Report (Humanistic Approach)

8/3/2019 Report (Humanistic Approach)

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The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield

only a cripple psychology.

- Abraham Maslow


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Life of MaslowEarly Life

- Was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York.

-Maslows childhood was difficult.

With my childhood, it is a wonder Im not psychotic

My family was miserable and my mother was a horriblecreature

- Isolated and unhappy, he grew up without closefriends or loving parents.

- His father was aloof and periodically abandoned hisunhappy marriage.

- His mother was superstitious and would quickly punish

Maslow for the slightest wrongdoing. Unaffectionate andrejecting of him, she openly favored the younger siblings.


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Life of MaslowFrom monkeys to self-actualization

- Maslow went to Cornell and then to the University ofWisconsin to study Psychology.

- Ironically, what initially attracted him to psychologywas behaviorism, particularly works of John Watson.

- He remained a loyal behaviorist, but with the birth ofhis first daughter, Maslow went a mystical experiencesimilar to the peak experiences he later studied.


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- Looking at his newborn child, Maslow realized thatbehaviorism was incapable of providing the

understanding of human behavior that he now needed.

I look at this tiny, mysterious thing and felt so stupid Iwas stunned by the mystery and by the sense of notreally being in control. Anyone who had a babycouldnt be a behaviorist.

-Maslow

Life of Maslow

- Maslow served as the chair of the psychologydepartment at Brandeis from 1951 to 1969.

- While there he met Kurt Goldstein, who had originatedthe idea of self-actualization in his famous book, The

Organism (1934). It was also here that he began hiscrusade for a humanistic psychology.

- He spend his final years in semi-retirement in California,until, on June 8 1970, he died of a heart attack. His familylife and his experiences influenced his psychologicalideas.


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Personality Development:

The Hierarchy of Needs


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- Arrangement of innate needs, from strongest toweakest, that activates and directs behavior.

- Maslows term for the innate needs in hishierarchy theory.

Instincoids

- Lower needs must be at least partially satisfiedbefore higher needs become influential.


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For example:

Hungry people feel no urge to satisfy thehigher need for esteem.


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Hierarchy of Needs


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Physiological Needs


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Physiological Needs- Such as food, air, water, and sleep.

Ex. If you have gone too long without eating, you mayhave realized how trivial the need for love or esteem orelse can be when your body is experiencing aphysiological deficiency.


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Safety Needs


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Safety Needs

-such as stability, security, freedom from fear and anxiety.

-Maslow believes that the needs for safety and security

typically are important drives for infants and neuroticadults.

Many of us choose the

predictable other thanthe unknown.

Example:we opt to remain a job

even if we dont like it

because it provides ussecurity for our future.


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Belongingness and Love

needs


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- Once our physiological and safety needs have been

reasonably well satisfied, we tend to the needs forbelongingness and love.

- These needs can be expressed through a closerelationship with a friend, lover, or mate, or through socialrelationships formed within a group.

- Some attempt to satisfy the need to belong by joiningchurch or a club, enrolling in a class, or volunteering forservice organization.

- Maslow suggested that the failure to satisfy the needfor love is fundamental cause of emotionalmaladjustment.

Belongingness and Love needs


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Esteem Needs


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Satisfaction ofself-esteem

Lack ofself-esteem

- Feels confident of

our strength

- Of our worth

-Adequacy, whichhelp us become

more competent

and productive in all

aspects of our life.

- Feels inferior

- Helpless

- Discouraged

-Has little confidenceto cope.

Esteem needs

- Once we feel loved and have a sense of belonging,

we may find ourselves driven by two forms of the needfor esteem.

-We require esteem and respect from ourselves in the

form of feelings of self-worth, and from other people in theform of status, recognition, or social success.


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Self-actualization Need


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Self-actualization needs

- If a person is not self-actualizing, he or she will be restless,frustrated, and discontent

- Highest need in Maslows hierarchy depends on the

maximum realization and fulfillment of our potentials,talents and abilities.

- Self-actualization is not limited to creative, andintellectual superstars, what is important is to fulfill onesown potentials at the highest level as possible, whateverones chosen endeavor


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Cognitive Needs


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Cognitive needs

- Second set of innate needs. (To know and to understand)

- The need to know is stronger than the need to understand.

