweet Potato Vines(Stem and leaves) 5:1 30 69,090

Sugar Cane Top leaves and stems 4:1 35 373,800


Raw materials used (locally available and imported)

Source : Division of Veterinary Regulatory Affairs, DAPH; 2012

Type Raw Materials Local Imported

Total

UsageCereals 1.Maize 90698.21 1.8 90700.01

2.wheat 0 49166 49166

3.Dhall Powder 82.99 82.99

3.Others(Sorghum) 1257 459 1716

Cereal by Products 1.Rice Polish 46035.7 2.2 46037.9

2.Rice Bran 1673.74 1673.74

3.Wheat Bran 14082.714 14082.714

4.Wheat Flour 164 1128 1292

5.Broken Rice 7868 7868

9.Wheat Midds 2566 2566

10.Dhal Husk 1900 1900

Oil Meals 1.Coconut Meal/Poonac 10716.963 10716.963

2.Soya Bean Meal 9424.62 86272 95696.62

3.Rape Seed Meal 0 271 271

4.Other (hypro soya & full fat Soya) 1908 297 2205

Animal by products 1.Fish Meal 1618.53 5152 6770.53

2.Meat & Bone Meal 476.23 16202 16678.23

3.Milk Powder 26.69 26.69

4.Poultry Offal Meal 938 938

5.Others 5.1 40 45.1

The approaches, data sources and methodologies used in

generating data

Groups considered.

• Current livestock populations and age groups under different animal species and commodities

• Livestock production and feeding systems

• Green forage (both natural and cultivated fodder) production potential

• Production of crop residues and agricultural by-products

• Importation of feed ingredients

• Local production of compound feeds

• Home/Farm use of concentrates and compound feeds

The approaches, data sources and methodologies used in

generating data

Main data sources

• Agriculture and Environment Statistics Division, Department of Census and Statistics

• Central Bank Reports and Statistics in Agriculture and Livestock

• Ministry of Livestock and Rural Community Development (MLRCD)

• Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH)– Division of Livestock Economics and Planning

– Division of Veterinary Regulatory Affairs

– Division of Veterinary Research (Veterinary Research Institute)

• Animal Nutrition Research Unit

• Pasture and Fodder Research Unit

• Farming Systems Research Unit

• Research and review articles pertaining to animal feed production and utilization

• Other related data sources

Main Livestock feeding Systems

Ruminants: Dairy cattle and buffalo

Extensive Feeding System (EFS)

Supplementary Based Extensive Feeding System (SEFS)•Green forage supplementary based feeding system (Natural green forage +cut tree leaves)•Concentrate supplementary based feeding system (Natural green forage + Concentrates)

Mixed Feeding System (MFS)•Green forage crop residue based feeding system (Green forages on grazing/roaming/tethering with crop residues) •Crop residue agro by-product based feeding system (Crop residues with agro by-products)•Green forage agro by-product based feeding system (Green forages on grazing/roaming/tethering with agro by-products)

Intensive Feeding System (IFS)•Cut green forage and agro by-product based feeding system (Cut green forage with agro by-products)•Cut green forage and compound feed based feeding system (Green forage with compound feeds)•Intensive grazing with compound feed based feeding system (Green forage on grazing with compound feeds)


Ruminants: Goat

Extensive Feeding System (EFS)•fed with forages in scrub jungles. •commonly practiced system in low country dry zone and low country intermediate zones. •Generally, indigenous and Indian crosses are reared under this system especially for meat purpose.

Supplementary Based Extensive Feeding System (SEFS)•Allowed to free graze during day time•Shelter is provided during night and fed with variety of tree leaves. •Mainly practiced in coconut triangle.

Intensive Feeding System (IFS)•Animals are kept indoors•Fed with concentrates and tree fodder. •Improved breeds, such as Sanan and their crosses are kept for meat and milk under this system.

42


Ruminants: Sheep

Extensive Feeding System (EFS)•common to coconut triangle and Jaffna Peninsula,•Practiced mainly for meat purposes•Animals are reared in natural grassland and scrubs, and on forages under coconut plantations. •Shelter is provided during night but supplementary feeding is mostly absent.

Supplementary Based Extensive Feeding System (SEFS)•Fed extensively on forages grown under coconut or scrub jungles•Supplemented with tree leaves collected or purchased outside •with concentrate or compound feeds


RuminantsProportions of number of animals in different feeding systems

Ruminant production system*

Total

(%)

Livestock type Extensive Feeding

system (EFS)

(%)

Supplementary

Based Extensive

Feeding System

(SEFS)

(%)

Mixed Feeding

System (MFS)

(%)

Intensive Feeding

System (IFS)

(%)

Dairy cattle 15 15 60 10 100

Dairy buffalo 60 10 20 10 100

Non-dairy cattle 40 15 40 05 100

Non-dairy buffalo 80 10 05 05 100

Sheep 50 50 - - 100

Goats 60 30 - 10 100

Source: Calculated by the authors from different sources


Monogastric: Grower Pigs

Extensive Feeding System (EFS)•Very limited or usually extinct

Semi-intensive Scavenging Based Feeding System (SISFS)•Mainly crossbred pigs•With very little inputs. •Mostly animals are fed with kitchen refuses and swill while animals are allowed for limited scavenging.

Intensive Feeding System (IFS)•Peri-urban areas rear •improved breeds•Not allowed for scavenging •Fed with quality feeds (vegetable market refuses, swill, concentrates such as grains and grain by-products, root and tubers, toot and tuber by products etc.)


Monogastric: Grower PigsApprox. Proportions of feedstuffs used

Agro-ecological zones: Low country wet zone, Low country Intermediate zone and Low country dry zone

Intensive Feeding System (IFS)

Fed with high quality feeds

1. Vegetable market refusals + grains + grain by-products

2. Swill + grains + grain by-products

3. Root and tubers and their by-products grains + grain by-

products

4. Swill + compound feeds

Semi –intensive Scavenging Based Feeding System (SISFS)

Scavenging under limited extent and fed with medium quality feedstuffs

1. Scavenging with kitchen refusals

2. Scavenging with swill

3. Scavenging with homemade concentrates

4. Scavenging with compound feeds

(1) Vegetable market refusals : grains : grain by-products =

50:25:25 ratio

(2) Swill : grains : grain by-products = 50:25:25 ratio

(3) Root and tubers and their by-products: grains : grain by-

products = 50:25:25 ratio

(4) Swill : compound feeds = 60:40 ratio

(1) Scavenging : kitchen refusals = 50:50 ratio

(2) Scavenging : Swill = 50:50 ratio

(3) Scavenging : Grain: Grain by-products = 50:30:20 ratio

(4) Scavenging : Compound feeds = 50:50 ratio

Source: Modified by authors on different sources


Monogastric: Poultry

Extensive Feeding System (EFS)•Village/Backyard chicken•Benefits for family nutrition•Income due to high demand for village chicken meat and eggs•Well adapted to harsh environments•No monitoring inputs are made.

Semi-intensive Scavenging Based Feeding System(SISFS)•Locally adapted scavenging birds•Kitchen refuse (coconut residues and vegetable wastes) and agro by-products such as rice bran and broken rice•Provides nutrients to farm family (egg and meat)•Additional income to village economy•Cost of production is comparatively low •Simple shelter is provided during night•Scavenging is also allowed within a limited extent.

Intensive Feeding System (IFS)•Improved breeds for meat and egg purposes•Under small, medium and large scale•Cost of production is high•By-back (contract) system is also followed

Compound Feeds and Concentrate Feeds

General overview•Locally available raw materials and imported feed ingredients•Smallholdings,

•depend primarily on locally available materials•maize meal, rice polish, rice bran, coconut poonac etc. •Usage assumed in an approximate manner

•Compound feed production•Well organized•Registered under the provisions of Animal Feed Act, No 15 of 1986 •Obtained a license issued by the Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH)•Used raw materials; Locally available and imported. •Manufacturers provide the information on type of materials and their percentages and production quantities•To the Division of Veterinary Regulatory Affairs of DAPH•Organized industry.

43

Compound Feeds and Concentrate FeedsCompound animal feed production by type – 2011-2012

Type of Feed Quantity (MT)2012

Poultry Feed 363736.642

Cattle Feed 14687.9

Pig Feed 3990.275

Shrimp Feed 10

Horse Feed 219.4

Goat Feed 78.25

Source: Division of Veterinary Regulatory Affairs, DAPH; 2012

Compound Feeds and Concentrate FeedsRaw Materials Usage by Animal Feed Manufacturers -2012

Source: Division of Veterinary Regulatory Affairs, DAPH; 2012

Type Raw Materials Local Imported Total Usage

Cereals 1.Maize 90698.21 1.8 90700.01

2.wheat 0 49166 49166

3.Dhall Powder 82.99 82.99

3.Others(Sorghum) 1257 459 1716

Cereal by Products 1.Rice Polish 46035.7 2.2 46037.9

2.Rice Bran 1673.74 1673.74

3.Wheat Bran 14082.714 14082.714

4.Wheat Flour 164 1128 1292

5.Broken Rice 7868 7868

9.Wheat Midds 2566 2566

10.Dhal Husk 1900 1900

Oil Meals 1.Coconut Meal/Poonac 10716.963 10716.963

2.Soya Bean Meal 9424.62 86272 95696.62

3.Rape Seed Meal 0 271 271

4.Other (hypro soya & full fat Soya) 1908 297 2205

Animal by products 1.Fish Meal 1618.53 5152 6770.53

2.Meat & Bone Meal 476.23 16202 16678.23

3.Milk Powder 26.69 26.69

4.Poultry Offal Meal 938 938

5.Others 5.1 40 45.1

Compound Feeds and Concentrate FeedsAverage daily amount of home-made concentrate and compound provided to

different categories of monogastric animals

Source: Authors calculations on various publications and personal communications

Livestock Species and Type Semi –intensive Scavenging Based

Feeding System (SISFS)

Intensive Feeding System (IFS)

Industrial Systems

Home-made

concentrate

(MT/day)

Compound

feed

(MT/day)

Home-made

concentrate

(MT/day)

Compound

feed

(MT/day)

Pigs 54.12 13.02 107.45 53.76

(MT/day) 67.14 161.21

Chicken: Backyard/Smallholder 24.11 - - -

(MT/day) 24.11

Chicken: Commercial breeders - - - 159.62

(MT/day) - 159.62

Chicken: Commercial layers - - 519.12 222.48

(MT/day) - 741.60

Chicken: Commercial broilers - - 517.68 776.52

(MT/day) - 1294.20

Compound Feeds and Concentrate FeedsPromotions of feed production and production technologies

•Maize:•Expand the maize cultivation•New improved cultivars •Good post harvest technologies to minimize wastages.•Taxes increased by the government

•Field demonstration farms on appropriate feeding systems•Utilizing locally available raw materials

•Small scale feed production units •small scale animal feed milling•Improve feed milling technology•Encourage the use of agro by-products•Establishment of oil extraction mills and urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) production units•Increase availability of quality feed raw materials at competitive prices•Encourage local production of other feed ingredients. e.g. Soya meal•Establish a system to monitor the export of local feed raw materials•Encourage the cultivation of other potential crops for feed raw materials. e.g. Soya•Establish a system to monitor the exportation potential of feed raw materials•Regulatory system to register feed dealers, sub dealers and retailers•Introducing local production of some animal origin feed materials. e.g. fish mealPromotion program for utilization of rice and rice by-products for feed formulation

44

INDIAN LIVESTOCK FEED PORTAL – FEATURES AND UTILITY

S. Anandan

Indian feed portal – features and utility

Overview

• Need for portal

• Features

• End users and utility

• Maintenance and updating

• Snap shots

Need for portal

• Feed largest input

• Large body of information

• Diverse production system

• Shortage & high cost

• Ready access

• Customization & refinement

Features

• Home

• Feed resources

• Nutrient requirements

• Feed standards

• Import/export

• Feed markets

• Feed assessment

• Production & productivity

45

Maize - (Zea mays)

Common names – makka (hindi), Mushkina jola (kannada), makkajonalu (Telugu), Makka solam (Tamil), General description Maize is ranked as third most important food crop in India. Maize is a major food, feed and fodder crop and currently India ranks 4th in area and 7th in production of maize globally. Over the last five years, it has registered a growth rate of more than 7% in area and more than 6% in productivity in India. Currently around 8.5 million hectares of land is under cultivation and the production is around 21.8 million tons with an average productivity of 2.6 tons/hectare. Current growth rate of maize production is around 9% and is higher than the consumption rate of 5% and as a result India is a net exporter of maize (2-3 million tons/annum) since 2008-09. The major states producing maize includes Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharasthra, Bihar and Rajasthan. Uses The uses of maize are mainly for food, feed and industrial purpose that includes the production of starch and distilleries for production of potable alcohol. Maize is the first choice of grains in livestock feed due to it high energy and digestibility, especially in poultry diets where energy is very important factor influencing the performance of the birds. Maize is generally used at the rate of 50-60% of diets in broiler birds, 40-50% in layer birds, 15-30% of concentrate feeds in cattle, buffalo, sheep & goats. Composition The proximate composition, fibre fractions and amino acid composition of maize grains is as follows

DM % CP% EE% CF% NFE% Total ash% NDF% ADF% ADL%

91.66 9.35 3.50 2.25 82.01 2.53 16.65 5.18 1.39

Macrominerals %

Microminerals ppm

Ca P Mg K Na Cl S Co Cu I Fe Mn Se Zn Mo silica %

0.19 0.39 0.14 2.60 6.92 0.12 312.37 21.12 33.01

References- Directorate of Maize Research. Annual Report 2011-12

Areca leaf sheath

Description

Areca is a commercial crop and is mainly grown in the states

of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Assam and Andaman &

Nicobar Islands. Areca leaf sheath is shed periodically from

the tree and it can be potentially used as dry fodder in

ruminants. Around four lakh hectares of land is under Areca

cultivation and it is estimated that 5400 million leaf sheaths

are shedded annually. Each areca leaf sheath weighs

around 200-300g and assuming an average weight of 250g

the total annual availability of areca sheath works out to be

0.14 million tons. Presently areca sheath is used for making plates/cups, fuel and composting

Composition

Chemical composition.

CP% EE% Ash% Silica % NDF% ADF% Lignin% TDN%

3.5 0.1 6.4 3.3 71.3 47.7 3.9 49.3

Mineral composition

Ca% P% S% Cu ppm

0.23-0.60 0.06-0.08 0.61-0.75 15-23

Usage

Areca sheath can totally replace paddy straw in total mixed rations in sheep and cattle. Areca sheath can

be used as sole roughage to an extent of 40-50% of the total mixed ration in dairy cattle rations. The

sheaths should be dried properly and chaffed before feeding. Fresh sheaths have a thin plastic like outer

layer which at times may cause impaction/indigestion in animals.

References - Gowda et al., 2011. Areca sheath : An alternate dry fodder for livestock. NIANP publication

Areca leaf sheath

Sweet sorghum bagasse

Description

Sweet sorghum is being promoted as a multipurpose crop

and can be used for food, bio-fuel and fodder purpose.

Sweet sorghums have also been widely used for the

production of forage and silage for animal feed. The sweet

sorghum stalks, after harvesting grains are crushed to

extract the juice which is further processed to produce

ethanol that is used as bio-fuel. Sweet sorghum enjoys

several advantages over sugarcane or maize as feedstock for biofuel production. It requires only one half

of the water needed to grow maize and just one-eighth of that needed for a sugarcane crop. The

bagasse consisting of crushed stem with leaves is a potential fodder that can be used in ruminants.

Currently the bagasse is used for fuel and paper industry. The average yield of sorghum stalks and

bagasse under farmers field conditions is around 25 and 13 tons/hectare respectively

Composition

Chemical composition.

CP% Ash% NDF% ADF% Lignin% ME MJ/kg

5.0 ± 1.65 6.68± 0.26 62.18± 1.7

38.68± 2.4

4.43± 0.4

8.0 ± 0.34

Usage

Sweet sorghum fodder is highly relished by animals due to its high sugar content. It can be used as green

fodder or silage and similarly the bagasse can be fed on fresh basis, converted into silage or can be dried

and used as dry fodder. Sweet sorghum or its bagasse can be used as sole roughage in ruminant diets

and is comparable or slightly superior to conventional sorghum fodder or stover.

