RENAISSANCE

INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS

SUPERIORES DE MEONTERRY

CAMPUS IRAPUATO

SECUNDARIA BILINGÜE CARLOS DARWIN

Correo

THE MOGULS THE MUSLIM EMPIRE CATHOLICS GLOSSARY

THE RENAISSANCE THE INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Betancourt, Mónica. World History Irapuato, Gto. 2010

1350

1434

1450

1508

1517

1534

1450

1500

RENAISSANCE

The word renaissance means rebirth. A number of people who lived in Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they have witnessed a rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. To them, the rebirth marked a new age. Historians later called this period the Renaissance.

It began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. What then are the most important characteristics of the Italian renaissance?

It was a largely urban society. Powerful cities became the centers of the Italian, political, economic, and social life. A secular view point emerged and an increasing of the enjoyment of the material things.

It was an age of recovery from the disasters of the XIV century (the plague, political instability, and a decline of the Church power). There was a rebirth of interest in the ancient culture. Italian thinkers were aware of their Roman past and culture. This affected politics and art.

A new view of human beings emerged, people began to emphasize individual ability. “Men can do all things if they will” (Leon Battista Alberti). Man was capable of achievements in many areas of life (Leonardo da Vinci, was a painter, sculpture, architect, inventor, and mathematician). Many of the intellectual and artistic achievements of the period were visible and difficult to ignore. Many buildings were decorated with religious and secular art.

The Italian States. Since Italy did not develop a centralized monarchical state a number of

cities-states remain independent and expanded and played crucial roles in Italian politics.

Milan was one of the richest city-states in Italy. Members of the Visconti family extended their power. The last Visconti ruler of Milan died in 1447. Francesco Sforza conquered the city and became its new duke. Sforza was the leader of a band of mercenaries. He also created an efficient tax system.

Venice drew traders from all over the world. A small group of merchant-aristocrats ran the government and made Venice an international power.

Florence was controlled by a small but wealthy group of merchants. In 1434 Cosimo de’ Medici took control of the city. The wealthy Medici family control the government from behind the scenes. Later Lorenzo de’ Medici, his grandson, dominated the city at a time when Florence was the cultural center of Italy.

The Italian Wars. The growth of powerful monarchical states in the rest of Europe

eventually led to the trouble for the Italian states. Attracted by the riches of Italy, the French King Charles VIII led an army of thirty thousand men into Italy in 1494 and occupied the kingdom of Naples in southern Italy. Italy turned for help to the Spanish. For the next 30 years, the French and the Spanish made Italy their battle ground. In 1527 thousands of troops belonging to the Spanish King Charles I arrived at the city of Rome along with their mercenaries from different countries. There was a terrible destruction in Rome ending the Italian wars and left the Spanish a dominant force in Italy.

Entry of Charles VIII into Naples by

Eloi Firmin Feroi, 1837

HW

As in the Middle Ages, into the Renaissance, society was divided into three

states or social classes.

The Nobility. Throughout much Europe, land holding nobles were faced with

declining incomes during the greater part of the fourteenth and fifteenth

centuries.

By 1500, nobles, dominated society. They made up only about 2 to 3 percent

of the population in most countries, the nobles held important political posts

and served as advisers to the king.

The characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble were:

First, a noble was born, not made. He was expected to have character, grace

and talent.

Second, he has to develop two basic skills, to be a warrior, performing military

and physical exercises, and it was expected to gain a classical education and

enrich his life with the arts.

Third, he needed to follow a certain standard of conduct. They were not

supposed to hide their achievements but to show them with grace.

The perfect noble has to serve his prince in an effective and honest way.

RENAISSANCE SOCIETY.

Peasants. The peasants constituted 85 to 90 percent of the total European

population, except in the highly urban areas of northern Italy. The labor owed

by a peasant to a lord was converted into rent on land paid in money. By 1500,

more and more peasants became legally free.

Townspeople. Towns people made up the rest of the third estate. The

Renaissance town or city of the fifteenth century, however, was more diverse.

