REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR HYDROPONIC ... - Journal of

REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM FORHYDROPONIC PLANTING MEDIA

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIn

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING

Submitted byISHRAT JAHAN (17KT1A0432 )

UDUMULA LAKSHMI SOWMYA (17KT1A0458)

KANNURU RAJYA LAKSHMI (18KT5A0412)

BHIMAREDDY SAI NAGA DURGA GEETHIKA (18KT5A0403 )

Under the Guidance of

Mr. K. RAGHAVENDRA RAO, M. Tech

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(NBA &NAAC ACCREDITED)

POTTI SRIRAMULU CHALAVADI MALLIKARJUNA RAO COLLEGE OFENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY KOTHAPET, VIJAYAWADA-520 001(Affiliated to JNTU-Kakinada, Approved by AICTE -New Delhi)

2020-2021.

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTING & ARCHITECTURE

Volume 11, Issue 7, JULY - 2021

ISSN NO:1934-7197

http://www.journaleca.com/ Page No: 83

REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM FORHYDROPONIC PLANTING MEDIA

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIn

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING

Submitted byISHRAT JAHAN (17KT1A0432 )



B S N D GEETHIKA (18KT5A0403 )

Under the Guidance of

Mr. K. RAGHAVENDRA RAO, M. Tech

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(NBA &NAAC ACCREDITED)

POTTI SRIRAMULU CHALAVADI MALLIKARJUNA RAO COLLEGE OFENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY KOTHAPET, VIJAYAWADA-520 001(Affiliated to JNTU-Kakinada, Approved by AICTE -New Delhi)

2020-2021.



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DEPARTMENT OFELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the project entitled “REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR

HYDROPONIC PLANTING MEDIA” being submitted by ISHRAT JAHAN (17KT1A0432),UDUMULA LAKSHMI SOWMYA (17KT1A0458) ,KANNURU RAJYA LAKSHMI(18KT5A0412) .BHIMAREDDY SAI NAGA DURGA GEETHIKA (18KT5A0403 ) inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of BACHELOR OFTECHNOLOGY to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada is a record ofbonafide work carried out under my guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other university or

institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

K.RAGHAVENDRA RAO Dr. A. RAVI KUMAR

EXTERNAL EXAMINER



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DECLARATION

We certify that the work contained in this report is original and has been done by us

under the guidance of our supervisor. The work has not been submitted to any other

Institute for any degree or diploma. We have followed the guidelines provided by the

Institute in preparing the report. We have confined to the norms and guidelines given

in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute. Whenever we have used materials

(data, theoretical analysis, figures and text) from other sources, we have given due

credit to them by citing them in the text of the report and giving their details in the

references. Further, we have taken permissions from the copyright owners of the

sources, whenever necessary.

Project Members

ISHRAT JAHAN (17KT1A0432 )



BHIMAREDDY SAI NAGA DURGA GEETHIKA (18KT5A0403 )



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we sincerely salute our esteemed institution POTTI

SRIRAMULU CHALAVADI MALLIKARJUNA RAO COLLEGE OFENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY for giving this golden opportunity for

fulfilling our warm dreams of becoming Engineers.

It gives us tremendous pleasure in presenting this project report “REMOTEMONITORING SYSTEM FOR HYDROPONIC PLANTING MEDIA”undertaken during our academic year 2019-2020.

We express our sincere thanks to our Secretary and Correspondent Sri. RAVURIVENKATA SUBBARAO providing us the good facilities in our college for carrying

out the project successfully.

We hereby, express our sincere gratitude to our principal Dr. K. NAGESWWARARAO, who has rendered us his constant encouragement and valuable suggestions in

making our project work successful.

We are pleased to thank our Head of the Department Dr. A. RAVI KUMAR, for his

constant inspiration, extensive help and valuable support in every step.

We are very much indebted to our project guide Mr. K. RAGHAVENDRA RAO,

Assistant Professor for his extensive guidance and constant encouragement and

support towards the successful completion of the project.

Finally, we are pleased to acknowledge our indebtedness to all those who devoted

themselves directly or indirectly to make our project work successful.



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CONTENTSPage NO.

ABSTRACT iLIST OF FIGURES iiLIST OF TABLES ivLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 PREFACE 11.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 21.3 OBJECTIVE 21.4 METHODOLOGY 3

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 4-62.1 BACKGROUND SURVEY 42.2 REVIEW OF PAPER REFERRED 5

CHAPTER 3.HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 7-373.1 Arduino Uno 7

3.1.1 Technical Specification Of Arduino 83.1.2 Communication 103.1.3 Programming 103.1.4 Automatic (software reset) 113.1.5 USB Protection 113.1.6 Physical Characteristics 113.1.7 Pin Description 123.1.8 Arduino Technical Specification 133.1.9 Arduino uno to ATmega328 pin mapping 143.1.10 Features of Arduino uno 153.1.11 Advantages 153.1.12 Disadvantages 153.1.13 Applications 15

3.2 pH sensor 163.2.1 How does it work 163.2.2 Pinout 173.2.3 Features 183.2.4 Specification 183.2.5 pH probe 183.2.6 Circuit Diagram 18



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3.3 TDS sensor 193.3.1 Features 203.3.2 Specifications 203.3.3 Electrical Conductivity Probe 203.3.4 Applications 20

3.4 DHT11 Sensor 213.4.1 Where to use DHT11 213.4.2 How to use DHT11 sensor 223.4.3 Pin identification and configuration 223.4.4 DHT11 Specifications 233.4.5 Applications 23

3.5 LCD 16x2 module 233.5.1 Pin configuration 243.5.2 Features 25

3.6 BNC connector 253.6.1 BNC development 263.6.2 BNC specifications 273.6.3 Basic BNC specification Summary 283.6.7 BNC connector format and variant 293.6.8 BNC Plug assembly 30

3.7 Jumper wires 303.8 Bread Board 333.9 USB Cable 33

3.9.1 Types of USB Cables 353.10 Power Supply 35

3.10.1 General Classification 363.10.2 Types 363.10.3 Specifications 37

CHAPTER 4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 38 - 474.1 Arduino IDE 38

4.1.1 Arduino IDE: Initial Setup 434.1.2 IDE: Board Setup 444.1.3 IDE: COM Port Setup 454.1.4 Testing Your Setup 46

CHAPTER 5. WORKING AND RESULT 485.1 Working 485.2 Result 48



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CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 496.1 Conclusion 496.2 Future scope 49

REFERENCES 50

Abstract



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Hydroponics is a method of planting or cultivating plants without using soil but uses

water, nutrients and oxygen. It has advantages such as higher quantity and quality of

production, cleaner, more efficient use of fertilizers and water, and also easier in pest

and disease control. Hydroponics systems require precision, patience and regular

monitoring which is quite a challenge to conduct. Here we propose a monitoring

system designed with PH sensor, Electro conductivity sensor, temperature sensor,

humidity sensor and arduino uno as main board or microcontroller. The result of the

project includes the maintenance of PH level in water aptly. Because of this apt

maintenance, the plant grows healthily.

Keywords : Hydroponics, monitoring, Ph level, Electro conductivity.

i

LIST OF FIGURE



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Figure NO. Name of Figure Page No.

3.1 Arduino uno board 83.2 Specifications of arduino 83.3 Arduino to ATmege328 143.4 PH sensor 163.5 PH probe 173.6 TDS sensor 193.7 TDS probe 193.8 DHT11 sensor 213.9 Connection of MCU 223.10 Pin description 223.11 Pixel of LCD 243.12 16x2 LCD module 243.13 BNC cable 273.14 BNC connector 293.15 Jumper wires 313.16 Bread Board 324.1 Arduino IDE Default window 444.2 Arduino IDE board setup procedure 444.3 COM port setup 45

ii

LIST OF TABLES



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Table No. Name of Table Page No.

