Report of Sardar Sarovar Hydro Power Plant

1ST FEBRUARY 2012

K. J. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SAVLI

Report

Of

Sardar sarovar hydro power plant

PERPARED BY:

SHEEL T. SHAH

[email protected]

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We all express our sincere thanks to our faculty Mr. Jay Patel, Mr. Mehul Hariyani and Ms. Jyoti Gautam for Designation, Course Co-ordinator from guiding us right from the inception till the successful completion of the SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO POWER PLANT visit. We sincerely acknowledge our faculty for extending their valuable guidance and support during our visit and they provided all moral support to us with all stages at the time of visit.

We would also like to thank the other supporting staff Mr. B.K. Solanki Sir for their help and co-operation through our power plant visit.

Last but not least we are greatly thankful to management of K.J.CAMPUS.

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INDEX1. INTRODUCTION OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC

POWER PLANT

2. HISTROY OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

3. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

4. SITE SELECTION FOR HYDRO POWER PLANT

5. CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

6. WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

7. MAIN PARTS OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

8. MAIN FEATURES OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO POWER PLANT

9. POWER GENERATION UNITS OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO POWER PLANT

10. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

11. DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

12. CONCLUSION

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INTRODUCTION OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT:-

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada River near Navagam, Gujarat, India. It is the largest dam and part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectric multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity.

It is the 30th largest dams planned on river Narmada, Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD) is the largest structure to be built. It has a proposed final height of 163 m (535 ft.) from foundation.The project will irrigate more than 18,000 km2 (6,900 sq. mi), most of it in drought prone areas of Kutch and Saurashtra.

The dam's main power plant houses SIX 200 MW Francis pump-turbines to generate electricity and afford a pumped-storage capability. Additionally, a power plant on the intake for the main canal contains FIVE 50 MW Kaplan turbine-generators. The total installed capacity of the power facilities is 1,450 MW.

Critics maintain that its negative environmental impacts outweigh its benefits. It has created discord between its government planners and the citizens group Narmada Bachao Andolan.

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HISTROY OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT:-

The Narmada River, which originates at the town of Shahdol in the state of MadhyaPradesh, flows for 1,300 km through Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh - the threestates of western and central India and empties into the Arabian Sea. It has 41 tributariesand its basin is home to more than 20 million people.

After India's independence in 1947, the river became the inevitable source of interstatewater disputes, with each of the three states proposing their own schemes to harness its irrigation and power potential. (The Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal was set up in 1969 to distribute these river resources equitably among the states). The plans becameincreasingly ambitious, eventually leading to the current goal of building 3,200 damswithin the next 100 years.

Of these, the largest and most important is the Sardar Sarovar Dam,approved by the Indian Federal Government in April 1987. To assist the project, the WorldBank came forward with a loan of Rs. 7 billion (C$455 million), of which the sum of Rs. 650million (C$42.25 million) has already been given to the government. The rest is stalledbecause of the outcry from environmentalists and social workers. This is not the firstcontroversy over major development in India, the 1980s saw a number of people'smovements protesting against the building of big dams and hydroelectric projects. Despitethe opposition and stalemate on the loan, work on the dam sites continues.

The plan for harnessing the river for irrigation and power generation in the Narmada basin was initiated in 1946. Seven projects including the Bharuch project were identified during the initial Survey and 4 projects Bharuch (Gujarat), Bargi, Tawa and Punasa in Madhya Pradesh were given top priority for investigation. After the completion of investigation, the proposed dam at Gora in Gujarat with the full reservoir level (FRL) 161 ft (49.80m) was selected and the foundation stone was laid by the late Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 5th April, 1961. However as more detailed, modernised contour sheets from the Survey of India were available thereafter, possibility of raising the height of the dam for optimum utilization of water was considered.

In 1964, to resolve the dispute about sharing of the Narmada Waters between the Governments of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, the Government of India appointed an expert committee under the Chairmanship of late Dr. Khosla which recommended a higher dam with FRL 500 ft (152.44m) in 1965. However, Govt. of M.P. was not agreeable to development of Narmada water as per Khosla Committee report and hence the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT) was constituted by the Government of India in 1969, under the Inter State River Water Disputes Act, 1956. NWDT pronounce its award in 1979.

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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water due to its high location is converted into electrical energy. The total power generation capacity of the hydroelectric power plants depends on the head of water and volume of water flowing towards the water turbine.

The hydroelectric power plant, also called as Dam or Hydropower plant, is used for generation of electricity from water on large scale basis. The dam is built across the large river that has sufficient quantity of water throughout the river. In certain cases where the river is very large, more than one dam can built across the river at different locations.