References Ashok Kumar et al.2010 Animal Nutrition and feed technology.10s: 62-69

Sweet sorghum crushing-Juice and Bagasse

Nutrient requirements for growing calves (cattle)

Live wt (kg)

Growth rate (g)

DM (kg) DCP (g) TDN (kg)

ME (Kcal)

Ca (g) P (g) Carotene (mg)

Vit A (IU 100)

70 550 2.1 255 1.4 5.0 8 6 7 3

600 2.3 260 1.5 5.4 8 6 7 3

80 550 2.4 260 1.5 5.4 9 7 7 3

600 2.5 270 1.6 5.8 9 7 8 3

100 550 2.8 270 2.1 7.6 10 8 10 3

600 3.0 280 2.2 7.9 10 8 10 3

120 550 3.2 280 2.3 8.3 14 11 11 4

600 3.7 290 2.4 8.6 14 11 11 4

140 550 3.7 290 2.5 9.0 14 11 16 6

600 4.2 300 2.6 9.4 14 11 16 6

160 550 4.2 300 2.7 9.7 14 12 16 6

600 4.7 320 2.8 10.1 15 12 16 6

180 550 4.7 310 2.9 10.4 15 12 18 8

600 5.2 320 3.0 10.8 15 12 18 8

200 550 5.2 320 3.1 11.2 16 13 22 9

600 5.7 330 3.2 11.5 16 13 22 9

220 550 5.7 330 3.3 11.9 18 14 24 10

600 6.2 340 3.4 12.2 18 14 24 10

240 550 6.2 340 3.5 12.6 20 16 28 12

600 6.7 350 3.6 13.0 20 16 28 12

260 550 6.7 350 3.7 13.3 20 16 30 13

600 7.2 360 3.8 13.7 20 16 30

( Source – Ranjhan,S.K. 1991-Nutrient requirements of livestock and poultry)

46

BIS specifications for cattle feed

Characteristics Cattle type I Cattle type II Calf starter Calf grower

Moisture Max % 11 11 10 10

Crude protein Min% 22 20 23-26 22-25

Ether extract Min % 3.0 2.5 4.0 4.0

Crude fiber Max% 7 12 7 10

AIA Max% 3 4 2.5 3.5

Salt Max % 2 2

Ca Min% 0.5 0.5

Available P Min% 0.5 0.5

Vitamin A Min IU 5000 5000

Name of Feedstuff BIS specifications

ReferenceMoistur

e

(%Max)

Crude

Protein

(%Min)

Crude Fibre

(%Max)

Crude Fat

(%Min)

Ash (% Max) AIA (%

Max

Decorticated Groundnut Oil Cake-Grade-1 8.0 48.0 8.0 7.0 - 2.0 IS: l713-1986

Reaffirmed 1992Decorticated Groundnut Oil Cake-Grade-2 8.0 43.0 12.0 6.0 - 2.5

Solvent Extracted Groundnut Oil Cake-Grade-1 8.0 51.0 7.0 - - 2.5 IS:3441-1982

Reaffirmed 1995Solvent Extracted Groundnut Oil Cake-Grade-2 8.0 47.0 10.0 - - 2.5

Solvent Extracted Coconut Oil Cake 10.0 23.0 14.0 - - 1.5 IS:3591-1985

Decorticated sunflower oilcake 8.0 45.0 6.0 12.0 6.0 1.0 IS:10165-1982

Solvent Extracted Cottonseed oil Cake 10.0 42.0 16.0 - - 2.0 IS:3592-1985

Solvent Extracted Linseed Oil Cake-Grade-1 10.0 33.0 9.0 - - 2.5 IS:3440-1985

Reaffirmed 1990Solvent Extracted Linseed Oil Cake-Grade-2 10.0 29.0 11.0 - - 2.5

Linseed oil Cake-High Fat 8.0 29.0 10.0 8.0 8.0 1.5 IS:1935-1982

Reaffirmed 1995Linseed oil Cake-Low Fat 8.0 31.0 10.0 5.0 8.0 1.2

Solvent extracted Nigerseed Oilcake Grade I 9.0 35.0 18.0 1.0 - 1.5 IS:5862-1970

Solvent extracted Nigerseed Oilcake Grade II 9.0 29.0 20.0 1.0 - 2.5

Guar Meal 10.0 45.0 8.0 3.0 7.0 1.0 IS:4193-1986

BIS specifications for Indian Feedstuffs*

Export of oil meals and extractions

Source – Solvent extractors association of India

Export of oilseed extraction from India ( thousand tons)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Cotton

Sunflower

Rice bran

Groundnut

Rapeseed

Soybean

47

Feed assessment NIANP DAHD-NABCONS XII plan

(Planning

Com)

Availability

2011

% Deficit Availability

2010-11

%Deficit % Deficit

Million tons Million tons

Crop

residues

320 33 253 40 10

Concentrates 48 47 23 57 33

Green

fodder

144 25 143 36 35

Milk

• Milk is the single largest agricultural produce and is more than the combined value of rice aMilk ndwheat in India. India is the largest milk producer globally although the average productivity ofanimals is much low. The information pertaining to the milk production, per capita consumption,milch animals and their productivity over the recent years is presented in table.

• 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12• Milk production (million tons) 102.6 107.9 112.2 116.4 121.8 127.3• Per capita availability 251 260 266 273 281 • Crossbreds in milk (000) 10142 10680 11262 11807• Desi in milk (000) 29587 29842 30199 30948• Buffalo in milk (000) 35108 35380 36166 37131• Total in milk (000) 74837 75902 77627 79886• Crossbreds average yield (kg/day) 6.47 6.71 6.80 6.63• Desi average yield (kg/day) 2.11 217 2.20 2.22• Buffalo average yield (kg/day) 4.41 3.94 4.53 4.58

Share of milk from different species (106 tons)

24.01 26.16 27.96

22.8123.65 24.24

56.6357.9

59.76

4.484.48

4.47

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

Goats

Buffalo

Desi

Crossbred

MeatThe meat production is mainly contributed by the poultry sectorfollowed by the small ruminants, large ruminants (cattle &buffalo), and pigs. The production and productivity of differentspecies is presented in the tabular form. .

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Meat production million tons

4.0 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.1

Number of animals slaughtered

Cattle (000) 2551 2715 2477 2344

Buffalo (000) 4946 5597 6061 6890

Sheep (000) 23717 24682 26930 28882

Goat (000) 77328 78323 80274 82171

Pig (000) 10496 10733 10518 10677

Poultry (000) 147397 1599129 1740431 1816848

Average yield

Cattle (kg) 91 92 90 89

Buffalo (kg) 114 102 111 104

Sheep (kg) 12 13 13 13

Goat (kg) 10 10 10 10

Pig (kg) 35 36 37 38

Poultry (kg) 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21

Share of meat contribution by different species (000 tons)

232 250 223 211

557 823 670 805294

312341 369

769786 814 846

370388 391

402

1755

1884 20872193

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Poultry

Pig

Goat

Sheep

Buffalo

cattle

48

EggsLayer industry in India is ranked third globally and the total egg production, per capita consumption, number of layers etc., is presented in the tabular form.

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Egg production millions

53583 55562 60267 63024 65480

Per capita consumption

47 48 51 53

Number of layers (000)

247846 258104 277969 303658

Average 210 209 211 202

Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of eggs followed by Tamilnadu, Maharasthra, West Bengal, Haryana, Punjab,

Karnataka, Orissa, Kerala, Gujarat.

49

BALANCED FEEDING AT SMALLHOLDERS’ DOORS

M. Garg

Milk Production Enhancement with the Available Feed Resources

M R Garg

General Manager (Animal Nutrition)

National Dairy Development Board

Anand 388 001, India

Production & Demand of Milk in India by 2021-22

Considering the future growth in annual income & the

growth in human population, it is estimated that the

demand for milk would be around 210 million tons in

2021-22.

To reach this level of production, annual milk

production would need to be 7.0 million tons, as

against 3.7 million tons.

It would be desirable to meet future demand of milk

with the existing population base & feed resources.

It should be possible to achieve that by improving the

milk production efficiency.

Factors Affecting Milk Production Efficiency

Milk

Production

Efficiency

Rearing Transition

management

Animal

Breeding

Animal Nutrition (Feeding)

Reproduction

efficiency

Animal

Health

Animal comfort/housing

Use of Available Feed Resources

• Compound cattle feed production.

• Use of feed resources according to their

availability & traditional feeding practices.

Use of Available Feed Resources

• Very little use of mineral mixture.

• Significant part of crop residues is wasted

in the field itself.

• Very low yield of green fodder per hectare.

Suggestive Measures• Compound cattle feed production specific to requirement.

• Need to tap potential feed resources.

• Securing crop residues from the farmers field & their

storage in the form of enriched & densified blocks/pellets

in the surplus areas.

• Various measures for green fodder production

enhancement:

– Use of quality seeds of high yielding varieties/hybrids fodder crops.

– Follow recommended agronomical practices of cultivation & suitable

crop rotation.

– Select short duration fodder crops.

• Ration balancing advisory services at milk producers

door step using local feed resources & area specific

mineral mixture.

50

7

For this purpose,

feed & fodder

chemical

composition data

library has

been created.

Master

for nutrient

requirement for

various categories

of animals has

also been

created

Computer software has been developed

to assess the nutrient status & for working

out a least cost ration according to the productivity &

physiological status.

Software has

been pilot tested in

various states

before its large-

scale

implementation.

Milk producers are advised to feed a balanced ration using locally

available feed resources & area specific mineral mixtures

RBP: Implementation Plan

• Selection of End Implementing Agencies (EIAs).

• Identification/recruitment of qualified manpower with

adequate experience.

• Training of Technical Officers & Trainers at NDDB.

• Arrangements for procurement of Net-books & other

accessories.

• Selection of villages, followed by organization of

awareness programmes.

• Ensure regular supply of area specific mineral mixture,

cattle feed & other additives.

• Selection of Local Resource Persons (LRPs) & their

training.

• RBP implementation by the LRPs.

• Monitoring at various levels.

Role of Local Resource Persons

• Identification of beneficiaries & selection of milch animals.

• Ear tagging for animal registration in INAPH.

• Recording body weight from the heart girth & the body

length.

• Measurement of daily milk yield & collection of milk samples

for fat analysis.

• Recording intake of each feed ingredient actually fed.

• Formulating least cost balanced ration with the available

feed resources, in consultation with the milk producer.

• Providing least cost ration formulation in a prescribed

format in local language.

• Advising milk producer to feed the balanced ration regularly.

• Re-visit after 3-4 weeks or whenever there is change in feed

ingredients, to re-formulate a fresh ration.

Likely income of a LRP

Items Monthly sale

(kg)

Commission

@(Rs./kg)

Monthly

income (Rs.)

Area specific mineral

mixture

240 10 2400

Bypass fat/protein

supplement(s)

50 10 500

Expected income could be Rs. 3000-5000 per month

Support from a DCS 500

Milk Replacer & Calf

Starter

20 10 200

Neutraceuticals, fodder

seeds, dewormer feed pellets,

Garbhamin Bolus etc.

500

Charging from

beneficiaries

(for 80

animals)

Charge @ Rs.

20 /ani./month

1600

Support from a union 500

Effect of ration balancing (RB) on milk yield, milk fat

& feeding cost in cows (n=5019) & buffaloes

(n=7499) under field conditions from five states

Parameter Before

RB

After

RB

Change

Milk yield (kg/day) 8.10 8.40 +0.30

Milk fat (g/kg) 58.80 61.50 +2.7

Feeding cost per kg

milk yield (Rs.)

10.098.47 -1.62

Increase in net daily income (Rs./animal) 24.0

Economic impact of implementation of RBP at the footsteps of milk producers in Banaskantha

(Cows: 11596, Buffaloes: 6407)

Parameter Before

RB

After

RB

Change

Average milk production

(kg/ani./day)10.02 10.29 +0.27

Average fat % in milk 4.43 4.71 +0.18

Average cost of feeding

(Rs./kg milk)11.99 10.53 -1.46

Average cost of feeding

(Rs./ani/day)120.2 105.5 -14.70

Increase in net daily income (Rs./animal) 25.0

51

Parameter

Cows (n=540) Buffaloes (n=1131)

Baseline After RBP Baseline After RBP

FCM yield

(kg/day)8.04c 8.66d 8.41c 9.19d

Average DMI

(kg/day)14.55c 11.06d 16.43c 13.92d

FCM* yield

(kg)/kg DMI0.58c 0.78d 0.53c 0.66d

c, d Values with different superscript in a row differ significantly (P<0.01)* 4% FCM & 6% FCM has been considered for cows & buffaloes, respectively.

Effect of ration balancing on milk production

efficiency

Parameter Cows

(n=439)

Buffaloes

(n=721)

Average milk yield

(kg/animal/day)

Before RB 9.76a 9.46a

After RB 10.16b 9.81b

Average CP intake

(g/animal/day)

Before RB 1648a 1761a

After RB 1232b 1702b

Average milk protein

output (g/animal/day)

Before RB 322a 331a

After RB 335b 343b

Dietary N secreted into

milk (%)

Before RB 19.6a 18.83a

After RB 26.83b 20.20b

Effect of ration balancing (RB) on the efficiency

of utilization of dietary N for milk production

Effect of feeding balanced ration on various parameters in cows (n=34)

ParametersBefore

RB

After

RB

Plasma IgG (mg/ml) 14.5a 22.1b

Plasma IgM (mg/ml) 2.7c 3.3d

Urinary allantoin (mmol/L) 11.7a 17.1b

Faecal eggs/g faeces 168a 81b

Parameter

Cows (n=55) Buffaloes (n=26)

Before

RB

After

RB

Before

RB

After

RB

Microbial nitrogen

yield (g CP/day)724.1a 1004.4b 485.6a 697.6b

Efficiency of microbial

protein synthesis

(g MCP/kg DOM)

68.3a 93.3b 56.6c 78.3d

Effect of ration balancing (RB) on efficiency of

microbial protein synthesis

Balanced feeding & water foot print of

milk in lactating animals (n=28)

52

54

56

58

60

62

64

66

65.0

56.7

Wate

r in

tak

e (k

g/d)

Before balanced feeding

00.020.040.060.080.1

0.120.140.16

0.12

0.15

Dri

nkin

g w

ate

r use

eff

icie

ncy

Before balanced feeding

Drinking water use

efficiency for milk

production

Water intake (kg/d) of

milch animals

CH4

Bacteria ProtozoaFungi

Methanogens

Fibrous Feed

CO2 + 4H

Methane

Balanced feeding & methane emission reduction

52

Balanced feeding & methane emission

Methane emission (g/day) % reduction

Before RBP After RBP (n=73)

237.74

4.37

206.13

1.5013.0

Methane emission (g/day) % reduction

Before RBP After RBP (n=61)

232.48

5.93

199.60

4.9815.0

Monitoring by the

TO at HO

Monitoring by the

TO at EIAs

RB software loaded in desktops/laptops/netbooks at field level

INAPH server

Data Monitoring of RBP Implementation

Field data synchronized & stored in a central server can be monitored

Reports Generation for Future Planning

INAPH

Report on lactation length and milk yield

during the entire lactation by local/CB & buffaloes

Report on cost of milk production

amongst different breeds, species,

seasons & regions

Report on nutrient status of different

categories of animals during

different phases of lactation

Animal-wise details of recommended balanced ration

Animal-wise and village-wise

ration balancing programme

impact report

Summary

Future demand for milk can

be met if the available feed

resources are utilized judiciously

for improving productivity &

productive life of dairy animals

53

USE OF CO-PRODUCTS OF BIO-FUEL INDUSTRIES AS LIVESTOCK FEED

H. Makkar

Harinder MakkarLivestock Production Systems Branch

Animal Production and Health Division,

FAO, Rome

Biofuel co-products as

livestock feed

Outline of presentation

1. Introduction

2. Co-products from bioethanol production

3. Co-products from biodiesel production

4. Co-products from biodiesel production from toxic oilseed plants

5. Future areas of research

6. Concluding remarks

Biofuel

Livestock production

Biofuels : first, second and third generation

Bioethanol production: 5-fold increase

From what bioethanol is being produced?

