Renewable Energy After COP21: Nine Issues for Climate Leaders to Think About on the Journey Home

7/23/2019 Renewable Energy After COP21: Nine Issues for Climate Leaders to Think About on the Journey Home

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X`iobrd Ol`fhlrj

F`fl `ssuls ger

ic`kbtl clbdlrs

te to`fa bheut

ef tol meurfly

oekl

Xlflwbhcl lflrjy

bgtlr IE^82

7/23/2019 Renewable Energy After COP21: Nine Issues for Climate Leaders to Think About on the Journey Home

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 2

IE^82 `f ^br`s

`s evlr.Few `t‐s hbia te tol obrd wera eg

g`jot`fj ger, bfd `kpclklft`fj,

tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef.

Zl bcc afew tobt tol trbfs`t`ef bwby grek gess`c gulcs `s aly te kb`ftb`f`fj b c`vbhcl

pcbflt. Ylvlrbc erjbf`zbt`efs obvl gerkucbtld prepesbcs ger trbfs`t`ef`fj te 2>> plrilft

rlflwbhcl lflrjy1 sekl eg toesl prepesbcs geius ef tol fbt`efbc clvlc, sekl tol stbtl

clvlc, wo`cl b glw ceea bt tol jcehbc iobcclfjl.

Dbv`d Gr`dcly (stbgg si`lft`st eg tol lflrjy bfbcys`s prejrbk bt Cbwrlfil Hlralcly

Fbt`efbc Cbherbtery) bfd @ obvl hllf wera`fj ger tol pbst glw keftos te bfbcyzl bfd

bsslss kbfy eg toesl prepesbcs, bfd te d`j dllplr `fte lflrjy trbfs`t`ef `ssuls—

pbrt`iucbrcy oew eur usl eg lflrjy w`cc flld te bdbpt `f b ~2>> plrilft rlflwbhcl guturl.

Zl obvl b heea `f tol weras, t`tcld Eur Xlflwbhcl Guturl, tobt lxbk`fls tol

bdmustklfts sei`lty w`cc obvl te kbal `f tol trbfs`t`ef te flw lflrjy seurils. Zl

stbrtld to`s premlit w`to sekl jlflrbc ufdlrstbfd`fj eg tol c`alcy iefstrb`fts bfd

eppertuf`t`ls f to`s trbfs`t`ef1 flvlrtolclss, rlslbrio`fj bfd wr`t`fj Eur XlflwbhclGuturl obs hllf b meurfly eg d`sievlry. Bcefj tol wby, wl `dlft`g`ld fet efcy tliof`ibc

`ssuls rlqu`r`fj kerl bttlft`ef, hut bcse `kpertbft `kpc`ibt`efs ger bdveibiy bfd pec`iy.

Zobt geccews `s b soert sukkbry—tb`cerld kestcy te tol \f`tld Ytbtls—eg wobt wl‐vl

clbrfld, bcefj w`to sekl rliekklfdbt`efs.

7/23/2019 Renewable Energy After COP21: Nine Issues for Climate Leaders to Think About on the Journey Home

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 8

2. Zl rlbccy flld b pcbf1 fe, cets eg tolk

Jlrkbfy obs brjubhcy biiekpc`sold kerl tewbrd tol trbfs`t`ef tobf bfy etolr fbt`ef

cbrjlcy hlibusl `t obs b pcbf—tol Lflrj`lwlfdl. To`s pcbf tbrjlts b 7> plrilft rlduit`ef

`f bcc gess`c gulc usl (fet must `f tol lclitr`i`ty sliter) hy 8><>, bio`lv`fj b <> plrilft iut

`f evlrbcc lflrjy usl toreujo lgg`i`lfiy `f pewlr jlflrbt`ef (gess`c gulcld pewlr pcbfts

lftb`c oujl cessls), hu`cd`fjs, bfd trbfspert. @t‐s fet b plrglit pcbf, `f tobt `t rlbccy

soeucd b`k o`jolr tobf 7> plrilft. Hut `t‐s hlttlr tobf feto`fj, bfd tol lggert `s egg te b

jeed stbrt. Bctoeujo tol \f`tld Ytbtls obs b stbtld jebc eg jlflrbt`fj 8> plrilft eg `ts

lclitr`i`ty grek rlflwbhcl seurils hy 8>9>, `t dels fet obvl bf lqu`vbclft egg`i`bc pcbf.

Z`toeut `t, wl brl bt b s`jf`g`ibft d`sbdvbftbjl.

Zobt weucd b pcbf de5 @t weucd `dlft`gy tol cew-obfj`fj gru`t, soew oew rlseurils flld

te hl bcceibtld, bfd `dlft`gy flldld pec`i`ls. Zl weucd eg ieursl flld te rlv`sl tol pcbfgrlqulftcy bs wl jb`fld prbit`ibc lxplr`lfil (bs Jlrkbfy `s de`fj).

Zobt geccews brl sekl iekpeflfts eg b pess`hcl pcbf, hbsld ef wera bcrlbdy defl hy

kbfy rlslbriolrs `f tol \f`tld Ytbtls bfd lcslwolrl1 gbr kerl dltb`c (w`to t`klc`fls,

iest siolducls, bfd pec`i`ls) weucd hl rlqu`rld ger b gclsold-eut vlrs`ef. @t jreups tbsas

`fte clvlcs eg d`gg`iucty1 wera weucd flld te iekklfil r`jot bwby ef tbsas bt bcc clvlcs eg

d`gg`iucty, hut ger pcbff`fj purpesls `t‐s uslguc te afew wobt ibf hl bio`lvld rlcbt`vlcy

qu`iacy bfd iolbpcy, bfd wobt w`cc tbal cefj, lxplfs`vl, sustb`fld lggert.

Clvlc Efl= Tol –lbsy‛ stugg

Flbrcy lvlryefl bjrlls tobt tol lbs`lst wby te a`ia-stbrt tol trbfs`t`ef weucd hl te

rlpcbil iebc w`to secbr bfd w`fd pewlr ger lclitr`i`ty jlflrbt`ef. Tobt weucd rlqu`rl

hu`cd`fj cets eg pbflcs bfd turh`fls wo`cl rljucbt`fj iebc eut eg lx`stlfil. D`str`hutld

jlflrbt`ef bfd sterbjl (reegtep secbr pbflcs w`to oekl- er hus`flss-sibcl hbttlry pbias)

w`cc olcp. Xlpcbi`fj fbturbc jbs w`cc hl obrdlr, hlibusl jbs-g`rld –plba`fj‛ pcbfts brl

egtlf usld te hugglr tol `ftlrk`ttlfiy eg `fdustr`bc-sibcl w`fd bfd secbr `fputs te tol

jr`d (sll Clvlc Twe).

7/23/2019 Renewable Energy After COP21: Nine Issues for Climate Leaders to Think About on the Journey Home

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 9

Yeuril= @ftlrfbt`efbc Lflrjy Bjlfiy1 \.Y. Lflrjy @fgerkbt`ef Bdk`f`strbt`ef.

Lclitr`i`ty biieufts ger clss tobf b qubrtlr eg bcc g`fbc lflrjy usld `f tol \.Y. Zobt bheut

tol rlst eg tol lflrjy wl dlplfd ef5 Y`fil secbr, w`fd, oydre, bfd jletolrkbc preduil

lclitr`i`ty, `t kbals slfsl te lclitr`gy bs kuio eg eur lflrjy usbjl bs wl ibf. Ger

lxbkpcl, wl ieucd olbt bfd ieec kest hu`cd`fjs w`to lclitr`i b`r-seuril olbt pukps(rlpcbi`fj fbturbc jbs- er e`c-gulcld gurfbils). Zl ieucd bcse hlj`f sw`tio`fj eut bcc eur

jbs ieea`fj stevls w`to lclitr`i stevls.

Trbfspertbt`ef rlprlslfts b cbrjl swbto eg lflrjy iefsukpt`ef, bfd plrsefbc

butekeh`cls biieuft ger kest eg tobt. Zl ieucd rlduil e`c iefsukpt`ef suhstbft`bccy `g

wl bcc drevl lclitr`i ibrs (rlpcbi`fj 8<> k`cc`ef jbsec`fl-gulcld butekeh`cls w`cc tbal

t`kl bfd kefly, hut w`cc lvlftubccy rlsuct `f lflrjy bfd g`fbfi`bc sbv`fjs). Hut

preket`fj wbca`fj, h`iyic`fj, bfd puhc`i trbfs`t w`cc tbal kuio clss t`kl bfd

`fvlstklft, bfd hl gbr kerl sustb`fbhcl `f tol cefj-tlrk.

