1 Replacement of yellow corn with mangrove seeds in diet for in Bluespot mullet Ibrahim E.H. Belal Department of Aquatic Resources Development, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al- Hassa, Saudi Arabia Key words; Fish, Feed, Recirculating System, Mangrove Seeds, Yellow Corn Correspondence: Dr I. E. H. Belal Department of Aquatic Resources Development, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, PO Box 420, Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia [email protected], Home (T. & Fax) – (966) 356-602109 Work (T.) - (966) 5800000/ 1412
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Replacement of yellow corn with mangrove seeds in diet
for in Bluespot mullet
Ibrahim E.H. Belal
Department of Aquatic Resources Development, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences,
King Faisal University, Al- Hassa, Saudi Arabia
Key words; Fish, Feed, Recirculating System, Mangrove Seeds, Yellow Corn Correspondence: Dr I. E. H. Belal Department of Aquatic Resources Development, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, PO Box 420, Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia [email protected] , Home (T. & Fax) – (966) 356-602109 Work (T.) - (966) 5800000/ 1412
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Replacement of yellow corn with mangrove seeds in diet for in
Bluespot mullet1
Abstract
Four approximately isoenergetic isonitrogenous diets containing 0g
kg-1, 150 g kg-1, 300 g kg-1 and 510 g kg-1 mangrove seeds as a
replacement for dietary corn in bluespot mullet Valamugil seheli
(Valenciennes) commercial feed were fed to triplicate groups (100 fish
each) of fingerlings (0.5g) for ten weeks. The closed re-circulating system
consisted of 12 cubical tanks (2.25 m3 each). Fish were fed three times a
day to satiation for 12 weeks. Growth ranked the diets 300 > 150 > 0 >
500 g kg-1 mangrove seed substitution and in most cases differences in fish
weight or SGR were significant (P < 0.05). The proximate composition of
the fish bodies was affected (P < 0.05) by replacing dietary corn with
mangrove seeds in the test diets. As the level of the mangrove seed
incorporation increased, fish body moisture, ash, and protein were
1 This paper is written from research project # 1014 that was financially supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University Al-Hassa, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
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increased and body fat reduced. Inclusion of 300g kg-1 mangrove seed
meal as a replacement for corn resulted in good performance.
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Introduction
The gray mangrove plant Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. is an
annual salt-marsh tree that has great potential as a crop in arid regions. The
primary advantages of mangrove are that it can be irrigated entirely with sea
water, it is adaptable to arid conditions and it is highly productive (Gordon et
al. 1998) ). The average weight of mangrove seeds is 3.03 g, each shrub
produces an average of 580 seeds and calculated seed productivity is 11.6
ton hectare-1 year-1(Farah, 2002). Additionally, mangrove seeds are a good
source of iodine and provide approximatly 863 g kg-1 carbohydrate, 105 g
kg-1 crude protein, 9 g kg-1 crude fat, and 2.1 g kg-1 total ash. Mangrove
seeds are poor in trace elements such as copper, zinc and manganese (Faya
et al. 1992).
In the Middle East by the 13th century, , mangroves were established
sources of food, fuel, medicine, and tanning leather ( Saenger, 1985).
Presently, mangrove leaves are being used as a feed ingredient for dairy
cows, sheep, and poultry with some advantages over their common
commercial feeds (Jara, 1985).. Human as well, eats processed mangrove
seeds ( as sweetened stuffing for pastry) or un-processed(salted seeds).
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Jara, (1985). However, the available information on use of mangrove
products as animal feed stuffs are very limited and poorly documented.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of partial and
totally replacment of yellow corn meal with mangrove seed meal in a
practical style feed for bluespot mullet Valamugil seheli fingerlings on
growth and body composition.
Bluespot mullet Valamugil seheli were selected in this study as an
experimental animal as it is a herbivorous fish ( uses carbohydrates
efficiently ) and has a high market value(Harrison, and Senou 1997 ).. It
inhabits coastal waters but enters estuaries and rivers where it feeds on
microalgae, filamentous algae, diatoms, and detritus associated with sand
and mud (Harrison, and Senou 1997 ).
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Materials and Methods
Collection of fish and acclimation
Valamugil seheli fingerlings (more than 1200 0.5g fish) were
collected from the wild. One hundred fingerlings were stocked in each of
twelve tanks and gradually adapted on the new environment and artificial
feed for two weeks.
Mangrove seeds preparations:
Twenty kilograms of mangrove seeds were collected from trees in
the Annak site on the Arabian Gulf during the month of October. Seeds
were then air dried for four days followed by three days in a convection
oven at 60 oC. The dried seeds were then ground to powder form in a
commercial blender and analyzed for proximate composition, minerals,
carbohydrates (Table 1) and amino acids) (Table 2), and kept in a freezer
at -8oC until mixed into the test rations.
Experimental feed preparation:
Four approximately isoenergetic isonitrogenous rations with 0 g kg-1
, 150 g kg-1 , 300 g kg-1 and 510 g kg-1 mangrove seed powder (on dry
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weight basis) were formulated (Table 3). The test diets contained the
minimum requirement of all essential nutrients to satisfy the needs of
marine warm water fishes as recommended by NRC (1993).The diets were
prepared as follows: all feed ingredients were ground in a commercial
blender and mixed in a kitchen mixer. Vitamin and mineral mixes were
gradually added with continuous mixing. Distilled water (60oC) was
slowly added while mixing until the mix began to clump. The diet was
then passed through a kitchen meat grinder and dried for 24 h at 60oC in a
convection oven. The dried diet was chopped into pellets in a blender and
then passed through laboratory test sieves (mesh 2 and 0.88 mm) to ensure
homogenous particle size of sinking pellets and stored at -8oC until used.
