CONTENTS PREFACE by Tanya Sienko 5 INTRODUCTION 7 PART ONE: WRITING 1 New Primitives & Kanji Primitives 15 2 Major Primitive Elements 28 3 Miscellaneous Kanji 144 4 Western Measurements 160 5 Phonetic Characters 162 6 Old & Alternate Forms 165 PART TWO: READING 7 Old Pure Groups 177 8 New Pure Groups 203 9 Semi-Pure Groups 236 10 Mixed Groups 264 11 A Potpourri of Readings 299 12 Kanji with Japanese Readings Only 344 13 Readings of Old & Alternate Forms 355 14 Supplementary Kanji 359 INDEXES INDEX 1 Number of Strokes 371 INDEX 2 Keywords and Primitive Meanings 389 INDEX 3 Readings 418 INDEX 4 Primitive Elements 487 Layout of Frames for Part One 490 Layout of Frames for Part Two 491 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 493
INDEX 1 Number of Strokes 371 INDEX 2 Keywords and Primitive Meanings 389 INDEX 3 Readings 418 INDEX 4 Primitive Elements 487 Layout of Frames for Part One 490 Layout of Frames for Part Two 491 A BOUT THE AUTHORS 493 PART ONE : WRITING 1 New Primitives & Kanji Primitives 15 2 Major Primitive Elements 28 3 Miscellaneous Kanji 144 4 Western Measurements 160 5 Phonetic Characters 162 6 Old & Alternate Forms 165 CONTENTS 14 Supplementary Kanji 359 INDEXES Tanya Sienko 6 PREFACE Introduction
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CONTENTS
PREFACE by Tanya Sienko 5
INTRODUCTION 7
PART ONE: WRITING
1 New Primitives & Kanji Primitives 152 Major Primitive Elements 283 Miscellaneous Kanji 1444 Western Measurements 1605 Phonetic Characters 1626 Old & Alternate Forms 165
PART TWO: READING
7 Old Pure Groups 1778 New Pure Groups 2039 Semi-Pure Groups 236
10 Mixed Groups 26411 A Potpourri of Readings 29912 Kanji with Japanese Readings Only 34413 Readings of Old & Alternate Forms 355
14 Supplementary Kanji 359
INDEXES
INDEX 1 Number of Strokes 371INDEX 2 Keywords and Primitive Meanings 389INDEX 3 Readings 418INDEX 4 Primitive Elements 487
Layout of Frames for Part One 490Layout of Frames for Part Two 491
WHEN I FIRST contacted Dr. Heisig with a proposal to add a third vol-ume to Remembering the Kanji, I somehow left the impression that itwas my rather esoteric needs as a scientist that left me hankering formore kanji than the 2,042 I had learned with his method. Actually, itwas not the technical prose of Yukawa and Tomonaga on ³eld theorythat were causing me my biggest headaches but ordinary Japanese nov-els. Having read mystery novels to polish my reading in other languages,I was disappointed to ³nd that the “essential” or “general-use” charac-ters were simply not enough to gain entry into the Japanese thriller.After just a few chapters, my maiden voyage ended on the rocks. Somuch for “basic literacy,” I thought to myself. And so was born the ideafor this book.
During the time of the American Occupation, the Japanese writingsystem underwent a complete overhaul, which saw the number ofChinese characters to be learned during the years of compulsory educa-tion reduced to a bare minimum of 1,850. The idea was to simplify thesystem and facilitate literacy by removing rarely used kanji from circula-tion. What the reformers did not count on in their long-range plan wasthe resistance of the general public to the disappearance of many kanjicustomarily used for names. Families reacted by continuing to nametheir children with “traditional” names, but the government refused toregister the kanji. This resulted in the bizarre situation where a numberof Japanese were growing up legally nameless. In 1951 the Ministry ofEducation grudgingly backed down and approved another 92 “legal”characters for names, followed by another 28 in 1976. In 1981 thenumber of “general-use” kanji was increased in 1,945 and in 1990 the
kanji approved for use in names was increased to 284. This is the situa-tion at present.
Of course, there were still numerous kanji outside the list that contin-ued to be used in place names, or that appeared in books publishedbefore the educational reforms and were impractical to update. Over thepast twenty years many of these exiled characters have migrated backinto daily use. Advertisers often prefer the compactness and precision ofolder kanji to their phonetic equivalents. Increasing competition hasinduced universities to include more and more “unof³cial” kanji in theirentrance examinations. And popular novelists, as always, cling tenacious-ly to their cache of little-known glyphs as a mark of the trade. Finally,the ubiquitous word processor has turned the distinction between whatis “allowed” and what is “disallowed” into something of an anachro-nism.
For the foreign student who has landed in this mess, there have beenonly two alternatives: either you adhere to the of³cial list, or you stum-ble about blindly trying to improve your knowledge as best you can.The idea behind the present book was to offer a third choice: supple-mentary kanji to lay a solid basis for contemporary Japanese.
In addition to the method of selection explained in Dr. Heisig’sintroduction, I myself checked the ³nal list against Edward Daub, et al.,Comprehending Technical Japanese (University of Wisconsin Press,1975), which used frequency lists to determine the 500 kanji most usedin technical writings. With the exception of characters speci³c to one³eld, this list is represented in the pages that follow.
Of the many people who assisted me in this project, I would like par-ticularly to thank Ronald D. Mabbitt for help in the cross-referencingand for his many useful suggestions on the structure of the book; andKanda Yumiko P,ÆË{ for checking some of the more obscure com-pounds.
6 PREFACE
Introduction
THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHER William James once wrote that a great ideagoes through three stages on its way to acceptance. First, it is dismissedas nonsense. Then it is acknowledged as true, but insigni³cant. Finally, itis seen to be important, but not really anything new. Time and againhistory con³rms the wisdom of James’s observation, but it also remindsus that the very same bias that resists the invasion of novelty also servesto swat away many a µea-brained idea buzzing about for attention.
In this connection, I must admit I am of two minds about Remem-bering the Kanji and its companion volumes. I have always had the sensethat there was something µea-brained about the whole project. Itsreception by students of the Japanese language across the world hasbeen as much a surprise to me as to the publishers, the Japan Publi-cations Trading Company. We had expected no more than a short buzz,followed by a ³rm whack into oblivion. From the start I was convincedthat if there was anything important in the method, it surely was noth-ing new. All I had done, after all, was to put some semblance of orderinto what students of the kanji had always done: trick their minds intomaking easily forgettable shapes more memorable. The sales of thebooks, as well as scores of letters from readers, has convinced me thatthis is in fact the case.
On the one hand, the method seems to have proved itself a naturalone suited to large number of students motivated to study the kanji ontheir own. On the other, it remains virtually useless for classroominstruction. This is hardly surprising, since it aims to do something theclassroom cannot do, namely to tap the imagination of the individual atthe individual’s own learning pace. To the native speaker of Japanesetrained in the traditional school system and trying to teach the Japanesewriting system to those whose primary education was outside of the“kanji curtain,” it can only appear a distracting gimmick. For one whodoes not know from experience the question behind the method, theanswer—even if it works—makes no sense. Whatever the merits of
Remembering the Kanji as a learning tool, then, its demerits as a teach-ing tool are beyond redemption. This is probably for the best. To forcethe expectations of the textbook on the method would probably onlyend up frustrating everyone—teachers and students. The saving grace ofthe books is that they are simply too µea-brained to run the circuit of“course work.”