Hu`cd`fjs w`cc rlqu`rl suhstbft`bc rltreg`tt`fj ger lflrjy lgg`i`lfiy (to`s w`cc bjb`f tbal

t`kl bfd `fvlstklft, hut w`cc egglr st`cc kerl eppertuf`t`ls ger sbv`fjs). Hu`cd`fj iedls

soeucd hl strlfjtolfld te rlqu`rl flt-zlre lflrjy er flbr-flt-zlre-lflrjy plrgerkbfil

ger flw iefstruit`ef. Kerl lflrjy-lgg`i`lft bppc`bfils w`cc bcse olcp.

7/23/2019 Renewable Energy After COP21: Nine Issues for Climate Leaders to Think About on the Journey Home

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 4

Tol geed systlk `s b h`j lflrjy iefsuklr, w`to gess`c gulcs usld `f tol kbfugbitur`fj eg

glrt`c`zlrs, `f geed preilss`fj, bfd trbfspertbt`ef. Zl ieucd rlduil b cet eg tobt gulc

iefsukpt`ef hy `firlbs`fj tol kbralt sobrl eg erjbf`i, ceibc geeds. Zo`cl wl‐rl bt `t, wl

ieucd hlj`f slqulstlr`fj lferkeus bkeufts eg btkespolr`i ibrhef `f tepse`c hy

preket`fj gbrk`fj prbit`ils tobt hu`cd se`c rbtolr tobf dlpcltl `t.

@g wl jet b jeed stbrt `f bcc tolsl brlbs, wl ieucd bio`lvl bt clbst b 4> plrilft rlduit`ef

`f ibrhef lk`ss`efs `f tlf te twlfty ylbrs.

Clvlc Twe= Tol obrdlr stugg

Yecbr bfd w`fd tliofecej`ls obvl b drbwhbia= toly prev`dl lflrjy `ftlrk`ttlftcy. Zolf

toly hliekl dek`fbft w`to`f eur evlrbcc lflrjy k`x, wl w`cc obvl te biiekkedbtl tobt

`ftlrk`ttlfiy `f vbr`eus wbys. Zl‐cc flld suhstbft`bc bkeufts eg jr`d-clvlc lflrjy

sterbjl bs wlcc bs b kbmer jr`d evlrobuc te jlt tol lclitr`i`ty sliter te ?> plrilft

rlflwbhcls (tolrlhy rlpcbi`fj fbturbc jbs `f lclitr`i`ty jlflrbt`ef). Zl‐cc bcse flld te

stbrt t`k`fj eur lflrjy usbjl te hlttlr ie`fi`dl w`to tol bvb`cbh`c`ty eg sufc`jot bfd

w`fd lflrjy. Tobt `f `tslcg w`cc prlslft heto tliofecej`ibc bfd hlobv`erbc ourdcls.

Lclitr`i ibrs bs`dl, tol trbfspert sliter w`cc rlqu`rl cefjlr-tlrk bfd seklt`kls kerl

lxplfs`vl suhst`tut`efs. Zl ieucd rlduil eur flld ger ibrs (wo`io rlqu`rl b cet eg lflrjy

ger tol`r kbfugbiturl bfd dl-iekk`ss`ef`fj) hy dlfs`gy`fj eur i`t`ls bfd suhurhs bfd

rler`lft`fj tolk te puhc`i trbfs`t, h`iyic`fj, bfd wbca`fj. Zl ieucd lclitr`gy bccketer`zld oukbf trbfspert hy hu`cd`fj kerl lclitr`g`ld puhc`i trbfs`t bfd `ftlri`ty

pbsslfjlr rb`c c`fas. Olbvy truias ieucd ruf ef gulc ilccs, hut `t weucd hl hlttlr te

k`f`k`zl truia`fj hy lxpbfd`fj grl`jot rb`c. Trbfspert hy so`p ieucd lkpcey kedlrf

sb`cs te `firlbsl gulc lgg`i`lfiy (to`s `s bcrlbdy hl`fj defl ef b t`fy sibcl2), hut rl-

ceibc`zbt`ef er dl-jcehbc`zbt`ef eg kbfugbitur`fj weucd hl b flilssbry ie-strbtljy te

rlduil tol flld ger so`pp`fj.

Kuio eg tol kbfugbitur`fj sliter bcrlbdy rufs ef lclitr`i`ty, hut tolrl brl lxilpt`efs—

bfd sekl eg tolsl w`cc egglr s`jf`g`ibft iobcclfjls.

2 Yll ger lxbkpcl YayYb`cs, ottp=//www.saysb`cs.`fge.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 <

Yeuril= Fur` I`obt Efbt, Kurbt Auiuavbr, bfd Eklr Tbtbr`, –Iefvlft`efbc, oyhr`d, pcuj-`f oyhr`d erlclitr`i vlo`icls5 Ytbtl-hbsld iekpbrbt`vl ibrhef bfd lflrjy geetpr`ft bfbcys`s `f tol \f`tld Ytbtls,‛Bppc`ld Lflrjy  2<>, 2< Mucy 8>2<, 97-401 de`=2>.2>27/m.bplflrjy.8>2<.>4.>>2.

Kbfy rbw kbtlr`bcs ger kbfugbitur`fj preilssls l`tolr brl gess`c gulcs (glldsteias ger

pcbst`is bfd etolr pltreiolk`ibc-hbsld kbtlr`bcs `ficud`fj cuhr`ibfts, pb`fts, dyls,

pobrkbilut`ibcs, lti.) er iurrlftcy rlqu`rl gess`c gulcs ger k`f`fj bfd/er trbfsgerkbt`ef

(l.j., kest kltbcs). Iefs`dlrbhcl lggert w`cc hl flldld te rlpcbil gess`c gulc-hbsld

kbtlr`bcs bfd te rliyicl fef-rlflwbhcl kbtlr`bcs kerl iekpcltlcy, s`jf`g`ibftcy

rldui`fj tol flld ger k`f`fj.

@g wl d`d bcc tolsl to`fjs, wo`cl bcse hu`cd`fj gbr, gbr kerl secbr pbflcs bfd w`fd

turh`fls, wl ieucd bio`lvl reujocy bf ?> plrilft rlduit`ef `f lk`ss`efs iekpbrld te

eur iurrlft clvlc.

Clvlc Torll= Tol rlbccy obrd stugg

De`fj bwby w`to tol cbst 8> plrilft eg eur iurrlft gess`c gulc iefsukpt`ef `s je`fj te

tbal st`cc kerl t`kl, rlslbrio, bfd `fvlstklft—bs wlcc bs kuio kerl hlobv`erbc

bdbptbt`ef. Must efl lxbkpcl= wl iurrlftcy usl lferkeus bkeufts eg ilklft ger bcc

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 7

a`fds eg iefstruit`ef bit`v`t`ls. Ilklft kba`fj rlqu`rls o`jo olbt, wo`io ieucd

tolerlt`ibccy hl suppc`ld hy sufc`jot, lclitr`i`ty, er oydrejlf—hut tobt w`cc lftb`c b

flbrcy iekpcltl rldls`jf eg tol preilss.

Zo`cl w`to Clvlc Efl wl hljbf b so`gt `f geed systlks hy preket`fj ceibc erjbf`i geed,

dr`v`fj ibrhef lk`ss`efs dewf gurtolr w`cc rlqu`rl g`f`so`fj tobt meh hy kba`fj bcc geed

preduit`ef erjbf`i, bfd rlqu`r`fj bcc bjr`iucturl te slqulstlr ibrhef toreujo hu`cd`fj

tepse`c. Lc`k`fbt`fj bcc gess`c gulcs `f geed systlks w`cc bcse lftb`c b suhstbft`bc rl-dls`jf

eg toesl systlks te k`f`k`zl preilss`fj, pbiabj`fj, bfd trbfspert.

Tol iekkuf`ibt`efs sliter—wo`io usls k`f`fj bfd o`jo olbt preilssls ger tol

preduit`ef eg poefls, iekputlrs, slrvlrs, w`rls, poete-ept`i ibhcls, ilcc tewlrs, bfd

kerl—prlslfts sekl rlbccy afetty prehclks. Tol efcy jeed cefj-tlrk secut`ef `f to`s

sliter `s te kbal dlv`ils tobt brl hu`ct te cbst b vlry cefj t`kl bfd tolf te rlpb`r tolkbfd guccy rliyicl bfd rl-kbfugbiturl tolk wolf bhsecutlcy flldld. Tol @ftlrflt ieucd

hl kb`ftb`fld v`b tol a`fds eg cew-tlio, bsyfiorefeus fltweras few hl`fj p`efllrld `f

peer fbt`efs, us`fj rlcbt`vlcy c`ttcl pewlr.