Maize Wheat Other

Grain

Total

USA 186 0 9 195

EU 9 9 8 26

CANADA 8 5 3 16

Wheat

Maize

Sorghum

Sugarcane

Wheat,

Barley,

Rye

Number of plants

2010 world feedstock usage for fuel ethanol (thousand tonne)

Source: F.O. Licht, 2011

Approximately 1/3 of

grain used for fuel

ethanol is protein-rich

co-products

292 300

142 500

18 4006 900 1 280 680

Sugar cane

Grains (gross)*

Cane/beet molasses

Sugar beet

Fresh cassava

Other (whey, beverage waste, etc.)

54

Ethanol and co-product formation from grains

Wet-milling processes and co-products

SOURCE: Erickson et al., 2005

MaizeSteeping

Milling

Cyclone

separation

Starch-Gluten

SeparationStarch

Germ

Separation

Germ

Oil

Refining

Maize Oil

Cake

(Fibre)

Maize Germ

Meal

Wet Gluten

Maize

Gluten

Meal

Drying Fermentation Syrup

Refining

Dextrose

Maize

Syrup

Starch

Ethanol

Chemicals

High

Fructose

Maize

Syrup

Maize

Gluten

Feed

Historical production of ethanol co-products

SOURCE: RFA, 2011

Animal feed/other

co-productsCrude protein (%) Fat (%)

Corn 8.3 3.9

Soy bean meal 45-50 1.4

DDGS 30.8 11.2

WDGS 36.0 15.0

d-DGS1 34.0 2.7

HP-DDG2 48.6 3.4

Corn gluten feed 23.8 3.5

Corn germ 17.2 19.1

1 De-oiled DGS

2 High-protein dry distillers’ grains

Properties of corn ethanol co-products

For normal inclusion levels of DDGS in animal diets, the limiting EAAs are

lysine and tryptophan for maize DDGS, and lysine and threonine for wheat

DDGS.

Wheat (11% CP)

Wheat DDGS

(36% CP)

Exports of US DDGS

Shurson et al. 2012

U.S. Distillers grains exports

Distillers grain use in the US

USA annual production

55

Distillers grains in ruminant diets

Corn co-products:

primarily as a source of dietary protein in feedlot diets

at high levels of grain replacement, fat & fibre contribute meaningful

amounts of energy).

WDGS has a feeding value 30–40% > maize at 10–40% of diet DM.

Distillers grains are an excellent supplement for cattle on high-forage diets

(because: high energy, protein and P contents).

Reduced rumen degradability of crude protein and increased un-degraded protein

increase.

Maximum recommended levels of DG with solubles (on DM Basis):

pre-weaned calves 25%

growing heifers 30%

dry cows 15%

lactating dairy cows 20%

• Growing pigs (2-3 wks after weaning): 30% of corn

DDGS

• Gestating sows: 50% of DDGS.

• Lactating sows: 30 % DDGS

• With finishers: Necessary to withdraw DDGS 3 to 4

wks before slaughter

(because high amount of PUFA in the corn oil

-- reduce pork fat quality)

• Laying hens: DDGS (~15%)

• Broilers :>10% wheat DDGS reduce performance

--NSP degrading enzymes needed to overcome adverse

effects

Distillers grains in pigs and poultry diets

Safety issues

Contamination resulting from the process: excess mycotoxins, antibiotics,

pesticides, harmful bacteria (shedding of E. coli 0157:H7 in beeflot cattle),.

Oil present in DDGS (maize oil has high PUFA) -- if oxidised, produce toxic

aldehydes -- affecting pig health and performance, and meat quality.

At high levels of S (0.47%) it inhibits oxidative processes in nervous tissue –

leading to Polioencephalomalacia.

(Distillers grains may be high in S (0.5–1.7 percent, DM basis)

High S may decrease bio-availability of selenium and vitamin E

Bioethanol co-products – Vinasses

• Vinasse is produced from cassava, sugar cane, sweet potato, and sweet

sorghum.

• Vinasse: preparation of multi-nutrient blocks – increase nutrient utilization

& productivity of animals on low quality roughage diets

Multi-nutrient blocks

Bioethanol co-products – baggase

• Sugarcane bagasse – mainly contains cellulose and hemicellulose --

degradability in the rumen is very poor.

• High levels of lignin, low levels of soluble carbohydrates and nitrogen -- not an

attractive feed.

• Feeding of sugarcane and sorghum bagasse -- unsuccessful economically –

Use as a fuel.

Growth and anticipated world expansion of biodiesel production

SOURCE: National Biodiesel Board, 2008

56

2010 world feedstock usage for biodiesel (thousand tonne)

Source: F.O. Licht, 2011

5 750

5 700

2 440

2 230

211 161

Rapeseed oil

Soybean oil

Palm oil

Animal fats & yellow grease

Sunflower oil

Other

Biodiesel co-products – Fatty acid distillate

• Fatty acid distillate: good source of energy.

• Fatty acids distillate reacted with calcium oxide to develop a

rumen-protected fat --- an effective way to protect fatty acids

against ruminal biohydrogenation

• Augment the oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic and stearic acid content

in the milk of dairy cows and reduce that of palmitic acid.

Biodiesel co-products – Glycerol in ruminant diets

• Glycerol: 15% of the diet (recommended inclusion)

• In dairy cow diets as an energy source (often shortly

after calving)

• or as a preventative for ketosis.

• In beef cattle, feed value of glycerine is greatest at < 10%.

• Glycerine (similar to starch) has a deleterious effect on

fibre digestion on high-grain diets.

Oil palm co-products

Palm oil and palm kernel oil = ~30% of the total global production of oils & fats

Co-products CP ME (MJ/kg)

Palm kernel cake (PKC) 17.2 11.13

•a good energy and protein sources – ruminant & non-ruminants

• Recommended levels of PKC feeding

• Growing beef cattle: 30–80%

• Goats: 20–50%

• Lactating dairy cattle: 20–50%

• Poultry and freshwater fish: < 10%

Limiting AA: Lys, met, try

Jatropha curcas kernel meal

Fruits

Kernel meal (58 % protein of 90% digestibility

& excellent amino acid composition)

Kernel meal

Seeds

U*: 1 mg of meal that produced haemagglutination per ml assay medium. (Source: Makkar and Becker, 2009)

New detoxification method

Trypsin inhibitor

18 – 27 TIU/g

Antinutrients /Toxic components in Jatropha kernel meal

Lectin 50 – 102 U*

Phorbol esters

1-3 mg/g Phytate

8.2 – 10.1%

Moist heating Phytase enzyme

Antinutritional and toxic factors in Jatropha meal

57

Biodiesel co-products – Camelina sativa meal

Crude protein: 36-40% (rich in EAA including lys & meth)

Poultry (layer and broiler) diet : 10%

When compared to control birds fed a corn-soy diet:

• 8-10 fold increase in total omega-3 fatty acids and α-linolenic acid

• Omega-6: omega-3 fatty acid ratio in eggs -- Decreased

Two large eggs from hens fed Camelina meal: provides over

300 mg omega-3 fatty acids to the human diet.

Camelina sativa or false flax - the Brassica (Cruciferae) family

Knowledge gaps and future research needs

Need for standardisation of products from within a

plant and between plants

Co-product feeding value – especially aquaculture

Search for new feedstocks, particularly those

indigenous to an area and underutilized

Safety standards for use of co-products (including

detoxification of seed meals where necessary)

FAO document: Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3009e/i3009e.pdf

Converts energy source fed stocks to protein-rich feeds

Enlarged feed resource base through the use of co-products

as livestock feed

Enhanced future availability of some novel feed resources

Ongoing research on identification and production of novel

enzymes -- spillover beneficial effects for the crop residue

utilization

Gains to livestock industry from biofuel industry?

“ An array of co-products of the bio-fuel industry

are available, which are good source of protein

and energy and can replace soymeal and cereals

such as maize in animal diets -- easing food-feed

competition”

Concluding remarks

58

INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT

M. Hutasuhut

INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT

Report presented at FAO Regional Workshop on

“Animal Feed Resources and their Management

in the Asia-Pacific Region”


byMaradoli Hutasuhut

Budi TangendjajaDahlanuddin

Nurhayati Diah PurwantariDesianto Budi Utomo

Outline• INDONESIAN LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY

INDUSTRIES• NATIONAL FEED INVENTORY• APPROACH, DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY• MAIN LIVESTOCK FEEDING SYSTEMS• COMPOUND AND CONCENTRATE FEED USE• FACTORS THAT DETERMINE USE OF FEED

INGREDIENTS• FEED BALANCE SHEETS• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Livestock and poultry population, 2007 to 2011 (head)

Beef cattle 11,514,871 12,256,604 12,759,838 13,581,570 14,824,373 6.53

Dairy cattle 374,067 457,577 474,701 488,448 597,213 12.81

Buffalo 2,085,779 1,930,716 1,932,927 1,999,604 1,305,078 9.65-

Goat 14,470,214 15,147,432 15,815,317 16,619,599 16,946,000 4.03

Sheep 9,514,184 9,605,339 10,198,766 10,725,488 11,791,000 5.56

Pig 6,710,757 6,837,528 6,974,732 7,476,665 7,525,000 2.93

Horse 401,081 392,864 398,758 418,618 409,000 0.53

Poultry

Native chicken 272,251,141 243,423,389 249,963,499 257,544,104 264,340,000 0.56-

Layer 111,488,877 107,955,170 111,417,637 105,210,062 124,636,000 3.23

Broiler 891,659,345 902,052,418 1,026,378,580 986,871,712 1,177,991,000 7.62

Duck 35,866,833 39,839,520 40,675,995 44,301,805 43,488,000 5.06

Miscellaneous

Quail 6,683,000 7,543,000 7,054,000 7,357,000 2.67

Pigeon 1,499,000 1,815,000 490,000 1,209,000 23.70

Rabbit 886,588 833,666 915,140 0.95

2011

Average

growth

rate (%)

Livestock 2007 2008 2009 2010

Commercial compound feed sales in 2009 to 2012 (tonnes)

Broiler Layer Breeder Others TotalGrowth

(%)

Total

+aquaculture

Growth

(%)

2009 4,093,994 4,599,531 868,484 298,389 9,860,398 10,855,465

2010 4,409,074 4,380,977 863,361 265,751 9,919,163 0.60 10,945,004 0.82

2011 5,176,490 4,825,120 1,029,233 270,441 11,301,284 13.93 12,445,971 13.71

2012 5,991,099 5,261,394 1,283,996 417,680 12,954,169 14.63 14,188,900 14.00

Fish Shrimps TotalGrowth

(%)

2009 794,472 200,595 995,067

2010 797,276 228,565 1,025,841 3.09

2011 904,826 239,861 1,144,687 11.59

2012 981,975 252,756 1,234,731 7.87

Source: Indonesia Feedmill Association (2013); Note: others include ruminant feed (10% ), pig feed (75%) and pet feed (15%)

Distribution and production capacity of large-scale feed manufacturers

Province Number of plant Production capacity

(million ton/year)

Sumatera 13 4.00

North Sumatera 8 2.25

South Sumatera 4 1.50

West Sumatera 1 0.25

Java 49 (72%) 13.00 (70)

Banten 11 3.50

DKI Jakarta 4 0.75

West Java 8 2.00

Central Java 6 1.50

East Java 20 5.25

Other regions 6 1.50

South Sulawesi 5 1.25

South Kalimantan 1 0.25

Total 68 18.50

Source: Indonesia Feedmiller Association (2013)

Value of export and import of animal related products (US$)

Export 2010 2011 2012

Live animals 50,554,481 61,818,585 31,577,401

Animal products 585,117,577 1,161,287,963 86,634,016

Non-food animal products 129,496,149 143,708,725 57,697,454

Vet medicine 5,346,775 22,446,611 14,565,908

Others 181,146,918 209,809,188 83,946,117

Total export 951,661,900 1,599,071,072 274,420,896

Import

Live animals 450,478,663 328,509,198 166,186,096

Animal products 1,723,325,607 1,909,965,938 870,761,121

Non-food animal products 436,459,152 593,927,458 230,190,225

Vet medicine 46,465,313 47,744,727 24,597,230

Others 11,610,361 164,653,611 4,078,642

Total import 2,668,339,096 3,044,800,932 1,295,813,314

Source: DGLAHS (2012a)

59

Value of export and import of live animal and animal related products, 2010 to 2012 (US$)

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

2010 2011 2012

Val

ue

(US$

)M

illio

ns

Export Live animals

Animal products

Non-food animal products

Vet medicine

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2010 2011 2012

Val

ue

(US$

)M

illio

ns

Import Live animals

Animal products

Non-food animal products

Vet medicine

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

2010 2011 2012

Val

ue

(US$

)M

illio

ns

Total export

Total import

Source: DGLAHS (2012a)Note: 2011 data were up to August 2011, 2012 data are preliminary figures

Production of main food crops and their residues, 2011 (million tonnes)

65.76

50.97

Crop prod Residues

Paddy

17.64

8.08

Crop prod Residues

Corn

0.85

0.99

Crop prod Residues

Soybean

0.69

1.15

Crop prod Residues

Peanut

0.34

0.47

Crop prod Residues

Mung bean

Source: Food Crop Production (CBS, 2013a)

Estate crop production and by-products, 2010 to 2012 (tonnes)

-

5

10

15

20

25

Oil palm Sugar cane Coffee Coconut Cocoa

Mill

ion

s

Production

2010

2011

2012

-

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Oil palm Sugar cane Coffee Coconut Cocoa

Mill

ion

s

By-products

2010

2011

2012

Source: 2012 Estate Crop Statistic (DGEC, 2013)

Forage production by region (%)

Source: 2003 Agricultural Census (CBS, 2004a), Abdullah (2006)

Sumatera46%

Java5%

Nusa Tenggara

5%

Kalimantan27%

Sulawesi17%

Forage

Sumatera46%

Java5%

Nusa Tenggara

5%

Kalimantan27%

Sulawesi17%

Native grasses

Sumatera49%

Java4%

Nusa Tenggara

4%

Kalimantan27%

Sulawesi17%

Legumes

Sumatera45%

Java5%

Nusa Tenggara

5%

Kalimantan27%

Sulawesi18%

Others

a) Crop residues 61,659,824 10.39 4

b) Oil seed cakes/meals 6,322,059 1.07 9

c) Grain by-products 25,321,927 4.27 7

d) Grains 85,284,071 14.37 3

e) Roots, tubers and their by-products 7,957,689 1.34 8

f) Other by products:

Estate crops 131,606,546 22.18 2

Pineapple 539,219 0.09 11

Aquaculture 396,448 0.07 12

Sea fish 571,427 0.10 10

Vegetables 150,968 0.03 13

g) Native grasses 210,299,335 35.44 1

h) Legume forages 40,915,056 6.89 5

i) Other forages 22,430,094 3.78 6

Type of feed ingredient Production in 2011 (ton) % Rank

Total 593,454,663 100.00

Production of feed ingredients in Indonesia, in 2011 (tonnes)

Source: Authors’ calculation

Production of feed ingredients in Indonesia, in 2011 (tonnes)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Crop residues

Oil seed cakes/meals

Grain by-products

Grains Roots, tubers and

their by-products

Other by products:

Native grasses

Legume forages

Other forages

Mill

ion

s


60

Estimates of feed ingredients availability

• Crop residues:– Most is used for feed, some retained in field, burned or unused

• Oil seed cake/meal:– Soybean meal (SBM) all are imported– PKC: in 2012 exported 3.6 mill tonnes and domestic used 284

thousand tonnes – Coconut meal: 80% exported; 20% imported– Peanut meal: all for human consumption

• Grain by-products:– Rice bran: almost all used as feed; in 2012 imported 211,160

tonnes; hull: 1.5% used as feed– Corn: hominy and corn gluten feed 105,000 tonnes in 2012

Estimates of feed ingredients availability (continued)

– Wheat: in 2012 imported 8.5 mill tonnes; wheat pollard & bran 2.6 mill tonnes, wheat sort 0.43 mill tonnes

• Grains:– Rice: almost all for human consumption; broken rice used

to be as feed but not now– Corn: about 22% of corn production data (CBS) used as

feed; corn imports varies from thousands to millions tonnes per years

– Soybean: all for human consumption

• Roots, tubers & their by-product:– Cassava: 2012 production 24 mill tonnes, 2 mill tonnes

used for feed (100,000 tonnes fed as fresh cassava) – Sweet potatoes: limited use as feed

Conversion factors used for crop residues

Food cropsConversion

factorsNotes Sources

Paddy 3.86 ton/ha/year in DW UGM (1982)

Corn 2.09 ton/ha/year in DW UGM (1982)

Soybean 1.59 ton/ha/year in DW UGM (1982)

Peanut 2.14 ton/ha/year in DW UGM (1982)

Mung bean 1.59 ton/ha/year in DW UGM (1982)

Conversion factors used for oil seed cakes/meals

Oil seed cakes/meals

Conversion

factorsNotes Sources

Palm kernel meal

(PKC)0.514 ton/ha/year in DW

Mathius and

Wina (2013)

Coconut cakes/

meals0.37 of coconut production DLF(2006)

Peanut cakes/

meals0.675 of peanut production DLF(2006)

Possible contribution of non-pasture lands to forage supply

Forage source Wetland Dry landOil palm

plantation

Rubber

plantation

Albizia

plantation

Native grasses 87.49 81.52 62.94 85.64 79.21

Legumes 3.65 9.33 32.95 4.66 10.16

Other forages 8.86 9.15 4.11 9.7 10.63

The composition of forage sources under different land use (%)

Source: Abdullah (2006)

Land useDry Matter a/

(ton/ha/year)

Average land suitable for

herbage production

(% ha)

Wetland 2.355 2.26Dry land 5.852 24.45Oil palm (3-4 years) 13.280 80.04Rubber (8-12 years) 11.118 72.76Timber: Albizia (8-10 years) 10.504 68.55

Note: a/ Natural herbage production of non-pasture land area

Classification of feed ingredients availability in different altitudes and seasons in Java

Region Altitude Season Feed ingredient availability

Java

Lowland

Wet season

Native and improved grasses and legumes,

mixtures of corn stovers, peanut and soybean

residues, sugar cane tops

Dry season

Mixture of rice straw, sugar cane tops, Sesbania,

Gliricidia, jackfruit leaves; increased

supplementary feed from agro-industrial by-

products: rice bran, wheat pollard, copra meal,

tofu wastes, soya sauce waste

Highland

Wet season

Native and improved grasses and legumes, legume

straw (eg peanut straw), corn stover, straw from

pulses and beans, improved pastures (elephant

grass, Brachiaria sp, Setaria sp etc.)

