Report for Thesis

DISSERTATIONONPerformance Improvement of CRT-based Watermarking Technique for Digital Media Authentication

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGYINELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGSubmitted by:xxxxxx

Under the Guidance of:Mr. TAZEEM AHMAD KHAN Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, AFU

Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringAl-falah School of Engineering &Technology,Dhauj, Faridabad (Haryana), (2014)

DISSERTATIONON

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE Performance Improvement of CRT-based Watermarking Technique for Digital Media Authentication

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGYINELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGSubmitted by:xxxxxxxxMTE-12-08

Under the Guidance of:Mr. TAZEEM AHMAD KHANAssistant Professor, Department of ECE, AFU

Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringAl-falah School of Engineering & Technology, Dhauj, Faridabad (Haryana) (2014)

CERTIFICATEI hereby certify that the work which is being presented in M.Tech Dissertation Performance Improvement of CRT-based Watermarking Technique for Digital Media Authentication, in the partial fulfillment of requirements of award of Master of Technology in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Al-Falah School of Engineering &Technology (AFSET), MDU Rohtak is an authentic record of my own work carried out during M. Tech under the supervision Mr. TAZEEM AHMAD KHAN, Assistant Professor Electronics and Communication Department,AFSET.The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree elsewhere. xxxxxxxxRoll No.: MTE-12-08

This is to certify that above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. ..Sign of SupervisorMr. TAZEEM AHMAD KHAN Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Al-Falah University

CERTIFICATEI hereby certify that the work which is being presented in M.Tech Dissertation Performance Improvement of CRT-based Watermarking Technique for Digital Media Authentication, in the partial fulfillment of requirements of award of Master of Technology in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Al-Falah School of Engineering & Technology (AFSET), MDU Rohtak is an authentic record of my own work carried out during M. Tech under the supervision Mr. TAZEEM AHMAD KHAN, Assistant Professor Electronics and Communication Department,AFSETThe matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree elsewhere. xxxxxxxxRoll No.: MTE-12-08

This is to certify that above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge.

.. .. External Examiner Internal Examiner

DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others ideas or words have been included. I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any data in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be caused for the disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke panel action from the sources which has thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

xxxxxxxxxxxRoll No.: MTE-12-08

Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringAl-Falah School of Engineering & Technology Place: FaridabadDate:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks to the following people, for taking me ahead in the journey of writing this thesis.GOD who granted me health and knowledge to complete this workMr. Tazeem Ahmad Khan (M.Tech thesis Co-ordinator Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his unwavering support and invaluable guidance throughout course of the work, which was the essential encouragement that enables me to pursue my work with renewed vigor.Dheer Singh Chhikara, my father, for helping me with the edit work.My friends ,for always keeping my spirits up.PLACE: FARIDABAD xxxxxDATE: Roll No.: MTE-12-08

ABSTRACT

With the beginning of internet, creation and delivery of images, video and audio files, digital repositories and libraries, web publishing in the form of digital data has grown many fold. With this, issues like, protection of rights of the content and proving ownership, arises. Digital watermarking came as a technique and a tool to overcome shortcomings of current copyright laws for digital data. To prove ownership and protect right, a watermark is embedded in data but to save watermark from counterfeiters we need to add complexity and embedded JPEG image information and compress the original image, it include grayscale image with logo , video and logo and also these technique use with 2D, 3D, 4D signals. 4D signal mainly use for video complexity. In this thesis, we study concerning transform technique implemented in watermarking, also Compare watermarking transform technique with help of analytical analysis using simulation results, In this work mainly focus on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and DCT with CRT including complexity; and also analysis of compression using DCT and Wavelet transform by selecting proper threshold method, better result for PSNR have been obtained. Here we used simulation through using MATLAB simulator.

TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTERSPAGE NO.CHAPTER 11.1 Background..11.2 The Digital Watermark.31.3 Objective of watermarking...4

CHAPTE 2 LITEATUE REVIEW2.1 Digital Watermarking...62.2 Types of watermarking.62.2.1 Robust and Fragile watermarking..62.2.2 Visible and Invisible watermarks...62.2.3 Asymmetric and Symmetric watermarking72.3 Intelligent Image watermarking application..72.3.1 Watermarking Applications72.3.2 Broadcast Monitoring.72.3.3 Owner Identification...72.3.4 Medical Applications.82.3.5 Content Authentication..82.3.6 Transaction Tracking.82.4 Watermarking Requirements82.4.1 Imperceptibility..82.4.2 Robustness.....92.4.3 Capacity/Data Payload...92.4.4 Security.102.4.5 Low Error Probability...102.4.6 Real-time Detector Complexity102.5 Watermarking Attacks and Countermeasures.....102.5.1 Simple attack112.5.2 Detection-disabling or Geometric attacks....112.5.3 Cropping...112.5.4 Rotation and Scaling.....112.5.5 Ambiguity attacks.112.5.6 Removal attacks112.5.7 Protocol attack...122.5.8 Copy attack....122.6 Watermarking domains12

CHAPTER 3

WATER MARKING- AN OVERVIEW

3.1 Principle of digital watermarks....133.2 Dandy roll process133.3 Cylinder mould process143.4 Watermarks on postage stamps and stationery.143.5 Materials suitable for watermarking.153.6 Structure of a Digital Watermark.15

CHAPTER 4

DIGITAL WATERMARKING

4.1 The Importance of Digital Watermarks174.2 Evaluation of Watermarking Methods..174.3 Imperceptibility.174.4 Mean Squared Error..184.5 The Purposes of Digital Watermarks184.6 Overview of Copyright Law.194.7 Types of Digital Watermarks194.8 Effective Digital Watermarks...214.8.1 Features of a Good Watermark..21

CHAPTER 5DESIGN ALGORITHM AND PROCESS5.1 The Watermarking Process235.2 Introduction to Transformation..245.3 Error Metrics..255.4 Data Compression Transformation255.4 Mean Square Error (MSE).265.5 Peak Signal-To-Noise Ratio (PSNR).265.6 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)275.7 Proposed DCT Algorithm..28

CHAPTER 6SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION6.1 Steps of Watermarking Done For BASE WORK and IMPROVED WORK296.2 Desired Characteristics of Visible Watermarks.386.3 Desired Characteristics of Video Watermarks...386.4 Flowchart396.4.1 DCT Domain Watermarking...396.5 Watermarking Using DCT.406.6Analysis...42

CHAPTER 7CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK7.1 Conclusion..437.2 Future Work43REFRENCES..44