Hbia `f tol trbfspert sliter= wl‐vl bcrlbdy kbdl so`pp`fj kerl lgg`i`lft w`to sb`cs `f

Clvlc Twe, hut de`fj bwby w`to pltrecluk bctejltolr w`cc rlqu`rl iestcy suhst`tutls (gulc

ilccs er h`egulcs). Efl wby er bfetolr, jcehbc trbdl w`cc obvl te sor`fa. Tolrl `s fe jeed

drep-`f suhst`tutl ger bv`bt`ef gulcs1 wl kby obvl te wr`tl egg bv`bt`ef bs bfyto`fj hut b

spli`bcty trbfspert kedl. ^cbfls ruff`fj ef oydrejlf er h`egulcs brl bf lxplfs`vl

pess`h`c`ty, bs brl d`r`j`hcls g`ccld w`to (fef-rlflwbhcl) olc`uk, bfy eg wo`io ieucd olcp

us kb`ftb`f vlst`jls eg b`r trbvlc. ^bv`fj bfd rlpb`r`fj rebds w`toeut e`c-hbsld bspobct `s

pess`hcl, hut w`cc rlqu`rl bf bckest iekpcltl rldls`jf eg preilssls bfd lqu`pklft.

Tol jeed flws `s tobt `g wl de bcc tolsl to`fjs, wl ibf jlt te hlyefd zlre ibrhef

lk`ss`efs1 tobt `s, w`to slqulstrbt`ef eg ibrhef `f se`cs bfd gerlsts, wl ieucd bitubccy

rlduil btkespolr`i ibrhef w`to lbio pbss`fj ylbr.

^cbfs w`cc ceea d`gglrlft `f lbio ieuftry, se lbio ieuftry (bfd lbio stbtl) fllds efl.

8. @t‐s fet bcc bheut secbr bfd w`fd

Tolsl twe lflrjy rlseurils obvl hllf tol suhmlits eg kest eg tol d`siuss`ef

surreufd`fj tol rlflwbhcl lflrjy trbfs`t`ef. ^r`ils brl gbcc`fj, rbtls eg `fstbccbt`ef brl

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 :

o`jo, bfd tolrl `s b cbrjl petlft`bc ger gurtolr jrewto. Hut, w`to b skbcc fukhlr eg

lxilpt`efs, oydrepewlr ieft`fuls te slrvl bs tol cbrjlst seuril eg rlflwbhcl lclitr`i`ty.

Yeuril= M. Dbv`d Oujols, Jcehbc Yustb`fbh`c`ty Xlslbrio, @fi., (dbtb grek H^ Ytbt`st`ibc Xlv`lw, 8>2<).

Tol `folrlft `ftlrk`ttlfiy eg w`fd bfd secbr pewlr w`cc pesl `firlbs`fj iobcclfjls bs

plrilftbjl clvlcs eg plfltrbt`ef `fte evlrbcc lflrjy kbralts `firlbsl. Etolr rlflwbhcl

lflrjy seurils—oydrepewlr, jletolrkbc, bfd h`ekbss—ibf kerl rlbd`cy suppcy

ieftreccbhcl hbslcebd pewlr, hut toly obvl kuio clss eppertuf`ty ger jrewto.

Oepls ger o`jo clvlcs eg w`fd bfd secbr brl tolrlgerl cbrjlcy dr`vlf hy tol bssukpt`ef

tobt `fdustr`bc sei`lt`ls ibf bfd soeucd kb`ftb`f vlry o`jo clvlcs eg lflrjy usl. @g lflrjy

usbjl `f tol \f`tld Ytbtls ieucd hl sibcld hbia s`jf`g`ibftcy (:> te 0> plrilft) tolf b

rlc`bhcl bcc-rlflwbhcl lflrjy rlj`kl hliekls kuio lbs`lr te lfv`s`ef bfd iolbplr telfj`fllr—hut tol systlk weucd flld te ceea vlry d`gglrlft. Yecbr bfd w`fd weucd slrvl

bs s`jf`g`ibft seurils eg lclitr`i`ty bfd w`to usbjl t`kld te `ts bvb`cbh`c`ty, hut oydre,

jletolrkbc, bfd sekl h`ekbss (wolf lfv`refklftbccy bpprepr`btl) weucd slrvl bs

hbslcebd pewlr.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 ?

9. Zl kust hlj`f prl-bdbpt`fj te clss lflrjy

@t `s uficlbr oew kuio lflrjy w`cc hl bvb`cbhcl te sei`lty bt tol lfd eg tol trbfs`t`ef=

tolrl brl kbfy vbr`bhcls (`ficud`fj rbtls eg `fvlstklft bfd tol ibpbh`c`t`ls eg rlflwbhcl

lflrjy tliofecejy w`toeut gess`c gulcs te hbia tolk up bfd te pewlr tol`r kbfugbiturl,

bt clbst `f tol lbrcy stbjls). Flvlrtolclss, j`vlf bcc tol iobcclfjls `fvecvld, `t weucd hl

prudlft te bssukl tobt plepcl `f wlbctoy `fdustr`bc`zld ieuftr`ls w`cc obvl clss lflrjy

(lvlf tba`fj `fte biieuft lgg`i`lfi`ls `f pewlr jlflrbt`ef bfd lflrjy usbjl) tobf toly

weucd etolrw`sl obvl, bssuk`fj b ieft`fubt`ef eg o`ster`i jrewto trlfds.

To`s ieficus`ef `s obrd te bve`d wolf iefs`dlr`fj tol splld bfd sibcl eg rlduit`ef `f

lk`ss`efs bitubccy rlqu`rld te bvlrt ic`kbtl ibtbstrepol. Bs ic`kbtl si`lft`st Alv`f

 Bfdlrsef pe`fts eut `f b rlilft Fbturl Jlesi`lfil pbplr=

–Biierd`fj te tol @^II‐s Yyftols`s Xlpert, fe kerl tobf 2,>>> h`cc`efteffls (2,>>> Jt) eg IE8 ibf hl lk`ttld hltwllf 8>22 bfd 82>> ger b77% iobfil (er hlttlr) eg rlkb`f`fj hlcew 8 ¾I eg wbrk`fj (evlrprl`fdustr`bc t`kls)… Oewlvlr, hltwllf 8>22 bfd 8>24 IE8 lk`ss`efsgrek lflrjy preduit`ef bcefl bkeuftld te bheut 24> Jt eg IE8…QYuhtrbit`fj rlbc`st`i lk`ss`efs hudjlts ger dlgerlstbt`ef bfd ilklftpreduit`ef,[ –…tol rlkb`f`fj hudjlt ger lflrjy-efcy lk`ss`efs evlr tolplr`ed 8>2<’82>>, ger b ‟c`alcy‐ iobfil eg stby`fj hlcew 8 ¾I, `s bheut7<> Jt eg IE8.‛8 

Tobt 7<> j`jbtefs eg ibrhef bkeufts te clss tobf 20 ylbrs eg ieft`fuld hus`flss-bs-

usubc lk`ss`efs grek jcehbc gess`c lflrjy usl. Tol fet`ef tobt tol wercd ieucd kbal b

iekpcltl trbfs`t`ef te bctlrfbt`vl lflrjy seurils, us`fj efcy tobt s`x-ylbr gess`c lflrjy

hudjlt, bfd w`toeut s`jf`g`ibft rlduit`ef `f evlrbcc lflrjy usl, k`jot hl iobrbitlr`zld

bs ept`k`sk ef b sibcl tobt strltiols irlduc`ty.

Tol –oew kuio w`cc wl obvl5‛ qulst`ef rlgclits bf ufdlrstbfdbhcl iefilrf te kb`ftb`f

iurrlft clvlcs eg iekgert bfd iefvlf`lfil bs wl sw`tio lflrjy seurils. Hut `f to`s

rljbrd `t `s jeed te allp liecej`ibc geetpr`ft bfbcys`s `f k`fd.

8 Alv`f Bfdlrsef, "Dubc`ty f ic`kbtl si`lfil," Fbturl Jlesi`lfil ? (8>2<), ?0?’0>>=ottp=//www.fbturl.iek/fjle/meurfbc/v?/f28/gucc/fjle8<<0.otkc

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 0

Yeuril= ZZG, C`v`fj ^cbflt Xlpert 8>24  (Jcbfd, Yw`tzlrcbfd, 8>24).

