Renewal Energy

Kuliah 2bTenaga: TD & KT. Dr.Mohd Zin Kandar

TDTDTenaga Diperbaharui

Tenaga Diperbaharui (TD)

Definisi• Tenaga lestari yang diperolehi

terus dari persekitaran semula jadi melalui suatu makanisma tertentu bagi menghasilkan tenaga haba atau elektrik.

Malaysia dan Strategi Tenaga Kelima (TD)

• Kerajaan mempunyai polisi dan strategi untuk memperkenal dan membangunkan serta meningkatkan keupayaan penghasilan Tenaga Kelima. Ia adalah tenaga diperbaharui (TD).

• Sasaran kerajaan ialah agar TD dapat menyumbang penghasilan elektrik sebanyak 5% dalam jangka masa terdekat dari Keperluan Elektrik negara.

Tenaga Diperbaharui

Biojisim

SuriaAngin

Hidro

Ombak

Geothermal

Biogas

Hidrogen

SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGY

Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaics

Water Heating

Cooking Drying

Buildings

PV Power Generation

Lighting Pumps

THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF SOLAR COOKERSTHE THREE BASIC TYPES OF SOLAR COOKERS

Box Cookers

Concentrator Cooker

Collector Cookers

India is the India is the 11stst in the World in the number of in the World in the number of Solar Cookers ProducedSolar Cookers Produced

THE HOT BOX TYPE COOKERTHE HOT BOX TYPE COOKER

Has a Single Reflector

Has a Single Glass Cover

Measures : 0.6 Sq.M

Weight : 12 Kgs

Four Al / Steel Cooking Pots for 4 Dishes

Operated on Castor Wheels

Outer Case : Al / Fiber Glass

Savings : 3 –4 LPG Cylinders per year

Certain Cookers have Electrical Auxiliary

Heating

555,000 Box Solar Cookers Sold Cost : $ 30 –40

THE CONCENTRATOR COOKERTHE CONCENTRATOR COOKER

A Dish Cooker at a Roadside RestaurantA Dish Cooker at a Roadside Restaurant

- Cooks for 15 People

- Cost:. $75 – $120

- The temperature achieved could

be around 350 to 400o C which

is sufficient for roasting,frying

and boiling

- Over 2000 Concentrating

Cookers Sold

DISH TYPEDISH TYPE

Pemanasan suria – air panas

• Pengumpul suria

• Penyimpan air panas



• Awana KijalAwana Kijal


Solar Thermal Power Plant

MODULARFotovolta – Tenaga Elektrik SuriaCahaya matahari ditukar terus menjadi tenaga elektrik oleh sel suria

Fotovolta (PV) – Tenaga Elektrik Suria

• Photovoltaics (PV) or solar cells as they are often referred to, are semiconductor devices that convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity.

• Groups of PV cells are electrically configured into modules and arrays, which can be used to charge batteries, operate motors, and to power any number of electrical loads.

• With the appropriate power conversion equipment, PV systems can produce alternating current (AC) compatible with any conventional appliances, and operate in parallel with and interconnected to the utility grid.

SISTEM KUASA ELEKTRIK SURIA

Lakaran skimatik sistem PV disambung dengan Sistem Grid

Fotovolta – Tenaga Elektrik Suria

Fotovolta – Tenaga Elektrik Suria• The performance of PV modules and arrays are generally rated

according to their maximum DC power output (watts) under Standard Test Conditions (STC).

• Standard Test Conditions are defined by a module (cell) operating temperature of 25o C (77 F), and incident solar irradiance level of 1000 W/m2 and under Air Mass 1.5 spectral distribution. Since these conditions are not always typical of how PV modules and arrays operate in the field, actual performance is usually 85 to 90 percent of the STC rating.

• Today’s photovoltaic modules are extremely safe and reliable products, with minimal failure rates and projected service lifetimes of 20 to 30 years.

• Due to the diffuse nature of sunlight and the existing sunlight to electrical energy conversion efficiencies of photovoltaic devices, surface area requirements for PV array installations are on the order of 8 to 12 m^2 (86 to 129 ft^2) per kilowatt of installed peak array capacity.