The water flowing in the river possesses two type of energy: The Kinetic energy due to flow of water and The Potential energy due to the height of water. In hydroelectric power and potential energy of water is utilized to generate electricity.

The formula for total power that can be generated from water in hydroelectric power plant due to its height is given,

P = r*h*g

Where, P = Total power that can be produced in Watts.

r = Flow rate of water measured in Cubic meters per second.

h = It is difference in height between the source of water (from where water is taken)and the water’s outflow (where the water is used to generate electricity, it is the place near the turbines).

g = Gravity Constant = 9.81 meter per second sq.

The formula clearly shows that the total power that can be generated from the hydroelectric power plants depends on two major factors, the flow rate of water or volume of flow of water and height or head of water.

More the volume of water and more the head of water more is the power produced in the hydroelectric power plant. To obtain the high head of water the reservoir of water should as high as possible and power generation unit should be as low as possible. The maximum height of reservoir of water is fixed by natural factors like the heightofriverbed, the amount of water and other environmental factors.

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SITE SELECTION FOR HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

Some point that should be given importance while selecting a site for Hydro-electric power station is given below.

1) Availability of Water:-

Since the primary requirement for a hydroelectric power station, is the availability of huge amount of water such plants should be built at a place (e.g.river, canal) where adequate water is available at a good head.

2) Storage of Water:-

There are wide variations in water supply from a river or canal during the year. This makes its necessary to store water by constructing a dam in order to ensure the generation of power throughout the year. The storage helps in equalizing the flow of water so that any excess quantity of water at a certain period of the year can be made available during times of very low flow in the river.

3) Cost and Type of Land:-

The land for the construction of plant should be available at a reasonable price.Further, the bearing capacity of the soil should be adequate to withstand the installation of heavy equipment.

4) Transportation Facilities:-

The site selected for the hydro-electric plant should be accessible by rail and road so that necessary equipment and machinery could be easily transported.

It is clear from the above mentioned factors that ideal choice of site for such a plant is near a river in hilly areas where dam can be conveniently built and large reservoirs can be obtained.

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Site of Sardar Sarovar Dam

CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

Pumped-Storage Plants:-

There's another type of hydropower plant, called the pumped-storage plant. In a conventional hydropower plant, the water from the reservoir flows through the plant, exits and is carried downstream. A pumped-storage plant has two reservoirs:

Upper reservoir - Like a conventional hydropower plant, a dam creates a reservoir. The water in this reservoir flows through the hydropower plant to create electricity.

Lower reservoir - Water exiting the hydropower plant flows into a lower reservoir rather than re-entering the river and flowing downstream.

Using a reversible turbine, the plant can pump water back to the upper reservoir. This is done in off-peak hours. Essentially, the second reservoir refills the upper reservoir. By pumping water back to the upper reservoir, the plant has more water to generate electricity during periods of peak consumption.

The Generator:-

The heart of the hydroelectric power plant is the generator. Most hydropower plants have several of these generators.

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The generator, as you might have guessed, generates the electricity. The basic process of generating electricity in this manner is to rotate a series of magnets inside coils of wire. This process moves electrons, which produces electrical current.

Each generator is made of certain basic parts:

Shaft

Exciter

Rotor

Stator

As the turbine turns, the exciter sends an electrical current to the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnets that spins inside a tightly-wound coil of copper wire, called the stator. The magnetic field between the coil and the magnets creates an electric current.

Generator

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WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

A hydroelectric dam converts potential energy (and/or kinetic energy) to electrical energy by means of a turbine and alternator.

A typical hydroelectric dam has the following main parts:

Water reservoir: A large quantity of water is stored in a reservoir (or dam). The height or depth of the stored water determines how much electricity can be generated. As the depth increases, the generation of electricity also increases.

Gate: A control gate is used for releasing/blocking water from the dam. Depending upon the electricity requirements, the gate is opened.

Penstock: The released water from the dam reaches the turbine blade through the penstock. The proper slope and diameter of the penstock is important for the efficiency of the dam.

Turbine : The turbine consists of a number of large fan blades and a spindle. The spindle rotates when water strikes the blades. Thus the power of flowing water is converted to the rotational power of the spindle.

Alternator: The spindle of the turbine is connected to the alternator, where rotational power of the spindle is converted into electrical power. The produced electricity is then distributed to the grid.

River: The outflow of water from the turbine is released to a river.