 Biierd`fj te ZZG bfd tol Jcehbc Geetpr`ft Fltwera, tol bkeuft eg preduit`vl cbfd

bfd slb bvb`cbhcl te lbio plrsef ef Lbrto `f erdlr te c`vl `f b wby tobt‐s liecej`ibccy

sustb`fbhcl `s 2.: jcehbc olitbrls.9 Tol iurrlft plr ibp`tb liecej`ibc geetpr`ft `f tol

\f`tld Ytbtls `s 7.? jcehbc olitbrls. Bsa`fj woltolr rlflwbhcl lflrjy ieucd lfbhcl

 Bklr`ibfs te kb`ftb`f tol r iurrlft c`glstycl `s tolrlgerl lqu`vbclft te bsa`fj woltolr

rlflwbhcl lflrjy ibf allp us c`v`fj ufsustb`fbhcy. Tol iclbr bfswlr `s= efcy tlkperbr`cy,

`g bt bcc . . . se woy bttlkpt tol `kpess`hcl5 Zl soeucd b`k ger b sustb`fbhcl clvlc eg

lflrjy bfd kbtlr`bc iefsukpt`ef, wo`io ef bvlrbjl `s s`jf`g`ibftcy cewlr tobf bt

prlslft.

Lggerts te prl-bdbpt te sor`fa`fj lflrjy suppc`ls obvl ufdlrstbfdbhcy jettlf b cet clss

bttlft`ef grek bit`v`sts tobf ibkpb`jfs te clbvl gess`c gulcs `f tol jreufd, er te

preketl rlflwbhcl lflrjy premlits. Hut `g wl def‐t j`vl lqubc toeujot te to`s hufdcl eg

prehclks, wl w`cc lvlftubccy hl ibujot soert bfd tolrl w`cc hl s`jf`g`ibft liefek`i bfdpec`t`ibc gbcceut.

9 ZZG, C`v`fj ^cbflt Xlpert 8>24 (Jcbfd, Yw`tzlrcbfd, 8>24)1ottp=//www.geetpr`ftfltwera.erj/lf/`fdlx.pop/JGF/pbjl/c`v`fjUpcbfltUrlpertU8>24Ugbits.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 2>

Ye wobt soeucd wl de te prlpbrl ger lflrjy rlduit`ef5 Ceea te Ibc`gerf`b= `ts liefeky

obs jrewf ger tol pbst slvlrbc dlibdls wo`cl `ts plr ibp`tb lclitr`i`ty dlkbfd obs fet.

Tol stbtl lfieurbjld ieeplrbt`ef hltwllf rlslbrio fst`tut`efs, kbfugbiturlrs,

ut`c`t`ls, bfd rljucbters te g`jurl eut oew te allp dlkbfd grek jrew`fj hy iobfj`fj tol

wby lclitr`i`ty `s usld. To`s `s fet b iekpcltl secut`ef, hut `t kby hl efl eg tol tepsuiilss ster`ls `f tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef se gbr, r`vbc`fj tobt eg Jlrkbfy‐s Lflrj`lwlfdl. @t

soeucd hl iep`ld `f lvlry stbtl bfd ieuftry.

4. Iefsuklr`sk `s b prehclk, fet b secut`ef 

Iurrlft pec`iy kbalrs sll `firlbsld huy`fj bfd d`sibrd`fj eg `fdustr`bc preduits bs b

secut`ef te tol prehclk eg stbjfbt`fj liefek`ls. Z`to flbrcy :> plrilft eg tol \f`tld

Ytbtls liefeky t`ld te iefsuklr splfd`fj,4 `t `s lbsy te sll woy iefsukpt`ef `s

lfieurbjld. O`ster`ibccy, tol gerk eg sei`bc bfd liefek`i erdlr afewf bs iefsuklr`sk

cbrjlcy lklrjld bs b rlspefsl te `fdustr`bc evlrpreduit`ef—efl eg tol ibusls eg tol

Jrlbt Dlprlss`ef—wo`io `f turf rlsuctld grek bf bhufdbft bvb`cbh`c`ty eg iolbp gess`c

lflrjy.< Hlgerl bfd lspli`bccy bgtlr tol Dlprlss`ef bfd Zercd Zbr @@, tol bdvlrt`s`fj

bfd iefsuklr irld`t `fdustr`ls jrlw drbkbt`ibccy bs b klbfs eg stea`fj preduit

puriobsls, bfd pec`t`i`bfs eg bcc pec`t`ibc plrsubs`efs me`fld tol ioerus urj`fj i`t`zlfs te

to`fa eg tolkslcvls bs –iefsuklrs,‛ bfd te tbal tol`r flw meh dlsir`pt`ef te olbrt.

@g tol trbfs`t`ef te rlflwbhcl lflrjy `kpc`ls b rlduit`ef `f evlrbcc lflrjy bvb`cbh`c`ty, `gkeh`c`ty `s d`k`f`sold, bfd `g kbfy `fdustr`bc preilssls `fvecv`fj o`jo olbt bfd tol usl

eg gess`c gulcs bs glldsteias hliekl kerl lxplfs`vl er brl iurtb`cld, tolf iefslrvbt`ef

kust bssukl b kuio o`jolr pr`er`ty tobf iefsukpt`ef `f tol dbwf`fj pest-gess`c-gulc

lrb. @g `t hliekls kerl d`gg`iuct bfd iestcy te preduil bfd d`str`hutl jeeds suio bs

iceto`fj, iekputlrs, bfd poefls, tolf plepcl w`cc obvl te usl tolsl kbfugbiturld jeeds

cefjlr, bfd rlpurpesl, rlkbfugbiturl, bfd rliyicl tolk wolrlvlr pess`hcl. Xbtolr tobf

b iefsuklr liefeky, to`s w`cc hl b iefslrvlr liefeky.

Tol sw`tio grek efl slt eg pr`er`t`ls bfd `filft`vls (iefsuklr`sk) te tol etolr

(iefslrvbt`ef) `kpc`ls fet must b kbmer iobfjl `f Bklr`ibf iucturl hut bcse b vbst so`gt

4 \.Y. Hurlbu eg Liefek`i Bfbcys`s, "Tbhcl 2.2.<. Jress Deklst`i reduit," biilssld Ylptlkhlr 4, 8>2<,ottp=//www.hlb.jev/`Tbhcl/`Tbhcl.igk5Xlq@D;0&stlp;2#rlq`d;0&stlp;9&`sur`;2&0>9;<.< X`iobrd Ol`fhlrj, "Tol Hr`lg, Trbj`i Xl`jf eg Iefsuklr`sk," Jrllf Yei`bc Toeujot= B Kbjbz`fl eg Yyftols`s & Xljlflrbt`ef 74(Ypr`fj 8>24)= 2?-8>.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 22

`f heto tol liefeky bfd `f jevlrfklft pec`iy, w`to `kpc`ibt`efs ger flbrcy lvlry

`fdustry. @g to`s so`gt `s te eiiur w`to b k`f`kuk eg strlss, `t soeucd hl toeujot eut

bolbd eg t`kl bfd ju`dld w`to pec`iy. Zl sll c`ttcl lv`dlfil eg suio pcbff`fj iurrlftcy,

bfd `t `s fet iclbr wobt jevlrfklftbc hedy weucd obvl tol butoer`ty bfd ibpbi`ty te

ufdlrtbal `t. Fer de wl ylt sll b iucturl so`gt pewlrguc bfd hrebd-hbsld lfeujo tepreplc pec`iy iobfjl.

Tol rlflwbhcl liefeky w`cc c`alcy hl scewlr bfd kerl ceibc. Liefek`i jrewto kby

rlvlrsl `tslcg bs plr ibp`tb iefsukpt`ef sor`fas1 `g wl brl te bvlrt b g`fbfi`bc irbso (bfd

plrobps b rlvecut`ef bs wlcc) wl kby flld b d`gglrlft liefek`i erjbf`z`fj pr`fi`pcl. @f

olr rlilft heea ef ic`kbtl iobfjl, To`s Iobfjls Lvlryto`fj , Fbek` Acl`f bsas woltolr

ibp`tbc`sk hl prlslrvld `f tol lrb eg ic`kbtl iobfjl1 wo`cl `t prehbhcy ibf (ibp`tbc`sk

fllds preg`t kerl tobf jrewto), tobt kby fet hl b jeed `dlb hlibusl, `f tol bhslfil eg

evlrbcc jrewto, preg`ts ger sekl w`cc obvl te iekl bt b iest te lvlryefl lcsl. Bfd to`s `slxbitcy wobt wl obvl hllf sll`fj `f tol ylbrs s`fil tol g`fbfi`bc irbso eg 8>>?.

Yeuril= Lkkbfulc Yblz bfd Jbhr`lc ]uikbf, "Zlbcto @flqubc`ty `f tol \f`tld Ytbtls s`fil 2029= Lv`dlfilgrek Ibp`tbc`zld @fiekl Tbx Dbtb," Eitehlr 8>2<, gertoiek`fj `f Rubrtlrcy Meurfbc eg Liefek`is 1ottp=//lkc.hlralcly.ldu/~sblz/#`fiekl.

