Report ntpc Shiv141118121

8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121

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ABSTRACT

to meet the power demands of the country, it is required

to set up new project, time to time so that demand and

generation gap may be narrowed but most important is

to full utilization of eisting capacity !this may be

possible only by increasing the reliability, a"ailability,

maintainability of power generation units and by

operating the units at its full capacity!

This "ocational training report is concerned with the

o"erall operation of the plant, water treatment in the

plant and thermodynamic cycles used in #T$C, Auraiya

gas power station!


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A%#&'()*+))#T

A summer project is a golden opportunity for learning and self development . Iconsider myself very lucky and honored to have a opportunity provided by

NTPC.

I wish to epress my indebted gratitude and special thanks to ! MR. M.K.

Sharma sir" MANAGER (HR-EDC) NTPC, auraiya! who in spite of being

etraordinarily busy with his duties" took time to manage the whole summer

training in proper way and allowing me to carry out my industrial training work at their esteemed organi#ation.

A humble $Thank you% &ir.

It is my glowing feeling to place on record my best regards" deepest sense of

gratitude to all the engineers 'associated in NTPC( for their judicious and

precious lectures and guidance about the operation of power plant. which were

etremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically.

I epress my deepest thanks to R! S!%! -erma sir for their guidance and

support. )e supported to us by showing different method of information

collection about the company. )e helped all time when we needed and he gave

right direction toward completion of project.

At the last but not least my humble thanks to all who helped me in complearing

my summer training project.

(Shivendra kumar)

Place:- NTPC dibiyapur auraiya

Date:- 080!"0#$


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-:C%NTENTS:-

.#TR&*/CT. T& #T$C

T&TA( .#STA(()* CA$AC.T0 &1 #T$C

.#TR&*/CT. &1 #T$C,A/RA.0A +AS

$&')R STAT.

C&B.#)* C0C() A#* C&B.#)* C0C()

$(A#T

A.R C&$R)SS&R A#* C&B/ST.C2AB)R

1/()S

T/RB.#)S A#* +AS T/RB.#) (A0&/T &1

#T$C, A/RA.0A

B&.()RS A#* 'AST) 2)AT R)C&-)R0

B&.()RS

B&.()R )C&.S)R A#* 'AST) 2)AT

R)C&-)R0

'AT)R TR)AT)#T $(A#T,ST&RA+) A#*

R)S&RC)S

ST)A T/RB.#)

-&(TA+) +)#)RAT&R

$ASS&/T &R )3TRACT.& T/RB.#)

C.RC/(AT.#+ 'AT)R $/$ A#* *)A)RAT&R

C&&(.#+ S0ST)

CTR&() S0ST) &1 T2) $(A#T


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)()CTR.CA( A#* S'.TC20AR* *)$ART)#T

*)111)R)#T T0$) &1 )4/.$)#T /S)* .#

S/B STAT.SCC(/S.

R)11)R)#C)

&NTR%D'CT&%N:-

1igure 56 image from main plant #T$C auraiya


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NTPC Limited (formerly known as National Thermal Power

Corporation Limited) is a Central Public Sector Undertaking

(CPSU) under the inistry of Power! "o#ernment of $ndia% $t is

the largest power company in $ndia with an electric power

generating capacity of &'!* +% ,lthough the company has

appro-% *. of the total national capacity it contributes to o#er

/. of total power generation due to its focus on operating its

power plants at higher e0ciency le#els (appro-% *'. against

the national P*+ rate of /*.)

$t was founded by Ger*me*t + &*ia in 1/2! which held /2. of

its e3uity shares on ' arch 4' (after di#estment of its

stake in 44&! 44 and 4')%

$n ay 44! NTPC was conferred Maharat*a status by the Union

"o#ernment of $ndia% $t is listed in re/ Ga "000 for 4& at

&&th rank in the world%

NTPC &N &ND&AN P%1ER SECT%R:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_load_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharatnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharatnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_load_factor


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Presently" NTPC generates power from Coal and ,as. -ith an installed capacity

of 23,#"8 M1" NTPC is the lairgest power generating major in the country. It

has also diversified into hydro power" coal mining" power euipment

manufacturing" oil / gas eploration" power trading / distribution. -ith anincreasing presence in the power value chain" NTPC is well on its way to

becoming an 0Integrated Power 1ajor.2

.#STA(()* CA$AC.T0 56

Present installed capacity of NTPC is 34"567 1- 'including 8"9:3 1- through ; coal based and one gas based( and : renewable

energy projects.