At the top of the urban society, were the patricians. Their wealth from trade,

industry and banking dominating their communities economically, socially, and

politically. Below them were the burghers, who provided the goods and

services for their fellow townspeople.

Below the patricians and the burghers were the workers, who earned

pitiful wages, and the unemployed. Both groups lived miserable lives.

These people made up, perhaps 30 or 40 percent of the urban

population.

Family and marriage. The family bond was a source of great security in

the dangerous urban world of Renaissance society. To maintain the

family, parents carefully arranged marriages, often to strengthen

business or family ties. The most important aspect of the marriage was

the dowry.

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE HUMANISM.

A key intellectual movement of the Renaissance was humanism. Humanism

was based on the study of the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece

and Rome. Humanists studied such things as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral

philosophy, and history. All of which was based on the works of ancient Greek

and Roman authors like Dante Alighieri.

The humanist emphasis on vernacular literature (language spoken in their own

regions, such as Italian, French or German). Dante´s masterpiece in the Italian

vernacular is the Divine Comedy. It is the story of the soul’s journey to

salvation. The lengthy poem is divided into three major sections: Hell,

Purgatory, and heaven, or Paradise.

THE ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE IN ITALY

Renaissance artists were developing a new world perspective. In this new

view, human beings became the focus of attention. The new painting style

were the frescoes. A fresco is a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water

based paints.

The revolutionary achievements of Florentine painters in the fifteenth century

were match by equally stunning advances in sculpture and architecture.

By the end of the fifteenth century , Italian painters, sculptors, and architects

had created a new artistic world.

MASTERS OF THE HIGH RENAISSANCE

The final state of the Italian Renaissance painting is called the High

Renaissance, and it is associated with three artistic giants: Leonardo da

Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

STS PRESENTATIONS

MASTERS OF THE

HIGH RENAISSANCE

•LEONARDO DA VINCI

•Why is Mona Lisa so famous?

•The True Face of Mona Lisa

•RAPHAEL SANZIO

•MICHEANGELO BUONARROTI

The Protestant Reformation is the name given to the religious

reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and

Protestant groups. Martin Luther began the Reformation in the

early sixteenth century.

Martin Luther was a monk and a professor at the University of

Wittenberg, in Germany, where he lectured on the Bible. Through

his study of the Bible, Luther arrived at an answer to a problem- the

certainty of salvation- that had bothered him since he had become

a monk.

Catholic teaching had stressed that both faith and good works were

needed to gain personal salvation.

Luther came to believe that humans are not saved through their

good works but through their faith in God. If an individual has faith

in God, then God makes that person just, or worthy of salvation.

God will grant salvation because God is merciful. God´s grace

cannot be earned by performing good works. Bible became Luther

and all other Protestants, the only source of religious truth.

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

The Ninety-five Theses.

Luther was greatly upset by the wide-

spread selling of indulgences. Church

sold indulgences to gain salvation. This

action was a good business for the

church.

On October 31st, 1517, Luther, who was

really angered by the Church’s practices,

sent a list of ninety-five Theses to his

church superiors, especially the local

bishop. The theses were a stunning

attack on abuses in the sale of

indulgences. Thousands of copies of the

Ninety-five theses were printed and

spread to al parts of Germany.

Unable to accept Luther’s ideas, the Church excommunicated him

in January 1521. During the next few years, Luther’s religious

movement became a revolution. Luther set up new religious

services to replace the Catholic mass. The doctrine developed by

Luther soon came to be known as Lutheranism, and the churches

as Lutheran churches. Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.

Pope Leo X said that Luther was simply

“some drunken German who will amend his

ways when he sobers up.”

By t1520, Luther had begun to move toward

a more definite break with the Catholic

Church. He kept only two sacraments-

baptism and the Eucharist (also known as

communion). Luther also called for the

clergy to marry. This went against the long-

standing Catholic requirement that the

clergy remain celibate, or unmarried.