3.1 Pin description of arduino board 123.2 Specifications of Arduino board 133.3 Pinout of ph probe 173.4 Specifications of probe 183.5 Pin identification of ph sensor 223.6 Pin Configuration of lcd 243.7 Specification of BNC 284.1 Arduino Software description 38

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

pH Potential of HydrogenTDS Total Dissolved SolidsARDUINO IDE Arduino Integrated Development EnvironmentEEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PREFACE

The word hydroponics has its derivation from combining the two Greek words, hydro,meaning water, and ponos, meaning labor (i.e., working water). The word first appeared in ascientific magazine article (Science, 178:1) published in February 1937 and was authored by W. F.Gericke, who had accepted this word as was suggested by Dr. W. A. Setchell at the University ofCalifornia. Dr. Gericke began experimenting with hydroponic growing techniques in the late 1920sand then published one of the early books on soilless growing (Gericke 1940). Later he suggestedthat the ability to produce crops would no longer be “chained to the soil but certain commercial cropscould be grown in larger quantities without soil in basins containing solutions of plant food.” WhatDr. Gericke failed to foresee was that hydroponic growing would be essentially confined to enclosedenvironments for growing high cash value crops and would not find its way into the production of awide range of commercially grown crops in an open environment.

Hydroponics is the science of soilless gardening. It entails growing healthy plants without theuse of typical soil media, instead relying on a nutrient such as a mineral-rich water solution. Tothrive, a plant only requires a few nutrients, water, and sunlight. Plants not only grow without soil,but they often grow better with their roots submerged in water.Due to its more sustainable approach to resource utilisation than traditional growing methods,hydroponic farming is quickly becoming a popular alternative for many gardeners throughout theworld. Here are a few of its numerous advantages:

Hydroponics allows plants to develop up to 50% quicker than they would in soil by deliveringconstant and easily available nourishment. A hydroponic garden can also provide fresh producethroughout the year. When compared to traditional soil gardening, hydroponic farming completelyeliminates the need for herbicides and pesticides, which is good for both the environment and thegrown product. Any water used in hydroponic farming remains in the system and can be reused,decreasing the requirement for a continuous supply of new water!

The Nutrient Solution Ready-to-use store-bought solutions can be utilised in hydroponicsnutrient systems, or you can create your own custom solutions for different types of crops based onthe chemical ingredients that the plants require the most.Primary nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, magnesium), secondary nutrients (calcium, sulphur,phosphorus), and micronutrients make up the ideal nutrition mix ( iron, copper, manganese, zinc,molybdenum, boron). Here's a basic nutrient solution recipe that you may produce at home bydiluting the nutrients in 20 litres of filtered water.25 ml of CaNO3 (calcium nitrate)1.7 ml of K2SO4 (potassium sulfate)8.3 ml of KNO3 (potassium nitrate)6.25 ml of KH2PO4 (monopotassium phosphate)17.5 ml of MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate)

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2 ml of trace elementsKeep your solution at room temperature and away from light in a food-grade container. Make

careful to shake it well before using. Your plants will also let you know if they are getting too few ortoo many nutrients: too few and the leaves will turn yellow; too much and the leaves will look brown,burnt, or curled.

While practically anything can be grown in a hydroponic system, some crops do better thanothers. Cucumber, tomato, capsicum, strawberry, lettuce, and leafy greens are examples of plants thatdon't hate dampness and don't get too big for their space.Also, the size, sturdiness, and root development of the plants to be grown and the size, sturdiness,and root development of the plants to be grown and the size, sturdiness, and root development of theplants to be grown and the size, sturdiness, and root development the structure of the system, oneneeds to decide whether to use only a solution culture or some sort of a growth medium.

In solution cultures, plants with shallow roots, such as leafy greens, thrive. Foam, coconuthusk, sponges, and peat moss, on the other hand, are preferable for plants with deep roots, such asbeets, and heavier vegetables, such as cucumbers. Flowering and fruiting plants also require sunlight,although leafy greens thrive even under low-cost fluorescent lights.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT :

For hydroponic systems only the Phosphate element plays a major role in the hydroponicssystem . The system becomes more complex when only one element is targeted. The solution shouldcontain major sources of nutrients like Nitrogen,Potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur etc. The Phlevel of the solution should be maintained in the system as equal as the nutrients if the ph level is notmaintained the the plant may not grow efficiently.

1.3 OBJECTIVE :

As farmers are the backbone of India still we face a lot of problems. When compared totraditional soil grown crop production . hydroponics has upto 90% more efficient use of water .Production increases 3 to 10 times in the same amount of space.Many crops can be produced twice asfast in a well managed hydroponic system

• To provide more production of the crops than the traditional crop production.

• To use knowledge, advancements and innovation to enhance techniques of argiculture

and reduce losses

• To reduce suicidal attempts by farmers .

• To develop technologies that contribute towards the elimination of loss of lifes and

heavy loans.

• To improve the equipment used in the farming process and grow 3 times more than the

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normal agriculture.

• To ensure low cost startups and high profit for today's generation.

1.4 METHODOLOGY :

One of the most important factors in hydroponics is ph levels . If the ph level is too high ortoo low plants cannot absorb nutrients. The right ph level is crucial because it affects nutrientsavailability for your growing plants.Another most important factor is TDS or Electrical conductivitysensor can be used to measure the number of organic compounds dissolved in water in a hydroponicssystem. Temperature is equally important, that means warmer water carries less oxygen to yourplants. If it's too cold then plants start to shut down and not intake the nutrients.We propose a monitoring system designed with PH sensor, Electro conductivity sensor, watertemperature sensor, humidity sensor and arduino uno as main board or microcontroller. The result ofthe project includes the maintenance of PH level in water aptly. Because of this apt maintenance, theplant grows healthily

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Literature survey includes the discussion reviews on papers referred, backgroundsurveys on related fields, topics are made and are discussed in the following section.

2.1 BACKGROUND SURVEYBackground survey describes various fields related to Hydroponic based devices. In

the previous methods how they will be designed the hydroponic planting media devices byusing different components.

DIFFERENT COMPONENTES

The different components used to design the hydroponic planting devices in previoussessions.

1. Arduino Uno

2. Raspberry Pi

3. pH meter

4. Tds meter

5. Sensors

2.2 REVIEW OF PAPERS REFERRED

Automation of Hydroponics GreenHouse Farming using IOTRecently, hydroponics refers to the art of growing plants in water (either saline) without soil

(land). Nutrients for the plants are supplied to the roots in the form of a solution that can be either inthe form of static or flowing. Hydroponics can be cultivated both in greenhouse and glasshouseenvironments. The limitation in a greenhouse environment is to maintain the temperature, pressure,humidity value at a particular level. In addition to that, monitoring of PH value and electricalconductivity in hydroponics is another challenge that has to be monitored and maintained. Manualmonitoring is in practice which is a very trivial task else the plants may die out. This project focuseson two tasks, the first one is to automate the greenhouse environment monitoring. The subsequent isautomation of PH level and electrical conductivity maintenance. IOT is used to transfer the retrieveddata to the internet (mass storage) and mobile apps are used to communicate the current status to theuser through the use of the internet to their mobile phones, so that monitoring & maintenance will beeasier.