N?. ?+ P*ANT& CAPACIT@ '1-(

NTPC ?wned

Coal 5: 44"58

,as=*iuid +uel : 3"33Benewable energy projects : 98

Total 45 4:"583

?wned y ;"5

Total 4:"39 8"973 98 34"567


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PR%7ECT PR%&E:-

C%A 9ASED P%1ER STAT&%NS:-

-ith 5: coal based power stations" NTPC is the largest thermal power generating

company in the country. The company has a coal based installed capacity of 44"58 1-.

C?A* A&DF'?wned by NTPC( &TATDC?11I&&I?NDF

CAPACIT@'1-(

5. &ingrauli Gttar Pradesh 6"

6. Horba Chhattisgarh 6">

4. Bamagundam Telangana 6">

3. +arakka -est engal 6"5

8. >

Total 44"58

Ca 9a/e 7i*t e*ture/:

http://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=296&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=298&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=299&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=302&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=303&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=305&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=306&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=307&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=308&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=375&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=&Itemid=&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=&Itemid=&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=296&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=298&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=299&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=302&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=303&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=305&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=306&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=307&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=308&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=375&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=&Itemid=&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=&Itemid=&lang=en


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C?A* A&DF '?wned by

;


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$ndia5s current capacity of 9::,;:


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1igure 56 image from main plant #T$C auraiya

NTPC Auraiya is located at Fibiyapur in Auraiya district in the Indian state

of Gttar Pradesh. The power plant is one of the gas based power plantsof NTPC. The plant has 3 gas turbine',T( and 6 steam turbine '&T(with 3 waste

heat recovery boiler'-)B(.The gas for the power plant is sourced

from ,AI* ); Pipeline E &outh asin ,as field. &ource of water for the power

plant is Auraiya E Dtawah Canal. Plant is basically devided in to two module and

each module has 6,Tand 5&T and 6-)B and their capacities are as follows

M%D'E #:-

,as turbine capacity 6J555.59 1-

&team turbine capacity 59.4 1-

Total module5 capacity 445.>7 1-

M%D'E ":-

&ame as module 5

Total module6 capacity 4445.>7 1-

T%TA PANT CAPAC&T;:


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CA$AC.T0 56

&tag

e

Gnit

Number

Installed Capacity

'1-(

Fate of

Commissioning

,T = &

T

5st 5 555.59 5979 1arch ,T

5st 6 555.59 5979 ;uly ,T

5st 4 555.59 5979 August ,T

5st 3 555.59 5979 &eptember ,T

5st 8 59.4 5979 Fecember &T

5st > 59.4 599 ;une &T

Total &i >>4.4>

THE 9AS&C D&AGRAM % ARRANGEMENT %

'N&TS &N A'RA&;A GAS P%1ER PANT:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Turbine


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STAT&%N CAPAC&T;


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1igure 56combined cycle diagram

C&B.#)* C0C() $(A#TS56

The Combined Cycle $ower $lant or combined cycle gas

turbine, a gas turbine generator generates electricity

and waste heat is used to maEe steam to generate

additional electricity "ia a steam turbine! The gas

turbine is one of the most eFcient one for the

con"ersion of gas fuels to mechanical power or

electricity! The use of distillate liquid fuels, usually

diesel, is also common as alternate fuels!

ore recently, as simple cycle eFciencies ha"e

impro"ed and as natural gas prices ha"e fallen, gas

turbines ha"e been more widely adopted for base load

power generation, especially in combined cycle mode,

where waste heat is reco"ered in waste heat boilers,and the steam used to produce additional electricity!