Thus, the need to know must be at least partially satisfiedbefore the need to understand can emerge.

- The needs to know and to understand appear in lateinfancy and early childhood and are expressed by children

as a natural curiosity.

- Failure to satisfy the cognitive needs is harmful and hindersthe full development and functioning of the personality.


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Simple Child

curiosity


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Characteristics of Needs


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- The lower the need is in the hierarchy, the greater are its

strength, potency and priority. The higher the needs arethe weaker needs.

- Gratification of higher needs require better externalcircumstances (social, economic, and political) thatgratification of lower needs.


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- Higher needs appear later in life. Physiologicaland safety needs arise in infancy. Belongingnessand esteem needs arise in adolescence. Theneed for self-actualization does not arise until

midlife.


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Deficit or deficiency needs because if lower needsare postpone or failed to satisfy they produce crisis.

Growth or being needs the higher needs; althoughgrowth needs are less necessary than deficit needs forsurvival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of

human potential.


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- A need does not have to be satisfied fully beforethe next need in the hierarchy becomes important.

- Maslow proposed a declining percentage ofsatisfaction for each need. Offering a hypotheticalexample, he described a person who satisfied, in turn,85% of physiological needs, 70% of the safety needs,50% of the belongingness and love needs, 40% of the

esteem needs, and 10% of the self-actualization need.


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The study of Self-Actualizers


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Self-Actualizer

- Are not motivated to strive for a particular goal.Instead, they are said to be developing from within.

- Concerned with fulfilling their potential and withknowing and understanding their environment.


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- He define that self-actualizing persons differ from othersin terms of their basic motivation.

Maslows Theory

- The motivation of self-actualizers, which involvesmaximizing personal potential rather than striving for a

particular goal object.

Metamotivation or B-Motivation or Being


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D-motivation or Deficiency

- Involves striving for something specific to make up forsomething that is lacking within us.

- the motivation of people who are not self-actualizers


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Maslows Metaneeds and MetapathologyMetaneeds

- Are states of being-such as goodness, uniqueness,and perfection-rather than specific goal objects.

Metapathology

- Prevents self-actualizers from expressing, using, andfulfilling their potential.


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers An efficient perception of reality

- Self-actualizers perceive their world, including otherpeople clearly and objectively, unbiased byprejudgements or preconceptions.


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers An acceptance of themselves, others and nature

- Self-actualizers accept their strengths andweaknesses.


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers A spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness

- The behavior of self-actualizers is open direct and

natural.- Sef-actualizers are individualistic in their ideas andideals but not necessarily unconventional.


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Characteristic of Self-ActualizersA sense of detachment and the need for privacy

- Self-actualizers can experience isolation without

harmful effects and seem to need saluted morethan persons who are not self-actualizing.

- Self-actualizing on themselves, not on others, fortheir satisfactions.


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A freshness of appreciation

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers- Self-actualizers have the ability to perceive and

experience their environment with freshness, wonder,and awe.


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Mystical or speak experiences

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers- Self-actualizers moments of intense ecstasy, notunlike deep religious experiences that can withvirtually any activity.


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers Social Interest

- To indicate the sympathy and empathy self-

actualizing persons have for all humanity.


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers Profound Interpersonal Relations

- Self-actualizers often attract admirers or disciples.

- Tend to select as friends those with personalqualities similar to their own, just as we all chooseas friends the people we find compatible.


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers A Democratic Character Structure

- Self-actualizers are tolerant and accepting of the

personality and behavior of others.


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers Creativeness

- Self-actualizer people are highly creativenessand originality in their work and other facts of life.


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Characteristic of Self-Actualizers Resistance to enculturation

- Self-actualizer are autonomous, independent,

and self-sufficient.


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Questions About Human Nature


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- Maslows views of personality is humanistic andoptimistic he focused on psychological health rather

than illness, growth rather than stagnation, virtues andpotentials rather than weaknesses and limitations,

- Maslow believed that we are capable of shapingour free will even in the face of negative biologicaland constitutional factors.