Dry season

Increased use of corn stover, rice straw, jackfruit

leaves, legume: Leucaena sp, Calliandra sp.;

increased supplementary feed from agro-industrial

by-products: rice bran, wheat pollard, copra meal,

tofu wastes, soya sauce waste

61

Classification of feed ingredients availability in different altitudes and seasons in Nusa Tenggara

Nusa

Tenggara

Lowland

Wet season

Mainly native pasture supplemented

by palm trees (putak), natural grasses,

legumes, corn stovers

Dry season

Mainly native pasture supplemented

by palm trees (putak), natural grasses,

legumes (Gliricidia sp), corn stovers,

supplementation of rice bran

Highland

Wet season

Natural grasses, legumes, corn stovers,

palm trees (putak), Leucaena sp and

Calliandra sp, dry grasses

Dry season

Natural grasses, legumes, corn stovers

supplemented by palm trees (putak),

legume trees (Leucaena sp and

Calliandra sp) supplementation of rice

bran


Classification of feed ingredients availability in different altitudes and seasons in South Sulawesi

South

Sulawesi

Lowland

Wet season

Mainly pasture, crop residues and agro-

industrial by-products

Dry season

Mainly pasture, crop residues and agro-

industrial by-products, tree legumes,

supplementation of rice bran

Highland

Wet season

Natural grasses and legumes, crop residues

and agro-industrial by-products.

Dry season

Natural grasses and legumes, crop residues

and agro-industrial by-products, tree

legumes, supplementation of rice bran


Ruminant production system

Livestock type

Ruminant production system

Total

(%)Extensive

and mixed-

extensive (%)

Mixed crop

livestock (%)

Intensive

(%)

Beef cattle 29 65 6 100

Dairy cattle 0 10 90 100

Beef buffalo 100 0 0 100

Dairy buffalo 0 0 100 100

Sheep a/ 20 70 10 100

Goats 20 70 10 100

Source: Tangendjaja (2013), personal communicationNote: a/ sheep is assumed the same with goat

Monogastric production system

Livestock type

Monogastric production system

Total

(%)Extensive

(%)

Semi-

intensive

(%)

Intensive

(%)

Native chicken 78.16 13.89 7.96 100

Breeders 0 0 100 100

Layers 0 0 100 100

Broilers 0 0 100 100

Ducks 70 20 10 100

Quail 0 0 100 100

Pigs 80 10 10 100

Sources: Tangendjaja (2013), personal communication

Proportion of each animal species by regions (%)

RuminantRegion Beef cattle Dairy cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat

Sumatera 18.38 0.40 39.29 5.66 22.50

Java 50.68 99.21 27.82 93.17 57.23

Bali-Nusa Tenggara 14.18 0.03 19.74 0.85 7.16

Kalimantan 2.95 0.06 3.18 0.05 2.27

Sulawesi 12.08 0.29 8.46 0.08 8.57

Papua and Maluku 1.74 0.00 1.51 0.18 2.26

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

MonogastricRegion Native chicken Layer Broiler Duck Quail Pig

Sumatera 23.31 23.20 14.76 20.93 3.45 21.98

Java 41.25 60.89 72.77 49.23 93.54 2.86

Bali-Nusa Tenggara 7.30 3.76 0.85 3.78 0.06 35.09

Kalimantan 10.49 5.07 9.03 12.42 0.64 10.21

Sulawesi 15.12 6.89 2.32 12.38 2.31 17.87

Papua and Maluku 2.54 0.18 0.27 1.26 0.00 11.99

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: DGLAHS (2012a)

Forage requirements of ruminants at NATIONAL level (tonnes/year) - DW

NATIONAL

Extensive MCLS Intensive Total Total

2.00% 2.50% 3% (kg/day) (ton/year)

Beef cattle <12 months 1,447,429 1,414,899 82.5 82.5 29% 65% 6% 1,369,624 3,837,308 425,056 5,631,988 29,462,921

12-24 months 1,818,935 2,010,543 255.8 175.6 29% 65% 6% 4,746,343 13,297,943 1,473,003 19,517,288

>24 months 1,454,733 6,677,834 307.0 282.0 29% 65% 6% 13,514,135 37,862,879 4,194,042 55,571,056

Dairy cattle <12 months 55,959 73,817 200 175 0% 10% 90% - 60,274 650,964 711,238 2,385,929

12-24 months 50,169 93,285 480 350 0% 10% 90% - 141,827 1,531,733 1,673,561

>24 months 19,608 304,375 486 431 0% 10% 90% - 351,864 3,800,130 4,151,994

Buffalo <12 months 108,403 104,485 221.7 218.4 100% 0% 0% 937,049 - - 937,049 3,012,541

12-24 months 126,728 143,186 326 300 100% 0% 0% 1,685,448 - - 1,685,448

>24 months 172,642 649,634 349 341 100% 0% 0% 5,631,039 - - 5,631,039

Goat <12 months 2,043,710 2,114,884 21 19 20% 70% 10% 327,413 1,432,430 245,559 2,005,402 5,453,997

12-24 months 1,742,068 2,743,588 35 30 20% 70% 10% 573,120 2,507,400 429,840 3,510,360

>24 months 1,757,319 7,422,429 50 40 20% 70% 10% 1,539,052 6,733,354 1,154,289 9,426,696

Sheep <12 months 1,472,772 1,788,788 45 29 20% 70% 10% 471,630 2,063,381 353,723 2,888,734 5,142,673

12-24 months 1,370,185 1,358,394 58 37 20% 70% 10% 516,738 2,260,727 387,553 3,165,018

>24 months 1,622,526 3,847,603 70 56 20% 70% 10% 1,311,961 5,739,830 983,971 8,035,762

45,458,061

Forage requirement (in DW) = 2-3% x BWHerd structure Production systems

SpeciesAge group Male Female Male (kg) Female (kg) Extensive MCLS Intensive


62

Balance

Native grasses Legume Other forages Total Beef cattle Dairy cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Total (tonnes/year)

National 210,299,333 40,915,056 22,430,093 273,644,482 29,462,921 2,385,929 3,012,541 5,142,673 5,453,997 45,458,061 228,186,421

Java

DKI Jakarta 89,014 9,893 9,982 108,888 3,998 11,034 636 414 3,228 19,309 89,579

West Java 4,193,966 801,080 453,573 5,448,619 871,940 610,266 130,157 3,138,984 900,032 5,651,379 202,760-

Central Java 1,711,616 264,836 188,902 2,165,353 3,769,137 611,910 213,624 984,848 1,689,722 7,269,241 5,103,888-

DI Yogyakarta 297,668 36,644 37,102 371,415 739,152 14,472 3,521 66,127 154,460 977,733 606,318-

East Java 2,820,785 493,305 306,778 3,620,869 9,431,206 1,229,784 94,475 942,915 1,270,455 12,968,835 9,347,966-

Banten 895,628 146,044 101,666 1,143,338 96,356 88 352,306 282,843 340,291 1,071,884 71,454

Total 10,008,677 1,751,801 1,098,004 12,858,482 14,911,789 2,477,553 794,718 5,416,132 4,358,189 27,958,382 15,099,899-

Forage supply (tonnes/year) Forage requirement (tonnes/year)

Feed Balance: Forage for ruminants at national level and in Java (tonnes/year) - DW


Corn, rice bran and PKC requirements in compound feed production, NATIONAL, in

2012 (tonnes/year)

NATIONAL

Pig Pet Ruminant Total

75% 15% 10% 100%

Compound feed prod 5,992,099 5,261,394 1,283,996 981,975 252,756 313,260 62,652 41,768 417,680

Corn

Corn proportion (%) 50.0% 45.0% 47.5% 50.0% 50.0% 40.0% 45.0% 10.0%

Corn requirement 2,996,050 2,367,627 609,898 490,988 126,378 125,304 28,193 4,177 157,674 6,748,615

Rice bran

Rice bran proportion (%) 7.5% 2.5% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% 22.5% 2.5% 25.0%

Rice bran requirement 449,407 131,535 96,300 73,648 18,957 70,484 1,566 10,442 82,492 852,339

PKC


Rice bran requirement 179,763 157,842 - 29,459 7,583 9,398 1,880 4,177 15,454 390,101

Total

requirements

(tonnes/year)

Item Fish Shrimp

Others

Broiler Layer Breeder


Corn, rice bran and PKC requirements in compound feed production, JAVA, in 2012

(tonnes/year)

JAVA

Pig Pet Ruminant Total

75% 15% 10% 100%

Compound feed prod 4,194,469 3,682,976 898,797 687,383 176,929 219,282 43,856 29,238 292,376

(70% of national prod)

Corn

Corn proportion (%) 50.0% 45.0% 47.5% 50.0% 50.0% 40.0% 45.0% 10.0%

Corn requirement 2,097,235 1,657,339 426,929 343,691 88,465 87,713 19,735 2,924 110,372 4,724,030

Rice bran


Rice bran requirement 314,585 92,074 67,410 51,554 13,270 49,338 1,096 7,309 57,744 596,637

PKC


Rice bran requirement 125,834 110,489 - 20,621 5,308 6,578 1,316 2,924 10,818 273,071

Others Total

requirements

(tonnes/year)

Item Broiler Layer Breeder Fish Shrimp


Corn, rice bran and PKC requirements for ruminant concentrate, NATIONAL, 2012

(tonnes/year)

NATIONALCorn, rice bran and palm kernel cake (PKC) requirements for concentrate feed of ruminants, national, 2012 (tonnes/year)

Extensive MCLS Intensive Extensive MCLS Intensive kg/day tonnes/year

Beef cattle 14,824,373 29% 65% 6% - - 8.50 7,560,430 2,759,557 10.00% 275,956 40.00% 1,103,823 10.00% 275,956

Dairy cattle 597,213 0% 10% 90% - - 9.00 4,837,425 1,765,660 7.50% 132,425 35.00% 617,981 5.00% 88,283

Buffalo 1,305,078 100% 0% 0% - - - - - - - - - - -

Sheep 11,791,000 20% 70% 10% - 0.25 0.80 3,006,705 1,097,447 - - 35.00% 384,107 10.00% 109,745

Goat 16,946,000 20% 70% 10% - 0.25 0.80 4,321,230 1,577,249 - - 35.00% 552,037 10.00% 157,725

Total 408,380 2,657,948 631,708

Rice bran

propor-

tion

Total rice

bran

(tonnes/

year)

PKC

propor-

tion

Total PKC

(tonnes/

year)

Concentrate use

(kg/head/day)Production systems Total concentrate use Corn

propor-

tion

Total corn

(tonnes/

year)

Species Population


Corn, rice bran and PKC requirements for ruminant concentrate, JAVA, 2012

(tonnes/year)

JAVA Corn, rice bran and palm kernel cake (PKC) requirements for concentrate feed of ruminants, Java, 2012 (tonnes/year)


Beef cattle 7,512,273 29% 65% 6% - - 8.50 3,831,259 1,398,410 10.00% 139,841 40.00% 559,364 10.00% 139,841

Dairy cattle 592,520 0% 10% 90% - - 9.00 4,799,412 1,751,785 7.50% 131,384 35.00% 613,125 5.00% 87,589

Buffalo 363,049 100% 0% 0% - - - - - - - - - - -

Sheep 10,985,877 20% 70% 10% - 0.25 0.80 2,801,399 1,022,511 - - 35.00% 357,879 10.00% 102,251

Goat 9,697,565 20% 70% 10% - 0.25 0.80 2,472,879 902,601 - - 35.00% 315,910 10.00% 90,260

Total 271,225 1,846,278 419,941

Total corn

(tonnes/

year)

Rice bran

propor-

tion

Total rice

bran

(tonnes/

year)

PKC

propor-

tion

Total PKC

(tonnes/

year)

Species PopulationProduction systems

Concentrate use

(kg/head/day)Total concentrate use Corn

propor-

tion


Corn, rice bran and PKC requirements for ruminant concentrate, JAVA, 2012

(tonnes/year)

JAVA Corn, rice bran and palm kernel cake (PKC) requirements for concentrate feed of ruminants, Java, 2012 (tonnes/year)


Beef cattle 7,512,273 29% 65% 6% - - 8.50 3,831,259 1,398,410 10.00% 139,841 40.00% 559,364 10.00% 139,841

Dairy cattle 592,520 0% 10% 90% - - 9.00 4,799,412 1,751,785 7.50% 131,384 35.00% 613,125 5.00% 87,589

Buffalo 363,049 100% 0% 0% - - - - - - - - - - -

Sheep 10,985,877 20% 70% 10% - 0.25 0.80 2,801,399 1,022,511 - - 35.00% 357,879 10.00% 102,251

Goat 9,697,565 20% 70% 10% - 0.25 0.80 2,472,879 902,601 - - 35.00% 315,910 10.00% 90,260

Total 271,225 1,846,278 419,941

Total corn

(tonnes/

year)

Rice bran

propor-

tion

Total rice

bran

(tonnes/

year)

PKC

propor-

tion

Total PKC

(tonnes/

year)

Species PopulationProduction systems

Concentrate use

(kg/head/day)Total concentrate use Corn

propor-

tion


63

Corn and rice bran requirements for monogastric concentrate, NATIONAL, 2012

(tonnes/year)

NATIONALCorn and rice bran requirements in concentrate feed of monogastrics, national, 2012 (tonnes/year)

Nat. Chicken 264,340,000 92.04% 7.96% 0.01 0.10 4,537,132 1,656,053 50% 828,027 30% 496,816

Duck 43,488,000 90.00% 10.00% 0.06 0.16 3,044,160 1,111,118 25% 277,780 40% 444,447

Pig 7,525,000 90.00% 10.00% 0.00 2.00 1,505,000 549,325 50% 274,663 40% 219,730

Total 1,380,469 1,160,993

Concentrate use

(kg/head/day)Total concentrate use

Species Population Semi

intensive/

semi

scavenging

Intensive/

industrial

Semi

intensive/

semi

scavenging

Intensive/

industrialkg/day

tonnes/

year

Corn

propor-

tion

Total corn

(tonnes/

year)

Rice

bran

propor-

tion

Total rice

bran

(tonnes/

year)

Production systems


Feed balance: corn, rice bran and PKC, NATIONAL, 2012 (tonnes/year)

Total corn, rice bran and PKC requirements, national, 2012 (tonnes/year)

Rice bran PKC

Compound feed 6,748,615 852,339 390,101

Concentrate feed of ruminants 408,380 2,657,948 631,708

Concentrate feed of monogastric 1,380,469 1,160,993 -

Total 8,537,463 4,671,279 1,021,809

Predicted production in 2012: 19,377,030 a) 8,100,000 b) 5,868,837 284,000 c)

Sutplus/deficit 10,839,567 437,463- 1,197,558 737,809-

Corn

Source: Authors’ calculationNote: a) CBS (2013)

b) USDA/industry estimatesc) available for domestic use (PSD online, FAS-USDA, accessed on 2nd of August 2013)

Feed balance: corn, rice bran and PKC, JAVA, 2012 (tonnes/year)

Source: Authors’ calculationNote: a) CBS (2013)

b) USDA/industry estimates (51% of corn produced in Java)c) it is assumed none of PKC produced in Java

Total corn, rice bran and PKC requirements, Java, 2012 (tonnes/year)

Rice bran PKC

Compound feed 4,724,030 596,637 273,071

Concentrate feed of ruminants 271,225 1,846,278 419,941

Concentrate feed of monogastric 486,200 430,042 -

Total 5,481,455 2,872,957 693,012

Predicted production in 2012: 9,842,089 a) 4,131,000 b) 2,700,336 - c)

Sutplus/deficit 4,360,633 1,350,455- 172,620- 693,012-

Corn

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Indonesia has abundance of feed ingredient resources but some efforts have to put in place to speed up and meet the high demand of feed ingredients both from modern large-scale feed manufacturers and medium and small-scale feed processors. The GOI has responded to the situation by launching programs to improve quality, increase quantity and reduce prices of feed and feed ingredients.