This system is Enown as a Combined Cycle! The basic

principle of the Combined Cycle is simple5 burning gas in

a gas turbine G+TH produces not only power I which can

be con"erted to electric power by a coupled generator I

but also fairly hot ehaust gases!

http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/power-substationshttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/energy-efficency-in-hospitals-steam-part-4http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/power-substationshttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/energy-efficency-in-hospitals-steam-part-4


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1igure 6 Combined cycle power plant scheme

Bouting these gases through a waterEcooled heat echanger produces steam"

which can be turned into electric power with a coupled steam turbine and

generator.


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C%M9&NED C;CE %PERAT&%N AT NTPC

A'RA&;A:-


18/46

"as Turbine

"as Turbine Unit6

Steam Turbine Unit6

8P

LP

8 P S T 9 , ( 1 : S C !

& 1 2 ; C )

LP ST9, (2 :SC!


19/46

A&R C%MPRESS%R :-

in thermal power plant. Compressed air plays the vital role in every gas turbine

plant. ,as turbine is used in power plant to drive the generator" by which we can

produce electricity with other arrangements. Gsually rotary air compressor is

used with a gas turbine. 1ostly centrifugal compressors or

aial compressors are used.

There are 3 compressor in the plant.3 used in ,T and is used in emergency ,T.

These are 59 stages series compressor.

Cm5re//r 5re//r rati i/ :-


20/46

1igure56 combustion chamber of gas turbine

The combustion process increases the internal energy of a gas" which translates

into an increase in temperature" pressure" or volume This increase in pressure or

volume can be used to do work

'ES:-

1ainly two fuel are used in this gas power plant which are listed below

Natura 4a/

Ne5tha

Natural gas is supplied by GA&, iiya5ur and taken directly from the

pipeline which goes from ha#ira to jagdishpur.

The other fuel is supplied by I?C "Hanpur and 1athura

1igure56.&C( AT2/RA1igure56+A.( $ATA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy


21/46

ST%RAGE CAPAC&T; %R NEPTHA:-

There are two tanks for storarig neptha fuel each having a capacity of 58H*.

There are three transfer pumps for loading fuel from tankers .the two pumps

works and third is auiliary. There twelve unloading pipes "thus twelve truck is

unloading at a time.

&+ turi*e i/ ru**i*4 at +u a the* it 6*/ume/ "0 K *e5tha +ue i* *e

hur

GAS T'R9&NE:-

A gas turbine" also called a combustion turbine" is a type of internal combustion

engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a

downstream turbine" and a combustion chamber inEbetween.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamber


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1igure 56gas turbine

The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the steam power

plant ecept that air is used instead of water. +resh atmospheric air flows

through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure. Dnergy is then added by

spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a highE

temperature flow. This highEtemperature highEpressure gas enters a turbine"where it epands down to the ehaust pressure" producing a shaft work output in

the process. The turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and other

devices such as an electric generator that may be coupled to the shaft. The

energy that is not used for shaft work comes out in the ehaust gases" so these

have either a high temperature or a high velocity. The purpose of the gas turbine

determines the design so that the most desirable energy form is maimi#ed. ,as

turbines are used to power aircraft" trains" ships" electrical generators" or

even tanks.

GAS T'R9&NE A;%'T % NTPC ,A'RA&;A:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank


23/46

,as turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion

chamber and using the fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much

the same way as the high pressure steam drives a steam turbine.

?ne major difference however is that the gas turbine has a second turbine acting

as an air compressor mounted on the same shaft. The air turbine 'compressor(

draws in air" compresses it and feeds it at high pressure into the combustion

chamber increasing the intensity of the burning flame.

It is a positive feedback mechanism. As the gas turbine speeds up" it also causes

the compressor to speed up forcing more air through the combustion chamber

which in turn increases the burn rate of the fuel sending more high pressure hot

gases into the gas turbine increasing its speed even more.

Gncontrolled runaway is prevented by controls on the fuel supply line which

limit the amount of fuel fed to the turbine thus limiting its speed.