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Smart Hydroponics system integrating with IoT

As the population increases and natural resources decrease, the ability to servehumanity with a sufficient amount of food becomes increasingly difficult. The amount ofagricultural land decreases proportionally to the increasing population, thus the amount of foodproduced will decrease significantly, and will be insufficient to serve the growing population.The orthodox methods of farming will not suffice in the near future. Thus, using moderntechnology and resources, a method of efficient farming must be introduced and employed inthe agricultural field. This research makes use of an efficient farming method calledhydroponics by adopting machine learning algorithms. The system that has been designed andbuilt, is automated, and uses sensor data to make decisions by using KNN and LassoRegression algorithm to benefit the crops being grown. With our system we hope to solve thepotential food crisis and give everyone access to fresh produce all year round.

Automating and analysing greenhouse hydroponic farms using IOT

Hydroponics is a subset of hydro culture and is a method of growing plants using mineralnutrient solutions, in water, without soil. This paper presents Intelligent Plant Care Hydroponic thatexercises environment driven control methods through an Internet-of-Things (IOT) management toolcalled IOT talk. IOT talk provides a scalable and configurable software for users to easily andquickly add/remove/exchange the sensors and actuators and program their interactions. From theexperimental measurement results, the developed environment driven control methods includesensors, LED lighting, water spray and water pump which can effectively lower the CO2concentration, the temperature and increase the water level respectively.

IoT Based Automated Hydroponic Cultivation System

High yielding and high grades of crops are essential in modern day agriculture, this can onlybe achieved by smart farming technology which is used for making farms more intelligent in sensingits controlling parameters. Manual monitoring is in practice which is a very trivial task because theplants may die out if there is no proper care taken. The architecture of this hydroponic system whichis fully automatic that can be integrated into the agricultural curriculum while introducing businessskills. The automatic monitoring and control of the environmental events such as light intensity, pH,electrical conductivity, water temperature, and relative humidity is carried out by lodging sensors andactuators onto the system. The maintenance and automated monitoring are done by the interventionof the IoT that are used to transfer and retrieve data to the internet (mass storage) and a mobile app isused to communicate the current status of the hydroponic system to the user through the use of theinternet to their mobile phones. This futuristic system can use high data analytics and prolonged datagathering to improve the accuracy of reckoning.

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IoT based Automated Hydroponics System

Over the years, traditional farming for harvesting with the use of soil takes longer time to decomposemaking it prone to diseases and expensive. Hydroponics system means growing plants without soilwith better results, especially in areas with space and environment unsuitable. CommercialHydroponics is the upcoming technology that grows plants through an inert medium instead ofnatural soil. This system has no adverse effects on the environment or quality of crops. In contrast, itprovides better nutrient value and allows controlling the nutrients via nutrient solution. Its main aimis to save water, improve the quality of crops avoiding the adverse effects of pesticides and factorsaffecting the quality of soil and save land. This paper provides an overview about the cost-effectiveimplementation of Hydroponics for small farmers in India.

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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Hardware requirements are technical descriptions of the computer components andcapabilities. These are defined by any operating system or software application as the physicalcomputer resources.The major hardware components which are used in the project are:

• Arduino uno

• pH meter

• Tds meter

• DTH11 sensor

• 16x2 LCD

• Jumper wires

• Bread Board

• USB Cable

• Power Supply

3.1 ARDUINO UNO:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). Ithas 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. Itcontains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with aUSB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from allpreceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features theAtmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named tomark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions ofArduno, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference

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Figure 3.1 : Arduino UNO board

3.1.1 Technical specifications of arduino:

Microcontroller: ATmega328Operating Voltage: 5VInput Voltage (recommended): 7-12VInput Voltage (limits): 6-20VDigital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)Analog Input Pins 6DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mADC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mAFlash Memory32 KB of which 0.5 KB used bybootloaderSRAM 2 KBClock Speed 16 MHz

Figure 3.2: Specification of arduino

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POWER

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. Thepower source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. Theadapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however,the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, thevoltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposedto 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltagethrough this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

• 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on theboard. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or anotherregulated 5V supply.

• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

MEMORY:

The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB is used for thebootloader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written withthe EEPROM library).

INPUT/OUTPUT

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive amaximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms.In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese pinsare connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip .

• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, arising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

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• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which,

although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LEDis on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits ofresolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is itpossible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference()function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

• I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library. There are acouple of other pins on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button toshields which block the one on the board.

3.1.2 COMMUNICATION:

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, anotherArduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serialcommunication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the boardchannels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on thecomputer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed.However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required..

The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sentto and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is beingtransmitted via the USB-to serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serialcommunication on pins 0 and 1).A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any ofthe Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. TheArduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation fordetails. To use the SPI communication, please see the ATmega328 datasheet.

3.1.3 Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. The ATmega328 on theArduino Uno comes pre-burned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it withoutthe use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol(reference, C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontrollerthrough the ICSP (InCircuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details. TheATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available . TheATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by: On Rev1 boards:connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the

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8U2. 10 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground,

making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or theDFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP headerwith an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial formore information.

3.1.4 Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Unois designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One ofthe hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of theATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line dropslong enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload codeby simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader canhave a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OSX or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the followinghalf-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformeddata (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent tothe board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-timeconfiguration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which itcommunicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data. The Unocontains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can besoldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable theauto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line. 11

3.1.5 USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports fromshorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuseprovides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse willautomatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

3.1.6 Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, withthe USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allowthe board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

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3.1.7 Pin Description:

Table 3.1: Pin description of arduino uno

Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using anexternal power source.

5V: Regulated power supply used to powermicrocontroller and other components on theboard.

3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-boardvoltage regulator. Maximum current draw is50mA.

GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of0-5V

Input/Output Pins Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can be used as input or output pins.

Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

External Interrupts 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.



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SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12(MISO) and 13 (SCK)

Used for SPI communication.

Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

TWI A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA) Used for TWI communication.

AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

3.1.8 Arduino Uno Technical Specifications:

Table 3.2 - Specifications of arduino board

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller

Operating Voltage 5V

Recommended Input Voltage 7-12V

Input Voltage Limits 6-20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)



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DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA

DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz

3.1.9 Arduino Uno to ATmega328 Pin Mapping

When the ATmega328 chip is used in place of Arduino Uno, or vice versa, the image below shows .

Figure 3.3: Arduino uno to ATmega328 pin mapping

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3.1.10 Features of the Arduino UNO:

● Microcontroller: ATmega328● Operating Voltage: 5V● Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V● Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V● Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)● Analog Input Pins: 6● DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA● DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA● Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader● SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)● EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)● Clock Speed: 16 MHz

3.1.11 Advantages:

● inexpensive.● open source in hardware.● don't need to external programmer (Burner)● programming ease.● open source in software.● IDE Software operates on any operating system.

3.1.12 Disadvantages

● No understanding of the AVR microcontroller.● Sketches and shields can be difficult to modify.● No debugger included for checking scripts.● You get no experience of C or professional development tools.

3.1.13 Applications

● Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems

● Multiple DIY Projects.

● Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.

● Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications.15



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3.2 pH sensor:

As an upgraded version of pH meter V1, this product greatly improves the precision and userexperience. The onboard voltage regulator chip supports the wide voltage supply of 3.3~5.5V, whichis compatible with 5V and 3.3V main control boards. The output signal filtered by hardware has lowjitter. The software library adopts the two-point calibration method, and can automatically identifytwo standard buffer solutions (4.0 and 7.0), so simple and convenient. You may also check the LiquidSensor Selection Guide to get better familiar with our liquid sensor series.

With this product, the main control board (such as Arduino), and the software library, you canquickly build the pH meter, plug, and play, no welding. DFRobot provides a variety of water qualitysensor products, uniform size, and interface, not only meeting the needs of various water qualitytesting but also suitable for the DIY of multi-parameter water quality testers.