APPENDIX ALIST OF PUBLICATION47

LIST OF FIGURESFIGURES PAGE NO.Figure: 1.1 Watermarking..3Figure: 3.1 Structure of a Digital Watermark..15Figure: 3.2 Check for watermark.16Figure: 4.1 Types of Watermarking Techniques.19Figure: 4.2 Schematic of Dual Watermarking.20Figure: 5.1 Components of Typical Image/Video Transmission System24Figure: 5.2 Image Compression using DCT28Figure: 6.1 Source of Watermarking...29Figure: 6.2 Leena image..30Figure: 6.3 Logo in tiff format.30Figure: 6.4 Generate extract logo with original message30Figure: 6.5 Extract logo...31Figure: 6.6 Graph and Extract logo with Leena image (Base work)...31Figure: 6.7 Graph and Extract logo with CAM.JPG...32Figure: 6.8Graph and Extract logo with MANDRIL_GRAY.JPG.33Figure: 6.9 Graph and Extract logo with SCAN007 (JYOTI PIC).33Figure: 6.10 Graph and Extract logo with LIVINGROOM.JPG34Figure: 6.11 Bar Graph of Base work with different images..34Figure: 6.12 Graph and Extract logo with Leena image (Improved work).35Figure: 6.13 Chart of Improved Work.36Figure: 6.14 Chart of Base work & improved work36Figure: 6.15 Graph and Extract logo with LIVING ROOM image.37Figure: 6.16 DCT watermarking simulation Tool...40Figure: 6.17 Input image in DCT40Figure: 6.18 Input image with Browse Input MSG.41Figure: 6.19 DCT Embed Message.41Figure: 6.20 DCT Extract Message.....42

SIMULATION PSNR TABLESTABLES PAGE NO.TABLE: 1 PSNR CODE OF BASE WORK...32TABLE: 2PSNR CODE OF IMPROVED WORK.35

ABBREVIATIONSCRT:- Cathode Ray TubeDCT: -Discrete Cosine TransformMSE: - Mean Square Error

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 BackgroundIn recent years, the distribution of works of art, including pictures, music, video and textual documents, has become easier. With the widespread and increasing use of the Internet, digital forms of these media (still images, audio, video, text) are easily accessible. This is clearly advantageous, in that it is easier to market and sell one's works of art. However, this same property threatens copyright protection. Digital documents are easy to copy and distribute, allowing for pirating. There are a number of methods for protecting ownership. One of these is known as digital watermarking. Digital watermarking is the process of inserting a digital signal or pattern (indicative of the owner of the content) into digital content. The signal, known as a watermark, can be used later to identify the owner of the work, to authenticate the content, and to trace illegal copies of the work. Watermarks of varying degrees of obtrusiveness are added to presentation media as a guarantee of authenticity, quality, ownership, and source.To be effective in its purpose, a watermark should adhere to a few requirements. In particular, it should be robust, and transparent. Robustness requires that it be able to survive any alterations or distortions that the watermarked content may undergo, including intentional attacks to remove the watermark, and common signal processing alterations used to make the data more efficient to store and transmit. This is so that afterwards, the owner can still be identified. Transparency requires a watermark to be imperceptible so that it does not affect the quality of the content, and makes detection, and therefore removal, by pirates less possible. The media of focus in this paper is the still image. There are a variety of image watermarking techniques, falling into 2 main categories, depending on in which domain the watermark is constructed: the spatial domain (producing spatial watermarks) and the frequency domain (producing spectral watermarks). The effectiveness of a watermark is improved when the technique exploits known properties of the human visual system. These are known as perceptually based watermarking techniques. Within this category, the class of image-adaptive watermarks proves most effective.Adigital watermarkis a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerantsignalsuch as audio or image data. It is typically used to identify ownership of the copyright of such signal. "Watermarking" is the process of hiding digital information in acarrier signal; the hidden information should,but does not need to contain a relation to the carrier signal. Digital watermarks may be used to verify the authenticity or integrity of the carrier signal or to show the identity of its owners. It is prominently used for tracingcopyright infringementsand forbanknoteauthentication. Like traditionalwatermarks, digital watermarks are only perceptible under certain conditions, i.e. after using some algorithm, and imperceptible anytime else.If a digital watermark distorts the carrier signal in a way that it becomes perceivable, it is of no use.Traditional Watermarks may be applied to visible media (like images or video), whereas in digital watermarking, the signal may be audio, pictures, video, texts or 3D models. A signal may carry several different watermarks at the same time. Unlikemetadatathat is added to the carrier signal, a digital watermark does not change the size of the carrier signal.The needed properties of a digital watermark depend on theuse casein which it is applied. For marking media files with copyright information, a digital watermark has to be rather robust against modifications that can be applied to the carrier signal. Instead, if integrity has to be ensured, a fragile watermark would be applied.The information to be embedded in a signal is called a digital watermark, although in some contexts the phrase digital watermark means the difference between the watermarked signal and the cover signal. The signal where the watermark is to be embedded is called thehostsignal. A watermarking system is usually divided into three distinct steps, embedding, attack, and detection. In embedding, an algorithm accepts the host and the data to be embedded, and produces a watermarked signal.Then the watermarked digital signal is transmitted or stored, usually transmitted to another person. If this person makes a modification, this is called anattack. While the modification may not be malicious, the term attack arises from copyright protection application, where third parties may attempt to remove the digital watermark through modification. There are many possible modifications, for example, lossy compression of the data (in which resolution is diminished), cropping an image or video, or intentionally adding noise.Detection(often called extraction) is an algorithm which is applied to the attacked signal to attempt to extract the watermark from it. If the signal was unmodified during transmission, then the watermark still is present and it may be extracted. Inrobustdigital watermarking applications, the extraction algorithm should be able to produce the watermark correctly, even if the modifications were strong. Infragiledigital watermarking, the extraction algorithm should fail if any change is made to the signal.