Although Java island is only 7% of the total land area of Indonesia, current production of food crops and horticulture, their residues and by-products produced more than 50% in this most populated areas. Currently, intensive production systems are suitable in Java and most of livestock and poultry industry are located in Java but future expansion of livestock and poultry production is in outer islands due to availability of huge land areas.

Seasons have a significant effect on the level of production of feed ingredients. Of the total food crop production (rice, corn, soybean, peanut and mung bean) from 2010 to 2012, 46% was produced during January to April, 32% in May-August and 22% in September to December. Food crop production in September to December is only about half of the production in January to April.

1

2

3

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION (continued)

In 2011, the main feed ingredients which are available in Indonesia were 593.4 million ton and the five majors sources are: native grasses 210.3 million ton (34.4% of the total production) estate crop by-products 131.6 million ton (22.2%) grains 85.3 million ton (14.4%) crop residues 61.7 million ton (10.4%) legume forages 40.9 million ton (6.9%)

For ruminants, three regions have been choosen to represent feeding systems in Indonesia: Java respresents a densely populated humand and ruminants with more

intensive cropping, heavy vegetations and more rainfall. East and West Nusa Tenggara represent a drier part of Indonesia with

extensive and semi-intensive production. South Sulawesi represents a more moderate agro-ecological zones with

less rainfall than Java but higher than Nusa Tenggara.

Commercial and intensive poultry and pig are raised in intensive and industrial production systems. Feeding systems for these animals are not influenced by agro-ecological zones and regions.

4

5

6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION (continued)

The main factors that determine the use of feed ingredient are their availability all year round, quality that meets the demand of feed industry and competitive prices.

The government programs to increase the availability of locally produced feed ingredients include provision of equipment for farmer groups to increase the availability of local feed ingredients and trainings. In the eastern part of Indonesia, the GOI rejuvenates native pastures to increase the availability of grasses and legumes particularly during hot and long dry seasons.

A more comprehensive and sistimatically survey at nation-wide level has to be conducted to collect more and up to date information on the availability of feed ingredients and feeding systems in Indonesia. Expertise and funding from international donors such as FAO, ADB, IFAD, World Bank are needed to improve the state-of-the-art of feed and feeding in Indonesia.

7

8

9

64

LAO PDR COUNTRY REPORT

S. Nakesene

FAO-APHCA workshop on “ Animal Feed

Resources and their Management in Asia-

Pacific Region” Bangkok, 13-15 August 2013

Laos Country ReportSisouphanh NAKASENE

Livestock Farming Technical Standard Control Center (LSCC)

Department of Livestock and Fisheries

Livestock production in Lao PDR is characterized almost

extensively by smallholder production

In lowland areas buffaloes and cattle are raising primarily as draft

animals for plowing, for other farm activities, transportation,

saving bank when necessary, and as a source of fertilizers.

80% of the population in the provinces are smallholders, 48% have

buffaloes, 31% cattle, 49% pigs and 73% poultry, which are

farmed using low cost production technologies based on common

pastures, agricultural residues and family labor with no specific

feed provision.

Some groups characteristically raise large ruminants or goats

integrated into their shifting cultivation activity.

Almost all animals are free-range, scavenging animals within a

low input - low output system.

7

Livestock production system

Number of livestock by species during the year 2010Provinces Cattle Buffalo Goat Pigs chicken

Vientiane Capital 108,200 15,100 11,800 32,800 1,149,000

Phonsaly 14,000 20,200 2,400 68,100 310,600

Luangnamtha 13,800 8,800 3,400 45,300 271,000

Oudomxay 31,500 21,200 10,700 71,200 563,800

Bokeo 44,700 20,500 5,600 50,000 359,400

Luang Prabang 65,700 44,000 22,900 113,100 997,700

Huaphanh 74,500 53,200 16,700 98,800 614,500

Xayabouly 111,200 43,800 7,200 95,700 1,200,500

Xiengkhuang 134,900 38,100 8,100 69,100 790,400

Vientiane Province 192,200 61,200 11,100 70,200 1,242,200

Borikhamxay 99,700 33,600 12,500 40,600 427,800

Khammuane 110,200 59,700 16,100 42,000 403,900

Savannakhet 313,000 148,000 56,500 72,800 1,057,300

Saravanh 97,600 57,100 14,600 43,700 460,600

Sekong 14,900 13,100 4,600 16,400 92,400

Champasak 134,200 99,700 8,300 30,300 887,600

Attapeu 26,000 36,800 3,200 18,300 275,900

Total: 1,586,200 774,200 215,600 978,300 11,104,700

Source: Agricultural census 2010

21 Dec 2005 9

- Over 90% of all livestock is produced by smallholders,

while large intensive commercial enterprises are few in

number, most producing pigs and poultry and located close

to major urban markets.

- There is trend to more towards industrial farming using

imported hybrids in peri-urban: mainly layers, broilers, pigs,

exotic sex-reversed fish but still limited by many factors.

- Most of these agribusinesses are small cottage industries

with few employees

- In general, production costs tend to be high since semi-

intensive pig and poultry production is dependent on

concentrate feed which, in many cases, is imported from

Thailand

GENERAL OUTLOOK ON LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY IN LAOS

Livestock Feeding system:

For Buffalo, Cattle, Goat and sheep

Ways of feeding managing animals have evolved in response

to the predominant cropping system and available feed

resources. Meaning that fallow cropland, communal area along

the roads, rivers, around the paddy fields and villages,

secondary forest, an other non cropped communal land and by

crop products including rice straw.

Smallholder farmers operate mixed farming systems, growing

both crops and farming animals.

In the lowland area for the most of the year cattle and

buffaloes are usually grazed on the vacant cropping field,

utilizing rice stubble, re-growth of rice after harvest, grasses

and weeds growing in and around rice fields and rice straw

21 Dec 2005 11

Land use systems in the past

Land use systems in present

(À²ˆDiversitification of landuse system for food/feed production

Water

source

construction

area Shifting

agricultural area

Natural forest

Pasture

Water

source

Low land rice

area

Mixed farming

system area

Natural forest

Agricultural

mixing system

area

Upland

rice

areaShifting

agricultural

areaconstruction

area

Pasture

Low land

rice area

65

Livestock Feeding system (cont.)

For Buffalo, Cattle, Goat and sheep

The management system tends to be extensive with animals

being allowed to graze and mix freely in sometime large herds.

Providing salt or mineral block is commonly used to entice

animals back to the pens.

During the wet season when farmer cultivate their rice field,

animals are grazed in upland, grazing and secondary forest

areas way from rice field in order to ovoid the damage to the

crops; buffaloes are kept near the rice field for land preparation

and fed them by supplementary grass and rice bran to ensure

their health condition

21 Dec 2005 13

Livestock Feeding system(cont.)For Buffalo, Cattle, Goat and sheep

The main feed resource remains forage from range and forest

grazing together with straws, stoves and weed grass from

cropped land .

The management system tends to be extensive with animals

being allowed to graze and mix freely in sometime large herds.

Providing salt or mineral block is commonly used to entice

animals back to the pens.

During the wet season when farmer cultivate their rice field,

animals are grazed in upland, grazing and secondary forest

areas way from rice field in order to ovoid the damage to the

crops; buffaloes are kept near the rice field for land preparation

and fed them by supplementary grass and rice bran to ensure

their health condition14

16

For Beef Cattle and buffalo

1. Extensive production system (EPS)

• Wet season: Natural grasses-crop residue-other based feeding system; average daily

provision per animal of 5-6 kg Natural grass- crop residue-other by-products in a 95:5:5

• Dry season: Natural grasses(GR, LF, FT)-crop residue-other based feeding system;

average daily provision per animal of 5-6 kg Natural grass- crop residue-other in a

70:25:5 ratio

2. Mixed extensive system (MES)

• Wet season :Natural grasses-crop residue-agro by-product based feeding

system; average daily provision per animal of 5-6 kg grass- crop residue-other

in a 70:25:5 ratio

• Dry season: Natural grasses-crop residue-agro by-product based feeding

system; average daily provision per animal of 5-6 kg grass- crop residue-other

by-products in a 60:35:5 ratio

3. Mixed crop-livestock system (MCLS)

• Wet season : Grasses-crop residue-agro by-product based feeding system;

average daily provision per animal of 5-6 kg grass- crop residue-other in a

50:45:5 ratio

•Dry season: Grasses-crop residue-agro by-product based feeding system; average daily

provision per animal of 5-6 kg grass-crop residue- other by-products in a 30:65:5 ratio

Livestock Feeding system(cont.)For pigs production:

Upland systems: invariably with local black pigs fed on home

prepared feeds and foraging. Feed is usually is base on root

crops of cassava/artichoke with maize grain and sometimes

alcohol production residues with vegetable material.

Intensive Systems: Modern intensive production systems have

developed especially near to main urban centers. Many of

these systems depend on commercial feeds compounded I Laos

or imported from abroad countries.

Integrated Alcohol and pig production intensive systems: This

lowland systems and also in maize growing area along the

Mekong River. Feeding systems are based on the use of

fermentation residues after distillation to produce alcohol. The

feeds are frequently made with addition of some commercial

pig concentrate mixture and vegetable. 18

For Pigs

1. Extensive production system (EPS)

• Wet season: average daily provision per animal of 2.4kg Grain-grain by product-

other 15:35:50 ratio

Dry season: average daily provision per animal of 2.4kg Grain-grain by product-

other 15: 40:35 ratio

2. Mixed extensive system (MES)

• Wet season :average daily provision per animal of 2.4 kg Grain-grain by product-

other 20:55:25 ratio

• Dry season: average daily provision per animal of 2.4kg Grain-grain by product-

other by-product 40:30:30

3. Mixed crop-livestock system (MCLS)

•Wet season : average daily provision per animal of 2.6kg Grain-oil seed cake -other by-

product 50:15:35

•Dry season:average daily provision per animal of 2.6kg Grain-oil seed cake -other y-

product 55:15:30

4. Intensive system (IPS)

•Wet season : average daily provision per animal of 3kg Grain-oil seed cake -other by-

product 50:20:30

•Dry season:average daily provision per animal of 3kg Grain-oil seed cake -other by-

product 55:20:25

Livestock Feeding system:For Poultry Production:

Commercial Broiler systems are in operation near to major

urban centers including Vientaine, Thakhek and Savannakhet.

These systems are depend on commercial feed either from Lao

feed ( CP) in Vientiane or feeds from Thailand.

Semi-intensive Poultry and Egg production systems:

insufficient data has been gathered by the project to assess the

profitability of dual-purpose egg production/meat production

systems whether intensive or semi-intensive.

Commercial Egg Production: Feed for layers and for growth

and development of layers represent a little over 50% of sales

of mixed feeds manufactured in Vientiane.

21

66

21 Dec 2005 24

Herd Structures of Beef Cattle

Age group Male:

number

Female:

number

Male: avg.

weight

Female:

avg. weight

<12 months “calves /

young”

95,160 111,020 75-90 60-85

12 – 36 months “sub-

adults /

replacements”

158,600 253.760 120-160 90-145

36 months “adults /

breeders”

222,040 745,420 200-250 160-180

21 Dec 2005 25

Herd Structures of Buffaloes

Age group Male:

number

Female:

number

Male: avg.

weight

Female:

avg. weight

<12 months

“calves / young”

26,000 28,000 110-170 90-140

12 – 36 months

“sub-adults /

replacements”

125,000 131,000 190-280 150-260

36 months “adults

/ breeders”

102,800 361,200 350-450 300-360

21 Dec 2005

26

Herd Structures of Sheep

Age group Male:

number

Female:

number

Male: avg.

weight

Female:

avg. weight

<6 months “kids /

young”

400 410 20-25 18-20

6 – 16 months

“sub-adults /

replacements”

100 380 28-35 25-30

12 months “adults

/ breeders”

90 580 45-60 35-45

21 Dec 2005 27

Herd Structures of Goats

Age group Male:

number

Female:

number

Male: avg.

weight

Female:

avg. weight

<6 months “kids /

young”

137,610 137,600 20-21 17-19

6 – 16 months

“sub-adults /

replacements”

35,000 116,960 25-30 22-25

12 months “adults

/ breeders”

7,170 91,736 45-50 30-40

The number of Pigs backyard

36

Age group Male Female Total

<1 or 2 months “piglets /

young”

332,600 332,900 665,500

1-2 – 12 months “sub-

adults / replacements”

6,650 66,580 73,230

˃12 months “adults /

breeders”

12,100 60.500 72,700


<1 or 2 months “piglets /

young”

10,050 9,950 20,000

1-2 – 12 months “sub-

adults / replacements”

550 8,000 8,550


breeders”

700 15,400 16,100

The number of Pigs commercial breeders

The number of Chickens backyard

12/8/2013 37


≤ 6 months “chicks &

pullets”

6,015,750 6,015,750 12,031,500


breeders”

74,000 370,200 444,200


≤ 6 months “chicks &

pullets”

131,600 131,650 263,250


breeders”

350 2,500 2,850

The number of Chickens commercial breeders

67

Feed Resources

1. Natural Pasture: The total areas is bout 870.000 ha, there are :

• Native grasses species: Brachiaria sp., Imperata

cylindrical, Eleusine indica, airstida cumirrgiana,

paspalum conjugatum, paspalum serobiculatum,

Erianthus arundinaceus, Eragrostis superb, thysanolaena

fleknosa,etc;

• Natural Legumes species: Pueraria phasealoid, mimosa

invisa, etc;

• Natural Fodder trees: Oroxylum indicum, sandoricum

koetjape, wrightia tomentosa var cochinchinesis, orosia

cambodiana, broussonela papyfera, leucaena sp., ficus

sp., etc.

Feed Resources

2. Developed pasture: Increase the feeds for smallholder farmers

through backyard pasture establishment and a tree-strata-forage

system. Improved animal nutrition for ruminants through pasture

development like Mulato, quinea, Ruzzi, Gamba, Nepia, and Stylo

In the total areas is bout 8.500 ha.

3. Crop residues: rice straw, maize stovers, …

4. Raw materials

• local raw materials: Maize, Rice, Sorghum, Soy, Groud nut,

Cotton Meal/Cake, Ground nut Meal/Cake, Soy Meal/Cake,

Sesame Cake, Fishmeal, Oilseeds Meal/Cake, DDG ,

Molasse, Cereal Brans, Pulses, Cassava, Others.

• Import raw materials: , Soy Meal/Cake, Fishmeal and

Others ( Mineral Premix, Vitamin Premix).

In general smallholders traditionally have fed animals on freely

available forage resources, which have no value to smallholders

except as livestock feed. These include grasses, herbs, tree leaves

and legumes that can be used for feeding animals.

As livestock numbers and cropping area have increased these

once abundant feed resources have become increasingly limited.