THE ZWINGLIAN REFORMATION.

Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zürich. Strongly influenced

by Zwingli, the council of Zürich began to introduce

religious reform until a new church service replaced the

Catholic mass. Zwingli sought an alliance with Martin

Luther for unity to defend themselves against Catholic

authorities, but they were unable to agree on the meaning

of the sacrament of Communion. In October 1531, war

broke out between the Protestant and the Catholic states

in Switzerland. Zwingli was killed, the leadership of

Protestantism in Switzerland now passed to John Calvin.

John Calvin was educated in France, in 1536, he

published the Institutes of the Christian Religion, a

summary of Protestant thought, giving him a reputation as

one of the new leaders of Protestantism.

SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM AND

THE CATHOLIC RESPONSE

Calvin placed much emphasis on the all-

powerful nature of God, what Calvin

called the “power, grace, and glory of

God.”

Calvin´s emphasis led him to other ideas.

One of these ideas was predestination.

This meant that God had determined in

advance who would be saved (the elect)

and who would be damned (the

reprobate). In 1536, Calvin began working

to reform the city of Geneva. Calvin´s

success in Geneva made the city a

powerful center of Protestantism,

Following Calvin´s lead, missionaries

trained in Geneva were sent to all parts of

Europe. Calvinism became established in

France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and

central and eastern Europe.

THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND

The English Reformation was rooted in

politics, not religion. King Henry VIII

wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine

of Aragon, with whom he had a daughter,

Mary, but no son. Since he needed a

male heir, Henry wanted to marry Anne

Boleyn. Impatient with the unwillingness

to annul his marriage to Catherine, Henry

turned to England´s own church courts.

In 1533 the King´s marriage to Catherine was null, and one

month later Anne was crowned queen, three months later a

child was born, the baby was a girl. She would later

become Queen Elizabeth I.

In 1534. at Henry´s request, Parliament moved to finalize

the break of the Catholic Church in England with the pope in

Rome. This act declared that the King was, taken, accepted,

and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the (new)

Church of England. Henry used his new powers to dissolve

the monasteries and sell their land and possessions to

wealthy landowners and merchants.

When Henry died in 1547, he was succeeded by Edward VI,

a sickly nine-year-old, the son of his third wife. During

Edward´s reign, Church officials who favored Protestant

doctrines moved the Church of England (Anglican Church),

in a Protestant direction. New acts of Parliament gave the

clergy the right to marry and created a new Protestant

church service.

THE ANABAPTISTS.

Luther and other reformers allowed the state to play an

important role in church affairs. Some people strongly dislike

giving such power to the state. These were radicals known

as Anabaptists. To them the true Christian church was a

voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone

spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized. This belief in

adult baptism separated Anabaptists from Catholics and

Protestants who baptized infants.

They considered all believers to be equal, each Anabaptist

church chose its own minister, or spiritual leader, any

member of the community were eligible to be a minister

(though women were often excluded). Finally, most

Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church

and state.

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION

By the mid-sixteenth century, Lutheranism had become

rooted in Germany and Scandinavia, and Calvinism had

taken hold in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, and

eastern Europe. In England the split from Rome had

resulted in the creation of a national church.

The Catholic reformation was supported by three chief

pillars: the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of

Trent.

The society of Jesus (Jesuits), was founded by a Spanish

nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola. All Jesuits took a special

vow of absolute obedience to the pope. They used

education to spread their message, and they were very

successful in restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and

eastern Europe, and in spreading it to other parts of the

world.

THE MUSLIM EMPIRES

RISE OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS

In the late thirteenth century, a new group of Turks under

their leader Osman built power in the northwest corner of

the Anatolian Peninsula. At the beginning they were

peaceful but in the early fourteenth century they began to

expand. This was the beginning of the Ottoman dynasty.

Over the next three hundred years, Ottoman rule expanded

to include large areas of Western Asia, as well as North

Africa and additional lands in Europe.

The Fall of Constantinople.