Figure 1.1 watermarking1.2 THE DIGITAL WATERMARKDigital watermarking is a technology for embedding various types of information in digital content. In general, information for protecting copyrights and proving the validity of data is embedded as a watermark.A digital watermark is a digital signal or pattern inserted into digital content. The digital content could be a still image, an audio clip, a video clip, a text document, or some form of digital data that the creator or owner would like to protect. The main purpose of the watermark is to identify who the owner of the digital data is, but it can also identify the intended recipient.Why do we need to embed such information in digital content using digital watermark technology? The Internet boom is one of the reasons. It has become easy to connect to the Internet from home computers and obtain or provide various information using the World Wide Web (WWW).All the information handled on the Internet is provided as digital content. Such digital content can be easily copied in a way that makes the new file indistinguishable from the original. Then the content can be reproduced in large quantities.For example, if paper bank notes or stock certificates could be easily copied and used, trust in their authenticity would greatly be reduced, resulting in a big loss. To prevent this, currencies and stock certificates contain watermarks. These watermarks are one of the methods for preventing counterfeit and illegal use.Digital watermarks apply a similar method to digital content. Watermarked content can prove its origin, thereby protecting copyright. A watermark also discourages piracy by silently and psychologically deterring criminals from making illegal copies.1.3 Objective of watermarking:

A number of contemporary digital watermarking techniques exist to support copy right protection for Internet users. This thesis has discussed the importance of these watermarking methods for understanding them and a help for new researchers in related areas. We classified these works based on the inserted media category, the perceptivity, the robustness, the inserting watermark type, the processing method and the necessary data for the watermark extraction. Most of the researches handled the watermark techniques on image media. Spatial domain and frequency domain watermark techniques are the most concern areas for embedding watermark in to the media. In terms of processing domain, transform domain has been used rather than the spatial domain in most of the techniques. Especially DCT-based approach has been widely used among the transform domain approaches, however, currently we are using dct using crt with complexity to increase the robustness of watermarking images we propose a Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) based watermarking scheme that works in the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain.The proposed CRT based scheme is more resistant to different types of attacks, particularly to JPEG compression; in addition, it improves the security feature of the watermarking scheme. Experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme makes the watermark perceptually invisible and has better robustness to common image manipulation techniques such as JPEG compression, brightening and sharpening effects compared to the spatial domain based CRT scheme; in addition, its computational complexity is much lower than the DCT-based scheme.In this approach which has the multi-resolution characteristic, is getting its popularity day by day. With the broad spreading of internet, audio and video based services such as MP3 and VOD are also being widely used. CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Digital WatermarkingDigital watermarking is the practice of embedding a secret information into the original data imperceptibly. The watermark is inserted in such a manner that it should be resistant to all types of intentional or unintentional attacks as long as the perceptual quality of the original data is at an acceptable height. To prove the ownership a reverse process called watermark detection is used. In watermark detection process the embedded watermark is extracted from the watermarked data to prove the ownership.The process of watermarking brings some distortion to the cover media. This intentional distortion is called marks, and all the marks are combined to form the watermark. The marks are inserted in such a way so that they have an insignificant impact on the usefulness of the cover media and are placed in a manner so that a malicious attacker cannot demolish these marks without making the data considerably less useful.In malice of the very vigorous research and the serious industrial demand, booming real world applications have not been developed yet.2.2 Types of watermarking

Depending on the type of application, the watermarks are classified into a number of ways. Some types of watermarking schemes are explained below2.2.1 Robust and Fragile watermarking

A watermark is called a robust watermark which cannot be destroyed easily. In other words intentional or unintentional distortions such as compression, scaling, cropping etc to a watermarked image does not have an effect on the watermark. The watermarks that can be easily destroyed by making a slight change in the contents of the watermark are called fragile watermarks. The absence or change in watermark indicates that data has been tempered.2.2.2 Visible and Invisible watermarks

Watermark can be classified as visible or invisible, depends on the application, type and problem area. Visible watermarks change the original content in such a manner that the new digital content can easily be differentiated from the original one. Thats why these watermarks are easily visible in the cover media. This kind of watermark usually identifies the owner of the content and consists of a logo or seal of an organization. This is so that the copyright is easily visible in the content. Although this watermark is visible but it does not completely vague the primary image. In this case it is important to overlay the watermark in such that to it make robust against the attacks. On the other hand Invisible watermarks or imperceptible and can hardly be detected. Invisible watermarks are used to track the original owner of digital media such as images, videos and documents.2.2.3 Asymmetric and Symmetric watermarking

In asymmetric watermarking different keys are used for embedding and detecting a watermark while symmetric watermarking uses the same set of keys for both operations

2.3 Intelligent Image watermarking application2.3.1 Watermarking ApplicationsAlthough the major application of digital watermarking is to protect the copyright, but its applications are not that limited. It has a wide range of applications. Some important applications are:2.3.2 Broadcast MonitoringWe can use digital watermarking to monitor that how many times a particular advertisement has been broadcasted. In broadcast monitoring the system receives the broadcast. Then the system searches for the detection of watermarks and identifies when, where and how many times this work /advertisement is broadcasted. Television is an example where news contains watermarked videos from broadcasters.2.3.3 Owner IdentificationIn this application watermarking is used to confirm the owner. The creator of art work such as songs, book, and painting hold the copyright as soon as it is published /printed. Textural copyright notices have been used but they have some limitation. It can be easily removed from a document and then be copied even by those who dont have any wrong intentions. As the watermark can be concealed imperceptibly in to the work, it can identify the owner of watermark better than the textual form of owner identification.

2.3.4 Medical ApplicationsWatermarking is used to identify the medical x -ray images and other records of patients thereby reducing the chances of tampering of the medical records.2.3.5 Content AuthenticationContent authentication is another application of digital watermarking. Signature information are embedded into the content. Later it is verified whether the content information has been changed/modified. If a small change made to thecover, the same distortion will also be reflected on the watermark and hence the authentication work becomes invalid. Such types of watermark are called fragile watermark.2.3.6 Transaction TrackingIn this application, watermark is used to recognize the procurer of digital commodities like audios, images and videos etc. manufacturer of such products conceal a fingerprint for the unique identification of each customer. In this way legal/illegal customers and illegal distribution can be easily identified.2.4 Watermarking Requirements

Watermarking techniques can be evaluated on the basis of some properties. These properties are called watermarking requirements. For a watermarking system to be effective one should take into account the properties of imperceptibility/Fidelity, robustness/survival against attacks, cost of computation, bit rate of data embedding process, capacity / payload data, the speed of integration and retrieval process, the capability of embedding and detection process[38]. Different watermarking applications have different necessities. The fundamental requirements of a watermark are:2.4.1 Imperceptibility

In Watermarking requirements the most important requirement is imperceptibility or fidelity. Fidelity means that the original work and watermarked work be perceptually indistinguishable. The imperceptibility requirement of the watermarked medium is tested by means of some subjective measures. The watermark should be embedded in such a manner that it does not bring any distortion to the cover media which is visible to the naked eye and make the watermarking system of very little use. In other words the watermarking method must change the contents of the cover medium such that the information of the cover medium are not modified in any informative manner that may show the existence of a watermark. Many researchers have made the efforts to embed the watermark using DCT and comparative study of watermark using DCT, DCT with CRT and complexity

2.4.2 Robustness

Robustness means the capability of a watermarking technique to survive different types of intentional or unintentional attacks. Digital contents like songs, image, videos etc go through different types of attacks especially digital images before the retrieval of the watermark. Attack is any kind of processing of the watermarked data to destroy the embedded watermark. Attacks can be filtering, compression, cropping, contrast enhancement, resizing, rotation, and translation etc. Effective watermarking techniques are able to resist/detect the watermark successfully after any kind of possible attack. Therefore robustness is a fundamental requirement while designing a watermarking system. To achieve better robustness one should insert the watermark in significant areas of the cover media. Such type of watermarking technique can be applied for copyright protection. The robustness requirement of a watermarking technique varies from operation to operation. Even though for image watermarking, it is possible that a watermarking technique which is robust against signal processing operations, but it may not be able to survive geometric attacks like rotation, cropping, resizing and translation etc.Not all the types of watermarking application need robustness e.g. fragile watermark which is used for authentication purpose. Even a small change in the cover image is detectable in fragile watermark technique.