Once the quantity and quality of available feed is limited toward

the end of dry season when all available feed resources have been

exhausted. Over -stocking and poor range management practices

cause seasonal shortage of good quality grass. Lack of control on

the burning of rangeland and pasture is very detrimental to

livestock nutrition

Technical constraints in livestock feeding system

The knowledge gap

To sets out the principles, technical standards,measures & methods related to the establishment, monitoring &control of livestock farms for effective

feed production, feed safety and environment friendly.

Understand and use the principle techniques to assess or estimate the

quantity and quality of the locally available in the provincial and district

area

Identify the types of feed or forage resources that can be used for livestock

production

Understand the principle of livestock production which relates to

nutritional requirements and their feeding systems

Develop a feed year planning to meet the feed requirement of existing

livestock population in their own provincial and district area

Understand the participatory approach in problem diagnosis and assessment

of community need for livestock development, and

Develop forage and other appropriate feeding technologies that may lead to

improve livestock productivity in their provincial and district area.

68

MALAYSIA COUNTRY REPORT

F. Muhayat

By

FUZIAH MUHAYAT

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SERVICES

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE MALAYSIA

1. Introduction

2. National Feed Inventory

3. Approach and Methodology

4. Feeding System

5. Compound Feed

6. Gaps and Approaches to Bridge those Gaps

7. Conclusion

Population (2010) 27 million

Total land area 33 million ha

Forested land area (2007) 56% - 18.5 million ha

Total cultivated land 20% - 6.6 million ha

Oil palms 13.6% - 4.5 million ha

Essential for producing animal protein food for the country

Contributed about 11 percent of GDP agriculture sector (GDP agriculture sector –7.3% of GDP Malaysia)

The poultry and swine production dominate the local livestock scenario

They were contribute more than 93% of the total meat produced by the country

55% Malaysia farmers are in the poultry and swine industries.

Parameters 2008 2009 2010

Broilers Population (Million heads) 137.86 146.54 158.71

Production (‘000 TM) 1,162.57 1,202.00 1,295.60

Consumption (‘000 TM) 953.71 983.63 1,012.9

Per capita consumption (kg/yr) 34.4 34.7 35.0

SS (%) 121.9 122.2 127.9

Layers/Eggs Population of Birds(Million heads) 45.34 49.02 49.71

Production (Million eggs) 8,715.00 9,270.00 9,826.00

Consumption (Million eggs) 7,760.4 8,081.9 8,514.7

Per capita consumption (eggs/yr) 280 285 295

SS (%) 112.3 114.7 115.4

Pigs/Pork Population (‘000 heads) 1,728.31 1,725.72 1,710.95

Production (‘000 TM) 195.07 206.03 234.00

Consumption (‘000 TM) 201.92 212.65 230.11


SS (%) 96.6 96.9 101.7

Beef Cattle Population (‘000 heads) 1,003.13 1,021.02 1,039.90

Production (‘000 TM) 38.25 42.18 46.5

Consumption (‘000 TM) 150.5 156.20 162.50


SS (%) 25.4 27.0 28.6

Sheep/goat

Mutton

Population (‘000 heads) 608.74 635.64 665.74

Production (‘000 TM) 1.96 2.16 2.39

Consumption (‘000 TM) 19.6 20.9 22.5


SS (%) 10.00 10.30 10.6

Dairy cattle/Milk Population (‘000 heads) 36.00 36.76 37.02

Production (Million liter) 56.49 62.30 67.00

Consumption (Million liter) 1,152.80 1,271.40 1,367.30

Per capita consumption (Liter/yr) 42.5 45.1 47.5

SS (%) 4.9 4.9 4.9

69

More than 70% feed raw materials imported especially for mono-gastric animal industries.

For ruminant industries – used forages and PKE

Since Malaysia area planted in big area of palm oil tree, agro waste from this industry used widely such as PKE, POME and oil farm frond

Some other agro waste used – paddy straw and rice bran

Malaysia doesn’t planting some other grain except rice.

Some other agriculture waste like sweet corn Stover and vegetable actually cannot be captured because under Agriculture Department.

For the grasses, legume tree and forages tree we have plenty, the problem is the quality of that forages is questionable.

Import of Feeding stuff for animals 2009 – 2011in MT(MOA 2012)

Subgroup Trade 2009 (MT) 2010 (MT) 2011 (MT)

Oil-cake & other solid

residues from soyabean oil 980,570.55 1,104,591.82 978,552.57

Bran and pollard of wheat 66,855.58 83,625.23 75,419.84


residues from ground-nut 19.88 - 200.00


residues of rape seed 18,939.03 16,287.54 11,220.38


residues of coconut/copra 3,768.97 707.00 755.40

Bran and residues of rice - - -

Meat offal; greaves 28,904.27 39,184.68 7,888.06

Residues of starch

manufacture and similar

residue 6,702.57 7,033.48 21,258.17

Maize (not including sweet

corn) 2,398,438.14 2,995,358.24 2,906,272.39

Other preparations of a kind

used in animal feeding130,113.34 128,352.74 150,102.49

Other feeding stuff for

animals 295,978.10 266,210.32 315,817.13

Palm kernel cake 3,404.39 15,451.00 19,740.47

3,933,694.81 4,656,802.04 4,487,226.88

Value Import of Feeding stuff for animals 2010 – 2011in RM (MOA 2012)

Subgroup Trade 2009 (RM) 2010 (RM) 2011 (RM)

Oil-cake & other solid residues from

soyabean oil 1,499,903,828 1,497,959,027 1,392,265,838

Bran and pollard of wheat51,304,482 71,492,781 72,497,115

Oil-cake & other solid residues from

ground-nut 18,418 - 91,865

Oil-cake & other solid residues of

rape seed 18,255,409 14,514,376 10,373,284

Oil-cake & other solid residues of

coconut/copra 1,908,632 423,300 500,263

Bran and residues of rice - - -

Meat offal; greaves 47,415,884 83,077,961 16,469,664

Residues of starch manufacture and

similar residue 15,000,427 15,503,609 44,779,731

Maize (not including sweet corn)1,826,804,863 2,454,167,292 2,924,263,828

Other preparations of a kind used in

animal feeding 440,413,390 447,983,445 499,060,932

Other feeding stuff for animals491,010,112 532,533,594 696,203,634

Palm kernel cake 2,191,073 4,087,091 7,088,712

4,394,226,518 5,121,742,476 5,663,594,866

Note: 1 United States dollar = RM3.20

Agriculture Waste Production (MT)/year

Oil Palm Tree

Oil Palm Frond

Palm Kernel Cake

POME

Paddy

Rice Straw

Rice Bran

26.2 Million MT

2.3 Million MT

1.5 Million MT

1.8Million MT

300,000MT

Volume of agro industrial waste in Malaysia (MOA 2009)

Improved grasses like Bracharia Decumben, Guinea grass, Bracharia humidicola, Napier and few others species only represent about 10,000 hectares.

Intensive system – 80%

Producing more than 80% of poultry products in the country

Using about 90% of maize and soya bean in the country

Mainly situated nearby urban area under close house system

Semi Intensive and Extensive – 20%

Producing less than 20% of poultry products in the country

Using about 5% of maize and soya bean in the country

Mainly situated at the remote area

70

Intensive system -58%

Feed lot cattle

100% PKE

Semi intensive system – 12%

Under Plantation (Palm Oil Tree)

Grazing and 10% PKE

Extensive system – 44%

Traditional farmers

Grazing and fodder

Most of them under Intensive system (80%)

40% concentrate (Dairy Cattle Pellet)

60% fodder

Some using TMR (Total Mixed Ration) with base raw material is 40%PKE

Kept most of the time in the shed

Semi Intensive – 20%

During milking time the dairy cattle brought back to the shed

Giving concentrate (DCP) or TMR in the shed.

After milking the cattle will be grazing under plantation.

Intensive system – 70%

40% goat pellet and fodder

Semi intensive and extensive system – 20%

Grazing and fodder

Small and traditional farmers

State Number of mills

Penang

Perak

Selangor

Negeri Sembilan

Malacca

Pahang

Johor

Sarawak

Sabah

Total

12

2

10

2

7

1

6

6

4

50

• The feed demand in the country full filled by about 50 feed mills located in East and West Malaysia

COMPANY TOTAL PRODUCE % SHARE

TON / MTH

CP 34,224 9.0%LEONG HUP 46,615 12.3%HUAT LAI 31,805 8.4%DINDING 25,448 6.7%FFM 14,711 3.9%GOLD COIN 13,232 3.5%SINMAH 11,838 3.1%LAY HONG 10,463 2.8%KFC 9,877 2.6%SELFMIX 120,346 31.8%OTHERS 59,648 15.8%

TOTAL 378,207 100%

Malaysia produces about 450,000MT compound feed per year

Most of complete feed produced in Malaysia , in pellet form due to demand from farmer

Malaysia Government policy in livestock industry - to transform the small farmers become semi commercial and commercial farmers.

Due that strategies the compound feed demand always high

Most of feed miller in Malaysia still under capacity and can produced any demand amount

71

The quantity of feed resources especially from agriculture waste like from sweet corn, sweet potato, cassava, vegetable, pineapple need to be captured precisely even though the volume is small

Well prediction of dynamics of animal population covering different stages of growth

The precise data of feed requirement from feeding system need to organized and established for better future livestock industries planning.

Continued preparation of feed inventory covering resource base, feeding systems for feed balance towards balance diet

MOA just agreed DVS suggestion to form National Animal Feed Council for finding solution in animal feed issues

The members of this Council are from varies agriculture agencies in Malaysia like DVS, DOF, DOA, MARDI, MOA, MADA, MPOB, National Pineapple Board and other agencies related with animal feed resources.

The Chairman will be Minister of Agriculture Malaysia This Council is a right platform to get precise information

for feed inventory and management for Malaysia

More than 70% Malaysia feed raw materials were imported

Importing more than 2 million MT corn and 1 million MT soya bean meal per year.

Producing 2.3 Million MT of PKE per year

PKE can be used 100% as feed to feed lot cattle and as main raw material for TMR for Dairy cattle

PKE as potential feed for poultry

Stabilized price of feed for farmers and consumer sake

Price of PKE in Malaysia need to be stabilized by government since it was produced locally

More aggressive R&D on PKE to ensure it can be used efficiently in mono-gastric animal

More encouragement from government for private sector to do reverse investment in corn planting at the neighboring country which suitable with low cost in production

Use National Animal Feed Council (Malaysia) as platform to solve any animal feed issues.

72

MONGOLIA COUNTRY REPORT

M. Batjargal

ANIMAL FEED RESOUIRCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

IN MONGOLIA

Mr.N.Batjargal, Delegate, Mongolia

COUNTRY REPORT

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

• Mongolia - largest

landlocked country

situated in East-

Central Asia between

Russian and China ;

• Total area: 1,5 mln sq

km;

• Population: 2.8 mln;

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

• Continental climate with 4 seasons: hot and short

summer /extremely cold long winter /January

averages dropping as low as −30 C (−22 F)/

• Limited growing season: /about three months or 90

days/

• Annual precipitation: 100 mm to 350 mm

Role and specifics of livestock sector•About 10 percent of GDP comes from livestock

sector;

• Livestock production - almost entirely pastoral;

• livestock sector is the major occupation of the rural

population,

• 1/3 of Mongolians engaged in animal husbandry

Species 2012

Camel 0.3

Horse 2.3

Cattle 2.5

Sheep 17.9

Goat 17.4

Total 40.4

NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK POPULATION BY SPECIES /in

million heads/

National feed inventory

Grassland:

• Grassland/natural pastures - major source and most

available livestock feed /almost 98% nutrition comes

from natural grasslands : 2 % supplements/;

• 147.1 million ha area suitable for grazing;

• Yield of native pastures is low and seasonal;

• Nutritive value decreased by 2-3, protein by 3-4 times

winter and spring.

73

• Annual average of nutritional resource of

pasture - 46.5 million tonnes hay;

• nutritional resource of summer-autumn

pasture - 26.3 million tonnes;

• winter-spring pasture - 18.9 million tonnes.

• Natural pasture provides livestock sector by

feed all year round.


Major constraint –

inadequate provision

of nutrition especially

due to seasonal fodder

shortages;

Weight losses of 25 to

30% of live weight are

common during winter

and spring;


Types 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Natural hay /forest

steppe/

618.6 547.4 682.4 717.2 705.1

Natural hay /steppe

zone/

412.3 364.9 454.9 478.0 470.0

Salt/minerals 53.8 44.4 48.0 40.4 36.6

Wheat residues 2.4 8.9 11.1 4.5 14.5

Wheat straw 11.1 8.5 8.3 7.9 4.6

Silage of corn or oa

ts

0.9 0.5 4.0 8.5 2.1

Types of prepared supplement feeds /thousand tonnes/

Species Summer and Autumn % Winter and Spring %

Total Natural

pasture

Hay Concen

trate

Silage Salt Total Natural

pasture

Hay Concen

trate

Silage Salt

Cattle:

Dairy cows of

exotic breeds

Mongolian

native breed

cows

Sheep and

Goats

Camel

Horses

100

100

100

100

100

95.2

100

100

100

100

-

-

-

-

-

4.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.09

0.09

0.01

0.01

-

100

100

100

100

100

-

75

75

100

100

22

15

15

-

-

22.5

10

5

-

-

48.4

-

-

-

-

0.09

0.09

0.01

0.01

0.01

Proportion of feeds consumed by different species

Ecologic

al

Zones

Species % Summe

r and

Autum

n

Winter and Spring

Natural

Pasture

Natural

Pasture

Hay Concent. Silage Salt

Forest-

steppe

and high

mountai

nous

Mongolian cow

Mongolian sheep and

goats

100

100

100

100

70

70

20

30

0

0

0

0

0.1

0.1

Steppe Mongolian cow

Mongolian sheep and

goats

100

100

100

100

75

95

15

5

0

0

0

0

0.1

0.1

Gobi Camels

Mongolian sheep and

goats

100

100

100

100

100

95

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

Livestock feeding by ecological zones

Main feeding system in Mongolia

Feeding system can be divided into two categories:

• Extensive production (grassland)

• summer feeding of native Mongolian breeds -

entirely based on grassland based feeding system

(GR-100);

• Winter feeding based on grassland + hay

• Semi-intensive or mixed /dairy cows mostly pure and cross breeds are kept in

summer/autumn under the grassland-crop residue based

feeding system/ winter

74

Challenges related to National Feed

inventory and possible solutions

Different data sources exist at different institutions,

however limited access to data sources (State

statistical office, Ministry gathers data through

surveys, Customers office, research institutions).

What needs to be done:

there is a need to establish systematic approach to

gather the data and database so that everybody can

have easy access;

revise methodologies according to demand to gather

data on animal feeds at the country level and agree

on unified approaches amongst main actors;

Challenges related to National Feed

inventory and possible solutions

Determine the main leading institution to

coordinate all aspects of National Feed Inventory;

in our case, Ministry of Agriculture and Industry

should lead the process;

Establish national task force responsible for

improving national feed inventory;

Improve linkages of institutions involved in data

gathering.

