By Marivir Ann B. Gonzales By Marivir Ann B. Gonzales
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 1/19
By Marivir Ann B. GonzalesBy Marivir Ann B. Gonzales
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 2/19
Heredity and Maturation The process by which an individual develops from a single-
celled organism into an adult human being is guided bygenetic controls and follows a definite pattern.
Human developmentHuman development
During conception, the male and female germ cells (sperm fromthe father and the egg from the mother), technically known as
GametesGametes, unite to form a single cell called the ZygoteZygote.
Every cell in the body contains a set of biological blueprints thatenables it to perform its essential functions.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 3/19
where biological blueprints are found
a strandlike structure found in nucleiof all cells
made up of several simpler components arranged in the form of a
double helix
segments of DN A that serve as the
basic units of heredity
Determines many aspects of our
biological make-up through complex
combinations
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 4/19
-Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes,
existing in pairs.
-When such cells divide, the chromosomes
pairs split, and after the cells have separated,
each chromosomes replicates itself so that
the full number is restored
*Mitosis happens on body cells
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 5/19
* In contrast, the SpermSperm and OvaOva, the male and
female sex cell / gametes contain only 23
chromosomes
S erm
(23chromosomes)
O a
(23chromosomes)
Fertilizedo
um
(46chromosomes)
Since the fertilized egg receives exactly half of its chromosomes from the
father and exactly half from the mother, the child does not inherit more
characteristics from the parent of his own sex.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 6/19
The characteristic of sex itself is determined by the male gametesalone.
Females only have XX--chromosomeschromosomes, which is the sex determiningchromosome, a mature male reproductive cell may contain either anX-chromosome or Y-chromosome.
If male reproductive cell is:a. X-chromosome, the child is a girl (XX)
b. Y-chromosome, the child is a boy (XY)
DevelopmentDevelopment Systematic and orderly change organisms experience as they live
and either lose or gain abilities Refers to the quality of behavior
MaturationMaturation Refers to the state of body and its readiness for behavior
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 7/19
HeredityHeredity Transmission of traits from parents to offspring
Controls the level of efficiency
GenesGenes Submicroscopic particles in chromosomes
Unit carriers of heredity
Their chemical influence is exerted most directly upon the jelly-
like substance called CytoplasmCytoplasm,, which surrounds the nucleus. Genes and some environmental conditions influence cells to
become Neurons, Muscle fiber or bone structure, and so on.
Determines the sex of a fertilized egg
Dominant and Recessive GenesDominant and Recessive Genesoo Dominant geneDominant gene ± whose characteristic will be dominant when
paired with another gene
oo Recessive geneRecessive gene ± whose characteristic will not be produced whenpaired with a dominant gene
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 8/19
MutationMutation ± changes in the genes passed down from heredity
SexSex--linked traitslinked traits ± produced by genes responsible for determining sex Baldness
Color blindness
Hemophilia
Physical traitsPhysical traits Height
General body contour
Weight
Facial appearance
Texture and distribution of hair
Instinctive behavior Instinctive behavior ± an inherited pattern of activity thatappears totally at the first appropriate opportunity and isinitiated by a stimulusstimulus
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 9/19
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development
MonozygoticMonozygotic (Identical Twins) ± splitting of onezygote into two separate cells which develop into two
individual organisms. (Same heredity)
DizygoticDizygotic (Fraternal Twins) ± develop from two
separate zygotes, each produced by the union of a
separate sperm cell with a separate egg cell. (Different
heredity)
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 10/19
Environment EnvironmentEnvironment
includes all the conditions in the world that influence
behavior, growth, development or life process ExternalExternal (air, trees, houses)
InternalInternal (lymph fluids, blood)
SocialSocial (includes the other human beings who in any way
influence us)
Human traits and characteristics are determinedHuman traits and characteristics are determined
through the interaction of heredity and environment.through the interaction of heredity and environment.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 11/19
The relationship between heredity and environment
in producing the level of an individual¶s biological,psychological and social development at any given
time can be expressed by the formula:
Heredity ± determines how high a level of development a given environment
can bring about in a given period of time
Environment ± determines how effective a certain heredity can be in influencing
development over a period of time
Heredity Environment TimeDevelopmentLevel
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 12/19
MaturationMaturation ± the result of bodily changes
determined by heredity acting over a period of time
Functions of environment in determining an
individual¶s developmental behavior are:
a. The environment supplies the stimuli set off patterns
of response already prepared by maturation
b. The environment provides situations which are
conducive to the person¶s learning new patterns or
altering old ones.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 13/19
Types of Genetic Disorders and Diagnostic
Tools Used in Detecting Fetal Problems
1. Diagnostic tool: Amniocentesis1. Diagnostic tool: Amniocentesis ± may be done
from the 15th week of pregnancy onwards. It entails
inserting a needle through the mother¶s abdomen,piercing the amniotic sac and withdrawing a
sample of amniotic fluid.