Letters from readers have combined expressions of gratitude withmore good ideas for improvements than I could ever assimilate into sub-sequent editions. The misprints that had slipped in along the way,thanks again to alert readers, have been periodically corrected in laterprintings. For the rest I have let the books stand as they are, reckoningthat their unpolished edges encourage the very kind of participation thatmakes them work in the ³rst place.
The one most common request that has haunted me over the yearshas been for a supplementary volume that would pick up some of themore useful kanji outside the lists propagated as standard by Japan’sMinistry of Education. The request always seemed reasonable enough.When I myself had worked through the of³cial list of kanji, I was leftwith much the same feeling: learning to write the characters is so sim-ple—now if there were some list that could guide me into learning moreof them…. The only solution I could see was to learn new characters asthey showed up in reading. Unfortunately, I kept no records, and couldonly reply to readers that they, too, let their particular reading habitsguide their acquisition of new kanji. But I always knew it was not quitethe right answer to an important question.
Then, about a year and a half ago, Tanya Sienko, a theoretical physi-cist from the United States employed at Japan’s National Institute ofScience and Technology Policy, persuaded me that something concretecould be done. Her idea was for a volume that would aim at raisingpro³ciency to the level of 3,000 kanji, based on the methods of volumesI and II of Remembering the Kanji. The present book is the result of ourcombined efforts.
The initial decision to aim at a list of 3,000 characters was not basedon any established measure of “upper-level pro³ciency,” but simply outof the need for some parameters within which to begin working. As theselecting of new characters progressed, the decision justi³ed itself andwas left to stand.
The choice of which kanji to include and which to leave out was farfrom simple. In 1990 the Ministry of Education published a revised listof characters for use in names, 284 in all. Kanji from this list that had
8 INTRODUCTION
not been covered in volumes I and II were added ³rst, together with alltheir readings.
The next step was to consult a list of 3,505 characters published in1963 by the National Japanese Language Research Institute.1 Since1956 the Institute had been issuing periodic reports of research on thefrequency with which kanji appeared in various ³elds of study. Based onsome 90 academic and popular journals, a team of scholars turned up3,328 characters, to which the Institute added another 177. Althoughthe list was not based on the Ministry of Education’s list of general-usekanji (øä+°), it includes all the kanji found in the latter (latest revi-sion, 1977) but, as you might suspect, does not include all the charac-ters from the Ministry’s 1990 revised list for use in names. In any case,all new kanji in the list with a frequency of more than 9 were selected.The following chart shows the breakdown of the frequency and theoverlay of kanji used for names. The darkened areas represent the ³rsttwo groups of kanji checked for inclusion in the present volume:
The next problem was how to sift through the remaining kanji toreach a total of 3,000. The solution consisted in overlaying a completelynew system of classi³cation that has taken the world of Chinese charac-ters by storm since the time of the frequency studies.
1978 marks a watershed in the story of the kanji and in the compila-tion of frequency lists. It was in that year that the Japanese writing sys-tem was converted into computer code, opening the way to the use ofthe personal computer in Japan. There was never any question that
INTRODUCTION 9
1AêÖP£GY)uäBä°B C³C³BÓÁ‹³²D 22 (1963).
}
3,505 °
Japan would march enthusiastically to the drum of the computer revolu-tion. But to do so, some way had ³rst to be found around the obviousimpossibility of squeezing the Japanese writing system into the 7-bitcharacter codes that make up the American Standard Code forInformation Interchange (ASCII) character sets. In response to the chal-lenge, the Japan Industrial Standard or JIS was born.
From the outset the JIS classi³cation has never wanted for critics, butthe complaints were largely mufµed by the sheer thrill of having a simpletool to manipulate the Chinese characters. In the early stages, a ³rst listof less than 3,000 kanji (JIS-12) was installed as standard in personalcomputers and printers, while a second list of over 4,000 kanji (JIS-2)was sold separately. Writers and specialists grumbled about charactersthat had been left out of JIS-1 and relegated to the “second-class” statusof JIS-2. By the end of the 1980s, both character sets had been adjustedand are now installed as standard in most computer equipment.3
The kanji that had been left out of both lists were another matter.Nearly all word-processing programs have included utilities for creating‘° or “excluded characters.” Eventually a third set, the JIS-supplement,was devised. To date, it covers an additional 5,801 kanji. This supple-ment is not yet standard in personal computers and printers, thoughnewer dictionaries include the code numbers that have been assigned.4In the near future it is reasonable to expect that they, too, will becomestandard equipment.
The control of language, which has been an important culturalweapon in the arsenal of modern governments for the past four cen-turies and more, has brought political complications to the computeriza-tion of the kanji in Japan, often masquerading in the robes of scholarlyobjectivity. Indeed, the more voracious the popular appetite for comput-er access to kanji becomes, the more these issues come to the fore. TheMinistry of Education, for example, which seems to have felt slighted by
10 INTRODUCTION
2 JIS-1 includes basic Roman, Greek, and Cyrillic characters, as well as a handful of gen-eral-use typesetting symbols.
3 Meantime, the early 1990s saw the arrival of Unicode, a workable worldwide stan-dard, based on 16-bit code, that would cover all writing and symbol systems. By that timethe Japanese JIS had already become a permanent ³xture, and adjustments were made toassign it a place in the Unicode structure that would not conµict with Korean andChinese.
4 For an example of the most up-to-date kanji dictionary, which was relied on heavilyfor the production of this book, see: à, ±%y[¨°Áq CØ+BnD (Tokyo: Taishðkan,1992).
the designers of the new computer standards, still make no mention ofthe JIS’s existence in their of³cial lists of general-use characters.Meantime, efforts by the Ministry to regulate the number of kanji ingeneral use have been undercut by the very computers they use to com-pose and print their regulations. There is no reason to think that the sit-uation will change in the years to come.5
Most important for our purposes here, the wealth of characters seemsto have retarded research into standards of “upper-level pro³ciency.”After its latest revision in 1990, the tripartite JIS list now contains awhopping 12,156 characters but does nothing to address the problem offrequency of use.
A simple, if time-consuming, procedure was followed in making theselection of the remaining characters for this volume. First, all kanji thatappeared less than 9 times in the National Japanese Language ResearchInstitute list and which also appeared in JIS-1 were included. The selec-tion was then rounded off with a few characters that fell outside theseborders but which, from personal judgment, we thought it best to in-clude. Graphically, the ³nal results look like this:
INTRODUCTION 11
5 For a fuller account of these conflicts, see special issues of C^rQD dealing with+°o»ûÜí2Ç[Kanji and the computer], 1/2 (1990), and J‰+°uy°5¤“L
[Rethinking the standardization of the kanji at present], 4/2 (1993).
Chapter 14 is intended to reµect the authors’ dissatisfaction with theunavoidable arbitrariness in the selection process. It opens with a list of7 kanji (3001–3007) deliberately excluded from the selection process: 5of them from the list of names and 2 from JIS-2 that seem worth learn-ing. Space is left for you to record additional characters that you feelbelong to “upper-level pro³ciency.” In future editions, we hope to beable to add to this list of 7, but that will depend on signi³cant numbersof readers sending in their lists for us to compare.
Parts One and Two follow, respectively, the methods of volumes I
and II of Remembering the Kanji. The layout of the frames has changedsomewhat, but a full graphic description is included at the end of thebook, after the Indexes. The choice of sample words for on-yomi read-ings has been made with an eye to providing useful vocabulary whereverpossible, but here, too, there was some arbitrariness. In the course ofassigning readings to the kanji, a shelf of dictionaries based on the JIS
lists was consulted and compared, only to ³nd inconsistencies at everyturn. Given the ease with which computerized data can be accessed, onewould expect at least an overall accuracy in indexing and cross-referenc-ing. This was not the case. To compensate for this, Index 3 errs on theside of excess, including more readings than are mentioned in the framesof Part Two. The only exception was made for names: only those read-ings in the Ministry of Education’s updated list are contained in theindex. Otherwise, all four indexes cover all the kanji and readings con-tained in the three volumes of the Remembering the Kanji series.