2.4.3 Capacity/Data Payload

It refers to the optimum amount of information encoded in a signal. The amount of information can be transmitted by a watermark, depends on the intended use. Different applications require different data payloads. This capacity can range from a single or few bits to paragraphs. Copy right application may require 1 to 4 bit to allow or not to allow copying. In case of broad cast monitoring, might require at least 24 bits of information to identify a commercial. Other such as intellectual property application need 60 to 70 bit to store information about the owner i-e International standard book number (ISBN), international standard recording code.

2.4.4 SecuritySecurity means the ability of a watermarking system to withstand a watermark to aggressive attacks. There are two types of attacks are active attacks that require the unauthorized removal and embedding. Unauthorized removal can be either elimination or masking of water mark. This type of attack will change the media after the attack. The second type is the passive attacks include unauthorized detection. Normally, it could recognize the existence of a watermark. A watermark is secure if the knowledge of the algorithms for insertion and extraction does not help unauthorized to detect or remove the watermark.2.4.5 Low Error Probability

Detection of watermark, although it does not exist, i.e. false-positive must be very low. Similarly the probability of failing to detect the watermark, i.e. false-negative under no attacks or distortion of the signal, must be very low. Typically, the watermarking techniques that are based on statistical methods have no problem in satisfying this requirement. But for the watermarking technique to be effective, this requirement must be established.

2.4.6 Real-time Detector ComplexityIn this application of watermarking it is of prime importance that the complexity of watermark detection and extraction must be low, especially for consumer-oriented watermarking applications.2.5 Watermarking Attacks and CountermeasuresAn attack can be defined as the process which makes it hard for the decoder to extract the embedded watermark. An attack may not necessarily be intentional. An unintentional attack can just be the distortion caused by the channel.A watermark data can be attacked through different methods. Detail discussion about the types of attacks and levels of required robustness for a specific watermark application can be found in [33, 39]. They also have discussed the countermeasures of different attacks. According to Voloshynovsky watermarking attacks can be divide into four basic categories [40, 41]. These categories are protocol attacks, removal and interference attacks, cryptographic and geometrical attacks. Similarly Frank Hartung have divided the watermarking attacks into four main groups.

2.5.1 Simple attack

In simple attack an effort is made to smash up the embedded watermark by modifying the entire cover image without extraction of the watermark. Examples of such attacks include compression, addition of noise, and editing.2.5.2 Detection-disabling or Geometric attacks

The attackers try to break the correlation and make it impossible to detect the watermark. The objective of these attacks is not removal of watermark but to damage the watermark. Watermark still exist but not detectable. Normally, they make some geometric distortions such as zooming, rotating the object, cropping or pixel permutation, shift in spatial/temporal direction and removal/insertion etc. The watermark exists in the cover media and can be detected or/recovered with a superior brainpower in the detection phase.2.5.3 Cropping

In most cases, the emphasis is on attacking asmall portionof thewatermarked object. It can be encounter only if the watermark is distributed throughout in an image specifically those portions which has more chances to be interested part of an attacker.2.5.4 Rotation and Scaling

Most of watermarked objects are rotated to some degree or scaled to some factor. In majority of cases the watermark could not be detected by the correlation based detector. It is because of scaling and rotations that the same type of spatial patterns are no moremaintained.2.5.5 Ambiguity attacks

These attacks try to deceive the detection process through false watermarked data. In this attack many additional watermarks to discredit the original owner so that it is not clear that which watermark is the original watermark.2.5.6 Removal attacks

The objective of these attacks is to detect and then remove the embedded watermark without harming the cover media. From watermarked data removal attack tries to remove the watermark without cracking the security of watermarking algorithm i-e without the key used for watermark embedding. Removal attacks try to estimate the watermark by using different watermarked copies. Extract and discard the watermark. The aim and objective of these techniques are complete removal of the watermark, this may be not possible always but most methods do significant damage.Examples include collusion attack, denoising, use of the conceptual cryptographic weakness of the watermarking system, quantization, averaging, filtering, printing and scanningGeneral counter attacks include embedding host data information andadjacent coefficient information in watermark. Using transform domain for embedding watermark, and use of non-invertible for the above mentioned attacks could be other types of attacks.Other Common types of attacks are:2.5.7 Protocol attackProtocol attacks intend to attack the whole model of the watermarking application. Copy attack is one example of protocol attack. The main idea behind the copy attack is to create ambiguity in terms of the real ownership of data.In this attack the embedded watermark is copied from one image to another image without knowing the key used for embedding a watermark.2.5.8 Copy attackIt involves finding watermark pattern and then copy the same watermark to new host data. In other words a valid watermark is embedded into wrong host data e.g. in case of least significance bit, patterns can be copied to new host data.This type of attack can be encounter by making the watermark depend on host image.2.6 Watermarking domainsAccording to domain watermarking techniques can be divided into two domains, spatial domain and frequency domain watermarking. The simpler of the two to conceal a watermark is the spatial domain. Spatial domain techniques work with changing the values of the pixels directly according to the watermark signal pattern. This kind of watermarking is simple and less complex as no transform is used, but are not robust to attacks like compression and image manipulations such as cropping, re-sampling or format conversion.

CHAPTER 3

WATER MARKING-AN OVERVIEW3.1 Principle of Digital WatermarksA watermark on a bank note has a different transparency than the rest of the note when a light is shined on it. However, this method is useless in the digital world.Currently there are various techniques for embedding digital watermarks. Basically, they all digitally write desired information directly onto images or audio data in such a manner that the images or audio data are not damaged. Embedding a watermark should not result in a significant increase or reduction in the original data.Digital watermarks are added to images or audio data in such a way that they are invisible or inaudible unidentifiable by human eye or ear. Furthermore, they can be embedded in content with a variety of file formats. Digital watermarking is the content protection method for the multimedia era.