Tol `dlb eg b iefslrvlr liefeky obs hllf breufd bt clbst s`fil tol 20:>s, bfd heto tol

Lureplbf dljrewto kevlklft bfd tol clbdlrs eg tol rlcbt`vlcy flw d`si`pc`fl eg

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 28

liecej`ibc liefek`is obvl j`vlf `t b cet eg toeujot. Tol`r `fs`jots dlslrvl te hl bt tol

ilftlr eg lflrjy trbfs`t`ef d`siuss`efs.

<. ^epucbt`ef jrewto kbals lvlryto`fj obrdlr

 B d`siuss`ef eg pepucbt`ef k`jot sllk egg-tep`i. Hut `g lflrjy bfd kbtlr`bcs (wo`io

rlprlslft lkhed`ld lflrjy) brl c`alcy te hl kerl sibril `f tol dlibdls bolbd eg us,

pepucbt`ef jrewto w`cc klbf lvlf clss iefsukpt`ef plr ibp`tb. Bfd jcehbc pepucbt`ef `s

`fdlld jrew`fj= ef b flt hbs`s (h`rtos k`fus dlbtos) wl brl iurrlftcy bdd`fj ?8 k`cc`ef

oukbfs te tol reccs lbio ylbr,7 b cbrjlr fukhlr tobf bt bfy t`kl `f tol pbst, lvlf `g tol

rbtl eg jrewto `s scew`fj.

^epucbt`ef jrewto eg tol pbst ilftury wbs lfbhcld hy gbiters—kbfy eg wo`io trbil

hbia te tol bvb`cbh`c`ty eg bhufdbft, iolbp lflrjy bfd tol bhufdbft, iolbp geed tobt `t

lfbhcld—tobt kby hl rlbio`fj b pe`ft eg d`k`f`so`fj rlturfs. ^ec`iy kbalrs gbil tol

dli`s`ef few eg woltolr te oukbflcy rlduil pepucbt`ef hy preket`fj gbk`cy pcbff`fj

bfd hy puhc`i plrsubs`ef—hy rb`s`fj tol lduibt`efbc clvlc eg peer weklf breufd tol

wercd bfd j`v`fj weklf gucc ieftrec evlr tol`r rlpreduit`vl r`jots—er te clt fbturl dlbc

w`to evlrpepucbt`ef `f ufflilssbr`cy hrutbc wbys. Ger dltb`cld rliekklfdbt`efs

rljbrd`fj pepucbt`ef kbttlrs, iefsuct pepucbt`ef erjbf`zbt`efs suio bs epucbt`ef

@fst`tutl: bfd ^epucbt`ef Kld`b Ilftlr?. ^epucbt`ef `s b ic`kbtl `ssul.

7. Gess`c gulcs brl tee vbcubhcl te bcceibtl seclcy

hy tol kbralt 

Eur bfbcys`s sujjlsts tobt lvlf `g wl suiilld `f keh`c`z`fj tol pec`t`ibc w`cc bfd tol

g`fbfi`bc wolrlw`tobc te kevl bwby grek gess`c gulcs bctejltolr, `fdustr`bc sei`lt`ls w`cc

flld te allp us`fj gess`c gulcs ger sekl bppc`ibt`efs uft`c tol vlry g`fbc stbjls eg tol

lflrjy trbfs`t`ef—bfd pess`hcy hlyefd, ger fef-lflrjy purpesls. Irui`bccy, wl w`cc

flld te usl gess`c gulcs (ger tol t`kl hl`fj, bfywby) ger `fdustr`bc preilssls bfd

7 \f`tld Fbt`efs, Dlpbrtklft eg Liefek`i bfd Yei`bc Bggb`rs, Tol Zercd ^epucbt`ef Y`tubt`ef `f 8>24, (Flw Pera= \f`tldFbt`efs, 8>24).: ottp=//pepucbt ef`fst`tutl.erj/.? ottp=//pepucbt`efkld`b.erj/.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 29

trbfspertbt`ef flldld te hu`cd bfd `fstbcc rlflwbhcl lflrjy systlks.0 Zl w`cc bcse flld

te ieft`ful us`fj gess`c gulcs `f bjr`iucturl, kbfugbitur`fj, bfd jlflrbc trbfspertbt`ef,

uft`c rehust rlflwbhcl lflrjy-hbsld tliofecej`ls brl bvb`cbhcl. To`s `kpc`ls slvlrbc

prehclks.

 Bs tol hlst eg eur rlkb`f`fj gess`c gulcs brl dlpcltld, sei`lty w`cc hy flilss`ty hl

lxtrbit`fj bfd hurf`fj lvlr cewlr-jrbdl iebc, e`c, bfd fbturbc jbs. Zl sll to`s trlfd

bcrlbdy gbr bdvbfild `f tol pltrecluk `fdustry, wolrl v`rtubccy bcc flw preduit`ef

presplits `fvecvl t`jot e`c, tbr sbfds, uctrb-olbvy e`c, dllpwbtlr e`c, er Brit`i e`c—bcc eg

wo`io lftb`c o`jo preduit`ef iests bfd o`jo lfv`refklftbc r`sa bs iekpbrld te

iefvlft`efbc e`c geufd bfd preduild dur`fj tol 8>to ilftury. Hurf`fj tolsl olbv`lr,

d`rt`lr gulcs w`cc irlbtl lvlr kerl ie-peccutbfts tobt obvl b d`sprepert`efbtl olbcto

`kpbit bfd hurdlf ef cew-`fiekl iekkuf`t`ls. Tol gbit tobt tol gess`c gulc `fdustry

w`cc rlqu`rl lvlr-`firlbs`fj clvlcs eg `fvlstklft plr uf`t eg lflrjy y`lcdld obs b jceeky`kpc`ibt`ef ger tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef= sei`lty‐s bvb`cbhcl ibp`tbc w`cc obvl te hl d`rlitld

tewbrd tol dltlr`erbt`fj gess`c gulc sliter te kb`ftb`f iurrlft slrv`ils, must bs kuio

kerl ibp`tbc `s bcse flldld te gufd tol hu`cd-eut eg rlflwbhcls. Yllk`fjcy tol efcy wby

te bve`d to`s trbp weucd hl te puso tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef bs qu`iacy bs pess`hcl, se tobt

wl brlf‐t stuia twe er torll dlibdls grek few st`cc dlplfdlft ef gess`c gulcs tobt, hy

tolf, w`cc hl rlqu`r`fj se kuio `fvlstklft te g`fd bfd lxtrbit tobt sei`lty kby fet hl

bhcl te bggerd tol trbfs`t`ef premlit.

Hut tolrl‐s bcse b prehclk w`to biilclrbt`fj tol trbfs`t`ef tee kuio. Y`fil wl usl gess`c

gulcs te hu`cd tol `fgrbstruiturl ger rlflwbhcls, splld`fj up tol trbfs`t`ef ieucd klbf

bf evlrbcc `firlbsl `f lk`ss`efs—ufclss wl rlduil etolr iurrlft usls eg gess`c gulcs. @f

etolr werds, wl kby obvl te dlpr`vl sekl sliters eg tol liefeky eg gess`c gulcs hlgerl

bdlqubtl rlflwbhcl suhst`tutls brl bvb`cbhcl, `f erdlr te gulc tol trbfs`t`ef w`toeut

`firlbs`fj evlrbcc jrllfoeusl jbs lk`ss`efs. To`s weucd trbfscbtl te b rlduit`ef `f

evlrbcc lflrjy iefsukpt`ef bfd `f tol liefek`i hlflg`ts eg lflrjy usl (toeujo kefly

sbvld grek iefslrvbt`ef bfd lgg`i`lfiy weucd oeplguccy rlduil tol `kpbit), bfd to`s

weucd obvl te hl defl w`toeut predui`fj b rljrlss`vl `kpbit ef bcrlbdy vucflrbhcl bfd

liefek`ibccy d`sbdvbftbjld iekkuf`t`ls.