.James W. Heisig
Nagoya
12 INTRODUCTION
PART ONE
WRITING
CHAPTER 1
New Primitives &Kanji Primitives
_NEW PRIMITIVES_
We begin our journey to 3,000 kanji with the addition of a fewnew primitive elements to those already included in volume I.They have been included only if they appear frequently enoughin the kanji in general to be useful, or if at least three instancesappear in this volume. Each new element is followed by thenew characters in which it appears.
After this, all the primitives in this volume will already befamiliar to you. If you get stuck, consult the comprehensivelist in Index 4 at the end of this volume.
2043. this here ÂR-2670
footprint … spoon. [6]
2044. brushwood ÛR-2671
this here … tree. [10]
2045. fort ÷R-2672
this here … stone. [11]
2046. whit ÔR-2673
this here … two. [8]
2047. beard ÑR-3140
hair … shape … this here. [16]
* sheik Ïtop hat … villain … belt … elbow. [10]
This element is already familiar from the character ? (I.1492). Thereason the part for elbow requires 3 strokes instead of the usual 2 isthat the combination of elements l is actually a radical classicallyde³ned as having 5 strokes.
2048. crystal 8R-2454
jewel … sheik. [15]
This is one of the seven classical stones of China.
2049. fowl 9R-2843
umbrella … sheik. [12]
2050. apple ?R-2844
tree … fowl. [16]
* shoeshine mrice … sunglasses. [12]
16 NEW PRIMITIVES
This combination of elements has already been learned from thecharacter t (I.1311). The assignation of the primitive meaning isalmost entirely arbitrary.
2051. sympathize with œR-2499
state of mind … shoeshine. [15]
2052. phosphorus pR-2496
³re … shoeshine. [16]
2053. camelopard vR-2498
deer … shoeshine. [23]
The keyword here refers to a motley-colored mythical creaturefrom China with the body of a deer, the tail of a cow, and the crestand claws of a bird.
2054. scaled uR-2497
³sh … shoeshine. [23]
The “scales” referred to here are the kind found on ³sh, dragons,and so forth.
2055. encompassing ÕR-2583
St. Bernard … eel. [8]
The sense of the keyword is of something that is expansive andcovers over everything. When used as a primitive, this will take themeaning of a dachshund. Think here of a particularly large andl-o-n-g one to combine the qualities of the eel and the St. Bernard.
NEW PRIMITIVES 17
2056. hermitage IR-2582
cave … dachshund. [11]
2057. shrouded ÙR-2584
³ngers … dachshund. [11]
The sense of the keyword does not refer to an actually funeral“shroud,” but only to the sense of being covered over or con-cealed.
2058. myself ,R-2585
person … dachshund. [10]
The keyword refers to a very familiar way of referring to oneself,usually restricted to men.
* streetwalker ¢
We learned this combination earlier in the character p (I.1014) ascomposed of the elements person … license … walking legs. Theprimitive meaning covers the sense of one “walking around licen-tiously.” [7]
2059. make amends ÏR-2501
state of mind … streetwalker. [10]
2060. steed vR-2503
team of horses … streetwalker. [17]
18 NEW PRIMITIVES
2061. steep qR-2500
mountain … streetwalker. [10]
2062. complete a job tR-2502
vase … streetwalker. [12]
2063. mortar ¡R-2973
back-to-back staples. [6]
The mortar referred to here is a stone or wooden basin used forgrinding with a pestle. As a primitive element it keeps the samemeaning.
2064. father-in-law +R-3085
mortar … male. [13]
2065. mouse QR-2964
mortar … two plows … four drops … hook. [13]
2066. bore ßR-3039
standing in a row upside down … mortar and walking stick … missile … metal. [28]
The sense of the keyword is boring a hole into something.
2067. break 8R-3043
mortar … soil … missile. [13]
NEW PRIMITIVES 19
2068. small craft 9R-2383
boat … mortar … walking stick … crotch. [15]
* I Ching p
The appearance of this element looks enough like one of the com-binations used in the Chinese Book of Changes, the I Ching, togive us a meaning for this element. Note that there is always some-thing that comes between the two halves to keep them apart. [4]
2069. rhinoceros õR-3018
flag … I Ching … walking stick … cow. [12]
2070. lunar month QR-3007
white dove … I Ching … needle. [11]
2071. spinal column ÑR-2915
I Ching … umbrella … flesh. [10]
* stitching o
This element is actually a character in its own right, a pictograph ofsomething that has been stitched. [8]
2072. rice-³eld footpath ÆR-3141
³eld … stitching. [13]
The character learned for paddy-ridge in volume ‘ (I.1204) andthat for paddy-³eld ridge –, which we will meet in FRAME 2571,
20 NEW PRIMITIVES
both mean the “ridges” that run between rice paddies. The charac-ter introduced here refers directly to the ridge that is used as awalking path.
2073. mend »R-2918
thread … stitching. [14]
2074. let it be ¹R-2473
spike … eight … belt … stitching. [14]
Note that the writing of element for spike is interrupted by the ele-ment eight. This character—among whose older usages was as apolite form of addressing someone—is now used chiefly in names,except for the famous Buddhist expression that will be introducedwhen its reading comes up in Part Two.
2075. imperial seal ºR-2474
let it be … jewel. [19]
* hill of beans W
This element (actually a rather rare character in its own right) ismade up of exactly what it says: a hill of beans. [10]
2076. suit of armor œR-2486
metal … hill of beans. [18]
2077. triumph ‹R-2485
hill of beans … wind. [12]
NEW PRIMITIVES 21
* sapling _drop … St. Bernard. [4]
This element is easily confused with the shape of the character ú insuch kanji as þ (I.634) and in the element å(I, PAGE 155). Itmeaning comes from the rather rare kanji on which it is based.
2078. bewitched ØR-2862
woman … sapling. [7]
2079. irrigate óR-2861
water … sapling. [7]
2080. quaff µR-2914
sapling … mouth. [7]
* green onion {un- … floor. [9]
2081. leek ÚR-3142
flowers … green onion. [12]
2082. lottery ÃR-2835
bamboo … assembly line … ³esta … green onion. [23]
The character can also replace assembly line and ³esta withThanksgiving: Ä. This alternate form is less common, however.
22 NEW PRIMITIVES
2083. penitential HR-3047
state of mind … green onion. [20]
As in the previous frame, assembly line and ³esta can be replace withThanksgiving: I, though again less commonly.
2084. hay MR-3047
Think of this element as showing two ricks of dried hay lying ontop of each other. The element for bound up is familiar. The 3-stroked piece being bound up appeared in the primitive for moun-tain goat Ã. Think of the goat burying his “missing” horns in thehay to pick them up and toss them.[10]
2085. chick ŒR-2466
hay … turkey. [18]
2086. scurry ‹R-2465
run … hay. [17]
The sense of this keyword is the way someone in kimono runs, tak-ing short steps quickly.
2087. understandably ‹R-3001
chihuahua with one human leg. [4]
The sense of the keyword is that something “stands to reason.”