The amount of dust (under size material) as a result of the pelleting
process was recorded for each test feed as an indicator of friable or robust
pellets.
Feeding trial
Each feed was fed on a dry weight basis to satiation to triplicate
tanks of fish three times a day. Samples of twenty fish from each tank were
weighed every seven days and the trial continued for a period of ten weeks.
At the end of the experiment all the fish from each tank were separately
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killed, weighed, ground in a commercial blender and stored at -8oC for
subsequent body composition analysis.
System description:
The system was a totally closed recirculating marine water system
consisting of twelve aerated cubic fiberglass tanks (1.5m W. x 1.5m L. x
1m H) with associated settling tanks, biofilteration and UV terilisation.
Seawater was obtained from the Arabian Gulf Half Moon Area,
disinfected using bleach (7 ml L-1) and salinity adjusted from 65 to 45 g L-1
using fresh water source. Water temperature was kept at 24± 2 oC.
Analyses
Mangrove seed and yellow corn analyses were performed according
to the methods described in AACC (1995). Total sugars and amino acids
analyses were carried out using HPLC (Model 1993, Shimadzu, Japan
according to manufacturer's methods. Minerals analyses were performed
according manufacturers methods using AAS – 680 systems for element
analysis. (Shimadzu, Japan).
Each diet and fish sample was analyzed for moisture, crude protein,
crude fat (ether extract), crude fibre (for feed samples only) and total ash
content in triplicate (AOAC (1980).
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Water quality from all tanks were analyzed once every week for O2
using PSI DO meter, carbon dioxide using a CO2 meter, ammonia and
nitrite using the methods described by Boyed, (1978).
All data were analyzed using SAS ANOVA procedure (Statistical
Analysis 1995). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s
multiple range tests were used to compare treatment means (Snedecor and
Cochran 1981). Statements of significant differences are based on P < 0.05.
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Results
Overall, no disease symptoms occurred throughout the experimental
period. Mortalities were small and not related to any treatment.(Table 4).
Water quality parameters (O2, CO2, pH, water temperature, and total
ammonia nitrogen) changed over the course of the experiment O2 decreased
from 7.9 to 6.2 mg L-1, CO2 increased from 3.55 to 6.25 mg L-1, pH was
slightly decreased from 7.7 to 7.23, water temperature gradually increased
from 24.1 to 29.2 0C and Total ammonia ranged from 0.01 to 0.72 mg L-1.
There were no significant differences between treatments as the system is
inter-connected.
Table 1 shows the proximate composition, minerals, starch and total
sugar content of both mangrove seeds and yellow corn. Mangrove seeds
contain slightly higher crude protein, higher crude fibre (double), much
higher total ash (four times), much higher total sugars (seven times),
_______________________________________________________ 1 Yellow corn grad 2 from The USA 2 Performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer according to AACC (1995)
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Table 2 Amino acids content of measured mangrove seeds and yellow corn are
indicated (NRC 1993 ) as g kg-1 protien.
Amino acids Mangrove seeds Yellow corn
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Threonine
Valine
Alanine
Asparatic acid
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Serine
0.81
0.23
0.27
0.56
0.17
0.19
0.59
0.42
0.38
0.59
0.45
0.81
0.92
0.54
0.41
0.41
0.24
0.27
0.98
2.9
0.20
0.42
0.28
0.20
0.42
0.62
0.58
1.56
0.34
0.31
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Table 3 Proximate Composition and proximate analysis of the test diets are
indicated based on dry weight.
a. Control b. Peruvian fish meal, 65% crude protein, 12% crude fat, from
Nutris Co., S.A., 3 Rue, Rosenwald, 75015 Paris, France. c. As reported by Jackson, Capper & Matty (1982) d. Nitrogen-Free Extract, determined by difference. e. Gross energy, calculated based on 23.67, 17.17 and 39.79 kJ g-1
protein, carbohydrate and lipid, respectively.
Feed ingredients Mangrove seeds content in the test diets (Dry weight) 0 g kg-1 150 g kg-1 300 g kg-1 510 g kg-1
Growth, feed utilization, feed conversion and the percentages of survival of Valamugil seheli fingerlings fed the experimental diets. Values expressed as a mean of three replicate groups' ± SE (superscript) g kg-1 of fish wet weight. (P < 0.05)
a. FCR, Feed conversion ratio (feed intake/average weight gain per fish for the ten week period) b. SGR, specific growth rate = [(In W2-In W1)/time in days) x 100] c. PER, protein efficiency ratio = average weight gain (g)/average weight of protein fed (g). d. Percentage protein deposited = [ ( final body protein – initial body protein ) x 100]/ totat proein fed. Wilson, R.
P. (1988).
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Table 5 Whole body composition1 of mullet Valamugil seheli fingerlings fed the
experimental diets.
1Expressed as a mean of three replicate groups' ± SE (superscript) g kg-1 of fish wet weight. (P < 0.05)
Type of analysis
Initial body composition
g kg-1
Mangrove seeds content in diet 0 g kg-1 150 g kg-1 300 g kg-1 510 g kg-1