Maslow recognized the importance of early childhoodexperiences in fostering or inhibiting adult todevelopment but he did not believe that we arevictims of these experiences.


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Assessment in Maslows Theory

A i M l Th


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Assessment in Maslows Theory

The Personal Orientation Inventory

- is scored for two major scales and the 10 subscales.The major scales are time competence which a personlives a in the present, and inner directedness with asseshow much a person depends on himself or herselfrather than on the others for judgment and values.

- He started his investigation out of curiosity about twopeople, who impressed him.

- The anthropologist Ruth Benedict and gestaltpsychologist Max Wertheimer

- A self-report questionnaire developed by a

psychologist, Everett Shostrom to measure selfactualization the test consist of 150 statement


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Carl Rogers(1902-1987) The organism has one basic tendency and striving to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing

organism.

- Carl Rogers


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Carl Rogers(1902-1987) The organism has one basic tendency and striving to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing

organism.

- Carl Rogers

Life of Rogers


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Life of Rogers

- The fourth child in a family of six, Carl Rogers was in 1902

in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.

- Carl was very shy but very intelligent boy growing up. Hehad a particular fondness for science, and by the time hewas 13 had developed a reputation as the local expert onbiology and agriculture.

- Ironically, the Rogers household was anything but warmand affectionate.

- His parents held strict and religious views and

emphasized moral behavior, the suppression of displays ofemotion, and the virtue of hard work.

A Reliance on His Own Experience

Life of Rogers


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Life of Rogers

- Openly expressing emotions, later a key feature ofRogerian therapy was not allowed.

- Rogers grew up with bitter memories of being theinevitable butt of his brothers jokes, even as he wasstarved of joy by his mother.

- His solitude led him to depend on his own resourcesand experiences, his personal view of the world. This

characteristic remained with him throughout his lifeand become the foundation of his personality.

Life of Rogers


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Life of Rogers

Unique Approach to Counseling

- In 1940, he moved from a clinical to an academicsetting with an appointment as professor of psychology atOhio State University. There, Rogers began to formulate hisviews on counseling for emotionally disturbed person.

- Rogers therapy was apparently successful; he emerged

with a newfound ability to give and receive love and toform deep emotional relationships with other peopleincluding his client.

Life of Rogers


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Life of Rogers

The Self and the tendency toward Actualization

- During his trip to China, Roger came to recognize the

importance of an autonomous self as factor in hisdevelopment.

- His early research reinforced the importance of theself in the formation of the personality.

- Thus, the self become the core of Rogers theory of

personality, as it had become the core of his own life.

- Rogers believed people are motivated by an innatetendency to actualize, maintain, and enhance theself.


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The Self and the tendency toward ActualizationActualization tendency

- The basic human motivations to actualize, maintain,

and enhance the self.

- It encompasses all physiological and psychologicalneeds.

- Begins in the womb, facilitating human growth by

providing for the differentiation of the physical organsand the development of physiological functioning.

- It is responsible for maturation.


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The Self and the tendency toward ActualizationOrganismic valuing process

- The process by which we judge experiences in

terms of their value for fostering or hindering ouractualization and growth.

- Positive value or the Good/desirable experiencesare those we perceive as promoting selfactualization

- Negative values are those experiences that hinderactualization and are undesirable.


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Development of the Self in Childhood


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The Experiential World- Rogers wrote, Experience is for me, the highestauthority.

- Rogers weighed the impact of the experiential worldin which we operate daily. This provides a frame ofreference or context that influences our growth.

- He answered the question by saying that the reality of

our environment depends on our perception of it,which may not always coincide with reality.

- Our perception change with time and circumstances.


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The Experiential WorldPhenomenology - only reality of which we can be sure isour own subjective world of experience, our inner

perception of reality.

- As the actualization tendency in infancy leads us to growand develop, our experiential world broadens.

- Infants are exposed to more and more sources of

stimulation and responds to them as they subjectivelyperceived.


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Development of the Self in Childhood- As infants gradually develop a more complexexperiential field from widening social encounters, one

part of their experience becomes differentiated from therest.

The self-concept is also our image of what we are, whatwe should be, and what we would like to be.