3.2 Dandy roll processA watermark is made by impressing a water-coated metal stamp or dandy roll onto the paper during manufacturing. While watermarks were first introduced in Fabriano, Italy, in 1282, the invention of the dandy roll in 1826 by John Marshall revolutionized the watermark process and made it easier for producers to watermark their paper.

The dandy roll is a light roller covered by material similar to window screen that is embossed with a pattern. Faint lines are made by laid wires that run parallel to the axis of the dandy roll, and the bold lines are made by chain wires that run around the circumference to secure the laid wires to the roll from the outside. Because the chain wires are located on the outside of the laid wires, they have a greater influence on the impression in the pulp, hence their bolder appearance than the laid wire lines.

This embossing is transferred to the pulp fibres, compressing and reducing their thickness in that area. Because the patterned portion of the page is thinner, it transmits more light through and therefore has a lighter appearance than the surrounding paper. If these lines are distinct and parallel, and/or there is a watermark, then the paper is termed laid paper. If the lines appear as a mesh or are indiscernible, and/or there is no watermark, then it is called wove paper. This method is called line drawing watermarks.

3.3 Cylinder mould processAnother type of watermark is called the cylinder mould watermark. A shaded watermark, first used in 1848, incorporates tonal depth and creates a greyscale image. Instead of using a wire covering for the dandy roll, the shaded watermark is created by areas of relief on the roll's own surface. Once dry, the paper may then be rolled again to produce a watermark of even thickness but with varying density. The resulting watermark is generally much clearer and more detailed than those made by the Dandy Roll process, and as such Cylinder Mould Watermark Paper is the preferred type of watermarked paper for banknotes, passports, motor vehicle titles, and other documents where it is an important anti-counterfeiting measure.

3.4 Watermarks on postage stamps and stationeryIn philately, the watermark is a key feature of a stamp, and often constitutes the difference between a common and a rare stamp. Collectors who encounter two otherwise identical stamps with different watermarks consider each stamp to be a separate identifiable issue. The "classic" stamp watermark is a small crown or other national symbol, appearing either once on each stamp or a continuous pattern. Watermarks were nearly universal on stamps in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but generally fell out of use and are not commonly used on modern U.S. issues, but some countries continue to use them.

Some types of embossing, such as that used to make the "cross on oval" design on early stamps of Switzerland, resemble a watermark in that the paper is thinner, but can be distinguished by having sharper edges than is usual for a normal watermark. Stamp paper watermarks also show various designs, letters, numbers and pictorial elements.

The process of bringing out the stamp watermark is fairly simple. Sometimes a watermark in stamp paper can be seen just by looking at the unprinted back side of a stamp. More often, the collector must use a few basic items to get a good look at the watermark. For example, watermark fluid may be applied to the back of a stamp to temporarily reveal the watermark.Even using the simple watermarking method described, it can be difficult to distinguish some watermarks. Watermarks on stamps printed in yellow and orange can be particularly difficult to see. A few mechanical devices are also are used by collectors to detect watermarks on stamps such as the Morley-Bright watermark detector and the more expensive Safe Signoscope. Such devices can be very useful for they can be used without the application of watermark fluid and also allow the collector to look at the watermark for a longer period of time to more easily detect the watermark.

3.5 Materials Suitable For WatermarkingDigital watermarking is applicable to any type of digital content, including still images, animation, and audio data. It is easy to embed watermarks in material that has a comparatively high redundancy level ("wasted"), such as color still images, animation, and audio data; however, it is difficult to embed watermarks in material with a low redundancy level, such as black-and-white still images.To solve this problem, we developed a technique for embedding digital watermarks in black-and-white still images and a software application that can effectively embed and detect digital watermarks.3.6 Structure of a Digital Watermark: The structure of a digital watermark is shown in the following figures.

Figure: 3.1 Structure of a Digital WatermarkThe material that contains a digital watermark is called a carrier. A digital watermark is not provided as a separate file or a link. It is information that is directly embedded in the carrier file. Therefore, simply viewing the carrier image containing it cannot identify the digital watermark. Special software is needed to embed and detect such digital watermarks. Kowa 's SteganoSign is one of these software packages.Both images and audio data can carry watermarks. A digital watermark can be detected as shown in the following illustration.

Figure: 3.2 Check for watermark

CHAPTER 4DIGITAL WATERMARKING

4.1 The Importance of Digital WatermarksThe Internet has provided worldwide publishing opportunities to creators of various works, including writers, photographers, musicians and artists. However, these same opportunities provide ease of access to these works, which has resulted in pirating. It is easy to duplicate audio and visual files, and is therefore probable that duplication on the Internet occurs without the rightful owners' permission.An example of an area where copyright protection needs to be enforced is in the on-line music industry. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) says that the value of illegal copies of music that are distributed over the Internet could reach $2 billion a year. Digital watermarking is being recognized as a way for improving this situation. RIAA reports that "record labels see watermarking as a crucial piece of the copy protection system, whether their music is released over the Internet or on DVD-Audio". They are of the opinion that any encryption system can be broken, sooner or later, and that digital watermarking is needed to indicate who the culprit is.Another scenario in which the enforcement of copyright is needed is in newsgathering. When digital cameras are used to snapshot an event, the images must be watermarked as they are captured. This is so that later, image's origin and content can be verified. This suggests that there are many applications that could require image watermarking, including Internet imaging, digital libraries, digital cameras, medical imaging, image and video databases, surveillance imaging, video-on-demand systems, and satellite-delivered video.

4.2 Evaluation of Watermarking MethodsSeveral Functions are used to qualify the watermarking algorithm, examining tests on the resulted watermarked image.

4.3 ImperceptibilityThe imperceptibility of the watermark is tested through comparing the watermarked image with the original one. Several tests are usually used in this regard.

4.4 Mean Squared ErrorMean Squared Error (MSE) is one of the earliest tests that were performed to test if twoPictures are similar. A function could be simply written according to equation.function out = MSE (pic1, pic2)e=0;[m,n]=size(pic1);for i=1:mfor j=1:ne = e + double((pic1(i,j)-pic2(i,j))^2);endendout = e / (m*n);end

PSNRPick Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is a better test since it takes the signal strength intoconsideration (not only the error). Equation describes how this value is obtained.

PSNR = 10.log10 ( MAX2/MSE)

function out=PSNR(pic1, pic2)e=MSE(pic1, pic2);m=max(max(pic1));out=10*log(double(m)^2/e);end

4.5 The Purposes of Digital WatermarksWatermarks are a way of dealing with the problems mentioned above by providing a number of services:

1. They aim to mark digital data permanently and unalterably, so that the source as well as the intended recipient of the digital work is known. Copyright owners can incorporate identifying information into their work. That is, watermarks are used in the protection of ownership. The presence of a watermark in a work suspected of having been copied can prove that it has been copied.