During the leadership of Mehmet II, the Ottomans moved to

end the Byzantine Empire. In their attack to the city, the

Ottomans used massive cannons and the Ottoman soldiers

poured into the city.

The Bizantine emperor died in the final battle and a great

sack of the city began. When Mehmet II saw the ruin and

destruction of the city, he was filled with regret and

lamented.

Western Asia and Africa.

With their new capital at Constantinople (renamed Istanbul),

now the Ottoman Turks dominated the Balkans and the

Anatolian Peninsula. From 1514 to 1517, Sultan Selim I took

control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia. Selim declared

himself to be the new caliph, defender of the faith and

successor to Muhammad.

After their victories Ottoman forces expend the next few

years advancing along the African coast. The Ottomans

were Muslims, they preferred to administer their conquered

regions through local rulers. The central. Government

appointed officials called pashas.

Europe.

The reign of Süleyman I, beginning in 1520, led the new

Ottoman attacks on Europe. Then conquered Hungary,

moved into Australia, and advanced as far as Vienna, were

they were finally defeated in 1529. At the same time they ex-

Tended their power into the western Mediterranean until

a large Ottoman fleet was destroyed by the Spanish at

Lepanto in 1571.

The Nature of Ottoman

The Ottoman Empire is often labeled a “gun powder

empire”. At the head of the Ottoman system was the

sultan .The position of the sultan was hereditary. As the

empire expanded, the status and prestige of the sultan

increased. Constantinople was the center of the sultan´s

power.

Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

1451-1520 Mehmet II

1481-1520 Selim I

1520-1566 Süleyman I the Magnificent

The palace of the Ottoman Empire was built in the fifteenth

century by Mehmet II., served as the private residence of

the ruler and his family. The private domain of the sultan

was called the harem. Here the sultan and his wives

resided. Often a sultan chose four wives as his favorites.

Religion in the Ottoman World

The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims. Islamic law and

customs were applied to all Muslims in the empire.

Ottoman Society.

In addition to the ruling class, there were four main

occupational groups: peasants, artisans, merchants, and

pastoral people.

Problems in the Ottoman empire.

The Ottoman empire reached its high point under Süleyman

the Magnificent, who ruled from 1520 to 1566.

The problems of the Ottoman empire became until 1566,

when the empire began to lose some of its territory. After the

dead of Süleyman, sultans became less involved in

government and allowed their ministers to exercise more

power. As a result local officials grew corrupt, and taxes

rose.

Ottoman Art

The period from Mehmet II to the early eighteenth century

witnessed a flourishing production of pottery; rugs, silk, and

other textiles; jewelry; arms and armor. The greatest

contribution of the Ottoman empire to world art was in

architecture, especially the magnificent mosques of the last

half of the sixteenth century.

In 1500, the Indian subcontinent was still divided into a number of Hindu

and Muslim kingdoms. The Moguls were not native of India, but came

from the mountainous region north of the Indus River valley. The founder

of the Mogul Dynasty was Babur.

Babur’s forces were smaller than his enemies, but they had advanced

weapons. With his troops Babur captured Delhi and established his

power in the plains of North India. He continued his conquests in this

area until his death in 1530 at the age of 47.

Babur´s grandson Akbar was only 14 when he came to the throne.

Highly intelligent and industrious he brought Mogul rule to most of India.

Akbar was the greatest of the conquering Mogul monarchs, but he is well

known for the humane character of his rule. Akbar was born a Muslim,

but he adopted a policy of religious tolerance. He showed a keen

interest in other religions and tolerated Hindu practices.

The Akbar era was a time of progress, with a long period of peace and

political stability, trade and manufacturing flourished.

THE MOGUL DYNASTY

DECLINE OF THE MOGULS

Akbar died in 1605 and was succeeded by his son Jahangir, who

was able and ambitious. His control began to weaken when he fell

under the influence of one of his wives, the empress used her

position to enrich her own family. She arranged the marriage of

her niece to her husband’s third son and ultimate successor,

Shah Jahan. During his reign from 1628 to 1658, Shah Jahan

maintained the political system established, but he failed to deal

with growing domestic problems. He had inherited a nearly empty

treasury, his military campaigns and expensive building projects

compelled him to raise taxes. His troubles and illness, led to a

struggle for power between two of his sons.