75

MYANMAR COUNTRY REPORT

T. Soe

Dr. Tin Maung Soe

Research Officer

Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department

Myanmar

Animal Feed Resources and their Management in Myanmar

- Myanmar is an agro-based country

- Total cultivated area is about 29.7 million acres

- 75% of the population involve in Agriculture Sector

- 38.7% of GDP (Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries)

ဴဴ(1) Located in South East Asia, Tropical country and three

season

(2) Average annual rainfall

100 to 200 inches in coastal and hilly regions

below 40 inches in the central Myanmar

40 to 80 inches during monsoon in other parts of Myanmar

Temperature - different according to above sea level

4 to 20 C - 30 to 40 ဴ C

(3) Soil Type muddy

(4) Main Crop Paddy and secondary crops are maize, peanut, jute, cotton and rubber,

N. Year Reserved

Forests

Current

Fallows

Net Area

Sown

Occupied

Area

Culturable

Waste

Other than

Fallows

Other

Wood

Land

Others Total

Area

1 1990-1991 25062 4724 20127 24851 20625 54970 41678 167186

2 1995-1996 25503 3042 22017 25059 19697 54557 42370 167186

3 2000-2001 31910 1695 24486 26181 17804 48892 42399 167186

4 2004-2005 38009 1086 25984 27070 15855 44808 41444 167186

5 2005-2006 38813 910 26989 27899 15516 44055 40903 167186

6 2006-2007 40678 736 28118 28854 14758 41969 40927 167186

7 2007-2008 41404 653 28930 29583 14304 40891 41004 167186

8 2008-2009 41604 634 29351 29985 14011 40570 41016 167186

9 2009-2010 41752 597 29591 30188 13861 40166 41219 167186

10 2010-2011 44271 569 29703 30272 13333 38621 40689 167186

Thousand acres

Area classified by type of land

Crop 1990-

1991

1995-

1996

2000-

2001

2004-

2005

2005-

2006

2006-

2007

2007-

2008

2008-

2009

2009-

2010

2010-

2011

CEREALS

Paddy 13748.3 17669.6 20986.9 24360.9 27245.8 30435.0 30954.1 32058.5 32165.8 32065.1

Wheat 121.5 76.7 92.1 150.0 156.2 140.2 155.3 170.4 179.2 181.0

Maize 184.1 270.4 358.9 771.1 903.5 1015.8 1128.1 1184.7 1225.7 1354.4

Millet 124.4 147.2 166.2 177.7 208.7 204.9 187.8 190.0 209.9 212.6

OIL SEEDS

Groundnut,r 196.8 206.2 241.6 335.1 379.3 414.7 453.8 477.8 513.3 529.3

Groundnut,w 267.8 377.2 477.9 596.1 643.6 673.2 748.4 806.4 827.2 840.8

Sesame,e 148.0 187.9 286.5 351.3 285.4 433.7 489.4 537.0 521.8 528.5

Sesame,l 64.4 110.9 89.3 122.6 153.1 179.8 211.7 228.7 268.3 258.9

Mustard 8.1 8.2 29.9 42.6 50.5 57.2 66.3 83.0 85.2 87.1

Production of selected crops

Thousand ton

Prevention and control of infectious diseases of animals

Veterinary Health Certificate

Artificial Insemination service

Animal feed quality assessment

Capacity building (local / Abroad)

Production of UMMB and EM

Livestock Research and Development

Vaccine production & Diagnostic work

Upgrading animal genetic by natural and artificial insemination.

Public awareness ( or ) extension work

76

Particulars 1990-

1991

1995-

1996

2000-

2001

2004-

2005

2005-

2006

2006-

2007

2007-

2008

2008-

2009

2009-

2010

2010-

2011

Cattle 9310 9862 10982 11944 12150 12393 12664 12964 13185 13609

Baffalo 2061 2203 2441 2651 2710 2773 2845 2927 2875 2977

S&Goat 1354 1504 1807 2250 2437 2661 2922 3233 3609 4084

Pig 2278 2970 3974 5366 5786 6432 7092 7817 8496 9416

Fowl 23323 28452 47755 77116 84829 96847 110614 124993 138938 156407

Duck 3245 5014 6556 8591 9271 10239 11234 12368 12835 14051

Livestock Production

Sr.

No.

Particulars 2012-2013

(Estimates)

1 Cattle 14.51

2 Buffalo 3.20

3 Sheep 0.88

4 Goat 4.35

5 Pig 11.43

6 Poultry 194.22

7 Duck 16.77

8 Quail 0.89

( number in millions)

Feedstuffs in

Super Cow’s Diet

• Rice straw (46%)

• Wheat bran (9.18%)

• Maize (9.72%)

• Sesame meal (7.56%)

• Chickpea husk (13.5%)

• Point (14.04%)

Feedstuffs in Kaung

Htet San’s Diet

• Rice straw (21%)

• Broken chickpea (35%)

• Cotton seed meal (32%)

• Chickpea husk (5%)

• Rice (7%)

46:54 (roughage & concentrate ratio)

21:79 (roughage & concentrate ratio)

Estimated values of ME, RDP, UDP, Total protein, RDN/OMDR and milk yield

of cross-bred Holstein Friesian lactating cows in compared with adopted valuesreferenced to NRC

Description Estimated value Adopted value

Super Cow

ME, Mcal 22.12 23.83

RDP, g 777.95 753.00

UDP, g 162.73 511.00

Total protein, g 940.68 1264.00

RDN/OMDR, g/kg 22.47 32.00*

Milk yield, kg 8.25 8.00

Kaung Htet San

ME, Mcal 31.58 27.24

RDP, g 2550.87 883.00

UDP, g 199.83 540.00

Total protein, g 2750.70 1423.00

RDN/OMDR, g/kg 47.61 32.00*

Milk yield, kg 11.53 9.00

Estimated values of ME, Total protein, Milk yield and Feed cost

DescriptionCD FD-I FD-II

ME, Mcal/kg of DM 2.1a

2.6b

2.6b

Total CP intake, kg 1.0a

1.5b

1.8c

Milk yield, kg, 4.5% FCM 9.1a 12.2b

11.2c

Feed cost, kyat/cow/d 1380 1320 1540

Feed cost, kyat/kg of milk 170b

130a 170b

Nitrogen utilization of dairy cattle fed respective diets

Description Control

group

Treatment 1

group

Treatment

2 group

Total N intake,

g/d 481.25a 362.33b 422.65c

Faecal N, g/d 156.08 145.52 166.24

Urinary N, g/d 182.00a 73.52b 76.20b

N retention, g/d 143.17a 143.29ab 180.22b

Nf/NI, % 32.43a 40.16b 39.33b

Nu/NI, % 37.82a 20.29b 18.03b

Nr/NI, % 29.75a 39.55ab 42.64b

77

Estimated values of milk yield and feed cost in cross-bredHolstein Friesian lactating cows fed on rations

Description Control

group

Treatment 1

group

Treatment

2 group

Milk yield, kg 13.81 13.54 14.22

Feed

cost/cow/d (kt)2776.91a 2264.07b 2640.34c

Feed cost/kg of

milk (kt)201.08a 167.21b 185.68c

Feed cost/kg of

TDN (kt)284.81a 239.58b 235.96c

78

THAILAND COUNTRY REPORT

T. Phonbumrung, K. Rimkeeree, and A. Permphol

1. BACKGROUND

• Thailand is one of the world largest food producing and

exporting countries with a GDP of US$ 382.46 billion and population of 64.6 million in 2012 (NESDB, 2013).

• The agriculture and livestock sectors account for 12.2% and 2.5% of GDP, respectively.

•The major livestock industry species are chicken, swine, dairy cattle, beef cattle with goat and sheep occupying minor positions .

Year Beef

Cattle

Dairy

Cattle

Buffalo Goats Sheep Swine Chicken Ducks

2008 9.11 0.47 1.36 0.37 0.04 7.74 235.60 22.72

2009 8.60 0.48 1.39 0.38 0.04 8.54 281.67 27.57

2010 6.43 0.53 1.19 0.38 0.04 8.35 266.03 29.23

2011 6.58 0.56 1.23 0.43 0.05 9.68 316.53 32.18

2012 6.33 0.58 1.24 0.49 0.04 10.98 384.18 36.69

%change, 2002-2012 14.05 61.21 -23.46 176.37 -4.97 63.88 67.94 46.58

%change, 2008-2012 -30.52 22.96 -8.82 31.48 -14.55 41.86 63.06 61.49

Table 1: Livestock population (million heads) in Thailand.

North Northeast Central South Total

1. Major rice

1.1 Planted area, ha 2,413,724 6,298,874 1,524,987 162,060 10,399,645

1.2 Production, tons 7,873,856 13,208,883 5,462,249 405,339 26,950,327

1.3 Yield, kg/ha 3,262 2,097 3,582 2,501 2,591

2. Second crop rice

2.1 Planted area, ha 1,218,525 459,309 1,135,323 70,883 2,884,040

2.2 Production, tons 5,196,586 1,626,533 5,164,356 234,050 12,221,525

2.3 Yield, kg/ha 4,265 3,541 4,549 3,302 4,238

3. Total rice production

3.1 Planted area, ha 2,413,724 6,298,874 1,524,987 162,060 10,399,645

3.2 Production, tons 13,070,442 14,835,416 10,626,605 639,389 39,171,852

3.3 Yield, kg/ha 5,415 2,355 6,968 3,945 3,767

Table 2: Rice cultivation areas, production and yield 2012


1. Corn

1.1 Planted area, ha 754,549 299,070 125,100 1,178,719

1.2 Production, tons 3,131,627 1,314,931 518,073 4,964,631

1.3 Yield, kg/ha 4,150 4,397 4,141 4,212

2. Mungbeans

2.1 Planted area, ha 139,512 3,331 3,534 226 146,603

2.2 Production, tons 98,520 1,975 2,525 160 103,180

2.3 Yield, kg/ha 706 593 714 709 704

3. Cassava

3.1 Planted area, ha 307,729 790,183 382,749 1,480,661

3.2 Production, tons 6,197,571 15,203,382 8,009,167 29,410,120

3.3 Yield, kg/ha 20,140 19,240 20,925 19,863

Table 3: Crop cultivation areas and yield


4. Sugarcane

4.1 Planted area, ha 348,769 518,393 414,919 1,282,082

4.2 Production, tons 28,912,702 37,209,173 32,278,590 98,400,465

4.3 Yield, kg/ha 82,899 71,778 77,795 76,751

5. Oil palm

5.1 Planted area, ha 4,691 16,444 82,799 586,581 690,516

5.2 Production, tons 10,560 100,860 1,144,790 10,070,450 11,326,660

5.3 Yield, kg/ha 2,251 6,133 13,826 17,168 16,403

6. Soybeans

6.1 Planted area, ha 33,804 14,870 169 48,844

6.2 Production, tons 55,581 22,992 310 78,883

6.3 Yield, kg/ha 1,644 1,546 1,830 1,615


79


7. Groundnuts

7.1 Planted area, ha 16,475 10,490 1,936 582 29,483

7.2 Production, tons 27,280 16,485 3,240 675 47,680

7.3 Yield, kg/ha 1,656 1,572 1,674 1,159 1,617

8. Coconuts

8.1 Planted area, ha 1,950 1,403 96,681 113,945 213,978

8.2 Production, tons 11,791 6,948 484,055 533,864 1,036,658

8.3 Yield, kg/ha 6,047 4,953 5,007 4,685 4,845

9. Pineapples

9.1 Planted area, ha 19,406 3,009 78,395 869 101,679

9.2 Production, tons 462,543 72,701 1,890,118 25,004 2,450,366

9.3 Yield, kg/ha 23,835 24,159 24,110 28,785 24,099


Major crops Production

(tons)

Grain for feed Residue Oil cake/meals Bran/husk/waste

HI

Quantity

(tons) HI

Quantity

(tons) HI

Quantity

(tons) ER

Quantity

(tons)

1. Rice 39,171,852 0 1 39,171,852 0 0.25 9,792,963

2. Corn 4,964,631 1.00 4,964,631 2.5 12,411,578 0 0.1 496,463

3. Cassava 29,410,120 1.00 29,410,120 0.08 2,352,810 0 0.1 2,941,012

4. Sugarcane 98,400,465 0 0.25 24,600,116 0 0

5. Palm oil 11,326,660 0 0.25 2,831,665 0.3 3,397,998 0.2 2,265,332

6. Soybeans 78,883 0 2 157,766 0.7 55,218 0.3 23,665

7. Coconuts 1,036,658 0 0 0.4 414,663 0

8. Pineapple 2,450,366 0 2 4,900,732 0 0.25 612,592

186,839,635 34,374,751 8 86,426,518 1 3,867,879 1 16,132,027

Table 4: Primary production, residues and by-products of major crops in Thailand 2012

Source Adapted from OAE, Agricultural Statistics of Thailand, 2012HI Harvest IndexER Extraction rate

Species North Northeast Central South Total

1. Communal pasture 107,596 220,338 31,706 9,578 369,218

2. Improved pastures

2.1 Areas 31,381 92,759 24,387 35,869 184,396

2.2 Farmers 6,196 45,974 4,585 3,826 60,581

2.3 Average 5 2 5 9 3

3. Number of farms by Species

3.1 Ruzi grass 4,958 27,654 2,740 1,276 36,628

3.2 Guinea grass 512 16,654 222 866 18,254

3.3 Pangola grass 531 475 1,205 44 2,255

3.4 Napier grass 47 304 291 525 1,167

3.5 Atratum grass 21 241 77 859 1,198

3.6 Plicatulum grass 40 234 274

3.7 Hamata grass 127 583 35 21 766

3.8 Others 23 15 1 39

Total 6,196 45,974 4,585 3,826 60,581

Table 5 Areas of communal areas and improved pastures (hectare) in Thailand 2012

Data sources Data available Availability

Office of Agricultural

Economic

Cultivation areas, production and Annually

Department of Livestock

Development

- Number of livestock by species by age

groups and by regions.

Annually

- Number of feed factories, feed

suppliers, feed distributer statistics.

Annually

- Quantity of raw material feed import

and export

Annually

- Cultivation areas of communal lands

and improved pasture

Annually

- Quantity of pasture seed production by

species

Annually

- Chemical composition and nutritional

value of feedstuffs, forage and

compound feeds in Thailand

Table 6: Data sources and their availability

Data sources Data available Availabili

ty

Thailand Feed Mill Association - Quantity of compound feed production,

raw material requirement

Annually

Harvest index of major crops data On the process of developing

Extraction index of major crops

data

On the process of developing

National feed resources inventory On the process of developing

National livestock feed and

nutrient requirement

On the process of developing

Table 6: Data sources and their availability

4. Feeding systems in Thailand

Livestock

Types

Agro-

ecological

Zone

Production

Systems

Feeding Systems

Native cattle North,

Northeast

and Central

Mixed

crop-

livestock

systems

(MCLS)

Natural grass and crop residues based

feeding systems: All year grazing on paddy

and upland crops field after or before

harvesting season with provision of crop

waste and crop by-product.

South Mixed

crop-

livestock

systems

(MCLS)

Under plantation grazing with cut and

carry and crop residue feeding systems:

Grazing under plantation i.e. rubber, palm oil,

orchard and roadside with provision of cut

and carry fodder grass and fodder tree leaves,

palm kernel meal and palm frond.

80


Livestock

Types

Agro-

ecological

Zone

Production

Systems

Feeding Systems

Beef cattle North,

Northeast

and Central

Mixed

crop-

livestock

systems

(MCLS)

Natural grass with cut and carry and crop

residues based feeding systems: All year

grazing on paddy and upland crops field after

or before harvesting season with provision of

cut and carry pasture or grazing on improved

pasture and supplementary of crop waste, crop

by-product and/or compound feed.

South Mixed

crop-

livestock

systems

(MCLS)

Under plantation grazing with cut and

carry and crop residue feeding systems:

Grazing under plantation i.e. rubber, palm oil,

orchard and roadside with provision of cut and

carry fodder grass and fodder tree leaves, palm

kernel meal and palm frond.


Livestock

Types

Agro-

ecological

Zone

Production

Systems

Feeding Systems

Fattening

cattle

Intensive

systems

Intensive confine feedlot feeding systems: Short

period confine feedlotting based on compound

concentrate feed with minimum quantity of

roughage fiber in a ratio of 70:30.

Buffalo North,

Northeast,

Central

Mixed crop-

livestock

systems

(MCLS)

Natural grass and crop residues based feeding

systems: All year grazing on paddy and upland

crops field after or before harvesting season with

provision of crop waste and crop by-product.


Livestock

Types

Agro-

ecological

Zone

Production

Systems

Feeding Systems

Dairy cattle North,

Northeast

Central

Intensive

Production

Systems

(IPS)

Intensive cut and carry and crop by product

systems: Roughage based on intensive improved

pasture provides by daily cut and carry systems

with equal quantity of high nutrient compound

concentrate of 50:50 ratio.

South Intensive

Production

Systems

(IPS)

Under plantation grazing with cut and carry

and crop residue feeding systems: Grazing

under plantation i.e. rubber, palm oil, orchard

and roadside with provision of cut and carry

fodder grass and fodder tree leaves, palm kernel

meal and palm frond.


Livestock

Types

Agro-

ecological

Zone

Production

Systems

Feeding Systems

Dairy cattle North,

Northeast

Central

Intensive

Production

Systems

(IPS)

Intensive cut and carry and crop by product

systems: Roughage based on intensive improved

pasture provides by daily cut and carry systems

with equal quantity of high nutrient compound

concentrate of 50:50 ratio.

South Intensive

Production

Systems

(IPS)

Under plantation grazing with cut and carry

and crop residue feeding systems: Grazing

under plantation i.e. rubber, palm oil, orchard

and roadside with provision of cut and carry

fodder grass and fodder tree leaves, palm kernel

meal and palm frond.