Amniocentesis is a technique used to detect genetic
defects by the presence of certain chemicals or
abnormal cells in the fluid surrounding a fetus.
It could cause the mother to miscarry the fetus.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 14/19
Genetic Disorders Detected:Genetic Disorders Detected:
a)a) SpinaSpina BifidaBifida ± failure of the spinal column to encloseproperly; this is caused by the interaction of severalgenes. This can cause mental retardationmental retardation.
b)b)Ph
enylketonuriaPh
enylketonuria ((PKUPKU
)) ±
results from the body¶sfailure to break the amino acid phenylalanine, which thenaccumulates and affects the nervous system and causesmental retardationmental retardation.
To prevent PKU the infant is placed on a special diet.
Fetus
Amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluidwithdrawn
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 15/19
2.2. Diagnostic tool: UltrasoundDiagnostic tool: Ultrasound ± uses sound waves to
produce an image that enables a physician to detect
structural abnormalities. A doctor can estimate fetal age and sex as well the
presence of twins.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 16/19
Maturational Process Maturation follows an orderly sequence; proceeds
along physiological gradients
CephalocaudalCephalocaudal SequenceSequence ± from the head regiontowards the feet
ProximodistalProximodistal SequenceSequence ± from the trunk to the
extremities
There are noticeable differences in the rate, pattern
and extent of individual development, although a
general sequence is followed.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 17/19
As maturation
progresses««there is gradual
narrowing and refinement of
behavior
After behavior has reached a certain stage of
differentiation and refinement, the tendency to
integrate small and unitary responses into larger andmore useful patterns of behavior follows.
Ability or readiness for learning is determined by
maturation.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 18/19
In Vitro Fertilization initiated by obstetrician Patrick SteptoePatrick Steptoe and
reproductive physiologist Robert EdwardsRobert Edwards, who
were responsible for the birth of the first test tubebaby, Louise BrownLouise Brown, in 1978.
In Vitro Fertilization ProcessIn Vitro Fertilization Process ± is the mating of egg
and sperm in a laboratory dish.
8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 19/19
Check if the ova are
ripe
The surgeon inserts a
LaparoscopeLaparoscope into the pelvic
area of the female through a
small abdominal incision
Through the long, hollow
incision, the eggs and
surrounding fluid are gently
suctioned.
nce extracted, the
follicular fluid is examined if
it contains an egg (1/1000
of an inch)
The ova are carefully washed, placed
in a petri dish, containing a solution of
nutrients, and then deposited in an
incubator for 4 to 8 hours.
The sperm from the male is
placed in the solution
where the eggs are.
If everything goes well, the
embryo is placed in the
woman¶s uterus. The results
will be known within 2 weeks.
If the embryo
fails to attach
itself,
menstruation
occurs, then it
is a failure.
If the embryo implants
itself on the uterine
wall, menstruation
does not occur, and
pregnancy is
achieved.