2088. training —R-3001
wheat … chihuahua with one human leg … delicious. [15]
NEW PRIMITIVES 23
2089. immense GR-3035
cliff … chihuahua with one human leg … shape. [9]
_NEW KANJI FROM OLD PRIMITIVES_
We close this ³rst chapter with a handful of kanji that werealready learned as primitive elements but not as kanji in theirown right. The only thing you will have to learn now is theirkeyword meaning, which does not in each case accord with themeaning they have been assigned as primitive elements. Try torelate the two meanings together if this causes confusion.
2090. grab ôR-2565
vulture … tree. [8]
We already met this combination in the characters ï, û, and í(1.733, 734, 1714).
2091. a ER-3143
mouth … floor … ³esta. [8]
This character is roughly equivalent to the inde³nite article a inEnglish or to the phrase a certain… It appears as a primitive in thecharacters o and Î (I.356, 614).
24 KANJI PRIMITIVES
2092. chop off kR-2411
car … axe. [11]
You may recall that this character already appeared as a combina-tion of primitives in the character l (I.1134).
2093. rabbit 0R-2839
drop of … day on its side … human legs … drop of. [8]
The older form from which the rabbit primitive was derived is actu-ally −, but the abbreviation in this frame has, with the support ofits listing in the ³rst JIS list, come to take over. Note that the primi-tive for rabbit q (I, P. 421) differs again from both of these bylacking the ³nal stroke. To distinguish the ³rst drop of from thelast, you might think of the rabbit’s long ears and short tail.
2094. est ˜R-2770
This is the element we learned as scorpion. We give the Latin wordest as a keyword to stress the “classical” µavor of the character,which appears today chieµy in names. [3]
2095. lofty #R-2550
This was the primitive element we learned as strawman. [8]
2096. comma-design úR-2762
The primitive meaning learned in vol. I, mosaic, is close to themeaning of the original character here, which is the shape of a“comma” used in heraldic designs, the most familiar of which has 3“commas” swirling around each other. (If it is any help in remem-bering the character, one older meanings is an “elephant-eatingsnake.”) [4]
KANJI PRIMITIVES 25
2097. offspring ¡R-2682
Thie character, none other than the element we learned as dogtag,is a nickname for a male child and is now chieµy used in personalnames. [7]
2098. critters ÐR-3144
Conveniently, the original kanji of the element we learned as zoomeans a counter for animals in general. [5]
2099. violet „R-2314
The element we learned as meaning cabbage comes from the kanjimeaning for a violet. The addition of the 4th stroke appears inolder forms of kanji that use this element also. Here you may thinkof it as a “purple cabbage” hanging on an overhead tressel of vio-lets to recall the difference. [11]
2100. mandala RR-2347
Since this character is most familiarly used in transcribing theSanskrit word mandala, we shall allow its primitive meaning tostand as the keyword for the kanji also. [11]
2101. towel 2R-3019
If we allow the full range of original meanings for the English wordtowel, which includes cleaning cloths, covering cloths and strips ofcloth used in clothing, we can keep the primitive meaning for thekeyword here. [3]
26 KANJI PRIMITIVES
2102. quote °R-2848
The primitive we learned as rising cloud is actually a kanji used toindicate someone’s spoken words. [4]
2103. augury íR-2442
The primitive meaning of wand is not far from the sense of theoriginal kanji here. [2]
2104. heaven-high åR-2350
This character was learned as the primitive angel. [12]
2105. shalt ]R-2551
The keyword here is meant to suggest the “Thou shalt” and“Thou shalt not of the commandments. [10]
KANJI PRIMITIVES 27
CHAPTER 2
Major Primitive Elements
The kanji treated in this chapter comprise the bulk of PART ONE
of this book, some 734 characters in all. Each character isentered under its principal primitive element, and the elementsthemselves are arranged in their dictionary order.
_: PERSON_
2106. Yamato ÈR-2534
person … committee. [10]
2107. chivalry ÛR-2265
person … scissors. [8]
2108. fed up ÀR-2549
person … scroll. [11]
2109. comely IR-2504
person … mingle. [8]
2110. abrupt _R-2286
person … ego. [9]
2111. work a ³eld µR-2789
person … ³eld. [7]
2112. minstrel }R-2491
person … orders. [7]
2113. animal offspring oR-2795
person … child. [5]
2114. foe ²R-2788
person … nine. [4]
2115. look after 8R-2685
person … add. [7]
2116. triµe /R-2313
person … cabbage. [12]
2117. biased {R-2624
person … ketchup. [15]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS E:F ƒ + 3 / 4 29
2118. make a pro³t „R-2738
person … various. [17]
If it helps, you can also read the primitives as believe … puppet.
2119. bliss LR-2461
person … happiness. [10]
2120. emigrant ÜR-2349
person … angel. [14]
2121. partner QR-2790
person … spine. [9]
2122. performing artist ZR-2754
person … branch. [6]
2123. integrity ëR-2969
person … mouth … µood. [8]
2124. mate HR-3022
person … tool. [10]
2125. as is AR-3145
person … exhaust. [8]
30 E:F ƒ + 3 / 4 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2126. adjutant ·R-2648
person … right. [7]
2127. fork in a road 9R-3146
person … mouth … heaven. [9]
2128. hire ÖR-2406
person … commonplace. [13]
2129. memorial ÚR-2423
person … think. [11]
2130. dried meat ÔR-2852
person … walking stick … taskmaster … meat. [11]
2131. my son mR-3051
person … graduate. [10]
2132. make do }R-3137
person … happenstance. [11]
The keyword combines the meanings of the character for make 6(I.1142) and ` do (I.1918).
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS E:F ƒ + 3 / 4 31
_ƒ ICE_
2133. nifty ¢R-2390
ice … wife. [10]
2134. sharp )R-2667
ice … tusk. [7]
The sense of this keyword is broad enough to include “bright,”“clear,” and “on one’s toes.”
2135. wilt uR-2766
ice … circumference. [10]
2136. pull through YR-2353
ice … rice-seedling … walking legs. [10]
2137. metallurgy ™R-2654
ice … pedestal. [7]
2138. stately ÎR-3045
ice … -times … altar. [15]
32 : EƒF + 3 / 4 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_+ WIND_
2139. kite íR-3105
wind … towel. [5]
2140. lull ½R-3104
wind … stop. [6]
2141. earlybird eR-2946
wind … bone. [6]
2142. phoenix ÐR-2934
wind … ceiling … bird. [14]
_3 SABRE_
2143. slaughter GR-2528
receipt … sword … metal … sabre. [15]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS :ƒ E+ 3F / 4 33
2144. moment ÞR-3042
sheaf … tree … sabre. [8]
The keyword here is the noun meaning “a brief moment.”
2145. peel off MR-2912
broom … rice grains … saber. [10]
2146. shave ËR-2639
younger brother … saber. [9]
_/ BOUND UP_
2147. aroma ÐR-3103
bound up … spoon. [4]
2148. µexed QR-2842
bound up … elbow. [4]
34 ƒ + E3 /FF 4 S MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_4 CLIFF_
2149. despondent ÑR-2933
cliff … wagging tongue … moon … dog. [14]
This character, which carries the sense of being weighted down bythe meaningless of life, calls to mind a vivid image of despair inNietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra that makes it simple to remem-ber. Walking the dark cliffs at midnight, Zarathustra hears a doghowling. He approaches, and under the light of the moon sees ashepherd lad lying on the ground with a thick, black snake hangingout of his mouth (like a long, wagging tongue, we might add). Thesnake had crawled in while he was asleep and grabbed on to thelad’s throat. Zarathustra tells him to bite off the head of the snakeand become free of the despair that holds him in tortured captivity.
