Replication, Transcription, Translation

Replication, Transcription, Translation

GHSGT Review

Domain I (con’t)

Review of NUCLEIC ACIDS Review of NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNADNA Genetic materialGenetic material In the nucleusIn the nucleus DoubleDouble stranded stranded A,A,TT C,GC,G

RNARNA Carries Carries

information from information from the nucleus to the the nucleus to the site where site where proteins are proteins are mademade

SingleSingle stranded stranded A,A,UU C,GC,G

http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif http://tigger.uic.edu/classes/phys/phys461/phys450/ANJUM04/RNA_sstrand.jpg

DNA is found in the nucleus

Chromosomes are made of DNAHumans have

23 pairs of chromosomes

http://games.goadrich.com/images/find-dna.jpg

The sides of the ladder are sugar and phosphates; the rungs of the ladder are the nitrogen bases A,T,C,G

http://www.mariemontschools.org/halsall/images/dna_molecule.gif

Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

Click on link to view

“How is RNA Different from DNA?”

*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.

How DNA is the Master Control

DNAnucleotides

REPLICATION

REpeats

1. DNA can make copies of itself=

REPLICATION

How DNA Replication Occurs-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

A-

T-

G-

G-

C-

T-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

T-

1. The two DNA strands separate

Nuclear membrane

How DNA Replication Occurs-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

A-

T-

G-

G-

C-

T-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

T-

2. Complementary bases are added to each old strand

How DNA Replication Occurs-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

A-

T-

G-

G-

C-

T-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

T-

2. Complementary bases are added to each old strand. Each new double-stranded DNA contains one old strand and one new strand.

A-

T-

G-

G-

C-

T-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

T-

-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

How DNA is the Master Control

DNA RNATRANSCRIPTION

nucleotides nucleotides

REPLICATION

REpeats

TRANSCRIPTION: MAKING RNA

-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

A-

T-

G-

G-

C-

T-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

T-

In transcription, a single strand of RNA is made from a small portion (not all) of one strand of DNA

How Transcription Occurs-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

A-

T-

G-

G-

C-

T-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

T-

How Transcription Occurs-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

A-

U

G-

G-

C-

U-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

U-

2. Complementary bases are added to one strand EXCEPT the sugar in the sides of the ladder is ribose, not deoxyribose AND there is no T used; U is used instead

DNA RNA

How Transcription Occurs-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

A-

U

G-

G-

C-

U-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

U-

The new RNA strand separates- it might be a messenger that takes the message of the DNA out of the nucleus

nucleus

Click to view “DNA Structure and Function”

Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

How DNA is the Master Control

DNA RNA PROTEIN

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

nucleotides nucleotides amino acids

REPLICATION

REpeatsRemember you are translating from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids

Translation: Making Proteins

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/micr230/micr230_lectures/lecture9_files/image001.gif

A group of three nucleotides in messenger RNA codes for a certain amino acid to be placed in a protein. Each group of three nucleotides is called a CODON.

These are the abbreviations for the amino acids

Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

Click on link to view

“The Significance of Codes in the Process of Protein Synthesis”

*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.

How Translation Occurs-T

-A

-C

-C

-G

-A

-T

-C

-G

-T

-T

-A

A-

U

G-

G-

C-

U-

A-

G-

C-

A-

A-

U-

met

asn

ser

ala

The protein made from this messenger RNA would have these amino acids in sequence:

met-ala-ser-asn

Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

Click the view “The Process of Protein Synthesis”

Now you know---How DNA is the Master Control

DNA RNA PROTEIN

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

nucleotides nucleotides amino acids

REPLICATION

REpeatsRemember you are translating from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids

So how do you remember the difference?

Replication just makes a repeat copy of DNA

Transcription rips a new strand of RNA

Translation starts with a new slate- the slate of amino acids to make a protein

Environmental agents can cause mutation in DNAThe environmental agent could be ionizing radiation or chemicals

The agent could alter a nucleotide base, causing a different protein to be made

The agent could cut the DNA backbone

DNA Technology- Use in Medicine

Make medications for disease treatment less expensively, ex, insulin

In artificial fertilization, DNA technology may allow us to pre-screen potential embryos for certain diseases, ensuring that the one chosen for implantation is free of certain genetic diseases

Our DNA profile may help doctors determine how sensitive we are to medications before they prescribe them

Gene therapy may eventually allow us to prevent or cure a disease

Gene Therapy

http://library.thinkquest.org/28000/media/genetherapy/l_gene.therapy-ms.gif

What is the status of gene therapy?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale.

Trials are ongoing, but some problems are Keeping the DNA viable (able to function

as it should) Preventing the body’s immune response

from destroying the DNA

Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

Click on link to view

“Understanding the Power of Genes”

*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.

DNA Technology in agriculture GMO- genetically modified organisms

We call an organism with genes from another species a Transgenic organism

Transgenic plants and animals can be produced that have desirable characteristics, such as Resistance to disease or pests Greater nutrition Improved shelf life Ease of harvest etc

Glo-fish are a GMO

http://www.glofish.com/images/glofish_005.jpg

Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

Click link to view

“It All Started with a Sheep Named Dolly”

*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.

Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

Click on link to view

“Transgenics-Splicing Genes Across Species”

*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.

There is a lot of controversy about this topic! Some worry about the unknown dangers of releasing these organisms.

-A-C-G-A-T-T-C-C-G-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G-G-A-T-A

T-G-C-T-A-A-G-G-C-G-A-T-C-A-T-G-C-C-G-A-T-

Copy the DNA at left on a piece of paper, then1) Replicate it, then 2) Transcribe the right hand strand into RNA, and 3) Translate that RNA into protein.Click the next arrow when you are finished to check your work.

Review

-A-C-G-A-T-T-C-C-G-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G-G-A-T-A

T-G-C-T-A-A-G-G-C-G-A-T-C-A-T-G-C-C-G-A-T-

Answer

-A-C-G-A-U-U-C-C-G-C-U-A-G-U-A-C-G-G-A-U-A

thr

pro

leu

ile

val

arg

ile

RNA protein