5.1 Compound feed production

Types Feed production Livestock (heads)

Average

(kg/head)

1. Broiler feeds 3,904,956 986,100,000 3.96

2. Broiler parent stock feeds 608,328 12,070,000 50.40

3. Layer pullets and chicks feeds 659,967 30,460,000 21.67

4. Layer hens feeds 1,452,400 36,310,000 40.00

5. Layer parent stock feeds 18,800 470,000 40.00

6. Finishing pig feeds 3,245,000 11,000,000 295.00

7. Breeder pig feeds 790,500 850,000 930.00

8. Meat ducks feeds 252,000 30,000,000 8.40

9. Layer ducks feeds 130,000 2,000,000 65.00

10. Breeder duck feeds 21,900 300,000 73.00

11. Dairy cattle feeds 474,500 325,000 1,460.00

12. Shrimp feeds 720,000

13. Fish feeds 571,860

Total 12,850,211

5.2 Raw materials in Compound feed

Fish meal

Soybean

meals Corn Rice bran

1. Broiler feeds 117,149 1,171,487 2,421,073

2. Broiler parent stock feeds 18,250 152,082 364,997

3. Layer pullets and chicks

feeds 19,799 164,992 395,980

4. Layer hens feeds 72,620 363,100 798,820

5. Layer parent stock feeds 564 4,700 11,280

6. Finishing pig feeds 97,350 649,000 811,250 649,000

7. Breeder pig feeds 39,525 158,100 355725

8. Meat ducks feeds 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200

9. Layer ducks feeds 10,400 19,500 52,000

10. Breeder duck feeds 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855

11. Dairy cattle feeds 23,725 71,175

12. Shrimp feeds 72,000 144,000

13. Fish feeds 114,372 171,558 171,558

Total 578,463 3,079,214 5,086,123 1,154,780

81

5.3 Inclusion rates of raw materials

Fish meals

Soybean

meals Corn Rice bran

1. Broiler feeds 3 30 62

2. Broiler parent stock feeds 3 25 60

3. Layer pullets and chicks

feeds 3 25 60

4. Layer hens feeds 3 25 55

5. Layer parent stock feeds 3 25 60

6. Finishing pig feeds 3 20 25 20

7. Breeder pig feeds 5 20 45

8. Meat ducks feeds 6 20 15 35

9. Layer ducks feeds 8 15 45

10. Breeder duck feeds 6 30 10 40

11. Dairy cattle feeds 5 15

12. Shrimp feeds 10 20

13. Fish feeds 20 30 30

5.4 Importation of feeds and raw materialsFeed categories Exportes Quantity (tons) Value Value

(miilion Thai baht) (million USD)

1. Soybean meals Brazil 1,558,694.89 22,755.10 758.50

Argentina 1,037,496.03 15,382.19 512.74

India 458,147.76 6,522.51 217.42

United States 16,566.92 253.08 8.44

Others 52,573.66 73.18 2.44

Total 3,123,479.26 44,986.06 1499.54

2. DDGS United States 510,473.10 2,384.08 79.47

Canada 11,344.02 123.17 4.11

Australia 1,764.28 17.42 0.58

Others 2,468.79 99.44 3.31

Total 526,050.19 2,624.11 87.47

3. Wheat by-products Turkey 32,111.64 418.30 13.94

Slovania 14,582.00 227.30 7.58

China 11,271.73 193.26 6.44

United States 1,200.84 14.28 0.48

Others 1,605,544.22 16,168.19 538.94

Total 1,664,710.43 17,021.33 567.38

4. Corn products United States 34,681.92 755.77 25.19

India 3,700.00 65.17 2.17

China 2,322.15 57.54 1.92

Total 40,704.07 878.48 29.28

Other raw material 938,220.06 15,483.45 516.12

Total raw materials 6,293,164.01 80,993.43 2,699.78

5.4 Importation of feeds and raw materials

Feed categories Exportes

Quantity

(tons) Value Value

(miilion Thai baht) (million USD)

Compound feeds

5. Pet feed United States 5,743.25 392.44 13.08

France 3,939.90 303.57 10.12

Australia 3,270.65 233.00 7.77

Others 1,521.45 74.87 2.50

Total 14,475.25 1,003.88 33.46

6. Premixes Singapore 16,183.00 2,622.68 87.42

China 12,283.01 1,858.09 61.94

United States 15,018.85 1,490.67 49.69

Netherland 7,701.56 1,299.23 43.31

Taiwan 4,785.30 284.66 9.49

Canada 3,393.33 292.18 9.74

Others 44,833.20 3,681.14 122.70

Total 104,198.25 11,528.65 384.29

Total compound

feeds 118,673.50 12,532.53 417.75

5.4 Importation of feeds and raw materialsDairy products

7. Whey Netherland 3,034.78 109.04 3.63

Spain 2,100.00 81.59 2.72

German 1,785.00 40.84 1.36

Others 3,502.65 125.96

Total 10,422.43 357.43 11.91

8. Skimmilk Netherland 12,320.59 343.65 11.46

France 720.23 25.76 0.86

Total 13,040.82 369.41 12.31

9. Milk replacers Netherland 3,133.62 114.10 3.80

United States 55.25 38.54 1.28

Others 530.25 55.03 1.83

Total 3,719.12 207.67 5.09

10. Processed whay United States 13,292.40 394.55 13.15

Netherland 475.00 12.39 0.41

German 150.00 4.85 0.16

Total 13,917.40 411.79 13.73

Total dairy

products 41,099.77 1,346.30 43.04

82

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

1. Feed assessment and establishment of a national feed inventory is intimately linked with:

annual feed stock estimation,

feed and nutrition management,

stocking rate decisions,

feed resource management in response to seasonal fluctuations and natural disasters,

understanding of land use transformation,

environmental impacts of food animal production (e.g. GHGs).

2. Feeding system characterization is valuable for

efficient resource use (including non-conventional feeds),

improving productivity

3. Data are a key challenge in all countries: either data are not available or, in case of availability,

they are fragmented, scattered and not in the required format. In many countries access to data is

restricted.

4. Further development of the methods is foreseen to make them more flexible and to incorporate

country specificities.

5. This workshop is only a starting point of this type of work. It was is intended to provide

participants with a better understanding of the issues and methodological guidelines. The workshop

was an excellent base for sharing and gaining knowledge from each other.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Elaborating feed balances should be a continuous activity which is carried out at local, national,

and regional level (at least) annually.

2. Feed assessments should be institutionalized with national governments by identifying the key

national organization(s) and by FAO providing incentives and guidance.

3. Establishment of linkages among several institutions is recommended:

Feed mill association (can provide data especially for grains)

Ministries

Livestock and poultry associations

Breeding associations

Import export bureau

4. National feed assessment taskforces in each country may lead to institutionalize for long-term

sustainability of this work.

5. Need to operate under “coordinating center” which might be supported by FAO for the time being

that will develop a standard questionnaire for every country. Countries will fill the questionnaire

annually, and a model based on EXCEL can be developed to estimate the feed inventory in a

comparable manner in a dynamic way (time series).

83

6. Data should cover as many aspects as possible in order to allow for a comprehensive feed

inventory. Data should be collected from as many sources as possible to improve coverage and

enable consistency and plausibility checks. In case of limited/unreliable secondary data, surveys

should be conducted.

7. Applied conversion factors are major determinants of the feed assessment results. Hence,

agreement on a common approach for all countries, including the use of similar terminology, is

needed for:

Extraction factors;

Harvest indices;

Harvest losses;

Proportion of grain used as livestock feed.

For the estimation of conversion factors, it is also advisable either to collect data from secondary

sources or to conduct surveys. In case of new crop varieties, surveys are the priority option. All

estimations related with feed should be on Dry Matter basis.

8. Adult cattle units (ACU) should be replaced by actual nutrient requirements of different livestock

and poultry. It was request to India was requested to provide their feeding standard data.

9. Feeding systems from different agro-ecological zone are very important to characterize because

they determine the actual feeding practices of the farmers.

10. Participatory Feed Assessments (PFA) might be a way to generate primary data on feed

resources that can replace expensive surveys.

84

TIMETABLE

Tuesday 13 August, morning

Time Topic Speaker

08:30 – 09:00 Registration

09:00 – 09:30 Inauguration

09:00 – 09:15 Opening remarks

DRR RAP and APHCA

Secretary

09:15 – 09:45 Asia-Pacific Livestock Sector Trends Dr J. Otte

09:45 – 10:15 Importance and Role of Feed Assessments Dr H. Makkar

10:15 – 10:30 Discussion

10:30 – 11:00 Group Photo & Coffee / Tea Break

11:00 – 12:45 South Asia Country Reports, Q&A

11.00 – 11:30 Bangladesh Country Report Dr M. Uddin

11:30 – 12:00 Bhutan Country Report Dr J. Gyeltshen

12:00 – 12:30 India Country Report Dr T. Vaid and S.

Anandan


12:45 – 14:00 Lunch Break

Tuesday 13 August, afternoon

Time Topic Speaker

14:00 – 15:45 South Asia Country Reports, Q&A cont.

14:00 – 14:30 Nepal Country Report Dr D. Yadav

14:30 – 15:00 Pakistan Country Report Dr G. Habib

15:00 – 15:30 Sri Lanka Country Report Dr G. Premalal


15:45 – 16:15 Coffee / Tea Break

16:15 – 17:45 Topical Issues in Animal Nutrition

16:15 – 16:45 Indian Livestock Feed Portal – Features and Utility Dr S. Anandan

16:45 – 17:15 Balanced Feeding at Smallholders’ Doors and its Impact on Milk

Production, Profitability and Methane Emission

Dr M. Garg

17:15 – 17:45 Use of Co-products of Biofuel Industries as Livestock Feed:

Opportunities and Challenges

Dr H. Makkar


18:30 – 20:00 Hosted Dinner

85

Wednesday 14 August, morning

Time Topic Speaker

08:30 – 10:15 East and SE Asia Country Reports, Q&A

08:30 – 09:00 Indonesia Country Report Dr M. Hutasuhut

09:00 – 09:30 Lao PDR Country Report Dr S. Nakasene

09:30 – 10:00 Malaysia Country Report Dr F. Muhayat



10:45 –12:15 East and SE Asia Country Reports, Q&A cont.

10:45 –11:15 Mongolia Country Report Dr M. Batjargal

11:15 –11:45 Myanmar Country Report Dr T. Soe

11:45 –12:15 Discussion


Wednesday 14 August, afternoon

Time Topic Speaker

13:30 –15:00 East and SE Asia Country Reports, Q&A cont.

13:30 – 14:00 Philippine Country Report Dr L. Valcarcel

14:00 – 14:30 Thailand Country Report Dr A. Permphol



15:30 – 16:30 Facilitated Discussion

Knowledge gaps in feed assessments and characterization of feeding systems

Dr C. Prasad and Dr

H. Makkar

16:30 – 17:30 Working Groups

Approaches for characterisation of feeding systems and how countries should characterize feeding systems

17:30 – 18:00 Reporting of Working Groups and Discussion

18:30 – 20:00 Hosted Dinner

86

Thursday 15 August, morning

Time Topic Speaker

09:00 – 11:00 Working Groups

Identification of approaches for national feed assessments

Establishing and updating of national feed assessments (who, how, how often)


11:30 – 12:30 Reporting of Working Groups and Discussion


Thursday 15 August, afternoon

Time Topic Speaker


Establishment of a network / platform / mechanism to institutionalize feed use / availability data collection and sharing system

Dr J. Otte


Other feed and feeding related issues that APHCA should consider undertaking

Dr. H. Makkar


16:00 – 16:30 Discussion on Way Forward and Closure

87

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Country Name Affiliation and Address E-mail

BANGLADESH

MOHAMMAD UDDIN

Professor Bangladesh Agriculture University Mymensingh, Bangladesh

[email protected]

BHUTAN

JAMBAY GYELTSHEN Program Director

National Centre for Animal Nutrition Department of Livestock Ministry of Agriculture Bumthang, Bhutan

[email protected]

CHINA

TIAN WEIMING

Professor China Agricultural University Room 404, Building 214 No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu Beijing 100193, China

[email protected]

INDIA

C.S. PRASAD

Director National Institute of Animal Nutrition & Physiology (ICAR) Adugodi, Bangalore 560030 India

[email protected] [email protected]

TERINDER K. VAID

Fodder Agronomist Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Room. 501, Krishi Bhawan New Delhi, India

[email protected]

INDIA

SEMIRADDYPALLE ANANDAN

Principal Scientist National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP) Adugodi, Bangalore, India

[email protected]

MANGET R. GARG

General Manager National Dairy Development Board PB No. 40, NDDB, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India

[email protected]

INDONESIA

DESIANTO B UTOMO

Secretary General Indonesian Feed Mills Association Jl Ancol VIII/I, Ancol Barat North Jakarta, Indonesia

[email protected]

MARADOLI HUTASUHUT

Head Sub-directorate Feed Quality and Safety Directorate of Animal Feeding Ministry of Agriculture Jl Harsono RM No. 3, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia

[email protected], [email protected]

88


LAO PDR

SISOUPHANH NAKASENE

Director Livestock Farming Technical Standard Control Center

[email protected]

MALAYSIA

FUZIAH MUHAYAT

Head Animal Feed Section Department of Veterinary Services Putrajaya, Malaysia

[email protected]

MONGOLIA

NATSAGDORJI BATJARGAL

Deputy Director Animal Health and Breeding Department Government Building 9 Enkhtaivan Avenue 16 am Bayazurkh District, Ulaan Baatar 2210349, Mongolia

[email protected]

MYANMAR

TIN MAUNG SOE

Research Officer Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Building No. 36 Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar

[email protected]

NEPAL DEVENDRA P. YADAV

Chief Livestock Development Officer National Pasture and Animal Feed Center Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur Kathmandu, Nepal

[email protected]

PAKISTAN

GHULAM HABIB

Professor Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences KP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan

[email protected]

PHILIPPINES

LORNE B. VALCARCEL

Agriculturist II Bureau of Animal Industry-Department of Agriculture Visayas Ave, Diliman Quezon City, Philippines

[email protected]

SRI LANKA

PREMALAL G. CHANDRASIRI

Research Officer/Assistant Director Department of Animal Production and Health Veterinary Research Institute Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Chandrasiri.Premalal. [email protected]

THAILAND

ADUL PERMPHOL

Department of Livestock Development Bangkok, Thailand

[email protected]

THUMRONGSAKD PHONBUMRUNG

Department of Livestock Development Bangkok, Thailand

[email protected]

89


ANUROJANA PUNYAWAN

Vice President CP Group, Feed Technology Office 313 CP Tower, 14

th Floor

Silom, Bangkok 10500, Thailand

[email protected]

KOMKRIS EKACHAT Senior Animal Feed Expert BETAGRO Betagro Tower (North Park) 323 Viphawadee Rangsit, Laksi Bangkok 10210, Thailand

[email protected]

SUWANNEE TAEPAISITPONG

Senior Procurement Manager Oil and Protein Plant Products BETAGRO Betagro Tower (North Park) 323 Viphawadee Rangsit, Laksi Bangkok 10210, Thailand

[email protected]

VIETNAM DO ANH TUAN NGUYEN

Director Center for Agricultural Policy Institute of Policy & Strategy for Agriculture & Rural Development No. 16, Thuy Khue Str., Hanoi, Vietnam

[email protected]

FAO ROME DENIS DRECHSLER HARINDER MAKKAR

Economics and Trade Division (EST) Animal Production and Health Division (AGA) Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy

[email protected] [email protected]

FAO BANGKOK (RAP)

JOACHIM OTTE VINOD AHUJA VISHNU SONGKITTI YUPAPORN SIMUANGNGNAM KENTA SUSAKI

Senior Animal Production and Health Officer Livestock Policy Officer APHCA Liaison Officer APHCA IT Clerk Intern FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAORAP)

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Malian Mansion, 39 Phra Atit Rd., Bangkok, Thailand

mailto:[email protected]



90


APRACA

WON SIK NOH THANAWAN AMPAIPANVIJIT UNCHANA STEANE SOFIA CHAMPANAND

Secretary General Administrative Officer Accountant Publications Assistant 469 Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives Nakhonsawan Rd. Suanchitlada, Dusit Bangkok, Thailand

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]


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