2150. wild goose UR-2596
cliff … person … turkey. [12]
2151. counterfeit TR-2595
wild goose … money. [19]
2152. kitchen pR-2866
cliff … table … glue. [12]
2153. insinuate BR-3055
cliff … person. [4]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 3 / E4F S F œ 35
_S MOUTH_
2154. scout «R-2627
mouth … candle. [10]
2155. derision ÅR-2578
mouth … morning. [15]
2156. reprehend fR-3036
walking legs … person … mouth. [8]
2157. whisper ØR-3135
mouth … three ears. [21]
2158. chatter vR-2506
mouth … generations … tree. [12]
2159. windpipe }R-2598
mouth … cause. [9]
2160. quarrel XR-2373
mouth … splendid. [13]
36 / 4 ESF F œ { MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2161. gossip −R-3147
mouth … revered. [15]
2162. cough ’R-2768
mouth … acorn. [9]
2163. clamor ÅR-3024
mouth … proclaim. [12]
2164. throat VR-2328
mouth … marquis. [12]
2165. saliva ³R-2679
mouth … droop. [11]
2166. bash ðR-2923
mouth … stamp. [5]
2167. ³b £R-2571
mouth … void. [14]
2168. peck at àR-2929
mouth … sow. [10]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS / 4 ESF F œ { 37
2169. curse 2R-2930
mouth … older brother. [8]
2170. barking éR-2931
mouth … chihuahua. [7]
2171. dangle ÄR-3056
mouth … towel. [6]
2172. chew áR-3148
mouth … teeth. [15]
2173. within my ability ×R-3057
mouth … needle. [5]
2174. sides of the mouth `R-2967
mouth … knot. [7]
2175. stammer ¡R-2876
mouth … beg. [6]
2176. spin a tale wR-3149
mouth … new. [16]
38 / 4 ESF F œ { MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2177. miso ;R-2646
mouth … increase. [14]
Miso is the fermented soybean paste commonly used in Japanesecooking as a base for soups and stews.
2178. pop song ¤R-2459
mouth … shell. [10]
This character was originally used to indicate songs accompaniedby the shamisen but now most commonly refers to pop songs.
2179. scold ÍR-2924
mouth … diced. [5]
2180. city walls ËR-3058
mouth … mosaic. [7]
This is the parent character from which the primitive Vis derived.
2181. dumbfounded ²R-3052
mouth … tree. [7]
2182. ingest VR-3150
mouth … eat. [12]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS / 4 ESF F œ { 39
_F SOIL_
2183. clay +R-2708
soil … straightaway. [11]
2184. authochthonous ÆR-2569
soil … monkey. [8]
In Chinese astrology and divining, this character refers to “theearthly” and stands counter to ê as the “moist” against the “dry.”
2185. piled high ÀR-2783
soil … turkey. [11]
2186. dugout ¨R-2379
soil … overpowering. [17]
Compare ª (FRAME 2306).
2187. blemish XR-2409
soil … empress. [9]
2188. µat &R-2554
soil … nightbreak. [8]
40 4 S EFF œ { L MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2189. wharf %R-2482
soil … large city. [11]
2190. stuff up ùR-2694
soil … true. [13]
2191. dam ÔR-2432
soil … box … sun … woman. [12]
2192. railing 2R-2739
soil … puppet. [12]
_œ WOMAN_
2193. suckling infant ¸R-2968
two shells … woman. [17]
2194. violate ôR-2928
three women. [9]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 4 S EF œF { L 41
42 4 S F EœF { L MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2195. jealous 4R-2902
woman … rock. [8]
2196. handmaiden ŠR-2621
woman … lowly. [11]
2197. well ³nished ‡R-2635
woman … address. [11]
2198. harlot ³R-2268
woman … prosperous. [11]
2199. courtesan ‰R-2755
woman … branch. [7]
Take care not to confuse with harlot in the previous frame.
2200. fair $R-2753
woman … ivy. [9]
The sense here is of someone lovely to behold.
2201. niece lR-3020
woman … climax. [9]
2202. envy ÐR-2429
woman … rapidly. [13]
2203. mistress ÁR-2305
woman … demand. [17]
The sense of the keyword here is the feminine form of “master.”
2204. aged woman ¨R-3089
woman … old man. [9]
2205. mother-in-law õR-2657
woman … old. [8]
2206. young miss ?R-3119
woman … shelf. [8]
2207. overjoyed aR-2403
woman … rejoice. [15]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 4 S F EœF { L 43
_{ CHILD_
2208. expecting ¬R-3136
³st … child. [5]
The keyword here means “pregnant.”
2209. assiduous ‡R-2885
child … taskmaster. [7]
_L HOUSE_
2210. soothe »R-2841
house … possession. [9]
2211. imply YR-2724
house … Talking Cricket. [12]
2212. extensive ]R-2613
house … by one’s side … elbow. [7]
44 S F œ E{ LF _ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2213. jail »R-2927
house … cow. [7]
2214. block up êR-2926
house … celery … animal legs … soil. [13]
2215. Sung dynasty [R-2925
house … tree. [7]
2216. venison ÊR-3111
house … six. [7]
This character is used for the meat of wild animals in general, par-ticularly boar and deer—hence the choice of the keyword.
__ FLAG_
2217. butchering 5R-2740
µag … puppet. [11]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS œ { EL _F [ 2 45
2218. fart ÖR-2630
µag … compare. [7]
2219. rubbish `R-2628
µag … candle. [10]
2220. buttocks :R-3151
µag … baseball team. [5]
2221. frequently ÝR-2988
µag … rice … woman. [12]
2222. corpse |R-2792
µag … death. [9]
2223. folding screen ÛR-2513
µag … puzzle. [9]
46 { L E_F [ 2 X MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_[ MOUNTAIN_
2224. high-reaching ˆR-2513
mountain … tall. [13]
2225. rugged mountains !R-2354
mountain … rice-seedlings … walking legs. [11]
2226. high mountain `R-2287
mountain … ego. [10]
2227. bluffs ”R-2441
mountain … cliff … ivy. [11]
2228. mountaintop …R-2495
mountain … jurisdiction. [17]
2229. ³t into %R-2555
mountain … wicker basket … yawn. [12]
This character is used to express ³tting one thing into another.
2230. rocky ØR-2364
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS L _ E[F 2 X ¸ 47
mountain … discrimination. [13]
_2 TOWEL_
2231. quire xR-2878
towel … fortuneteller. [8]
The keyword here is a counter for 25 sheets of paper.
See FRAME 2509 for a similar right-side combination.
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS [ 2 EX ¸F Z Y 49
2241. more and more ¡R-2892
bow … reclining … small. [8]
2242. loosen HR-2771
bow … scorpion. [6]
2243. rice gruel æR-3113
rice between two bows. [12]
_Z FINGERS_
2244. lathe ›R-2723
³ngers … rabbit. [11]
2245. bump into „R-2318
³ngers … juvenile. [15]
2246. disguise dR-2678
³ngers … part. [7]
50 2 X E¸ ZF K 5 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2247. pillage ER-2744
³ngers … capital. [11]
2248. shove )R-3060
³ngers … elbow … dart. [10]
2249. clutch ³R-3025
³ngers … country. [11]
2250. impress ÁR-2910
³ngers … Nara. [11]
The impression referred to here is like that made by a seal on wax.
2251. wrenching èR-2574
³ngers … wish. [11]
2252. scratch dR-2380
³ngers … crotch … insect. [11]
2253. assortment îR-2358
³ngers … two snakes … strung together. [15]
2254. wipe /R-2987
³ngers … style. [9]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS X ¸ EZF Y K 5 51
2255. muster ¥R-2619
³ngers … in front. [12]
The sense of the keyword here is “to assemble in an orderly fash-ion.”