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Working of Turbine:-

The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in elevation (there are not many hydroelectric plants in Kansas or Florida). The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake. Gravity causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam. At the end of the penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water.

The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power. Power lines are connected to the generator that carries electricity to your home and mine. The water continues past the propeller through the tailrace into the river past the dam. By the way, it is not a good idea to be playing in the water right below a dam when water is released!

Working of Turbine

As to how this generator works, the Corps of Engineers explains it this way:"A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity.” The operation of a generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday.

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Pumped storage: Reusing water for peak electricity demand

Pumped storage is a method of keeping water in reserve for peak period power demands by pumping water that has already flowed through the turbines back up a storage pool above the power plant at a time when customer demand for energy is low, such as during the middle of the night.

The water is then allowed to flow back through the turbine-generators at times when demand is high and a heavy load is placed on the system.

The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing power in the form of water when demands are low and producing maximum power during daily and seasonal peak periods. An advantage of pumped storage is that hydroelectric generating units are able to start up quickly and make rapid adjustments in output.

They operate efficiently when used for one hour or several hours. Because pumped storage reservoirs are relatively small, construction costs are generally low compared with conventional hydropower facilities.

Run-of-the-river:

Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam.

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MAIN PARTS OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

Flow Chart of Hydro Power Plant

1) Catchment area:-

The whole area behind the dam draining into streak or river across which the dam is been built at a suitable space is called catchment area.

2) Reservoir : - The reservoir is employed to stored water, which is further utilizes to

generate power. It may be generally of two types. a) Natural (e.g. SARDAR SAROVAR DAM) b) Artificial (Dam)

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Water is held in upstream reservoir is called storage & behind a dam at a plant is called pond age.

3) Dam : - A dam is a barrier to confine or raise water for storage or diversion to

create a hydraulic head. Dams are generally built are concrete for stone masonry, earth or rock fill or timber.

4) Spillways : - The rise of water level beyond the limit endangers the stability of dam

structure. To relieve reservoir of the excess of after contribution, a structure is provided in the body of dam or near the dam or on the periphery of basin .This safeguarding structure is called spillway.

5) Conduits : - Conduits are just simple channels of water that is they carry water from

the turbine. They may be open like canals or closed like penstocks, tunnels and pipelines.

6) Surge tanks : - A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which water level rises or falls

to reduce the pressure swings so that they are not transmitted in full to a closed circuits.

7) Draft tubes : - The draft tube is a conduit, which connects the runner exit to the tailrace.

8) Penstock :- From the intake work are fore bay water is taken to the turbine by a

conduit system is known as penstock. There are two type of penstock. (a) Low Pressure (b) High Pressure

High pressure penstock consists of channels or a pipe. Low penstock consists of a steel pipe which can take water under pressure.

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MAIN FEATURES OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

Main Dam1 Length of main concrete gravity dam 1210.00 m2 Maximum height above deepest foundation level 163.00 m3 Top R.L. of dam. 146.50 m4 Catchments area of river above dam site 88,000 Sq. km5 Live storage capacity 0.58M.Ha.m (4.7 MAF)6 Length of reservoir

Maximum widthAverage Width

214.00 km16.10 km1.77 km

7 Spillway gatesChute SpillwayService Spillway

7 Nos. 60' x 60'23 Nos. 60' x 55'

8 Spillway Capacity 84949.25 cusecs(30 lakh cusecs)

Main Canal1 Full supply level (F.S.L.) at H.R. 91.44 m (300 ft.)2 Length up to Gujarat - Rajasthan border 458.00 km3 Base width in head reach 73.01 m4 Full supply depth (F.S.D.) in head reach 7.60 m5 Design discharge capacity

(1) In head reach 1133 cusecs(40,000 cusecs)

(2) At Gujarat Rajasthan border 71 cusecs(2,500 cusecs)

Distribution System1 Numbers of Branches 402 Length of distribution system network 66000.00 km3 Annual irrigation 18.00 lakh hectares

Power Generation1 River bed power house (RBPH) 1200 MW2 Canal head power house (CHPH) 250 MW

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POWER GENERATION UNITS OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

At Sardar Sarovar Dam there are two types of power houses are built up for gain electricity.

1. River Bed Power House (RBPH)2. Canal Head Power House (CHPH)

1) River Bed Power House (RBPH):-

• The RBPH is an underground power house stationed on the right bank of the river located about 165 meters downstream of the dam.