2. By indicating the owner of the work, they demonstrate the quality and assure the authenticity of the work.

3. With a tracking service, owners are able to find illegal copies of their work on the Internet. In addition, because each purchaser of the data has a unique watermark embedded in his/her copy; any unauthorized copies that s/he has distributed can be traced back to him/her.

4. Watermarks can be used to identify any changes that have been made to the watermarked data.

5. Some more recent techniques are able to correct the alteration as well.

4.6 Overview of Copyright Law"In essence, copyright is the right of an author to control the reproduction of his intellectual creation. When a person reproduces a work that has been copyrighted, without the permission of the owner, s/he may be held liable for copyright infringement. To prove copyright infringement, a copyright owner needs to prove 2 things.1. S/he owns the copyright in the work, and 2. The other party copied the work (usually determined by establishing that the other party had access to the copyrighted work, and that the copy is "substantially similar" to the original).In cases where it cannot be said that the owner's work and the possible illegal copy are identical, the existence of a digital watermark could prove guilt.The damages charge can be higher if it can be proven that the party's conduct constitutes willful infringement; that is, s/he copied the work even though s/he knew that it was copyrighted (for example, copying even after having discovered a watermark in the work).

4.7 Types of Digital WatermarksWatermarks and watermarking techniques can be divided into various categories in various ways. The watermarks can be applied in spatial domain. An alternative to spatial domain watermarking is frequency domain watermarking. It has been pointed out that the frequency domain methods are more robust than the spatial domain techniques. Different types of watermarks are shown in the figure below:-

Figure: 4.1 Types of Watermarking TechniquesWatermarking techniques can be divided into four categories according to the type of document to be watermarked as follows. Image Watermarking Video Watermarking Audio Watermarking Text WatermarkingAccording to the human perception, the digital watermarks can be divide into three different types as follows. Visible watermark Invisible-Robust watermark Invisible-Fragile watermark Dual watermark

Visible watermark is a secondary translucent overlaid into the primary image. The watermark appears visible to a casual viewer on a careful inspection. The invisible-robust watermark is embed in such a way that an alternation made to the pixel value is perceptually not noticed and it can be recovered only with appropriate decoding mechanism. The invisible-fragile watermark is embedded in such a way that any manipulation or modification of the image would alter or destroy the watermark. Dual watermark is a combination of a visible and an invisible watermark .In this type of watermark an invisible watermark is used as a backup for the visible watermark as clear from the following diagram.

Figure: 4.2 Schematic of Dual WatermarkingAn invisible robust private watermarking scheme requires the original or reference image for watermark detection; whereas the public watermarks do not. The class of invisible robust watermarking schemes that can be attacked by creating a counterfeit original is called invertible watermarking scheme from application point of view digital watermark could be as below. Source based or Destination based.Source-based watermark are desirable for ownership identification or authentication where a unique watermark identifying the owner is introduced to all the copies of a particular image being distributed.Source-based watermark could be used for authentication and to determine whether a received image or other electronic data has been tampered with. The watermark could also be destination based where each distributed copy gets a unique watermark identifying the particular buyer. The destination -based watermark could be used to trace the buyer in the case of illegal reselling.

4.8 Effective Digital Watermarks4.8.1 Features of a Good WatermarkThe following are features of a good watermark:1. It should be difficult or impossible to remove a digital watermark without noticeably degrading the watermarked content. This is to ensure that the copyright information cannot be removed. 2. The watermark should be robust. This means that it should remain in the content after various types of manipulations, both intentional (known as attacks on the watermark) and unintentional (alterations that the digital data item would undergo regardless of whether it contains a watermark or not). These are described below. If the watermark is a fragile watermark, however, it should not remain in the digital data after attacks on it, but should be able to survive certain other alterations (as in the case of images, where it should be able to survive the common image alteration of cropping).3. The watermark should be perceptually invisible, or transparent. That is, it should be imperceptible (if it is of the invisible type). Embedding the watermark signal in the digital data produces alterations, and these should not degrade the perceived quality of the data. Larger alterations are more robust, and are easier to detect with certainty, but result in greater degradation of the data. 4. It should be easy for the owner or a proper authority to readily detect the watermark. "Such decodability without requiring the original, unwatermarked [digital document or] image would be necessary for efficient recovery of property and subsequent prosecution".5. Hybrid watermarking refers to the embedding of a number of different watermarks in the same digital carrier signal. Hybrid watermarking allows intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, data authentication and data item tracing all in one go. 6. Watermark key: it is beneficial to have a key associated with each watermark that can be used in the production, embedding, and detection of the watermark. It should be a private key, because then if the algorithms to produce, embed and detect the watermark are publicly known, without the key, it is difficult to know what the watermark signal is.

The key indicates the owner of the data.It is of interest to identify the properties of a digital data item (the carrier signal) that assist in watermarking:1. It should have a high level of redundancy. This is so that it can carry a more robust watermark without the watermark being noticed. (A more robust watermark usually requires a larger number of alterations to the carrier signal). 2. It must tolerate at least small, well-defined modifications without changing its semantics.

CHAPTER 5Design Algorithm and Process

5.1The Watermarking Process:The watermarking process comprises of the following stages: Embedding stage Extraction phase Distribution stage Decision stageEmbedding stage: In this stage, the image to be watermarked is preprocessed to prime it for embedding. This involves converting the image to the desired transform. This includes the discrete cosine transform (DCT), the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and the wavelet domains. The watermark to be embedded may be a binary image, a bit stream or a pseudo-random number that adheres to, say, a Gaussian distribution. The watermark is then appended to the desired coefficients (low frequency or intermediate frequency) of the transform, as recommended by Human Visual System (HVS) research. Distribution stage: The watermarked image obtained above is then distributed through digital channels (on an Internet site). In the process, this may have undergone one of several mappings, such as compression, image manipulations that downsize the image, enhancements such as rotation, to name a few. Peter Meerwald refers to the above as coincidental attack. In addition, malicious attacks also are possible in this stage to battle with the watermark. Extraction stage: In this stage, an attempt is made to regain the watermark or signature from the distributed watermarked image. This stage may need a private key or a shared public key, in combination with the original image, or just the watermarked image.Decision stage: In this stage, the extracted watermark is compared with the original watermark to test for any discrepancies that might have set in during distribution. A common way of doing this is by computing the Hamming distance.HD = (Wmod . W) ||Wmod||.||W||where both the numerator and denominator are dot products.