The pH is a value that measures the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. It is also called thehydrogen ion concentration index. The pH is a scale of hydrogen ion activity in solution. The pH hasa wide range of uses in medicine, chemistry, and agriculture. Usually, the pH is a number between 0and 14. Under the thermodynamic standard conditions, pH=7, which means the solution is neutral;pH<7, which means the solution is acidic; pH>7, which means the solution is alkaline.

Figure 3.4 - PH sensor

3.2.1 How does it work:

PH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, the pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. ThepH indicates the concentration of hydrogen [H] + ions present in certain solutions. It can accuratelybe quantified by a sensor that measures the potential difference between two electrodes: a referenceelectrode (silver / silver chloride) and a glass electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ions. This is whatforms the probe. We also have to use an electronic circuit to condition the signal appropriately and

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Figure 3.5 - Ph probe working

3.2.2 Pinout:

Table 3.3 : Pinout of ph probe

To Temperature

Do Limit pH signal

Po Analog pH value

G Analog GND

G Supply GND

V+ Supply GND

3.2.3 Features

● 3.3~5.5V wide voltage input● Hardware filtered output signal, low jitter● Gravity connector and BNC connector, plug and play, no welding● Software library supports two-point calibration and automatically identifies standard● Uniform size and connector, convenient for the design of mechanical structures

3.2.4 Specification

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Signal Conversion Board (Transmitter) V2

● Supply Voltage: 3.3~5.5V● Output Voltage: 0~3.0V● Probe Connector: BNC● Signal Connector: PH2.0-3P● Measurement Accuracy: ±0.1@25?● Dimension: 42mm*32mm/1.66*1.26in

3.2.5 pH Probe

● Probe Type: Laboratory Grade● Detection Range: 0~14● Temperature Range: 5~60°C● Zero Point: 7±0.5● Response Time: <2min● Internal Resistance: <250MO● Probe Life: >0.5 years (depending on the frequency of use)● Cable Length: 100c

3.2.6 Circuit Specification:

Table 3.4: Specifications of ph probe

Supply Voltage 5v

Current 5-10 mA

Consumption <=0.5 W

Working Temperature 10-50℃

Green LED power

RED LED limited pH

3.3 Tds sensor:

An analog electrical conductivity meter V2 is specially used to measure the electricalconductivity of aqueous solution, and then to evaluate the water quality, which is often used in water

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culture, aquaculture, environmental water detection and other fields. You may also check the LiquidSensor Selection Guide to get better familiar with our liquid sensor series.

Figure 3.6 - Tds sensor

This product, as an upgraded version of electrical conductivity meter V1, greatly improvesthe user experience and data precision. It supports 3~5v wide voltage input, and is compatible with5V and 3.3V main control board; The output signal filtered by hardware has low jitters; Theexcitation source adopts AC signal, which effectively reduces the polarization effect, improves theprecision and prolongs the life of the probe; The software library uses two-point calibration method,and can automatically identify standard buffer solution, so simple and convenient.

With this product, the main control board (such as Arduino) and the software library, you canquickly build an electrical conductivity meter, plug and play, no welding. DFRobot provides a varietyof water quality sensor products, uniform size and interface, not only meeting the needs of variouswater quality testing, but also suitable for the DIY of multi-parameter water quality testers.

Figure 3.7 - TDS probe

Conductivity is the reciprocal of the resistance, which is related to the ability of the material

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to carry the current. In the liquid, the reciprocal of the resistance, the conductivity, is the measure of

its ability to conduct electricity. Conductivity is an important parameter of water quality. It can reflectthe extent of electrolytes present in water.

3.3.1 Features

● 3.0~5.0V wide voltage input● Hardware filtered output signal, low jitter● AC excitation source, effectively reduce polarization● Gravity connector and BNC connector, plug and play, no welding● Software library supports two-point calibration, and automatically identifies standard

buffer . solutions integrates temperature compensation algorithm● Uniform size and connector, convenient for the design of mechanical structures

3.3.2 Applications

● Water quality monitoring.● Aquaculture.● Hydroponic & Aquaponic.

3.3.3 Specification

Signal Conversion Board (Transmitter) V2

● Supply Voltage: 3.0~5.0V● Output Voltage: 0~3.4V● Probe Connector: BNC● Signal Connector: PH2.0-3 Pin● Measurement Accuracy: ±5% F.S.● Board size: 42mm*32mm/1.65in*1.26in

3.3.4 Electrical Conductivity Probe

● Probe Type: Laboratory Grade● Cell Constant: 1.0● Support Detection Range: 0~20ms/cm● Recommended Detection Range: 1~15ms/cm● Temperature Range: 0~40°C● Probe Life: >0.5 year (depending on frequency of use)● Cable Length: 100cm

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3.4 DHT11 sensor:

The DHT11 sensor can either be purchased as a sensor or as a module. Either way, theperformance of the sensor is the same. The sensor will come as a 4-pin package out of which onlythree pins will be used whereas the module will come with three pins as shown above.The only difference between the sensor and module is that the module will have a filtering capacitorand pull-up resistor inbuilt, and for the sensor, you have to use them externally if required.

Figure 3.8 - DHT11 sensor3.4.1 Where to use DHT11:

The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes with adedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the values oftemperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated and hence easy tointerface with other microcontrollers.The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to 50°C and humidity from 20% to 90% with anaccuracy of ±1°C and ±1%.

3.4.2 How to use DHT11 Sensor:

The DHT11 Sensor is factory calibrated and outputs serial data and hence it is highly easy to set it

Figure 3.9 - Connections of MCU

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As you can see the data pin is connected to an I/O pin of the MCU and a 5K pull-up resistor is used.This data pin outputs the value of both temperature and humidity as serial data. If you are trying tointerface DHT11 with Arduino then there are ready-made libraries for it which will give you a quickstart.If you are trying to interface it with some other MCU then the datasheet given below will come in

Figure 3.10 DHT11 Pin descriptionhandy.The output given out by the data pin will be in the order of 8bit humidity integer data + 8bitthe Humidity decimal data +8 bit temperature integer data + 8bit fractional temperature data +8 bitparity bit.3.4.3 Pin Identification and Configuration:

Table 3.5: Pin identification of DHT11 sensor

No: Pin Name Description

For DHT11 Sensor

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

2 Data Outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial Data

3 NC No Connection and hence not used

4 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit



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For DHT11 Sensor module

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

2 Data Outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial Data

3 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit

3.4.4 DHT11 Specifications:

● Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V● Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)● Output: Serial data● Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C● Humidity Range: 20% to 90%● Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit● Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%

3.4.5 Applications:

● Measure temperature and humidity● Local Weather station● Automatic climate control● Environment monitoring

3.5 16×2 LCD:LCD modules are very commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its cheap

price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across these displays in ourday to day life, either at PCO’s or calculators. The appearance and the pinouts have already beenvisualized above now let us get a bit technical.

The 16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot ofcombinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2 LCD. So, itwill have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of 5×8 Pixel Dots. A

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Single character with all its Pixels is shown in the below picture.

Figure 3.11 Pixel of the lcdNow, we know that each character has (5×8=40) 40 Pixels and for 32 Characters we will have(32×40) 1280 Pixels. Further, the LCD should also be instructed about the Position of the Pixels.Hence it will be a hectic task to handle everything with the help of MCU, hence an Interface IC likeHD44780is used, which is mounted on the backside of the LCD Module itself. The function of thisIC is to get the Commands and Data from the MCU and process them to display meaningfulinformation onto our LCD Screen. You can

Figure 3.12 16x2 lcd modulelearn how to interface an LCD using the above mentioned links. If you are an advanced programmerand would like to create your own library for interfacing your Microcontroller with this LCD modulethen you have to understand the HD44780 IC is working and commands which can be found itsdatasheet.