The thermodynamic process used by the 4a/ turi*e is known as the 9rayt*

6y6e. Analogous to the Carnot cycle in which the efficiency is maimised by

increasing the temperature difference of the working fluid between the input and

output of the machine" the rayton cycle efficiency is maimised by increasing

the pressure difference across the machine. The gas turbine is comprised of

http://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#braytonhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#braytonhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#carnothttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#braytonhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#braytonhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#carnot


24/46

three main components a compressor" a combustor" and a turbine. The working

fluid" air" is compressed in the compressor 'adiabatic compression E no heat gain

or loss(" then mied with fuel and burned by the combustor under constant

pressure conditions in the combustion chamber 'constant pressure heat

addition(. The resulting hot gas epands through the turbine to perform work

'adiabatic epansion(. 1uch of the power produced in the turbine is used to run

the compressor and the rest is available to run auiliary euipment and do

useful work. The system is an open system because the air is not reused so that

the fourth step in the cycle" cooling the working fluid" is omitted.

1igure 56gas turbine

,as turbines have a very high power to weight ratio and are lighter and smaller

than internal combustion engines of the same power. Though they are

mechanically simpler than reciprocating engines" their characteristics of highspeed and high temperature operation reuire high precision components and

eotic materials making them more epensive to manufacture.

)()CTR.CA( $&')R +)#)RAT.8


25/46

In electricity generating applications the turbine is used to drive a synchronous

generator which provides the electrical power output but because the turbine

normally operates at very high rotational speeds of 56" r.p.m or more it must

be connected to the generator through a high ratio reduction gear since the

generators run at speeds of 5" or 5"6 r.p.m. depending on the AC

freuency of the electricity grid.

T/RB.#) C.+/RAT.S56

,as turbine power generators are used in two basic configurations

&imple &ystems consisting of the gas turbine driving an electrical power

generator.

Combined Cycle &ystems which are designed for maimum efficiency in which

the hot ehaust gases from the gas turbine are used to raise steam to power a

steam turbine with both turbines being connected to electricity generators.

Turbine Performance

Turbine Power ?utput

To minimise the si#e and weight of the turbine for a given output power" theoutput per pound of airflow should be maimised. This is obtained by


26/46

maimising the air flow through the turbine which in turn depends on

maimising the pressure ratio between the air inlet and ehaust outlet. The main

factor governing this is the pressure ratio across the compressor which can be as

high as 35 in modern gas turbines. In simple cycle applications" pressure ratio

increases translate into efficiency gains at a given firing temperature" but there

is a limit since increasing the pressure ratio means that more energy will be

consumed by the compressor.

S 0ST) )11.C.)#C0 56

Thermal efficiency is important because it directly affects the fuel consumption

and operating costs.

S.$() C 0C() T/RB.#)S56

A gas turbine consumes considerable amounts of power just to drive its

compressor. As with all cyclic heat engines" a higher maimum working

temperature in the machine means greater efficiency 'CarnotLs *aw(" but in a

turbine it also means that more energy is lost as waste heat through the hot

ehaust gases whose temperatures are typically well over 5"MC .

Conseuently simple cycle turbine efficiencies are uite low. +or heavy plant"

design efficiencies range between 4K and 3K. 'The efficiencies of aero

engines are in the range 47K and 36K while low power microturbines

'5k-( achieve only 57K to 66K(. Although increasing the firing

temperature increases the output power at a given pressure ratio" there is also a

sacrifice of efficiency due to the increase in losses due to the cooling air reuired to maintain the turbine components at reasonable working

temperatures.

C&B.#)* C 0C() T/RB.#)S56

http://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#carnothttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#carnot


27/46

It is however possible to recover energy from the waste heat of simple cycle

systems by using the ehaust gases in a hybrid system to raise steam to drive a

steam turbine electricity generating set . In such cases the ehaust temperature

may be reduced to as low as 53MC enabling efficiencies of up to >K to be

achieved in combined cycle systems.