5.2 Introduction to Transformation:Transform coding constitutes an integral component of contemporary image/video processing applications. Transform coding relies on the premise that pixels in an image exhibit a certain level of correlation with their neighboring pixels. Similarly in a video transmission system, adjacent pixels in consecutive frames show very high correlation. Consequently, these correlations can be exploited to predict the value of a pixel from its respective neighbors. A transformation is, therefore, defined to map this spatial (correlated) data into transformed (uncorrelated) coefficients. Clearly, the transformation should utilize the fact that the information content of an individual pixel is relatively small i.e., to a large extent visual contribution of a pixel can be predicted using its neighbors. A typical image/video transmission system is outlined in Figure 5.1. The objective of the source encoder is to exploit the redundancies in image data to provide compression. In other words, the source encoder reduces the entropy, which in our case means decrease in the average number of bits required to represent the image. On the contrary, the channel encoder adds redundancy to the output of the source encoder in order to enhance the reliability of the transmission. In the source encoder exploits some redundancy in the image data in order to achieve better compression. The transformation sub-block de correlates the image data thereby reducing inter pixel redundancy. The transformation is a lossless operation, therefore, the inverse transformation renders a perfect reconstruction of the original image. The quantize sub-block utilizes the fact that the human eye is unable to perceive some visual information in an image. Such information is deemed redundant and can be discarded without introducing noticeable visual artifacts.

Figure: 5.1 Components of Typical Image/Video Transmission System

Such redundancy is referred to as psycho visual redundancy. This idea can be extended to low bit-rate receivers which, due to their stringent bandwidth requirements, might sacrifice visual quality in order to achieve bandwidth efficiency. This concept is the basis for rate distortion theory, that is, receivers might tolerate some visual distortion in exchange for bandwidth conservation. The entropy encoder employs its knowledge of the transformation and quantization processes to reduce the output number of bits required to represent each symbol at the quantize. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) has emerged as the de-facto image transformation in most visual systems. DCT has been widely deployed by modern video coding standards, for example, MPEG, JVT etc.

5.3 Error MetricsTwo of the error metrics used to compare the various image compression techniques are the Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) to achieve desirable compression ratios. The MSE is the cumulative squared error between the compressed and the original image, whereas PSNR is a measure of the peak error. The mathematical formulae for the two are :

MSE = _(1)

PSNR = 20 * log10 (255 / sqrt(MSE)_(2)

where I(x,y) is the original image, I'(x,y) is the approximated version (which is actually the decompressed image) and M,N are the dimensions of the images. A lower value for MSE means lesser error, and as seen from the inverse relation between the MSE and PSNR, this translates to a high value of PSNR. Logically, a higher value of PSNR is good because it means that the ratio of Signal to Noise is higher. Here, the 'signal' is the original image, and the 'noise' is the error in reconstruction. So, if you find a compression scheme having a lower MSE (and a high PSNR), you can recognise that it is a better one.

5.4 Data Compression Transformation:Data compression ratio, also known as compression power, is used to quantify the reduction in data-representation size produced by data compression. The data compression ratio is analogous to the physical compression ratio it is used to measure physicalcompression of substances, and is defined in the same way, as the ratio between the uncompressed size and the compressed size. Thus a representation that compresses a 10MB file to 2MB has a compression ratio of 10/2 = 5, often notated as an explicit ratio, 5:1 (read "five to one"), or as an implicit ratio, 5X. Note that this formulation applies equally for compression, where the uncompressed size is that of the original. Sometimes the space savings is given instead, which is defined as the reduction in size relative to the uncompressed size. Thus a representation that compresses 10MB file to 2MB would yield a space savings of 1 - 2/10 = 0.8, often notated as a percentage, 80%. For signals of indefinite size, such as streaming audio and video, the compression ratio is defined in terms of uncompressed and compressed data rates instead of data sizes.When the uncompressed data rate is known, the compression ratio can be inferred from the compressed data rate.

5.4 Mean Square Error (MSE):Mean square error is a criterion for an estimator: the choice is the one that minimizes the sum of squared errors due to bias and due to variance. The average of the square of the difference between the desired response and the actual system output. As a loss function, MSE is called squared error loss. MSE measures the average of the square of the "error. The MSE is the second moment (about the origin) of the error, and thus incorporates both the variance of the estimator and its bias. For an unbiased estimator, the MSE is the variance. In an analogy to standard deviation, taking the square root of MSE yields the root mean squared error or RMSE. Which has the same units as the quantity being estimated for an unbiased estimator, the RMSE is the square root of the variance, known as the standard error.

Where m x n is the image size and I(i,j) is the input image and K(i,j) is the retrieved image.

5.5 Peak Signal-To-Noise Ratio (PSNR):It is the ratio between the maximum possible power of a signal and the power of corrupting noise .Because many signals have a very wide dynamic range, PSNR is usually expressed in terms of the logarithmic decibel scale. The PSNR is most commonly used as a measure of quality of reconstruction in image compression etc. It is most easily defined via the mean squared error (MSE) which for two mn monochrome images I and K where one of the images is considered noisy.

Here, MAXi is the maximum possible pixel value of the image. When the pixels are represented using 8 bits per sample, this is 255. More generally, when samples are represented using linear PCM with B bits per sample, MAXI is 2B-1.Typical values for the PSNR in Lossy image and video compression are between 30 and 50 dB, where higher is better. PSNR is computed by measuring the pixel difference between the original image and compressed image. Values for PSNR range between infinity for identical images, to 0 for images that have no commonality. PSNR decreases as the compression ratio increases for an image.

5.6 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT):The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a technique for converting a signal into elementary frequency components. Like other transforms, the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) attempts to de correlate the image data. After de correlation each transform coefficient can be encoded independently without losing compression efficiency.

Figure: 5.2 Image Compression using DCT5.7 Proposed DCT Algorithm: The following is a general overview of the JPEG process. The image is broken into 8x8 blocks of pixels. Working from left to right, top to bottom, the DCT is applied to each block. Each block is compressed through quantization. The array of compressed blocks that constitute the image is stored in a drastically reduced amount of space.When desired, the image is reconstructed through decompression, a process that uses the inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT).

CHAPTER 6SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn this chapter implemented watermarking techniques and analytical analysis for simulation results, which is simulated using MATLAB simulator. Here showing code which is for Base work and Improved Work, 2D & 3D signal & image considered under Base Work it may be Gray scale or color image , improved work mainly use for 4D signal but if we want to do DCT with CRT including complexity then improved work considered 2D & 3D signal.6.1 Steps of Watermarking done for BASE WORK and IMPROVED WORK.1. Run the code in MATLAB software version greater than 2010 it may be 2012b or 2013b.2. When run the code it ask to select the signal ( which is 2D, 3D, 4D) shows in the figure 6.1

Figure: 6.1 Source of Watermarking 3. After selection of signal select Base Work or Improved Work which is depend on which type of information user want to receive from sender.4. If we talking about Base Work then we need to select Base Work from method Selection, it offer to select the image in gray scale. 5. Here I select Leena image (figure 6.2) in grayscale then it ask for logo (figure 6.3) which is hidden information.