2256. deal with SR-3153
³ngers … separate. [10]
2257. churn up −R-2417
³ngers … memorize. [15]
2258. rubbing ™R-3154
³ngers … learn. [14]
The sense here is of rubbing out an image, as in “brass-rubbing.”
2259. press down on JR-2289
³ngers … relax. [9]
2260. nab •R-2330
³ngers … wooden leg. [10]
2261. imminent JR-3015
³ngers … µood … evening. [9]
52 X ¸ EZF Y K 5 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2262. disseminate üR-2731
³ngers … dice. [15]
2263. interpretation ¿R-2591
³ngers … mouth … ear. [12]
2264. receptable âR-2337
³ngers … lock of hair. [6]
2265. dedicate ¼R-2518
³ngers … observance. [11]
2266. twirl éR-2323
³ngers … sort of a thing. [15]
2267. counter for tools ×R-2276
³ngers … courts. [10]
This character is for counting scissors, guns, inksticks, oars, etc.
2268. commotion úR-2568
³ngers … melancholy. [18]
2269. make headway œR-2996
³ngers … walk. [11]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS X ¸ EZF Y K 5 53
2270. petting CR-2608
³ngers … non. [15]
2271. sprinkle ^R-2970
³ngers … scatter. [15]
2272. outstanding êR-2995
³ngers … feathers … turkey. [17]
The concept here is “conspicuously surpass,” or “stick out of thecrowd.”
2273. spoils ÂR-2879
³ngers … broom run. [11]
Take special care when writing the right side of this character. The³rst stroke belongs to the element run and is followed by that forbroom.
2274. gouge out fR-2532
³ngers … guillotine. [7]
54 X ¸ EZ YF K 5 MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_Y STATE OF MIND_
2275. wince êR-2864
state of mind … gone. [8]
2276. ponder ZR-2787
state of mind … turkey. [11]
2277. infatuation ¾R-2487
state of mind … knot … heart. [11]
2278. quickwitted †R-2492
state of mind … orders. [8]
2279. considerate −R-2676
state of mind … receive. [11]
2280. yearn ƒR-2317
state of mind … juvenile. [15]
2281. as if ÍR-2665
state of mind … ³t. [9]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ¸ Z EYF K 5 O 55
2282. enlarge uR-2832
state of mind … ashes. [9]
2283. respect for elders ÕR-2640
state of mind … younger brother. [10]
_K WATER_
2284. bubble up ÂR-2405
water … courageous. [12]
2285. canal JR-2493
water … rain … orders. [16]
2286. glistening ³R-2793
water … ray. [9]
2287. bounding main ïR-2478
water … sun … ray. [13]
The sense of the keyword is of a vast and deep body of water.
56 Z Y EKF 5 O M MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2288. gargle )R-3049
water … bundle … yawn. [14]
2289. continent CR-2322
water … state. [9]
2290. swirling waters µR-2580
water … decameron. [9]
2291. seep (R-2775
water … nonplussed. [14]
2292. rinse ¸R-2801
water … west. [9]
2293. douse ™R-2799
water … tree. [7]
2294. teardrops «R-2820
water … eye. [8]
2295. gushing ÞR-2759
water … chariot. [12]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Z Y EKF 5 O M 57
2296. grains of sand ÜR-2452
water … few. [7]
2297. blaspheme •R-2802
water … sell. [10]
2298. lewd ‡R-2850
water … vulture … porter. [11]
2299. roofbeam ]R-2900
water … sword … two drops … tree. [11]
2300. sediment +R-2407
water … Mr. [16]
2301. widespread ˆR-2443
water … ³ngerprint. [5]
2302. old Kyoto #R-2741
water … each. [9]
This kanji originally referred to a place name in China, but in Japanwas adopted to refer to Kyoto, where it still survives in the namesof places and traditional establishments.
58 Z Y EKF 5 O M MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2303. thou ËR-2798
water … woman. [6]
2304. ³lter ºR-2370
water … deer. [14]
2305. on the verge of ùR-2435
water … repeatedly. [19]
2306. moat ªR-2378
water … overpowering. [17]
This character, used today as an abbreviation for the country ofAustralia, should be learned in connection with ¨ (FRAME 2186).
2307. spray mR-2535
water … discharge. [12]
2308. drowning ñR-2940
water … weak. [13]
Do not confuse with ö (I.707), which is closer to the sense offounder.
2309. port QR-2439
water … play music. [12]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Z Y EKF 5 O M 59
2310. solitude oR-2445
water … grove. [11]
2311. abounding uR-2941
water … revelation. [10]
2312. water’s edge ÚR-2706
water … spike. [5]
2313. large goose £R-2808
water … craft … bird. [17]
2314. souse /R-2536
water … pegasus. [14]
2315. brimming uR-2953
water … bene³t. [13]
2316. cleanse ±R-2433
water … plump. [7]
2317. inundate /R-3017
water … tremendously. [12]
60 Z Y EKF 5 O M MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2318. immaculate |R-2674
water … receive. [11]
2319. de³le ¾R-2826
water … precious. [15]
2320. moisten 3R-2547
water … roof. [12]
2321. rough seas ÀR-2805
water … dif³cult. [21]
2322. draw water ½R-2271
water … reach out. [6]
2323. river pool ªR-3126
water … silent. [17]
2324. cumulation IR-2529
water … detain. [13]
2325. abyss ÅR-2952
water … golden calf … sabre. [11]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Z Y EKF 5 O M 61
2326. chaos ±R-2610
water … earthworm. [7]
2327. pan- ‰R-2545
water … mediocre. [6]
The sense of the keyword here is the “all” as in terms like Pan-American. It is also the character used in mathematics for “partial”as in partial differentials.
2328. strainer YR-2863
water … prudence. [18]
2329. drench ßR-2306
water … demand. [17]
2330. eddy ÷R-3155
water … determine. [11]
2331. fabrication ÃR-3061
water … sun … soil. [9]
The keyword here is meant to suggest not merely something made,but something made with an intention to deceive.
62 Z Y EK 5F O M MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2333. hatchet 2R-2814
father … axe. [8]
2334. grandpa ›R-2468
father … ear … city walls. [13]
_O PACK OF WILD DOGS_
2335. sly ÎR-2522
pack of wild dogs … skeleton. [13]
2336. indecent ÍR-2587
pack of wild dogs … be apprehensive. [12]
2337. cunning ÁR-2505
pack of wild dogs … mingle. [9]
2338. racoon dog ûR-2600
pack of wild dogs … computer. [10]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Y KE5 OF M Q 63
_5 FATHER_
2332. cauldron ßR-2813
father … metal. [10]
Note the stroke overlap between father and metal.
2333. hatchet 2R-2814
father … axe. [8]
2334. grandpa ›R-2468
father … ear … city walls. [13]
_O PACK OF WILD DOGS_
2335. sly ÎR-2522
pack of wild dogs … skeleton. [13]
2336. indecent ÍR-2587
pack of wild dogs … be apprehensive. [12]
64 K 5 EOF M Q h MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2337. cunning ÁR-2505
pack of wild dogs … mingle. [9]
2338. racoon dog ûR-2600
pack of wild dogs … computer. [10]
2339. wolf ¼R-2603
pack of wild dogs … halo. [10]
2340. µustered BR-2460
pack of wild dogs … shell³sh. [10]
2341. pup KR-2444
pack of wild dogs … phrase. [8]
2342. fox !R-2510
pack of wild dogs … melon. [8]
2343. a-un ÀR-2244
pack of wild dogs … white. [8]
The a-un are lion-like dogs that often grace the front of temples orpublic buildings in Japan. Their name comes from the ³rst and lastletters of the Sanskrit alphabet (transliterated in Japanese as %A)and symbolize a wholeness as in the English phrase “alpha andomega.”