3.5.1 Pin Configuration:

Table 3.6 - Pin configuration of LCD

Pin No: Pin Name: Description

1 Vss (Ground) Ground pin connected to system ground



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2 Vdd (+5 Volt) Powers the LCD with +5V (4.7V – 5.3V)

3 VE (Contrast V) Decides the contrast level of display. Grounded to getmaximum contrast.

4 Register Select Connected to Microcontroller to shift between command/dataregister

5 Read/Write Used to read or write data. Normally grounded to write data toLCD

6 Enable Connected to Microcontroller Pin and toggled between 1 and 0for data acknowledgement

7 Data Pin 0

Data pins 0 to 7 forms a 8-bit data line. They can be connectedto Microcontroller to send 8-bit data.

These LCD’s can also operate on 4-bit mode in such case Datapin 4,5,6 and 7 will be left free.

8 Data Pin 1

9 Data Pin 2

10 Data Pin 3



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11 Data Pin 4

12 Data Pin 5

13 Data Pin 6

14 Data Pin 7

15 LED Positive Backlight LED pin positive terminal

16 LED Negative Backlight LED pin negative terminal

3.5.2 Features of 16×2 LCD module

● Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V● Current consumption is 1mA without backlight● Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers● Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.● Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box● Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode● It can also display any custom generated characters● Available in Green and Blue Backlight

3.6 BNC Connector

The BNC coax connector is one of the most widely used RF connectors today. It is very easyand convenient to use, and offers a very high level of performance. The BNC connector is used ontest equipment for everything from oscilloscopes to audio generators, and power meters to functiongenerators. In fact BNC connectors are used in applications where coaxial or screened cable isrequired, and particularly for RF applications.

The BNC connector has many attributes. One its chief mechanical attributes is that it uses abayonet fitting. This is particularly useful because it prevents accidental disconnection if the cable is

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pulled slightly or repeatedly moved. The BNC is also what is termed a constant impedance

connector. This means that it has the same characteristic impedance across the whole of theconnector. Coax cable has what is called a characteristic impedance. Accordingly any RF signalstravelling along a coax cable will not see any impedance changes as they pass through the BNCconnector. This is particularly important for RF applications as it will result in few reflections and alower level of loss.

Figure 3.13 BNC cable3.6.1 BNC development

The BNC connector was developed in the late 1940s and it gains its name from a combinationof the fact that it has a bayonet fixing and from the names of the designers, the letters BNC standingfor Bayonet Neill Concelman. It has also been shown to stand for Bayonet Navy Connector in somereferences.

The BNC connector is essentially a miniature version of the C connector which was in turn a bayonetversion of the N-type connector.

The BNC connector was developed as a result of the need to provide a high quality, robust connectorthat would be capable of being used in a wide variety of applications. Additionally it needed to besmaller than either the N-type or C-type connectors which were much larger.

3.6.2 BNC specifications

The specifications of the BNC connector naturally vary from one manufacturer to another and it isalways best to ensure that the particular component being purchased is suitable for the intendedapplication.

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However there are a number of guidelines that can be used. The connector comes in two basic types:

● 50 ohm● 75 ohm

Of the two versions of the BNC connector, the 50 ohm version is more widely used. Often the BNCconnector is specified for operation at frequencies up to 4 GHz and it can be used up to 10 GHzprovided the special top quality versions specified to that frequency are used. However it is wise tofully check the specification.

3.6.3 BASIC BNC SPECIFICATION SUMMARY

Table 3.7 Specifications for BNC

PARAMETER SPECIFICATION

Cable Type Coaxial

Securing Bayonet fit

Typical operating frequency range 0 - 4 GHz

Diameter (Male) 14.0 mm / 0.570 in

Diameter (Female) 11.1 mm / 0.436 in

3.6.4 BNC connector formats and variants

BNC connectors come in a variety of formats. Not only are there plugs and sockets but there

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are also adapters and also other items such as attenuators. BNC plugs are designed not onlyfor the required impedance, but also to accept a particular coax cable format. In this way all theinternal piece parts are compatible with the coaxial cable used. It is therefore necessary to specify theBNC plug for the cable to be used. Although there is some latitude, it is naturally best to select thecorrect cable format.

In addition to this there are straight and right angled variants. Of these the straight connectors are themost widely used, although right angled connectors where the cable leaves the plug at right angles tothe centre of the connector centre line are also available. These are ideal in many applications wherethe cables need to leave the connector in this manner to ensure cables are in a tidy fashion, or wherespace is at a premium. Unfortunately right-angled connectors have a marginally higher level of lossthan their straight through counterparts. This may not be significant for most applications, but atfrequencies near the operational limit of the connector there may be a small difference.

The sockets or female BNC connectors also come in a number of flavours. The very basic BNCconnector consists of a panel mounting assembly with a single connection for the coax centre. Theearthing is then accomplished via the panel to which the connector is bolted using a single nut. Largewashers can be used to provide an earth connection directly to the connector. Some of theseconnectors may also use four nuts and bolts to fix them to the panel. These arrangements are onlysuitable for low frequency applications, and not for RF. Where impedance matching and fullscreening is required. Bulkhead mounting connectors where coaxial cable entry is provided areavailable for this. Again these are available for a variety of cable dimensions and the correct typeshould be used.

There are two main variants of the BNC connector assembly method:

● Compression gland type● Crimp type

Figure 3.14 BNC connector3.6.5 BNC plug assembly

The assembly of a BNC connector will depend upon the type that is to be used. Both types

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require assembling with reasonable care, and the crimp style requires a crimp tool for itsassembly. The compression gland type of BNC connector has the centre pin of the connector which isusually a solder pin and the braid and sheath of the cable are held by an expanding compressiongland fixed by a nut at the rear of the connector. This type of connector by its nature can cope with a(limited) range of cable sizes and requires no specialised tooling to assemble. This makes it ideal forsmall quantity production, either for one off cables for laboratory use of for limited production runs.

The crimp BNC connector has the centre pin which is normally crimped to the centre conductor. Thiscrimped pin is then pushed into position through an inner ferrule which separates the inner insulationsheath and the braid of the cable. An outer ferrule is then crimped over the braid and outer insulationwhich fixes the cable to the connector. Greater accuracy is required for the crimp style connectorsand therefore the correct connector variant must be chosen for the cable being used. This may resultin a crimp style connector not being practicable for some cable types. In addition to this the assemblyrequires the use of the correct crimping tools to ensure that the connector is correctly crimped. Whilethese connectors are always preferred for large production runs because they are much faster toassemble, it is not possible for them to be reworked for obvious reasons.

For both styles of BNC connector it is essential that the exact amount of insulation is stripped fromeach section to ensure accurate assembly and the required RF performance.

3.7 JUMPER WIRESJumper wires (also called jumper wires) for solder less bread boarding can be obtained inready-to-use jump wire sets or can be manually manufactured. The latter can become tediouswork for larger circuits. Ready-to-use jump wires come in different qualities, some even withtiny plugs attached to the wire ends. Jump wire material for ready-made or homemade wires

should usually be 22 AWG (0.33 mm2) solid copper, tin-plated wire - assuming no tiny plugs

are to be attached to the wire ends. The wire ends should be stripped 3⁄16 to 5⁄16 in (4.8 to 7.9

mm). Shorter stripped wires might result in bad contact with the board's spring clips(insulation being caught in the springs). Longer stripped wires increase the likelihood of shortcircuits on the board. Needle-nose pliers and tweezers are helpful when inserting or removingwires, particularly on crowded boards.