In combinedEcycle applications" pressure ratio increases have a less pronounced

effect on the efficiency since most of the improvement comes from increases in

the Carnot thermal efficiency resulting from increases in the firing temperature.

Thus simple cycle efficiency is achieved with high pressure ratios. Combined

cycle efficiency is obtained with more modest pressure ratios and greater firing

temperatures.

A$$(.CAT.S56

,as turbines can be used for large scale power generation. Damples are

applications delivering > 1- or more from a 3 1- gas turbine coupled to

a 6 1- steam turbine in a coEgenerating installation. &uch installations are

not normally used for base load electricity generation" but for bringing power to

remote sites such as oil and gas fields. They do however find use in the major

electricity grids in peak shaving applications to provide emergency peak power.

*ow power gas turbine generating sets with capacities up to 8 1- can be

accommodated in transportation containers to provide mobile emergency

electricity supplies which can delivered by truck to the point of need.

9%&ER :-

http://www.mpoweruk.com/electricity_demand.htm#shavinghttp://www.mpoweruk.com/electricity_demand.htm#shaving


28/46

A boiler or steam generator is a de"ice used to

create steam by applying heat energy to water!

Although the deJnitions are somewhat Keible, it can be

said that older steam generators were commonly

termed boilers and worEed at low to medium pressure

G=I:;LI9,!D9M E$aH but, at pressures

abo"e this, it is more usual to speaE of a steam

generator!

#T$C auraiya gas power plant has D waste haet

reco"ery boiler ! all the D boiler are non Jred and water

tube boiler

1ASTE HEAT REC%ER; 9%&ERS (1HR9):-

a WHRB consist of a super heater ,a boiler ,an cconomizer and a stem drum .

waste heat recovery boiler may be horizontal or vertical shell boiler or water

tube boiler. they could be desined to suit indivisual application ranging through

gases from furnaces ,incinerators, gas turbine and die sel exhaust. the prim

requirment is that waste gasse must contain sufficient usable heat to produce

steam or hot water at the condition required.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)


29/46

8P e#aporator

LP e#aporator

8P economiser

8P economiser

8P superheater>

LP superheater

LP economiser

condensate preheater

from 8P feed pumps

from LP feed pumps

LP steam to LP turbine

8P steam to 8P turbine

?lue gasgas turbineafter

8P boiler

LP boiler

drum

drum

Temp%242@C

Aue gas toatmosphere Temp%4@C

8P and LPcirculatingpumps Temp%&*2@C

Temp%2@C

8P drum pressure


30/46

,97,TB7

CL,7$?LBCCUL,TB7

=%% PL,NT

SB?T9N$N"

PL,NT

?B7 CBBL$N"

?B7 =7$N:$N"

> ST9,

1igure 56 Jgure shows the source and path followed by

water

The impurities in water input to this plant generally consist calcium and

magnesium salts imparting hardness to the water . these salts have to be

removed from the water. If hardness present in make up water to the boiler" the

salt only from form deposits on the tube surface but also lead to overheating in

tose localities resulting in tube failures. Therefore these have to be compleatly

removed for use as boiler make up." this is done using F1water treatment plant

which gives us purest form of water.


31/46

1igure 56water treatment plant

This is generally consist of CATI?N"ANI?N and mied bed echangers . the

final water from this process consist generally of hydrogen ion and hydroide

ions which is the chemical composition of pure water . the F1 water being very

pure is highly corrosive " once it absorbs oygen from the atmosphere because

of its very high affinity for oygen absorption. The capacity of F1 plant is

dictated by the type and uantity of salt in the raw water input.The storage tank for F1 water is made from material not affected by corrosive

water such as P


32/46

1igure 56steam turbine

The first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little

more than a toy" the classic Aerolipile" described in the 5st century

by ,reek mathematician )ero of Aleandria in Boman Dgypt. In 5885" Tai alE

Fin in ?ttoman Dgypt described a steam turbine with the practical application

of rotating a spit. &team turbines were also described by the Italian ,iovanni

ranca '5>69( and ;ohn -ilkins in Dngland '5>37(.The devices described by

Tai alEFin and -ilkins are today known as steam jacks.