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS K 5 EO MF Q h 65
2344. aim at �R-2253
pack of wild dogs … shelf. [8]
2345. lion “R-2424
pack of wild dogs … expert. [13]
2346. baboon ¾R-2546
pack of wild dogs … dollar sign. [8]
_M FLOWERS_
2347. tobacco }R-3156
µowers … good. [8]
2348. jasmine ^R-2279
µowers … extremity. [8]
2349. hawthorn |R-2280
µowers … pro³t. [10]
66 5 O EMF Q h a MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2350. strawberry UR-3138
µowers … mother. [8]
Note that the element for mother is written in its full form, not thenormal abbreviated form it usually takes when used as a primitive.To help remember this, think of the original pictographic image ofthe “two breasts of the mother.”
Even though there is no essential difference in meaning betweenthis kanji and those in the preceding and following frames, thecharacter ¥ is the most common of the three.
2362. lotus blossom éR-2300
µowers … contain. [13]
2363. orchid 0R-2400
68 5 O EMF Q h a MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
µowers … gates … east. [19]
2364. hollow reed 6R-2871
µowers … door. [7]
2365. yam —R-2735
µowers … signature. [16]
2366. iris ÝR-2267
µowers … prosperous. [11]
2367. banana ßR-2310
µowers … char. [15]
2368. wick TR-2806
µowers … heart. [7]
2369. buckwheat ÷R-2351
µowers … angel. [15]
2370. butterbur MR-2298
µowers … path. [16]
2371. indigo /R-2638
µowers … oversee. [18]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 5 O EMF Q h a 69
2372. eggplant RR-2687
µowers … add. [8]
2373. bullying QR-2250
µowers … can. [8]
2374. behind the scenes ‰R-2404
µowers … shade. [14]
2375. wormwood ÈR-2283
µower … tryst. [13]
2376. mustard †R-2334
µowers … jammed in. [7]
2377. germinate ÇR-2954
µowers … bright. [11]
2378. grape FR-2680
µowers … bound up … dogtag. [12]
2379. grape vine ‰R-2955
µowers … bound up … tin can. [11]
70 5 O EMF Q h a MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2380. resurrect MR-2962
µowers … ³sh … wheat. [19]
2381. grow wild £R-2730
µowers … dice. [15]
2382. cocklebur ‰R-2490
µowers … orders. [8]
2383. rush mat (R-2509
µowers … orphan. [11]
2384. darken ƒR-3011
µowers … crown … ceiling … sow. [13]
2385. grassy reed äR-2994
µowers … halberd. [ 8]
2386. plantain *R-2764
µowers … mosaic. [7]
2387. mow èR-3131
µowers … reap. [7]
2388. lid
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 5 O EMF Q h a 71
™R-2984
µowers … gone … dish. [13]
2389. onion ãR-3062
µowers … double knot … heart. [12]
The double knot is from the extra stroke in the second primitive.
2390. revile …R-2982
µowers … net … a march. [14]
2391. hollyhock ,R-3063
µowers … teepee … heaven. [12]
2392. shingling LR-2589
µowers … mouth … ear. [12]
2393. stamen ÞR-2822
µowers … three hearts. [15]
2394. mushroom ìR-2873
µowers … ear. [9]
2395. sowing ÁR-2716
72 5 O EMF Q h a MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
µowers … time. [13]
2396. parsley =R-2855
µowers … axe. [7]
2397. thatching §R-3125
µowers … fortune-telling. [8]
2398. kudzu ÒR-2662
µowers … siesta. [11]
2399. pale blue xR-2296
µowers … godown. [13]
2400. straw ÕR-3122
µowers … tall … tree. [17]
2401. turnip GR-2609
µowers … nothingness. [15]
2402. sweet potato ˜R-2736
µowers … words … puppet. [18]
2403. quack «R-2966
µowers … number. [16]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS 5 O EMF Q h a 73
The keyword here refers to a medic of questionable reputation. Itdoes not however carry the original meaning of the German term:a doctor who used water to cure.
2404. garlic òR-3117
µowers … two altars. [13]
2405. bracken ÖR-3159
µowers … cliff … mountain goat … yawn. [15]
2406. grow plentiful ¦R-2559
µower … lieutenant. [14]
2407. madder red /R-2992
µowers … west. [9]
2408. candle rush =R-2398
µowers … perfect. [10]
2409. collector KR-2829
µowers … ghost. [13]
2410. sedge ”R-2256
µowers … bureaucrat. [11]
2411. ditch reed 5R-2661
74 O M EQF h a � MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
µowers … locket. [12]
_Q ROAD_
2412. Way #R-2778
road … sprout. [8]
The upper case indicates its meaning as a true or moral Way.
2413. track down øR-3114
mountain … road. [6]
2414. crawl GR-3064
words … road. [10]
2415. detour —R-2393
potato … road. [6]
2416. elude ³R-2561
road … shield. [12]
2417. tryst
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS O M EQ hF a � 75
+R-2282
walking legs … bushes … road. [10]
2418. far off íR-2315
condor … road. [12]
2419. remote fR-2263
road … pup tent. [15]
2420. pressing ÚR-2704
wealth … road. [12]
2421. until @R-3160
beg … road. [6]
2422. modest «R-2399
grandchild … road. [13]
2423. standstill qR-2727
table … road. [10]
76 M Q Eh a �F Õ ½ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_h CITY WALLS_
2424. cultured qR-3008
possess … town walls. [9]
2425. courtesy åR-2908
animal horns … whiskey bottle … St. Bernard … city walls. [15]
_a PINNACLE_
2426. chink ²R-2978
pinnacle … small … sun … small. [12]
2427. nook iR-2586
pinnacle … ³eld … hairpin. [11]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS h a E�F Õ ½ … 77
_� HEART_
2428. possessed 5R-3041
ice … team of horses … heart. [16]
The keyword here means “bewitched” or “enchanted” by a spirit.
2429. attract ûR-2747
young … heart. [12]
2430. without exception ÒR-2566
animal footprints … heart. [11]
2431. instantaneously ½R-2488
knot … heart. [8]
2432. ³rstborn son _R-2824
thing … heart. [12]
2433. in the nick of time °R-2261
butchers … heart. [13]
2434. sensitive ¢R-2427
78 a � EÕF ½ … MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
likeness … heart. [10]
_Õ SUN_
2435. overarching +R-3046
sun … receipt … stamp. [9]
Although this character is not essentially different in connotationfrom l (FRAME 2449), it is used chieµy now in names.
2436. progress HR-2833
The element for sun at the bottom is easy enough. The problem istop element, row, is an exception to the rule (I.1785) that the two“horns” at the top are eliminated only when it appears beneath itsrelative primitive. [10]
2437. equivocal KR-2436
sun … love. [17]
2438. aglow 8R-2647
sun … turn into. [11]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS a � EÕF ½ … z 79
2439. halo =R-2758
sun atop a chariot. [13]
Be careful to keep this character distinct from that in the followingframe, which differs only by the disposition of the elements.
2440. glitter @R-2760
sun alongside a chariot. [13]
2441. dry weather !R-2651
sun … clothesline. [7]
2442. clear skies /R-2291
sun … relax. [10]
2443. morrow 7R-2512
sun … sign of the dragon. [11]
To indicate that this character is now used mainly in names, wehave assigned it the somewhat archaic-sounding keyword morrow.