Differently coloured wires and colour discipline are often adhered to for consistency. However,

the number of available colours is typically far fewer than the number of signal types or paths.

Typically, a few wire colours are reserved for the supply voltages and ground some are

reserved

for main signals, and the rest are simply used where convenient. Some ready-to-use jump wire

sets use the colour to indicate the length of the wires, but these sets do not allow a meaningful

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colour-coding schema.

Figure 3.15 Jumper wires

Jumper wires are typically used with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make

it easy to change a circuit as needed. Though the jumper wire comes in variety of colors,the

colors don't actually means anything. This means that a red wire is technically the same

as black one. But the colors can be used to your advantage in order to differentiate between

types of connections, such as ground and power.

Types of Jumper Wires typically come in three versions: male-to-male, male to-female and

female-to-female. A male connector is commonly referred to as a plug and has a solid pin for

a center conductor. A female connector is commonly referred to as a jack and has a center

conductor with a hole in it to accept the male pin.

Female to female jumper wiresFemale to female jumper wires for connecting standard 2.54 Mm header pins and also relimate

connectors of different type of development board.

Male to female jumper wiresThese are Jumper wire male to female, as in connecting female header pins of any

development dand (like Animal) to other development boards having male.

ADVANTAGES OF JUMPER WIRESThe jumper wires main advantage is its one-time configuration, which makes it less vulnerable

to tuition or partial firmware. Jumper altering requires that settings he physically changed.

Whenever we solder the normal wires, it is difficult to change it. But jumper wires is used to

place anywhere used upon the requirement we prefer male to female and female to female

jumper wires.

3.8 BREAD BOARDA breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a

breadboard, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless

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breadboard (a.k.a. plug board, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the

term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these. Because the solderless breadboard does

not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary

prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason, solderless breadboards are

also popular with students and in technological education. Older breadboard types did not

have this property. A strip board (Veroboard) and similar prototyping printed circuit boards,

Figure 3.16 - Bread Board

used to build semi-permanent soldered prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A

variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and

digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs). A modern solderless breadboard

socket consists of a perforated block of plastic with numerous tin plated phosphor bronze or

nickel silver alloy spring clips under the perforations. The clips are often called tie points or

contact points. The number of tie points is often given in the specification of the breadboard.

Bread boarding tipsIt is important to breadboard a circuit neatly and systematically, so that one can debug it and

get it running easily and quickly. It also helps when someone else needs to understand and

inspect the circuit. Here are some tips

• Always use the side-lines for power supply connections. Power the chips from the

side-lines and not directly from the power supply.

• Use black wires for ground connections (0V), and red for other power connections. •

Keep the jumper wires on the board flat, so that the board does not look cluttered. • Route

jumper wires around the chips and not over the chips. This makes changing the chips

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when needed easier.

• You could trim the legs of components like resistors, transistors and LEDs, so that

they fit in snugly and do not get pulled out by accident.

The spacing between the clips (lead pitch) is typically 0.1 inches (2.54 mm). Integrated

circuits (ICs) in dual in-line packages (DIPs) can be inserted to straddle the centre line of the

block. Interconnecting wires and the leads of discrete components (such as capacitors,

resistors, and inductors) can be inserted into the remaining free holes to complete the circuit.

Where ICs are not used, discrete components and connecting wires may use any of

the holes. The edge of the board has male and female dovetail notches so boards can be

clipped together to form a large breadboard.

3.9 USB CABLEUSB cable that was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals like keyboard,

pointing devices, digital still and video cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives

and network adapters to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric

power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports, and has become

commonplace on a wide range of devices. The female connector mounted on the host or device

is called the receptacle, and the male connector attached to the cable is called the plug.

USB is a serial bus. It uses 4 shielded wires: tv for power (+5v GND) and two for differential

data signals (labelled as D+ and D- in pin out). In a USB data cable Data and Data- signals are

transmitted in twisted pairs with no termination needed. We are using the USB And Micro

USB 2.0 Cable.

3.9.1 TYPES OF USB CABLES1. USB-A

2. USB-B

3. USB-C

4. Mini-USB

5. Micro-USB

6. USB 3

1. USB-A

A type-A connector is one you#39;ve probably used a fair amount. If you#39;ve ever

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purchased these bulk USB cables, they're what you typically plug into a computer USB

port when you transfer data, use an external keyboard for typing, or utilize a mouse for a

PC(13).

2. USB-BType-B connectors are almost square in shape. You've probably seen them when you

plug in a printer cable or an external hard drive cable to a computer. But they aren't as

common a sight as type-A these days.

3. USB-COne of the newer USB cables on the scene is the type-C. Unlike other connectors, this one is

actually reversible, meaning that it can be plugged in upside down if you want. It also offers

data transfers of higher speeds and is generally thought to be more powerful. It's become

the standard for many new laptops, tablets, and phones.

4. Mini-USBThese connectors used to be the standard for mobile devices, cameras, and MP3 players. Like

their name suggests, they're smaller than a regular USB port. That's why

they'are often used for smaller devices. They aren't used as often anymore, but you

Still may find some devices that have this compatibility.

5. Micro-USBThis is currently considered to be the standard connector for mobile devices and other gadgets

except the devices that Apple produces. The micro allows information to be read without help

from a computer, meaning you can connect one device directly to a phone with help from one

of these bulk USB cables.

6. USB 3USB 3 cables is what's known as "backward compatible," meaning they

actually work with older USB ports and other bulk USB cables. But these cables have different

shape pins so they can be used more frequently (and are often coloured blue so you can tell

them apart). However, it's important to note that all devices have to be USB 3 compatible

to obtain those higher speeds. For example, if you have a USB 3.1 compliant device, It would

be able to transfer data at 10 Gbps if you use these cables. But if you have an older device, you

won#39;t be able to achieve the same speedy data transfer rates. Depending on the number of

devices you own and the way in which you use them, you'll probably have at least a few

of these USB cables in your possession.

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3.10 POWER SUPPLYA power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The

primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct

voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are

sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate

standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power.

Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer

electronics devices. Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the

current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical

fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from

reaching the load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it can continue to power the

load in the event of a temporary interruption in the source power (uninterruptible power

supply).

All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the form of

electric current from a source, and one or more power output connections that deliver current

to the load. The source power may come from the electric power grid, such as an electrical

outlet, energy storage devices such fuel cells, generators or alternators, solar power

converters, or another power supply.

The input and output are usually hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies

employ wireless energy transfer to power their loads without wired connections. Some power

supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external

monitoring and control. The Fig.2.12 shows above is the general power supply used to provide

the power to the entire equipment.

3.10.1 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

FunctionalPower supplies are categorized in various ways, including by functional features. For example,

a regulated power supply is one that maintains constant output voltage or current despite

variations in load current or input voltage. Conversely, the output of an unregulated power

supply can change significantly when its input voltage or load current changes. Adjustable

power supplies allow the output voltage or current to be programmed by

mechanical controls (e.g., knobs on the power supply front panel), or by means of a control

input, or both. An adjustable regulated power supply is one that is both adjustable and

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regulated. An isolated power supply has a power output that is electrically independent of its

power input; this is in contrast to other power supplies that share a common connection

between power input and output.

PackagingPower supplies are packaged in different ways and classified accordingly. A bench power

supply is a stand-alone desktop unit used in applications such as circuit test and development.