0 Ger b jc`kpsl bt wobt a`fd eg lflrjy obs te hl lxplfdld te trbfspert bfd bsslkhcl b s`fjcl w`fd turh`fl, t‐s werto wbtio`fjto`s v`dle= ottp=//h`t.cy/trbfspert-bsslkhcl-w`fd-turh`fl.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 24

Zl kby hl lftlr`fj b plr`ed eg gess`c gulc tr`bjl. Xbtolr tobf bcceibt`fj gess`c gulcs

s`kpcy ef b kbralt hbs`s (toesl woe pby ger tolk jlt tolk), `t kby hl gb`rlr, lspli`bccy

te cewlr-`fiekl i`t`zlfs, ger jevlrfklft (w`to wbrt`kl pewlrs) te bcceibtl gulcs

purpeslguccy hbsld ef tol strbtlj`i `kpertbfil eg tol sei`ltbc sliters tobt dlplfd ef

tolk, bfd ef tol rlcbt`vl lbsl bfd t`klc`flss eg trbfs`t`ef`fj toesl sliters te rlflwbhclsuhst`tutls. Bjr`iucturl, ger lxbkpcl, k`jot hl dllkld tol o`jolst pr`er`ty ger

ieft`fuld gess`c gulc bcceibt`efs, w`to iekklri`bc b`r trbvlc bssuk`fj b gbr cewlr

pr`er`ty. ^lrobps wl flld fet must b pr`il ef ibrhef, hut d`gglrlft pr`ils ger d`gglrlft

usls. Zl sll vlry c`ttcl d`siuss`ef eg to`s presplit `f tol iurrlft lflrjy pec`iy c`tlrbturl.

Gurtolr, glw jevlrfklfts lvlf iurrlftcy biafewcldjl tol flld ger b ibrhef hudjlt. Tol

pec`t`ibc ilftlr eg jrbv`ty, pbrt`iucbrcy `f tol \f`tld Ytbtls, w`cc obvl te so`gt

s`jf`g`ibftcy hlgerl dli`s`ef kbalrs ibf puhc`icy biafewcldjl tol flld ger gess`c gulc

tr`bjl.

 Bs gess`c gulcs jrew kerl iestcy te lxtrbit, tolrl kby hl lvlr-jrlbtlr tlkptbt`ef te usl

eur bvb`cbhcl lflrjy bfd `fvlstklft ibp`tbc klrlcy te kb`ftb`f lx`st`fj iefsukpt`ef

pbttlrfs (c`alcy ger tol r`io bhevl bcc), bfd te put egg tol lggert tobt tol trbfs`t`ef

`kpc`ls. @g wl de tobt, wl w`cc lvlftubccy rlbp tol werst eg bcc pess`hcl eutiekls—

ic`kbtl iobes, b juttld liefeky, bfd fe ieft`fu`fj wolrlw`tobc te hu`cd b hr`djl te b

rlflwbhcl lflrjy guturl.

:. Lqu`ty w`to`f bfd hltwllf fbt`efs obs tehl bddrlssld 

Tol bh`c`ty te obrflss lflrjy irlbtls wlbcto bfd iefglrs sei`bc pewlr. Z`to tol bdvlft eg

gess`c gulcs ibkl b ruso eg wlbcto bfd pewlr suio bs tol wercd obd flvlr hlgerl sllf.

Fbturbccy, oukbf`tbr`bfs sbw to`s bs bf eppertuf`ty te sprlbd wlbcto bfd pewlr breufd

se bs te c`gt bcc eg oukbf`ty bhevl drudjlry, lc`k`fbtl oufjlr, bfd lvlf put bf lfd te

wbr. Bfd te b cbrjl dljrll tobt eppertuf`ty obs hllf sl`zld= evlrbcc, io`cd kertbc`ty rbtls

brl dewf, c`gl lxplitbfiy `s up, `fglit`eus d`slbsls brl ef tol dlic`fl, oufjlr obs hllfrlduild (lvlf bs pepucbt`ef obs drbkbt`ibccy jrewf), bfd kertbc`ty grek v`eclfil obs

dlic`fld s`fil tol lfd eg Zercd Zbr @@.2> 

2> \f`tld Fbt`efs, Dlpbrtklft eg Liefek`i bfd Yei`bc Bggb`rs, Tol Zercd Kertbc`ty Xlpert 8>29, (Flw Pera= \f`tld Fbt`efs,8>29). Zercd Olbcto Erjbf`zbt`ef, Zercd Olbcto Ytbt`st`is 8>2<, (Jlflvb= ZOE rlss, 8>2<). @GBD GBE, bfd ZG^, "Tol Ytbtleg Geed @fsliur`ty f tol Zercd 8>2<= Kllt`fj tol 8>2< @ftlrfbt efbc Oufjlr Tbrjlts= Tba`fj Yteia eg \flvlf rejrlss,"

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 2<

 Plt jcehbccy, wlbctoy `fdustr`bc fbt`efs obvl d sprepert`efbtlcy hlflg`ttld grek tol

gess`c gulc rlvecut`ef wo`cl peerlr fbt`efs obvl d`sprepert`efbtlcy herfl tol iests. Bfd

b s`k`cbr d`spbr`ty bcse lx`sts w`to`f fbt`efs, heto r`io bfd peer efls. Gurtolr, tol

`fmust`il eg lflrjy wlbcto vs. lflrjy pevlrty `s `firlbs`fjcy kbjf`g`ld hy ic`kbtl

`kpbits, wo`io gbcc d`sprepert`efbtlcy upef lflrjy peer sei`lt`ls—heto hlibusl egjlejrbpo`ibc obpplfstbfil bfd hlibusl toly de fet obvl tol sbkl clvlc eg rlseurils te

dlvetl tewbrd bdbptbt`ef.

Few wl brr`vl bt b iressrebds, wolrl tol wlbcto-jlflrbt`fj lflrjy seurils eg tol pbst

twe ilftur`ls (gess`c gulcs) kust j`vl wby te d`gglrlft lflrjy seurils. Zo`cl tol dlibdls

bolbd kby sll dlic`f`fj plr ibp`tb lflrjy iefsukpt`ef `f tol `fdustr`bc`zld wercd, tol

trbfs`t`ef te rlflwbhcl lflrjy dels fet butekbt`ibccy olrbcd b kerl ljbc`tbr`bf guturl.

Lftrlfiold liefek`i `ftlrlsts tobt hlflg`tld d`sprepert`efbtlcy dur`fj tol gess`c gulc

lrb kby slla te kb`ftb`f tol`r bdvbftbjls bs lvlryefl lcsl bdmusts te cewlriefsukpt`ef clvlcs, bttlkpt`fj te lfsurl tobt tol`r sc`il eg b d`k`f`so`fj p`l `s clgt

ufteuiold. @t `s bcse pess`hcl tobt fbt`efs, bfd wlbctoy iekkuf`t`ls w`to`f fbt`efs, w`cc

hu`cd rehust, cbrjlcy slcg-ieftb`fld rlflwbhcl lflrjy systlks wo`cl lvlryefl lcsl

ieft`fuls te dlplfd upef `firlbs`fjcy dysgufit`efbc bfd lxplfs`vl lclitr`i`ty jr`ds tobt

brl `firlbs`fjcy stbrvld eg gulc. @f l`tolr ibsl, iurrlft clvlcs eg liefek`i `flqubc`ty

ieucd plrs`st er werslf.

^ursu`fj tol rlflwbhcl lflrjy trbfs`t`ef w`toeut lqu`ty `f k`fd weucd c`alcy deek tol

lft`rl premlit. \fclss tol `ftlrlsts eg plepcl bt cewlr liefek`i clvlcs brl tbalf `fte

biieuft bfd lx`st`fj `flqubc`t`ls brl rlduild, tol `flv`tbhcl strlssls biiekpbfy`fj to`s

bcc-lfiekpbss`fj sei`ltbc trbfsgerkbt`ef ieucd rlsuct `f lvlr-dllplr d`v`s`efs heto

hltwllf bfd w`to`f fbt`efs, bfd clbd te eplf iefgc`it. Ef tol etolr obfd, `g lvlryefl `s

drbwf `fte b v`s`efbry premlit tobt lftb`cs sobrld lggert bs wlcc bs sobrld jb`fs, tol

rlsuct ieucd hl evlrwolck`fjcy hlflg`i`bc ger bcc eg oukbf`ty. To`s `s trul, eg ieursl, fet

efcy ger tol rlflwbhcl lflrjy trbfs`t`ef hut bcse ger eur rlspefsl te `kpbits eg ic`kbtl

iobfjl tobt brl hy few ufbve`dbhcl.

(Xekl= GBE, 8>2<). Y`kef Grbslr \f`vlrs`ty Yioeec ger @ftlrfbt`efbc Ytud`ls, Oukbf Yliur`ty Xlslbrio Jreup, Oukbf

Yliur`ty Xlpert 8>29, (Wbfieuvlr= Oukbf Yliur`ty Xlslbrio Jreup, 8>29).

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 27

?. Lvlryto`fj `s iefflitld

Toreujoeut tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef, jrlbt bttlft`ef w`cc obvl te hl j`vlf te tol

`ftlrdlplfdlft c`fabjls bfd suppcy iob`fs iefflit`fj vbr`eus sliters (iekkuf`ibt`efs,

k`f`fj, bfd trbfspert af`t tejltolr kest eg wobt wl de `f `fdustr`bc sei`lt`ls). Yekl

c`fas `f suppcy iob`fs w`cc hl obrd te suhst`tutl, bfd iob`fs ibf hl hr`ttcl= b prehclk w`to

lvlf efl c`fa ibf `kplr`c tol lft`rl iob`f. To`s `s tol kedlrf kbf`glstbt`ef eg tol ecd

furslry roykl, –ger tol wbft eg b fb`c…tol a`fjdek wbs cest.‛

Iefs`dlr, ger lxbkpcl, tol suppcy iob`f bfbcys`s ger w`fd turh`fls.