Aurangzeb, one of his sons, put his brother to death and

imprisoned his father. He was a devout Muslim and prohibited

the building of new Hindu temples, and Hindus were forced to

convert to Islam. Rebellious groups threatened the power of the

emperor, dividing India and leaving it vulnerable to attack from

abroad. In 1739, Delhi was sacked by the Persians, who left it in

ashes.

Mogul Empire, 1530

(death of Babur)

To 1605 death of Akbar

To 1707 death of

Aurangzeb

Expansion of the

Mogul Empire,

1530 - 1707

Society and Daily Life in Mogul India.

The Moguls were foreigners in India. Mogul rulers often relied on

female relatives for political advice, this affected Indian society.

The Moguls brought together Persian and Indian influences in a new

and beautiful architectural style, which is symbolized by the Taj

Mahal, which was built in Agra by the emperor Shah Jahan, in

memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who had died at the age of 39

giving birth to her fourteenth child. To financed it, the government

raised land taxes, thus driving many Indian peasants into poverty.

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

1500-1800

Motives and Means.

The dynamic energy of Western

civilizations between 1500 and

1800 was most apparent when

Europeans began to expand

into the rest of the world. First

Portugal and Spain, then later

the Dutch Republic, England

and France, all rose the new

economic heights through their

worldwide trading activity.

At the end of the fifteenth century, Europeans, set out on a

remarkable series of overseas journeys. Marco Polo

traveled with his father and uncle of the great Mongol ruler

Kublai Khan. He wrote his experiences in The Travels.

Merchants, adventures, and state officials had high hopes

of expanding trade, especially for the species of the East

(species needed to preserve and flavor food).

Europeans also had hopes of finding

precious metals. There was another

reason for the overseas voyages:

religious. Many people shared the

belief of Hernán Cortés, to convert the

natives to Christianity. “God, glory, and

gold,” the, were the motives for

Europeans expansion.

By the second half of the fifteenth century, Europeans

monarchies had increased their power and their

resources. They could now turn their energies beyond

their borders. Europeans had also reached a level of

technology that enable them to make a regular series of

voyages beyond Europe. A new global age was about to

begin.

The Age of Exploration projects.

Each team is assigned one explorer. The teams present their

projects in a written document and with an oral presentation.

The projects most include the following:

1) Explorer information

2) A map showing the voyages

3) Date of explorations

4) The sponsoring country

5) Describe the area of exploration

6) Motives for exploration.

Explores: Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Francisco Pizarro

Ferdinann Magellan

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AGE OF EXPLORATION

Explorer Vasco da Gama

He was born in Portugal in 1460

and died of malaria in1524.

He studied: mathematics,

navigation, and astronomy

Voyages:

1497

1502

1524

From Lisbon, around Africa to

India.

India

India

Motive Discover a new rout for spice

trade and control trading.

Sponsoring country Portugal (King Manuel I)

Achievements He opened a route to India and

led to Portuguese dominance of

the Eastern spice trade

Explorer Christopher Columbus

He was born in

Genoa, Italy in

1451.

He was an explorer and navigator.

Died in May 1506.

Voyages:

1492

1493

1498

1502

From Palos de la Frontera, Spain to San Salvador,

now The Bahamas (Guanahani)

From Cádiz, Spain to Dominica.

San Lucár, Spain to Trinidad Island.

Cádiz to Martinique.

Motive To sail out into the Atlantic, search for a western

route to the Orient, and return.

To find new territories and to colonize the region..

To search the Strait of Malacca to the Indian Ocean.

Sponsoring country The Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and

Isabella I of Castile.

Achievements His voyages across the Atlantic initiated widespread

contact between Europeans and Americans.