The modern steam turbine was invented in 5773 by &ir Charles Parsons" whose

first model was connected to a dynamo that generated :.8 k- '5 hp( of

electricity. The invention of ParsonsL steam turbine made cheap and plentiful

electricity possible and revolutioni#ed marine transport and naval warfare.

recently steam turbine have gained use in power plants and there are a large

number of neuclear plants that generate output in ecess of 5 megawatts by

powering massive steam turbine with high temperature steam generated by a

neuclear reactor .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'rufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'rufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(cooking_aide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_jackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'rufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'rufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(cooking_aide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_jackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo


33/46

in order to increase the efficiency of stem turbine " takasago machinery

works"mistubisi heavy industries limeted using 4F design technology to shape

rotor blades " developing and manufacturing larger rotor blades and designingmethods to prevent the loss of steam throughouts .

PASS %'T E>TRACT&%N T'R9&NE:-

the steam turbine used in NTPC " AGBAI@A are pass out or etraction turbines

. in these types of turbine steam is ehausted at defferent stages and used in

heating the steam water for the boiler processing work .

the high pressure steam from boiler enters )P stage of turbine where it epandsand the pressure is reduced to such a value that is reuired for processing work

. a part of this low pressure steam leaving the high pressure stage is supplied to

the processing work while the remaining steam epand further in the *.P. stage.

The ehaust steam from the processing plant the low pressure turbine steam is

condensed in the condenser and pumped back to boiler.


34/46

+)#)RAT&R 2.+26-&(TA+) S0ST)56

The generator #oltage for modern utility6connected generators

ranges from k in smaller units to k in larger units% The

generator high6#oltage leads are normally large aluminium

channels because of their high current as compared to the

cables used in smaller machines% They are enclosed in well6

grounded aluminium bus ducts and are supported on suitable

insulators% The generator high6#oltage leads are connected to

step6up transformers for connecting to a high6#oltage electrical

substation (usually in the range of 2 k to /


35/46

1igure 56 generator

C)RC/(AT.#+ 'AT)R $/$56

These pumps are used to pump water to the deaerator from where the water

goes to boiler feed Pump.

*)A)R)AT&R56

The deaerator are used to deaereator the water before feeding it in to +P. This

is done because )B is a water tube boiler and tubes containing water have

very small diameter . there are some gasses like C?6 if present in water theycan create rusting or can choke the tube . so these gasses are removed in the

deareator . there are total 3 deaereator in the NTPC " auraiya each for every

-)B.

'&R%.#+ &1 '2RB56

The feed water enters in to steam drum through boiler economi#er from where it

goes in to boiler and converted in to steam. This steam further goes to super


36/46

heater and at the output superheated stem at the temperature of 84C is ganed .

this superheated steam is used to drive steam turbine to generated electricity as

in the cycle.

C&&(.#+ S0ST)56

1hy i/ Ci*4 Ne6e//ary?

power plants boils water to create steam" which then spins turbines to generate

electricity. The heat used to boil water can come from burning of a fuel" from

nuclear reactions" or directly from the sun or geothermal heat sources

underground. ?nce steam has passed through a turbine" it must be cooled back

into water before it can be reused to produce more electricity. Colder water

cools the steam more effectively and allows more efficient electricity

generation .

T 0$)S &1 C&&(.#+56

Dven though all thermoelectric plants use water to generate steam for electricitygeneration" not all plant cooling systems use water. There are three main

methods of cooling

?nceEthrough systems take water from nearby sources 'e.g." rivers" lakes"

auifers" or the ocean(" circulate it through pipes to absorb heat from the steam

in systems called condensers" and discharge the now warmer water to the local

source. ?nceEthrough systems were initially the most popular because of their

simplicity" low cost" and the possibility of siting power plants in places with

abundant supplies of cooling water. This type of system is currently widespreadin the eastern G.&.