Open frame power supplies have only a partial mechanical enclosure, sometimes consisting of

only a mounting base; these are typically built into machinery or other equipment. Rack

mount power supplies are designed to be secured into standard electronic equipment racks. An

integrated power supply is one that shares a common printed circuit board with its load. An

external power supply and alternating current adapter or power brick, is a power supply

located in the load's AC power cord that plugs into a wall outlet; a wall wart is an external

supply integrated with the outlet plug itself. These are popular in consumer electronics

because of their safety; the hazardous 120 or 240 volt main current is transformed down to a

safer voltage before it enters the appliance body.

Power conversion methodPower supplies can be broadly divided into linear and switching types. Linear power

converters process the input power directly, with all active power conversion components

operating in their linear operating regions. In switching power converters, the input power is

converted to AC or to DC pulses before processing, by components that operate predominantly

in non-linear modes (e.g., transistors that spend most of their time in cut off or saturation).

Power is "lost" (converted to heat) when components operate in their linear regions and,

consequently, switching converters are usually more efficient than linear converters because

their components spend less time in linear operating regions.

3.10.2 TYPES

DC power supplyA DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC voltage to its load. Depending on its

design, a DC power supply may be powered from a DC source or from an AC source such as

the power mains.

AC power supplies

An AC power supply typically takes the voltage from a wall outlet (mains supply) and uses a

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transformer to step up or step down the voltage to the desired voltage. Some filtering may take

place as well. In some cases, the source voltage is the same as the output voltage; this is called

an isolation transformer. Other AC power supply transformers do not provide mains isolation;

these are called autotransformers; a variable output autotransformer is known as a variac.

Other kinds of AC power supplies are designed to provide a nearly constant current, and

output voltage may vary depending on impedance of the load. In cases when the power source

is direct current, (like an automobile storage battery), an inverterand step-up transformer may

be used to convert it to AC power. Portable AC power may be provided by an alternator

powered by a diesel or gasoline engine (for example, at a construction site, in an automobile

or boat, or backup power generation for emergency services) whose current is passed to a

regulator circuit to provide a constant voltage at the output. Some kinds of AC power

conversion do not use a transformer. If the output voltage and input voltage are the same, and

the primary purpose of the device is to filter AC power, it may be called a line conditioner . If

the device is designed to provide backup power, it may be called an uninterruptible power

supply. A circuit may be designed with a voltage multiplier topology to directly step-up AC

power; formerly, such an application was a vacuum tube AC/DC receiver.

In modern use, AC power supplies can be divided into single phase and three phase systems.

"The primary difference between single phase and three phase AC power is the constancy of

delivery." AC power Supplies can also be used to change the frequency as well as the voltage,

they are often used by manufacturers to check the suitability of their products for use in other

countries. 230 V 50 Hz or 115 60 Hz or even 400 Hz for avionics testing.

3.10.3 SPECIFICATIONSThe suitability of a particular power supply for an application is determined by various

attributes of the power supply, which are typically listed in the power supply's specification.

Commonly specified attributes for a power supply include:

• Input voltage type (AC or DC) and range.

• Efficiency of power conversion.

• The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load

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CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains atext editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for commonfunctions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to uploadprograms and communicate with them.

WRITING SKETCHES

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches arewritten in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features forcutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while savingand exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the ArduinoSoftware (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttonsallow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serialmonitor.NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde. It is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be prompted to save the sketchwith the . ino extension on save.Table 4.1 Arduino software description

Verify

Check your code for errors compiling it.

Upload

Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board. See uploadingbelow for details.Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can holddown the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text willchange to "Upload using Programmer"

New

Creates a new sketch.

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Open

Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will openit within the current window overwriting its content.Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to open asketch late in the list, use the File | Sketchbook menu instead.

Save

Save your sketch.

Serial Monitor Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the five menus which can be used for differentfunctions: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are context sensitive, which means onlythose items relevant to the work currently being carried out are available. FILE

• New

Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure of a sketchalready in place.

• Open

Allows to load a sketch file browsing through the computer drives and folders.

• Open Recent

Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be opened.

• Sketchbook

Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder structure; clicking on anyname opens the corresponding sketch in a new editor instance.

• Examples

Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library shows up in this menuitem. All the examples are structured in a tree that allows easy access by topic or library.

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Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.

• Save

Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named before, a namewill be provided in a "Save as.." window.

• Save as...

Allows to save the current sketch with a different name.

• Page Setup

It shows the Page Setup window for printing.

• Print

Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings defined in Page Setup.

• Preferences

Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE may be customized, asthe language of the IDE interface.

• Quit

Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was chosen will beautomatically reopened the next time you start the IDE.

EDIT

• Undo/Redo

Go back to one or more steps you did while editing; when you go back, you may goforward with Redo.

• Cut

Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the clipboard.

• Copy

Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the clipboard.

• Copy for Forum

Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form suitable for posting to theforum, complete with syntax colouring.

• Copy as HTML

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web pages.

• Paste

Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.

• Select All

Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.

• Comment/Uncomment

Puts or removes the // comment marker at the beginning of each selected line.

• Increase/Decrease Indent

Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each selected line, moving the text onespace on the right or eliminating a space at the beginning.

• Find

Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to search inside thecurrent sketch according to several options.

• Find Next

Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search item inthe Find window, relative to the cursor position.

• Find Previous

Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search itemin the Find window relative to the cursor position.

SKETCH

• Verify/Compile

Check your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report memory usage for code andvariables in the console area.

• Upload

Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board through the configuredPort.

• Upload Using Programmer

This will overwrite the bootloader on the board; you will need to use Tools > BurnBootloader to restore it and be able to Upload to USB serial port again. However, itallows you to use the full capacity of the Flash memory for your sketch. Please note

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that this command will NOT burn the fuses. To do so a Tools -> BurnBootloader command must be executed.

• Export Compiled Binary

Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or sent to the board using other tools.

• Show Sketch Folder

Open the current sketch folder.

• Include Library

Adds a library to your sketch by inserting #include statements at the start of yourcode. For more details, see libraries below. Additionally, from this menu item you canaccess the Library Manager and import new libraries from .zip files.

• Add File...

Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current location). The newfile appears in a new tab in the sketch window. Files can be removed from the sketchusing the tab menu accessible by clicking on the small triangle icon below the serialmonitor one on the right side of the toolbar.

TOOLS

• Auto Format

This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening and closing curly braceslineup, and that the statements inside curly braces are indented more.

• Archive Sketch

Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The archive is placed in the samedirectory as the sketch.

• Fix Encoding & Reload

Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor char map encoding and otheroperating systems char maps.

• Serial Monitor

Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange of data with anyconnected board on the currently selected Port. This usually resets the board, if theboard supports Reset over serial port opening.

• Board

Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the various boards.

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• Port

This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your machine. It shouldautomatically refresh every time you open the top-level tools menu.

• Programmer

For selecting a hardware programmer when programming a board or chip and not usingthe onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you won't need this, but if you'reburning a bootloader to a new microcontroller, you will use this.

• Burn Bootloader

The items in this menu allow you to burn a bootloader onto the microcontroller on anArduino board. This is not required for normal use of an Arduino or Genuine boardbut is useful if you purchase a new AT mega microcontroller (which normally comeswithout a bootloader). Ensure that you've selected the correct board from the Boardsmenu before burning the bootloader on the target board. This command also sets theright fuses.

HELP

Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the Arduino Software(IDE). You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this guide to the IDE and otherdocuments locally, without an internet connection. The documents are a local copy of theonline ones and may link back to our online website.Find in Reference

This is the only interactive function of the Help menu: it directly selects the relevant page inthe local copy of the Reference for the function or command under the cursor.