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Development of the Self in ChildhoodPositive Regard

- Acceptance, love and approval from others, mostnotably from the mother during infancy.

- Infants find it satisfying to receive positive regardand frustrating not to receive it or to have itwithdrawn.

Ex. If the mother doesnot offer positiveregard, then theinfants innatetendency towardactualization anddevelopment of theself-concept will behampered.


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Development of the Self in ChildhoodUnconditional Positive Regard

- Approval granted regardless of a persons behaviors. In

Rogers person centered therapy the therapist over theclient unconditional positive regard.

- By this, Rogers meantthat the mothers love for

the child is granted freelyand fully; it is notconditional or dependenton the childs behavior.

- An important aspect of

the need for positiveregard is it reciprocalnature.
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Development of the Self in ChildhoodPositive self-regard- The condition under which we grant ourselves

acceptance and approval.- Positive self-regard becomes as strong as our needfor positive regard from other, and it may be satisfiedin the same way

For example:children who arerewarded by theirmothers withaffection, approvaland love when

they are happycome to generatepositive self-regardwhenever theybehave in a happyway.
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Development of the Self in ChildhoodConditions of Worth

- A belief that we are worthy of approval only when weexpress desirable behaviors and attitudes and refrainfrom expressing those that bring disapproval from other.It is the opposite of unconditional positive regard.

- It is similar to the Freudian superego.
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Conditional Positive RegardDevelopment of the Self in Childhood- Approval, love or acceptance granted only when a

person expresses desirable behaviors and attitudes.

- Having internalized their parents norms and standards,they view themselves as worthy or unworthy, good or bad,

according to the terms their parents defined.

- Children believe they are worthy only under certain

conditions, the ones that brought parental positive regard

and then personal positive self-regard

Development of the Self in Childhood
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Incongruence

- A discrepancy between a person self-concept andaspects of his or her experience.- This leads to incongruence between the self-conceptand the experiential world, the environment as weperceive it.

- To maintain our self-concept, we must deny thehatred. We defend ourselves against the anxiety thataccompanies the treat by distorting it.

- Psychologically healthy people are able to perceivethemselves, other people, and events in tier worldmuch as they really are.

- They feel worthy under all conditions and situationsand are able to use all their experiences.
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Characteristics of fully functioning Persons

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Fully functioning person- Rogers term for self-actualization

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Fully functioning person exhibit an awareness of allexperience

- No experience is distorted or denied: all of it filtersthrough the self.

Fully functioning persons live fully and richly in each

moment.

- All experiences are potentially fresh and new.

Fully functioning persons trust in their own organism.

- By this phrase Rogers meant that fully functioning

persons trust their own reactions rather than beingguided by the opinion of others, by a social code orby their intellectual judgment.

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Fully functioning persons feel a sense of freedom tomake choices without constraints or inhibitions

- They know their future depends on their ownactions and is not determined by presentcircumstances, past event or other people.

Fully functioning persons are creative and live

constructively and adaptively as environmentalconditions change.

- Allied with creativity is spontaneity.

Fully functioning persons may face difficulties

- The conditions involve continually testing,growing, striving, and using all of ones potential,a way of life that brings complexity andchallenges.
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Assessment in Rogers Theory

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Person-centered therapy

- Rogers approach to therapy, in which the client(not the patient) is assumed to be responsible forchanging his/her personality.

- He explored the clients feelings and attitudestoward the SELF and toward other people.

- He listened without preconceptions, trying tounderstand the clients experiential world.

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Encounter Groups

- A group therapy technique in which people learn

about their feelings and about how they relate (orencounter) one another.

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Experience Inventory(Coan.1972) - A self reportquestionnaire, attempt to assess openness orreceptivity to experience, a characteristic of the fullyfunctioning person.

Experiencing Scale (Gendlin & Tomlinson, 1976) -Measures level of trust in ourselves.Persons being assessed by this test do notrespond directly. They may talk about whateverthey choose, and their tape-recordedcomments are later rated for degree of self trust.

E.G, how much they claim their feelings are animportant source of information on which tobase behavior. Or how much they deny thatpersonal feelings influenced their decisions.

Psychological Tests
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The End
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Report (Humanistic Approach)

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