37/46

1igure56wet cooling system

')T6R)C.RC/(AT.#+ &R C(&S)*6(&&$56

Power plants built after the 59>s shifted toward cooling systems that reusewater" known as recirculating systems. systems reuse cooling water in a second

cycle rather than immediately discharging it back to the original water source.

At a recirculating system" water is kept in closedEloop piping so it can be used

repeatedly. Becirculating systems can consist of a cooling tower or a cooling

pond with both using ambient air to draw energy out of the cooling water that

was used to condense the steam. 1ost commonly" wetErecirculating systems use

cooling towers to epose water to ambient air. &ome of the water evaporatesO

the rest is then sent back to the condenser in the power plant. ecause wetErecirculating systems only withdraw water to replace any water that is lost

through evaporation in the cooling tower" these systems have much lower water

withdrawals than onceEthrough systems" but tend to have appreciably higher

water consumption.

CTR&() S0ST) &1 T2) $(A#T56


38/46

There are three of controlling system available in the plant and they are as

follows E

(&CA( CTR&()56

In this control commands are given to the machine from the place where

machine is located . this system is rarely used .

S'.TC20AR* CTR&( 56

In it all controlling commands are given from switch gear room.

R)&T) S0ST)56

This system is freuently used . in it all controlling are given from central

computerised controle room "there are two set of controlling devices . if one set

is shut down for maintenance then commands are given by second set.

)()CTR.CA( A#* S'.TC20AR*

*)$ART)#T56

Dlectrical energy management system ensures at upply of energy to every

consumer at all times at rated voltage. +reuency and secified waveform at

lowest cost at minimum envoironmental degradation . the switch gear" protection and network automation are integral part of modern energy

management system and national economy . the modern 4Eph "8)"AC

interconnected system has several conventional and non conventional power

plants " ,< transmission network "substations "1< and *< distribution system

and connected electrical load. the energy form is supplied to various consumers

located in vast geographical area instantly" automatically and safely with

reuired uality at all times. the service continuity and high uality of power

supply have become very important .


39/46

1igure 56switchyard

for fulfilment the foresaid purpose a state of the art scientifically and

technologically advanced substations is reuired .substations is the load control

center of the thermal plant where power at the rated voltage "freuency and

waveform is eported " imported as per reuirement

the substation at NTPC "auraiya has two switch yard one of 66H< and other is

33H< . there are two bus bars and one transfer bus for supplying electricity .after step up "the 66H< output from the generator transfer is fed to either of

two bus bars through relays and circuit breakers and these are connected two

various feeders through various euipments.

There are 5 lines going out of NTPC" auraiya for supplying electricity. Their

descriptions are as follows E

6 lines of 66H< to Agra.6 lines of 33H< to Agra .

6 lines of 66H< to 1aingaon " 1.P.

6 lines of 66H< to ,AI* " Fibiyapur.


40/46

*)11)R)#T T0$) &1 )4/.$)#TS

/S)* .# S/B6STAT.S56

B/S BARS56

1igurer56 bus bars

-hen a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly

connected electrically" busEbars are used as the common electrical component.

usEbars are copper or aluminium bars 'generally of rectangular Esection( and

operate at constant voltage. The incoming and outgoing lines in a subEstation are

connected to the busEbars. The most commonly used busEbar arrangements in

subEstations are

Si*4e u/-ar arra*4eme*t

Si*4e u/-ar /y/tem @ith /e6ti*ai/ati*

Due u/-ar arra*4eme*t

.#S/(AT&R56

The insulators serve two purposes. They support the conductors 'or busEbars(

and confine the current to the conductors. The most commonly used material for

the manufacture of insulators is porcelain. There are several types of insulators'e.g. pin type" suspension type" post insulator etc.( and their use in the subE

http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/single-bus-bar-system/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/single-bus-bar-system-with-sectionalisation/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/duplicate-bus-bar-system/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/single-bus-bar-system/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/single-bus-bar-system-with-sectionalisation/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/duplicate-bus-bar-system/


41/46

station will depend upon the service reuirement. +or eample" post insulator is

used for busEbars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body" cast iron cap

and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that busEbars can

be directly bolted to the cap.