4.1.1 Arduino IDEInitial Setup

This is the Arduino IDE once it’s been opened. It opens into a blank sketch where you canstart programming immediately. First, the configuration of the board should be done and portsettings must be changed to allow us to upload code. Connect the Arduino board to the PC viathe USB cable.Here the required code can be written and the necessary libraries can beincluded for the completion a particular task .If the necessary library is not present we caneasily download it with the help of internet and can then be included for the programming tobe implemented .The ,ain code is written inside the loop , where more functions can be writtenbased on the requirement.The setup screen can be observed below , it mainly consists of two blocks setup block and the

loop block .In the setup block the code which is to be executed once is written , and theremaining code which is to be iterated is written in the loop block , any libraries to be included

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must be placed above the setup block where the library corresponding to the board to be usedis also included.

Figure 4.1Arduino IDE Default Window

4.1.2 IDE: Board Setup

The Arduino IDE must be informed what board is being uploaded to. Select the Toolspulldown menu and go to Board. This list is populated by default with the currently availableArduino Boards that are developed by Arduino.

4.2 Arduino IDE: Board Setup Procedure

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4.1.3 IDE: COM Port Setup

If the Arduino IDE is downloaded before plugging in the Arduino board, when the board isplugged in the board, the USB drivers should be installed automatically. The most recentArduino IDE should recognize connected boards and label them with which COM port theyare using. Select the Tools pulldown menu and then Port. Here it should list all open COMports, and if there is a recognized Arduino Board, it will also give its name. Select theArduino board that is connected to the PC. If the setup was successful, in the bottom right ofthe Arduino IDE, see the board type and COM number of the board being planned toprogram. Note: the Arduino Uno occupies the next available COM port; it will not always beCOM3.

Figure 4.3 COM Port Setup

4.1.4 Testing Your Settings

Uploading Blink One common procedure to test whether the board being used is properly setup is to upload the “Blink” sketch. This sketch is included with all Arduino IDE releases andcan be accessed by the File pull-down menu and going to Examples, 01.Basics, and then selectBlink. Standard Arduino Boards include a surface-mounted LED labelled “L” or “LED” nextto the “RX” and “TX” LEDs, that is connected to digital pin 13. This sketch will blink theLED at a regular interval, and is an easy way to confirm if your board is set up properly andwas successful in uploading code. Open the “Blink” sketch and press the “Upload” button inthe upper-left corner to upload “Blink” to the board.After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn how toset up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program on the

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Arduino board. In this section, we will learn in easy steps how to set up the Arduino IDE onour computer and prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.Step 1: In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, orDiecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you would connectto a USB printer.Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software. Arduino – Installation 16 You can get differentversions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the Arduino Official website. You mustselect your software, which is compatible with your operating system (Windows, IOS, orLinux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.Step 3: Power up your board. The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nanoautomatically draw power from either the USB connection to the computer or an externalpower supply. If you are using an Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board isconfigured to draw power from the USB connection. The power source is selected with ajumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and powerjacks. Check that it is on the two pins closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino board toyour computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labelled PWR) should glow.Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE. After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need tounzip the folder. Inside the folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label(application.exe). Double-click the icon to start the IDE.Step 5: Open your first project. Once the software starts, you have two options:

• Create a new project.

• Open an existing project.

• To create a new project, select File --> New.

Step 6: Select your Node MCU board. To avoid any error while uploading your program tothe board, you must select the correct Node MCU board name, which matches with the boardconnected to your computer. Go to Tools -> Board and select your board. The steps you needto take are simple. This is written for the ESP8266-01 but you can find the pin out for othermodels easily and use the same pins. First we will connect the Arduino UNO to a breadboard:

• Connect the Arduino’s 3v3 (3.3V) output to the red line on a breadboard. The ESP8266

works with 3.3V and not 5V, so this is necessary. If you want to connect othecomponents that use 5V, you can connect the 5V output to the other red line of thebreadboard, just make sure you don’t connect the two. Connect GND (ground) to theblue line.

• Connect the RES or RESET pin to the blue line. When you ground the reset pin, the

Arduino works as a dumb USB to serial connector, which is what we want to talk to theESP8266.Connect the RXD pin of the Arduino to the RX pin of the Arduino uno(yellow colour in the picture).

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• Connect the TXD pin of the Arduino to the TX pin of the Arduino uno (green colour in

the picture). Usually, when we want two things to talk to each other over serial, weconnect the TX pin of one to the RX of the other (send goes to receive and theopposite).

• Connect the GND pin of the Arduino uno to the blue line and the VCC pin to the red line.

• Finally CH_PD goes to the red line, supposedly it will not work if you do not connect

this.

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CHAPTER 5

WORKING AND RESULTS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

In this project the components used are ANALOG pH sensor, TDS sensor, DTH11, 16x2

LCD. Interfacing between tds sensor , pH sensor , Temperature and Humidity sensor as the

input part of the Arduino Uno, When any changes in the hydroponic system the signals from

the Arduino uno is given to the LCD to check the health of plants .



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RESULTS

For healthy growth of the hydroponic plants Ph value , electro conductivity , temperature and

humidity of the solution these parameters will be monitored and improves the production of

the plants.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

The Remote monitoring For hydroponic planting media serves its purpose efficiently by

providing tracking information of healthy growth of plants. The response of the device is fast

and it may assist the user to maintain the growth of plants.

FUTURE SCOPE

This prototype may be developed similarly to make data into a cloud and compute the

information for more nutrient production of fruits and Vegetables. The design may be made

extra compact and lighter in weight so that it could be easily transportable and person friendly.

It can have provisions to enter multiple contact information as in keeping with the consumer’s

requirements. More advanced capabilities may be added which can be managed by numerous

monitoring systems.

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REFERENCE

[1] H.S Utama, “Perancangan Dan Implementasi Sistem Otomatisasi Pemeliharaan TanamanHidroponik”.Jurnal. Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tarumanagara, 2006

[2] CA Arif, “Sistem Monitoring Pertumbuhan Tanaman dan Lingkungan Mikro di DalamGreenhouseMenggunakan Field Server”. Skripsi. Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2009.

[3] PL. Romdloni,”Rancang Bangun Sistem Otomasi Hidroponik NFT (Nutrient Film Technique).”TugasAkhir. Universitas Telkom Bandung, 2012

[4] Kustanti, Ika. “Pengendalian Kadar Keasaman (pH) Pada Sistem Hidroponik StroberiMenggunakanKontroler PID Berbasis Arduino Uno.” Jurnal Ika Estanti, 2014

[5] A Del Rosario, Dafrosa, and P.J.A. Santos. “The hydroponic culture of crops in the Philippines:Problems and prospects. International Seminar on Hydroponic Culture of High-Value Crops in theTropics in Malaysia”, November 25-27, 1990.

[6] D.Yumeina, et al., “Dynamic Optimization Of Water Temperature For Maximizing Leaf WaterContent Of Tomatoes In Hydroponics Using An Intelligent Control Technique. International JournalOf ComputerEngineering And Applications”, Volume X, Issue Iii, March 16, ISSN 2321-3469. Ehime University,Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan, 2016

[7] Rivai, Muhammad. “Sistem Monitoring PH dan Suhu Air dengan Transmisi Data Nirkabel.”Jurnal. Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Kampus ITS, Sukolilo,Surabaya, 2010.

[8] B. Siregar, ABA Nasution, F. Fahmi , “Integrated pollution monitoring system for smart city,"ICT ForSmart Society (ICISS), 2016 International Conference on",49-52,2016,IEEE, 2016

[9] B. Siregar, F. Fadli, U. Andayani, LA Harahap, F. Fahmi, "Monitoring of Solar RadiationIntensity using Wireless Sensor Network for Plant Growing”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series,801, 1, 012087, 2017,

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