Yeuril= T`cc ]`kklrkbff, Kbx Xlohlrjlr, bfd Ytlgbf J÷Õc`fj-Xl`slkbff, –Kbtlr`bc Gcews Xlsuct`fj grekCbrjl Yibcl Dlpceyklft eg Z`fd Lflrjy `f Jlrkbfy,‛ Xlseurils  8>29, 8(9), 9>9-9941de`=2>.990>/rlseurils8>9>9>9.

Tol jrbpo`i bhevl soews tol vbr`eus iekpeflfts, lbio w`to `ts ewf kbfugbitur`fj

sliter seklwolrl `f tol wercd.

^cbff`fj w`cc flld te tbal suio `ftlrdlplfdlfi`ls `fte biieuft. Bs lvlry liecej`st

afews, yeu ibf‐t de must efl to`fj.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 2:

0. To`s `s fet pcuj-bfd-pcby1 `t `s i`v`c`zbt`ef

rlheet

Lflrjy trbfs`t`efs iobfjl lvlryto`fj. Grek b puhc`i rlcbt`efs stbfdpe`ft, `t kby hl

olcpguc te j`vl pec`t`i`bfs er tol jlflrbc puhc`i tol `kprlss`ef tobt c`gl w`cc je ef bshlgerl wo`cl wl ufpcuj iebc pewlr pcbfts bfd pcuj `f secbr pbflcs, hut tol rlbc`ty w`cc

prehbhcy hl qu`tl d`gglrlft. Dur`fj o`ster`i lflrjy trbfs`t`efs, liefek`ls bfd pec`t`ibc

systlks ufdlrwlft pregeufd kltbkerpoesls. Tolrl `s fe rlbsef te suppesl tobt `t w`cc

hl d`gglrlft to`s t`kl breufd. @g to`s `s defl r`jot, tol iobfjls tobt kust tbal pcbil w`cc

hr`fj w`to tolk eppertuf`t`ls ger sei`ltbc `kprevlklft bfd tol jrlbtlr wlcchl`fj eg

lvlryefl—`ficud`fj tol rlst eg tol h`espolrl.

* * *

Ger lvlry bfswlr Dbv`d Gr`dcly bfd @ `dlft`g`ld te tol prehclk eg oew te pewlr b

kedlrf `fdustr`bc sei`lty w`to 2>> plrilft rlflwbhcl lflrjy, `t sllkld tobt efl er

kerl qulst`efs peppld up. Ger lxbkpcl, b kbss`vl dlpceyklft eg lclitr`i ibrs weucd

drbst`ibccy rlduil eur dlplfdlfil ef e`c—hut oew w`cc wl kbal lclitr`i ibrs w`toeut

gess`c gulcs ger pcbst`is bfd t`rls5 Tol o`jo tlkplrbturls ger `fdustr`bc preilssls usld te

kbal jcbss bfd stllc ger toesl ibrs ieucd hl suppc`ld hy rlflwbhcl lclitr`i`ty, hut bt

wobt pr`il5 Bfd oew w`cc wl hu`cd bfd rlpb`r rebds5

Ytud`ls soew`fj bf lbsy bfd bggerdbhcl pbto te 2>> plrilft rlflwbhcl lflrjy typ`ibccy

obvl bf bjlfdb w`to wo`io wl lft`rlcy iefiur= tol trbfs`t`ef bwby grek gess`c gulcs bfd

tewbrd rlflwbhcl lflrjy kust eiiur, wobtlvlr tol rebdhceias. Yekl eg toesl

rebdhceias tbal tol gerk eg s`kpcl `flrt`b= iekpbf`ls—`fdlld, woecl sei`lt`ls—w`cc

`fvlst `f gufdbklftbc iobfjls te tol`r wbys eg de`fj hus`flss efcy wolf toly obvl te,

bfd kest brl qu`tl iekgertbhcl w`to tol`r iurrlft gess`c-gulc-dlplfdlft preilssls,

suppcy iob`fs, bfd eg ieursl sufa iests.

Ytud`ls icb`k`fj tobt b trbfs`t`ef te rlflwbhcl lflrjy w`cc hl lbsy bfd iest-grll kby

bccby glbrs bfd tous olcp splld tol trbfs`t`ef. Oewlvlr, swllp`fj bitubc d`gg`iuct`ls

ufdlr tol ibrplt bcse dlcbys iefgreft`fj tolk. Zl flld te stbrt few te bddrlss tol

prehclks eg lflrjy dlkbfd bdbptbt`ef, eg hbcbfi`fj `ftlrk`ttlfiy `f lflrjy suppcy

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 2?

grek secbr bfd w`fd, bfd eg lflrjy suhst`tut`ef `f toeusbfds eg `fdustr`bc preilssls.

Toesl brl h`j mehs, bfd `jfer`fj tolk wef‐t kbal tolk je bwby.

@g kbfy eg tol ufafewfs `f tol rlflwbhcl lflrjy trbfs`t`ef `kpcy rebdhceias bfd splld

hukps, sekl ieucd turf eut te hl eppertuf`t`ls, bfd wl iollrguccy biafewcldjl tobt

kbfy iefufdruks kby hl kuio kerl lbs`cy secvld tobf iurrlftcy bpplbrs c`alcy. Ger

lxbkpcl, `t `s iefil`vbhcl tobt flw tliof`ibc bdvbfils ieucd rlsuct `f b zlre-ibrhef

ilklft tobt `s iolbplr te kbal tobf tol iurrlft ibrhef-`ftlfs`vl vbr`lty.22 Hut tobt‐s

lxtrlklcy ufc`alcy te obpplf uft`c slr`eus bttlft`ef `s j`vlf te tol prehclk.

 Bt tol lfd eg tol rlflwbhcl lflrjy trbfs`t`ef, `g `t `s suiilssguc, wl w`cc bio`lvl sbv`fjs

`f efje`fj lflrjy lxplfd`turls flldld ger lbio `firlklft eg liefek`i preduit`ef, bfd

wl kby hl rlwbrdld w`to b qubc`ty eg c`gl tobt `s biilptbhcl bfd plrobps prlglrbhcl evlr

eur iurrlft efl (lvlf toeujo, ger kest Bklr`ibfs, kbtlr`bc iefsukpt`ef w`cc hl sibcldhbia grek `ts iurrlft ufsustb`fbhcl clvlc). Zl w`cc jlt b kuio kerl stbhcl ic`kbtl tobf

weucd etolrw`sl hl tol ibsl, bcefj w`to jrlbtcy rlduild olbcto bfd lfv`refklftbc

`kpbits grek lflrjy preduit`ef bit`v`t`ls.

Hut tol trbfs`t`ef w`cc lftb`c iests—`f tlrks eg kefly, rljucbt`ef, bfd tol rlqu`rlklft

te iobfjl eur hlobv`er bfd lxplitbt`efs. Bfd dlcby weucd hl gbtbc.

Xliekklfdbt`efs 

Hlcew brl sekl sujjlst`efs jlbrld spli`g`ibccy te lfv`refklftbc fefpreg`ts bfd

gufdlrs.

Lfv`refklftbc erjbf`zbt`efs

•  Irlbtl sei`bc keklftuk te suppert b jcehbc pewlrdewf, olcp`fj prlpbrl sei`lty

ger bf lggert bfd b so`gt bs oujl bs tol @fdustr`bc Xlvecut`ef. Zo`cl tol iefilrf

bheut prev`d`fj eppeflfts w`to bkkuf`t`ef s ufdlrstbfdbhcl, dewfpcby`fj er

`jfer`fj tol rlbc `kpc`ibt`efs eg tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef kby fet efcy lfjlfdlr

22 Yusbf Arblklr, "]lre Ibrhef Ilklft reduit`ef w`to Yecbr Tolrkbc," Iclbf Tliof`ib, Bpr`c 2>, 8>28,ottp=//iclbftliof`ib.iek/8>28/>4/2>/zlre-ibrhef-ilklft-preduit`ef-w`to-secbr-tolrkbc/. To`s brt`icl s bf lxbkpcl, hut tol–iolbplr te kbal‛ dlplfds ef tol sbcl eg tol rlsuctbft ibrhef kefex`dl, tol pr`il eg wo`io toly i`tl s iurrlft. @g tol kbraltwlrl lxpbfdld w`to ilklft IE, tolf tol pr`il weucd drep drbkbt`ibccy s`fil tolrl weucd hl evlr b h`cc`ef teffls eg IE te slcc.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 20

d`strust, `t k`jot bcse wbstl bf eppertuf`ty te prev`dl plepcl w`to b slfsl eg

bjlfiy.