&/ati*4 /@it6he/:-

1igure 56 &/atr/ i* ty5i6a /u /tati*

In subEstations" it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general

maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator.

An isolator is essentially a knife switch and is designed to open a circuit under

no load. In other words" isolator switches are operated only when the lines in

which they are connected carry no current.

The entire subEstation has been divided into < sections. Dach section can be

disconnected with the help of isolators for repair and maintenance.


42/46

C.RC/.T BR)A%)R56

Hi4h ta4e 6ir6uit reaer

A circuit breaker is an euipment which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault conditions. It is so designed that it can be operated

manually 'or by remote control( under normal conditions and automatically

under fault conditions. +or the latter operation" a relay circuit is used with a

circuit breaker. ,enerally" bulk oil circuit breakers are used for voltages upto

>>k< while for high 'Q>> k


43/46

(.+2T#.#+ ARR)ST)RS56

A lightning arrester is a device usedon electrical power systems

and telecommunications systems to protect

the insulation and conductors of the system

from the damaging effects of lightning. The

typical lightning arrester has a highE

voltage terminal and a ground terminal. -hen

a lightning surge 'or switching surge" which is

very similar( travels along the power line to the arrester" the current from thesurge is diverted through the arrestor" in most cases to earth.

$&')R TRA#S1&R)R56

A power transformer is used in a subEstation to stepEup or stepEdown the

voltage. Dcept at the power station" all the subseuent subEstations use stepE

down transformers to gradually reduce the voltage of electric supply and finally

deliver it at utilisation voltage. The modern practice is to use 4Ephase

transformers in subEstations O although 4 single phase bank of transformers can

also be used. The use of 4Ephase transformer 'instead of 4 single phase bank of

transformers( permits two advantages. +irstly" only one 4Ephase loadEtap

changing mechanism can be used. &econdly" its installation is much simpler

than the three single phase transformers. +or ratings upto 5 1


44/46

1igure 56 transformers

This difficulty is overcome by installing instrument transformers on the power

lines. The function of these instrument transformers is to transfer voltages or currents in the power lines to values which are convenient for the operation of

measuring instruments and relays. There are two types of instrument

transformers vi#.

Current transformer 'C.T.(

Potential transformer 'P.T.(

C/RR)#T TRA#S1&R)R GC!T!H56

A current transformer is essentially a stepEup transformer which steps down the

current to a known ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of one or

more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line. The secondary

consists of a large number of turns of fine wire and provides for the measuring

instruments and relays a current which is a constant fraction of the current in the

line. &uppose a current transformer rated at 5=8 A is connected in the line to

measure current. If the current in the line is 5 A" then current in the secondary

will be 8A. &imilarly" if current in the line is 8A" then secondary of C.T. will

have a current of 6R8 A. Thus the C.T. under consideration will step down the

line current by a factor of 6.

-&(TA+) TRA#S1&R)R56


45/46

It is essentially a step down transformer and steps down the voltage to a known

ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of a large number of turns of fine

wire connected across the line. The secondary winding consists of a few turns

and provides for measuring instruments and relays a voltage which is a known

fraction of the line voltage. &uppose a potential transformer rated at >>k>k


46/46

i4ure:-Prte6tie reay

CC(/S.8

This is the vocational training report deals with over all operation of NTPC

plant in auraiya . also the report has a view of some paert used in plants.

The depleating resources of oil "gas and coal 'the conventional fuels( along with

atmosphere pollution problems have drawn the attentions of the scientists and

engineers all over the world to find out other sources for the generation of electric power. There sources of energy are going to attain the nerve centre of

the future power plants. Though atomic and nuclear power plants have been

developed on conventional lines" but lot of work yet to be done. Dfforts are

being made to atomic and nuclear energy directly into electric power with the

help of magneto hydrodynamic generator and other euipments.

REERENCES:-

#T$C, Auraiya

.#T)R#)T

Report ntpc Shiv141118121

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