Figure: 6.2 Leena image

Figure: 6.3 logo in tiff format1. After selection logo it start computing complexity 2. During computing complexity it generate the original image and result image with logo which is actually watermark information shows in figure 6.4.

Figure: 6.4 Generate extract logo with original message3. After computing it extract the logo image shows in figure 6.5

Figure: 6.5 Extract logo 4. During extracting the logo it generate the PSNR code.5. Now same Leena image take further more 4 images in grayscale and generate the PSNR code and compare them which is shows the graph (figure 6.6) with Leena image

Figure: 6.6Graph and Extract logo with Leena image (Base work)PSNR code generate with different grayscale images in Base work are following:-IMAGE NAMEPSNRLOGO PSNRBERNC

Bray.jpg4.35E+1inf1.95+038.92+01

CAM.jpg4.37+0125510

Mandril_gray.jpg4.30E+0125510

Scan007.jpg4.66E+0125510

Living room.jpg4.53+01inf3.71+027.40E+01

TABLE: 1 PSNR CODE OF BASE WORKNote: Here bgray.jpg (Leena image)

Figure: 6.7Graph and Extract logo with CAM.JPG

Figure: 6.8Graph and Extract logo with MANDRIL_GRAY.JPG

Figure: 6.9 Graph and Extract logo with SCAN007

Figure: 6.10Graph and Extract logo with LIVINGROOM.JPGNow showing all PSNR code of Base Work with their images here we understood the comparison which is most probably same in Chart Title (figure 6.11).

Figure: 6.11 Bar Graph of Base work with different imagesSimilarly we follow all above steps for Improved work (DCT with CRT including complexity) and found graph shows in figure 6.12 Difference in Improved Work is it embedding watermarking then computing complexity.

Figure: 6.12 Graph and Extract logo with Leena image (Improved work)PSNR code generate with different grayscale images in Improved work are following:-TABLE: 2 PSNR CODE OF IMPROVED WORKIMAGE NAMEPSNRLOGO PSNRBERNC

Bray.jpg4.35E+1inf1.95+038.92+01

CAM.jpg4.37+0125510

Mandril_gray.jpg4.30E+0125510

Scan007.jpg4.66E+0125510

living room.jpg4.53+01inf3.71+027.40E+01

Chart of Improved Work

Figure: 6.13 Chart of Improved WorkFigure 6.14 shows comparison of both PSNR code of Base Work & Improved Work.

Figure: 6.14 Chart of Base work &improved workIn above graph each image have own line of graph in different colors.Watermarking with video file in which use 4D signal showing the graph and code in figure 6.15.Figure: 6.15 Graph and Extract logo with LIVING ROOM image Information about video watermarking:- Height - 512Width - 512Duration - 6.833333e+00Frames - 205Frame Rate - 30Video Result is written in result.aviData is embedded in frame no. 186 PSNR = 4.413186e+01By observing all three watermarking DCT with CRT and including complexity found in between not much difference after extracting same logo with same bits. So without much difference transmission of information with image is create very high security of any data.6.2Desired Characteristics of Visible Watermarks A visible watermark should be obvious in both color and monochrome images. The watermark should spread in a large or important area of the image in order to prevent its deletion by clipping. The watermark should be visible yet must not significantly obscure the image details beneath it. The watermark must be difficult to remove. Rather, removing a watermark should be more costly and labor intensive than purchasing the image from the owner. The watermark should be applied automatically with little human intervention and labor.6.3 Desired Characteristics of Video Watermarks The presence of watermark should not cause any visible or audible effects on the playback of the video. The watermark should not affect the compressibility of the digital content. The watermark should be detected with high degree of reliability. The probability of false detection should be extremely small. The watermark should be robust to various intentional and unintentional attacks The detection algorithm should be implemented in circuitry with small extra cost.

6.4 Flowchart : Bloc diagram shown below Flow chart of Image watermark

6.4.1 DCT Domain WatermarkingMiddle Frequency Band

6.5 WATERMARKING USING DCTFor DCT domain code is different after running that code it open the tab of watermarking using DCT shows in Figure 6.16

Figure: 6.16 DCT watermarking simulation Tool1. Now select input image that is shows in figure as original image

Figure: 6.17 Input image in DCT 2. Select message image shows in figure 6.18

Figure: 6.18 Input image with Browse Input MSG 3. Then Embed message

Figure: 6.19 DCT Embed Message

4. Finally extract the message

Figure: 6.20DCT Extract MessageOnly with DCT found PSNR code is 41.416.

6.6 Analysis:During simulation of CRT with DCT and only DCT watermarking with selecting signal (2D, 3D, 4D) based on Base work and Improved Work found only DCT is more secure and fast watermarking techniques but CRT with DCT watermarking process have advance techniques in which we secure any type of message with different format of information (including text, gray images, colored images, those are considered by selecting signal format, even we can secure our video information). Processing of CRT watermarking is much faster than CRT with DCT watermarking but it doesnt contain video information as a security purpose. CRT with DCT watermarking is most recommended process to enhance and improve the performance of CRT based watermarking techniques for Digital Media Techniques.

CHAPTER 7CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK7.1 ConclusionIn this thesis, we study watermarking techniques and issues of watermarking technique mainly security. In this work analytical analysis with the help of Matlab software simulation results, and also compare watermarking based on CRT with DCT & for watermarking of images in the DCT domain for authentication and copyright protection. The use of CRT provides advantage in terms of improved security and low computational complexity. In this comparative study of CRT and DCT domain watermarking and understood the difference via steps of work and their plotting graph. 7.2 Future Work For the future work we can increase the robustness and security of watermarking images using Discrete Walvet transform in walvet domain.

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Appendix A

List of Publications

List of Publications

1. xxxxxx, Tazeem Ahmad Khan, Performance Optimized DCT Domain Watermarking Technique with JPEG", International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), ISSN: 2278-375, Volume-4, Issue-2, July 2014, pp 20-24.2. xxxxxxx, Tazeem Ahmad Khan, Performance Improvement of CRT-based Watermarking Technique for Digital Media Authentication, VSRD International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering (VSRDIJEECE), e-ISSN: 2231-3346, p-ISSN: 2319-2232, Volume- , Issue- , July 2014, pp .

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