• In RBPH installed SIX 200 MW to generate electricity.• The Turbine-Generator sets are supplied by M/S Sumitomo Corporation, Japan.• These units can operate at minimum reservoir water level of 110.64 meters. These six

units have been commissioned in a phase manner during Feb-05 to June-06. The generation of energy depends upon inflow of water from upstream projects and need of water for irrigation in Gujarat.

FRANCIS HYDRO TURBINE

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RIVER BED POWER HOUSE (RBPH)

• Features of RBPH :-

General1 Location Right Bank2 No. of units 63 Rated capacity of each unit 200 MW4 Installed capacity 1200 MW5 Type of turbines Francis (Reversible)6 Type of Power House Underground

Turbine1 Rated speed 136.36 RPM2 Dia. of runner 5.7 m3 Max. head race level 138.68 m (FRL)4 Min. head race level 110.64 m (MDDL)5 Max. tail water level 25.91 m6 Min. tail water level 20.80 m

Turbine Mode1 Output at 116.6.6 m head (Max.) 224.4 MW2 Output at 100 head (Design) 204 MW3 Output at 75 m head (Min.) 138 MW4 Discharge at 116.6 m head (Max.) 212.3 cusecs5 Discharge at 100 m head (Design) 227.5 cusecs6 Type of Power House Surface

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Pumping Mode1 Input at 114 m head (Max.) 204.5 MW2 Input at 100 m head (Design) 209.2 MW3 Input at 81 m head (Min.) 207.5 MW4 Discharge at 114 m head (Max.) 168.4 cusecs5 Discharge at 100 m head (Design) 197.5 cusecs6 Discharge at 81 m head (Min.) 233.4 cusecs

Generator1 Generator rated output 222.22 MVA2 Line voltage 13.8 + 10% KV3 Power Factor (Generating Mode) 0.9 (lag)4 Power Factor (Motoring Mode) 0.95 (lead)5 Frequency 50 (+3% Hz)

• At that time we visited the RBPH, two turbines number 5 & 6 were worked as turbine and creates electricity.

• Turbine number 4 & 3 were in standby mode means that they work as pump.• And turbine number 1 was in maintenance mode.

2) Canal Head Power House (CHPH):-

• The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoir.• In CHPH installed FIVE 50 MW Kaplan turbine to generate electricity.

• The Turbine is supplied by M/S BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.), India.• These five units have been commissioned in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04.

These units can be operated with minimum reservoir water level of 110.18 meters.• The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREB based on

irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water in reservoir and release from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh.

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KAPLAN HYDRO TURBINE

CANAL HEAD POWER HOUSE (CHPH)

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• Features of CHPH :-

General1 Location Right Bank2 No. of units 53 Rated capacity of each unit 50 MW4 Installed capacity 250 MW5 Type of turbines Kaplan (Conventional)6 Type of Power House Surface

Turbine1 Rated speed 136.4 RPM2 Dia. of runner 4.7 m3 Max. head race level 138.20 m4 Min. head race level 110.18 m5 Max. tail water level 95.10 m6 Min. tail water level 92.07 m

Generator1 Generator rated output 50.556 MVA (50MW)2 Max. Cant. output 61.111 MVA (55 MW)3 Line voltage 11.0 + 5% KV4 Power Factor 0.9 (lag)5 Frequency 50(+3%) Hz

• At that time we visited the CHPH, two turbines number 4 & 5 were worked as turbine and creates electricity.

• Turbine number 1 & 2 were in off mode.

The energy generated from both the power houses is to be evacuated through 400 KV level through interconnecting transformers at GIS, situated in RBPH switch yard. The 400 KV Switchyard is indoor type having Gas Insulated Switch Gear and Bus bars. The energy is transmitted to party states i.e. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in the proportion of 16:27:57 respectively through 400 KV double circuit transmission lines, namely SSP-Kasor, SSP-Asoj, SSP-Dhule and SSP-Nagda respectively. All the transmission lines are commissioned and charged.

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ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

No fuel charges.

Running cost almost nil.

No stand by losses.

Highly reliable.

Efficiency does not decrease with time.

Construction and operation wise very simple.

Maintenance cost very less.

Starts quickly and synchronizes fast.

Minimum staff when plant is operational.

No ash problems thus pollution frees.

Also useful in flood control and irrigation and drinking water purpose.

Comparatively quiet long life.

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DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-

Higher initial cost.

Takes long time of erection.

Plants are setup at distant places so transmission losses increase.

Totally dependent on the availability of water.

Larger area required.

Period of installation time is high.

CONCLUSION:-

Hydro is a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands.

The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. Hydroelectric power stations that use dams would submerge large areas

of land due to the requirement of a reservoir.

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