Diagram of stand-alone PV system with battery storage powering DC

Solar Street LightSolar Street Light

Solar LanternSolar Lantern

Fotovolta – Tenaga

Elektrik Suria


Solar PumpsSolar Pumps Solar PumpsSolar Pumps

PV untuk pelbagai aplikasi

PV Solar HousePV Solar House

Fotovolta – Tenaga Elektrik Suria : Tadika, Kyoto.


Fotovolta – Tenaga Elektrik Suria: EcoCentre Kyoto


PV at Keyocera HQ : KyotAplikasi lain PV : Penanda jalanAplikasi

lain PV : Sistem tanda jalan


Palm oil waste:88.7 boe/ha/yr

5 % of energy utilization (500 MW by 2005)

One of main export earner

Other options for usage

Limited numbers of palm oil mills

(~ 400)

Palm Diesel

Other sources:

Logging, rubber, paddy, coconut, cocoa etc

Sumber Tenaga dari biojisim

Sumber Tenaga dari biojisim

• Kayu, sisa hutan, habuk kayu digergaji dsb.

• Sisa daripada bekalan makanan, sekam padi dsb.

• Bahan api bio, minyak kelapa sawit, etanol dsb.

• Sampah-sarap,

bahan buangan

perbandaran

Biojisim (biomass)

Tenaga daripada sisa pokok kelapa sawit

Sisa-sisa-Batang-Sabut-tempurung

Minyak kelapa sawit

Biji pokok kelapa sawit segar

Janakuasa Tenaga elektrik

Penjanaan Tenaga Elektrik dari biojisim buangan perbandaran

Tenaga daripada biogas

Tangki fermentasi anaerobik penghasilan biogas dari najis haiwan

BIO - GASBIO - GAS

- Biogas is a clean, non-polluting and low cost fuel

- Contains about 55 to 75 per cent methane

- Produced from cattle dung, human waste and other organic matter

- India’s position 2nd in the World in Bio – Gas

- Cumulative Achievement – 3.62 Million Bio-Gas Plants

Bio-gas Program : -

Provide fuel for cooking and organic manure to rural households

Mitigate drudgery of rural women

Reduce pressure on forest

Improve sanitation in villages by linking toilets with biogas plants.

Tenaga hidro

Loji kuasa hidro mini

Loji kuasa hidro yang besar

Tenaga hidro Electric Power System

Electricity is generated when a loop of conducting wire rotates in a magnetic field. In a hydroelectric plant, water falling over a dam turns turbines that spin the generators that produce electricity.

Kebaikan Tenaga hidro• Boleh menyimpan tenaga• Takungan air

– Pengawalan banjir– Pengairan– Bekalan air minum

Tenaga hidro

Tenaga daripada angin

• Telah digunakan sejak beberapa lama– Kincir, bekalan air,

pengairan dll

• Skala ekonomi• Tenaga (laju angin)3

• Julat laju angin 4 – 25 m/s

• Mekanikal elektrikal



• Demo house Kyoto Jepun

GEOTERMA (Kepanasan Bumi)

GEOTERMA (Kepanasan Bumi)

• Kepanasan bumi dibawa ke pusat janakuasa untuk menghasilkan elektrik

Landfill Gas

• It may surprise you to learn that landfills are the source of an increasingly valuable commodity – energy. All landfills generate a by-product known as landfill gas, which is an excellent source of renewable energy. Landfill gas (LFG) can be used either directly by industry or to generate electricity for public consumption. In fact, when landfill gas is handled effectively instead of being released into the environment, this previously ignored resource has a lot to offer.

• Landfill gas contains approximately 50 percent methane, which makes it an excellent source of energy. On the down side, methane has a global warming potential of 21 relative to CO2. In other words, one tonne of methane produces the same greenhouse gas (GHG) effect as 21 tonnes of CO2. Capturing and converting LFG into energy prevents it from escaping into the atmosphere.

•KESIMPULAN

Bumi semakin uzur… disebabkan pembangunanTD perlu diperhebatTenaga suria mungkin satu-satunya sumber …

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