•  Zolrl aly usls eg gess`c gulcs brl lspli`bccy obrd te suhst`tutl (bv`bt`ef gulc, ger

lxbkpcl), brjul ger wera-breufds (suio bs rb`c) er ger tol kbfbjld, jrbdubc

sibc`fj dewf eg toesl usls.

•  Lxpcerl oew tol trbfs`t`ef ieucd prev`dl sbt`sgy`fj c`vlc`oeeds bfd suppert

tor`v`fj ceibc`zld, stlbdy stbtl, i`riucbr liefek`ls. Tol Trbfs`t`ef Fltwera obs

bcrlbdy j`vlf iefs`dlrbhcl toeujot te to`s.28 Erjbf`zbt`efs eg yeufj erjbf`i

gbrklrs bfd gbrklr trb`f`fj slrv`ils efcy sirbtio tol surgbil eg wobt `s flldld.29 

Tol Hus`flss Bcc`bfil ger Ceibc C`v`fj Liefek`ls (HBCCL) `s prev`d`fj

fltwera`fj slrv`ils ger sustb`fbhcl lftlrpr`sls, hut ieucd plrobps prev`dl kerl

eg b trb`f`fj gufit`ef `g `t wlrl suppertld te de se.

•  Tbal b clbdlrso`p recl `f `f`t`bt`fj v`s`efbry premlits te gurtolr tol lflrjy

trbfs`t`ef, tolf lfc`st iekkuf`t`ls te tbal toesl premlits ef, bfd te hlflg`t grek

tolk. Tolsl ieucd hl rlflwbhcl lflrjy, ceibc geed, trbfspert, `kpert

suhst`tut`ef, rliyic`fj, er lflrjy lgg`i`lfiy premlits—tol pess`h`c`t`ls brl flbrcy

lfdclss.

•  @f bdd`t`ef te rls`st`fj tol dek`fbfil eg gess`c gulcs, lfjbjl w`to iekkuf`t`ls te

irlbtl plrsubs`vl kedlcs eg oew plepcl ibf c`vl bfd tor`vl w`to kuio-rlduild

rlc`bfil ef gess`c gulcs.

•   Bdveibtl ger b must trbfs`t`ef te rlflwbhcl lflrjy tobt hlflg ts bcc plepcl bfd

iekkuf`t`ls. @g tol FJE wercd delsf‐t de to`s, woe w`cc5 Bfd w`toeut suio

bdveibiy, tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef ieucd bitubccy lxbilrhbtl lx`st`fj `flqu`ty.

^o`cbftorepy

Tol po`cbftorep`i sliter `flv`tbhcy lxlrts b vlry cbrjl `fgculfil evlr tol pr`er`t`ls eg

fefpreg`t erjbf`zbt`efs tobt t gufds. Gufdlrs soeucd firlbs`fjcy suppert=

28 Yll ger lxbkpcl tol XLiefeky premlit, ottp=//www.rliefeky.erj.29 Yll ger lxbkpcl tol Jrllfoerfs, ottp=//www.toljrllfoerfs.flt1 tol Bjr`iucturl bfd Cbfd-Hbsld Trb`f`fj Bssei`bt`ef,ottp=//www.bchbgbrklrs.erj1 Xejul Gbrk Ierps, ottp=//www.rejulgbrkierps.erj1 bfd Jrllfhbfa Gbrk,ottp=//jrllfhbfagbrk.h`z/egs/.

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Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^ 82 8>

•  Lggerts te lduibtl bfd `fsp`rl i`t`zlfs bheut tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef.

•  ^remlits tobt `fvecvl dlvlcepklft eg flw liefek`i kedlcs tobt lfbhcl plepcl te

c`vl w`to clss lflrjy, hut `f wbys tobt hr`fj jrlbtlr c`gl sbt`sgbit`ef.

• 

Xlpc`ibhcl kedlcs eg iekkuf`ty dlvlcepklft tobt `ficudl tba`fj iobrjl eg ceibc

lflrjy preduit`ef bfd rldui`fj gess`c gulc dlkbfd biress kbfy sliters.

Gufdlrs ieucd bcse olcp tol fefpreg`t iekkuf`ty v`lw tol lflrjy trbfs`t`ef bs b

systlk`i trbfsgerkbt`ef, efl tobt efcy hlj`fs w`to soutt`fj dewf iebc pewlr pcbfts.

Tol tliof`ibc ieerd`fbt`ef eg tol rlflwbhcl trbfs`t`ef `s `tslcg bf lferkeus tbsa, bfd

iurrlftcy fehedy `s obfdc`fj `t. @t w`cc c`alcy rlqu`rl b jcehbc butoer`ty te dltlrk`fl oew

te d`rlit tol usl eg tol wercd‐s rlkb`f`fj hurfbhcl gess`c gulcs—woltolr tewbrd tol

gurtolr jrewto eg iefvlft`efbc kbfugbitur`fj bfd trbfspertbt`ef, er tewbrd tol hu`cd-

eut eg rlflwbhcl lflrjy-hbsld jlflrbt`ef bfd iefsukpt`ef `fgrbstruiturl. Efcy suio bf

butoer`ty ieucd jcehbccy pr`er`t`zl bfd ieerd`fbtl sliterbc so`gts (`f bjr`iucturl,

trbfspert, kbfugbitur`fj, bfd hu`cd`fjs) te rlduil gess`c gulc iefsukpt`ef bs qu`iacy bs

pess`hcl w`toeut rldui`fj liefek`i hlflg`ts `f ufbiilptbhcl wbys.

Hut `f tol bhslfil eg suio bf `ftlrfbt`efbc butoer`ty, tol efus eg to`s wera w`cc gbcc

cbrjlcy upef fefpreg`t lfv`refklftbc erjbf`zbt`efs bfd tol`r gufdlrs, bcefj w`to

fbt`efbc bfd ceibc jevlrfklfts.

Efl wby er bfetolr, `t‐s t`kl te kbal b pcbf—bs iekprlolfs`vl bfd dltb`cld bs wl ibf

kbfbjl—bfd ruf w`to `t, rlv`s`fj `t bs wl je. Bfd te –slcc‛ tobt pcbf, oeflstcy hut

sa`ccguccy, te pec`iy kbalrs bfd eur glccew i`t`zlfs.

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Bheut tol Butoer

X`iobrd Ol`fhlrj `s Ylf`er Glccew-`f-Xls`dlfil bt ^est Ibrhef @fst`tutl bfd w`dlcy

rljbrdld bs efl eg tol wercd‐s gerlkest lduibters ef tol flld te trbfs`t`ef bwby

grek gess`c gulcs. Ol `s tol bwbrd-w`ff`fj butoer eg twlcvl heeas, `ficud`fj sekl eg

tol slk`fbc weras ef sei`lty‐s iurrlft lflrjy bfd lfv`refklftbc sustb`fbh`c`ty

ir`s`s suio bs Tol ^brty‐s Evlr= E`c, Zbr & tol Gbtl eg @fdustr`bc Yei`lt`ls  (8>>9)

bfd Tol Lfd eg Jrewto= Bdbpt`fj tol Eur Flw Liefek`i Xlbc`ty  (8>22).

Ol`fhlrj obs butoerld sierls eg lssbys bfd brt`icls tobt obvl bpplbrld `f suio

 meurfbcs bs Fbturl , Bklr`ibf ^resplit , ^uhc`i ec`iy Xlslbrio , Tol Liecej`st ,

Lureplbf Hus`flss Xlv`lw , Lbrto @scbfd Meurfbc , bfd tol Ior`st`bf Yi`lfil Kef`ter .

Ol obs hllf quetld bfd `ftlrv`lwld ieuftclss t`kls ger pr`ft, tlclv`s`ef, bfd rbd`e.

Ol `s b rli`p`lft eg tol K. A`fj Ouhhlrt Bwbrd ger Lxilcclfil `f Lflrjy Lduibt`ef,

bfd `f 8>28 wbs bppe`ftld te O`s Kbmlsty tol A`fj eg Houtbf‐s @ftlrfbt`efbc LxplrtZera`fj Jreup ger tol Flw Dlvlcepklft ^brbd`jk `f`t`bt`vl.

Xlflwbhcl lflrjy bgtlr IE^82=

F`fl `ssuls ger ic`kbtl clbdlrs te to`fa bheut ef tol meurfly oekl

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