Explorer Francisco Pizzarro

He was born in

Trujillo, Spain in

1475.

Explorer, soldier, and conquistador.

He was killed in 1541

Voyages:

1502

1513 1524 and 1526

1531

From Spain to the New World (Panamá). With Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and sighted

the Pacific Ocean.

From Panama he attempted expeditions to Peru

He set out from Panama and crossed the mountains into

Peru.

Motive Desirous of making his own discoveries and his own

fortune.

Sponsoring country King Charles V of Spain

Achievements He discovered the Pacific Ocean and conquered the

Peru’s Inca Empire

Explorer Ferdinand Magellan

He was born in

Portugal in 1480.

Navigator and explorer

He was killed in battle in 1521

Voyages:

1519

Sailed from Sevilla, Spain to discover the

Strait of Magellan. With three ships left,

Magellan crossed the "Sea of the South,"

later called the Pacific Ocean .

Motive With the propose to sail west to the

Moluccas (Spice Islands) to prove that they

lay in Spanish rather than Portuguese

territory.

Sponsoring

country

King Charles I (later Emperor Charles V) of

Spain.

Achievements Being the first man to circle the globe.

A Line of Demarcation

By the 1490s the voyages of the Portuguese and Spanish

had already opened up new lands of exploration. These

monarchies feared that the other might claim some of its

newly discovered territories. They agreed on a line of

demarcation. According to the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed

in 1494, The line would extend from north to south through

the Atlantic Ocean. Unexplored territories east of the line

would ne controlled by Portugal, and those west of the line

by Spain.

Government-sponsored explores from many countries joined

the race to the Americas. Americo Vespucci , a Florentine,

went along on several voyages and wrote letters describing

the lands he saw, which led to the use of the name

America.

The Spanish conquistadors were individuals whose guns

and determination brought them incredible success. The

forces of Hernán Cortés took only three years to overthrow

the mighty Aztec empire in Central Mexico. In South

America, Francisco Pizarro took control of the Inca empire in

the Peruvian Andes. So Mexico, Central and South America

had been brought under Spanish control, and the

Portuguese took over Brazil, which fell on their side of the

line of demarcation.

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism

Led by Portugal and Spain, European nations in the

1500s and 1600s established many trading posts and

colonies in the Americas and the East.

With the development of colonies, Europeans

entered an age of increased international trade.

Colonies played a role in the theory of mercantilism.

According to this, the prosperity of a nation depended

on a large supply of gold and silver. To bring in gold

and silver payments, nations try to have a favorable

balance of trade. When the balance is favorable, the

goods exported are of greater value that those

imported.

WORLD MAP

•Humanism. An intellectual movement of the Renaissance based

on the study of humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric,

poetry, moral philosophy, and history.

•Fresco. A painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water based

paints.

•Salvation. The state of being saved (that is, going to heaven)

through faith alone or through faith and good works.

•Predestination. The belief that God has determined in advance

who will be saved and who will be damned.

•Annul. Declare invalid.

•Pashas. An appointed official in the Ottoman Empire who

collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was directly

responsible to the sultan´s court.

•Gunpowder empire. An empire formed by outside conquerors

who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery

of firearms.

GLOSSARY

•Sultan. “Holder of power,” the military and political head of

state under the Turks and ottomans.

•Harem. “Sacred place,” the private domain of an Ottoman

sultan, where he and his wives resided.

•Conquistadors. A Spanish conqueror of the Americas.

•Colony. A settlement of people living in a new territory,

linked with the parent country by trade and direct

government control.

•Mercantilism. A set of principles that dominated economy

thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the

prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold

and silver.

•Balance of trade. The difference in value between what a

nation imports and what it exports over time.

•Vessel. A ship or large boat.

•Loot. Stolen good from an enemy in war time.

Mónica Betancourt Jiménez [email protected]

Betancourt, Mónica. ITESM Campus Irapuato. Secundaria Bilingüe Carlos Darwin