2444. bleaching WR-3128
sun … west. [10]
2445. obscure *R-2537
sun … not yet. [9]
80 a � EÕF ½ … z MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2446. limpid mR-2477
sun … ray. [10]
2447. air out XR-2338
sun … outburst. [19]
2448. dawn ‘R-2734
sun … signature. [17]
2449. elevate lR-2935
sun … craft … seal. [8]
Although this character is not essentially different in connotationfrom + (FRAME 2435), be sure to keep the writing distinct.
2450. effulgent óR-2804
sun … king. [8]
2451. dusk ËR-2457
family name … sun. [8]
2452. last day of the month {R-2773
sun … every. [10]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS � Õ E½F … z J 81
_½ FLESH %% MOON_
2453. kidney fR-2975
slave … crotch … µesh. [13]
2454. thigh %R-2895
µesh … missile. [8]
2455. pus öR-2331
µesh … agriculture. [17]
2456. viscera ÜR-2255
µesh … borough. [12]
2457. bladder ÒR-2794
µesh … ray. [10]
2458. embryo ÎR-2870
µesh … negative. [9]
2459. anus ÃR-2344
µesh … craft. [7]
82 � Õ E½F … z J MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2460. cowardice (R-2516
µesh … idea. [17]
2461. knee ÓR-2430
µesh … tree … umbrella … rice grains. [15]
Compare the right side of this character with Ô (I.932).
2462. fragile ÅR-2553
µesh … dangerous. [10]
2463. rib ÅR-2981
µesh … power. [6]
2464. elbow ÕR-2980
µesh … glue. [7]
2465. body cavity ‰R-2888
µesh … empty. [12]
2466. gland !R-2336
µesh … spring. [13]
2467. tumor *R-2884
µesh … heavy. [13]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS � Õ E½ …F z J È 83
2468. dining tray 9R-2335
µesh … virtuous. [16]
2469. armrest ˆR-2615
µesh … by one’s side … elbow. [8]
2470. uncivilized &R-2605
old … moon. [9]
This character referred in China to foreigners, especially those tothe north and south of the “civilized” peoples who controlled themeaning of the characters. See FRAME 2881 for the Japanese equiv-alent.
_… TREE_
2471. maple tree JR-2526
tree … wind. [13]
2472. pillow 3R-3021
tree … crown tied around leg of person. [8]
Compare ¢ (I.1688).
84 Õ ½ E…F z J È MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2473. purple willow ßR-2733
tree … piggy bank. [13]
2474. Oriental elm aR-2745
tree … capitol. [12]
2475. hazel JR-2484
tree … bonsai … wheat. [14]
2476. comb ^R-2942
tree … node. [17]
2477. wooden hammer ªR-2386
tree … chase. [13]
2478. mallet ÊR-2309
tree … char. [16]
2479. ladder ÙR-2641
tree … younger brother. [11]
2480. chair _R-2542
tree … strange. [12]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Õ ½ E…F z J È 85
2481. persimmon ¥R-2538
tree … market. [9]
2482. citrus tree $R-2556
tree … sweet. [9]
2483. girder ³R-3161
tree … going. [10]
2484. picket oR-2273
tree … whirlwind. [8]
2485. holly ÍR-2875
tree … winter. [9]
2486. citron ÁR-2779
tree … sprout. [9]
2487. wooden bowl ×R-2633
tree … address. [12]
2488. hemlock ²R-3109
tree … mother. [9]
2489. spindle tree
86 Õ ½ E…F z J È MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
5R-3107
tree … correct. [9]
2490. sacred Shinto tree /R-3106
tree … gods. [13]
2491. evergreen oak ÆR-3098
tree … strict. [16]
2492. Chinese black pine 0R-2692
tree … true. [14]
2493. Japanese oak ÃR-2818
tree … animal horns … whisky bottle. [13]
2494. mandarin orange ¤R-2960
tree … halbard … hood … human legs … mouth. [16]
2495. Japanese cypress ÛR-2333
tree … meeting. [10]
See also FRAME 2964 for old form.
2496. roost −R-2391
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Õ ½ E…F z J È 87
tree … wife. [12]
2497. nestle °R-2800
tree … west. [10]
2498. spiny qR-2447
tree … grow late. [11]
This character refers originally to a deciduous, rough tree thatgrows on mountain plains. From this it gets the secondary sense ofrugged or spiny.
The type of oak tree this character refers to is clasically reputed tobe good for making boats, carts, and the like. See FRAME 2240 for asimilar right-side combination.
2510. wooden ladle òR-2815
tree … ladle. [7]
2511. damson
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Õ ½ E…F z J È 89
5R-3087
tree … child. [7]
2512. raw cotton pR-2396
tree … white … towel. [12]
2513. escutcheon zR-2560
tree … shield. [13]
2514. hackberry ÐR-3130
tree … summer. [14]
2515. birch ÙR-2372
tree … splendor. [14]
2516. lance iR-2295
tree … godown. [14]
2517. wild mulberry ¸R-3028
tree … rock. [9]
2518. bale ÎR-2419
90 Õ ½ E…F z È ÷ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
tree … quandary. [11]
2519. loquat ÇR-2631
tree … compare. [8]
2520. downspout ÂR-3096
tree … traf³c. [14]
2521. sled ,R-3065
tree … three furs. [16]
2522. enjoyment æR-2636
carrier … tree. [14]
2523. bookmark †R-2653
two clotheslines … tree. [10]
2524. coconut tree ÔR-2469
tree … ear … city walls. [12]
2525. sandalwood AR-2425
tree … top hat … rotation … night break. [17]
Compare the right side to ; (I.587).
2526. plotosid mR-3006
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Õ ½ E…F z È ÷ 91
tree … rain … ceiling … snare. [15]
The plotosid tree is a symbol for a totally useless tree because of itsrough bark, spines, and foul-smelling leaves.
2527. zelkova ´R-2377
tree … standard. [15]
2528. cryptomeria “R-3110
tree … prosperous. [12]
2529. copious öR-2831
tree … cedar. [11]
2530. bucket )R-2872
tree … chopseal … utilize. [11]
2531. ellipse »R-2458
tree … pinnacle … left … µesh. [13]
We have met the element to the right here before, as in · (I.629).The standard form for this character is actually /, but the abbrevi-ation has passed into general use.
2532. star-anise !R-2343
tree … secrecy. [15]
The star-anise, as you will guess from the primitive on the left, is akind of tree—to be precise, a kind of Chinese evergreen that
92 ½ E… z JF È ÷ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
belongs to the magnolia family. It is known for its aromatic oil.
_z FUR_
2533. furball yR-2319
fur … request. [11]
_J l FIRE %% OVEN-FIRE_
2534. twinkle ™R-2729
³re … feathers … turkey. [18]
2535. watch³re ’R-2264
³re … pup tent. [16]
2536. torch jR-2562
³re … gigantic. [9]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS … z EJF È ÷ 93
2537. kindle eR-2898
grove … ³re. [12]
2538. moxa ¿R-2385
mummy … ³re. [7]
2539. candlelight 2R-2939
³re … net … bound up … insect. [17]
Compare the right complex of elements with ê (I.835).
2540. fanning ÷R-2402
³re … fan. [14]
2541. soot AR-2643
³re … so-and-so. [13]
2542. ³ring ¡R-2709
³re … east. [12]
Firing here, as in the process for making bricks or re³ning metals.
2543. dazzling aR-2856
³re … wand … evening … crotch … rice. [17]
2544. refulgent óR-2816
³re … ladle. [7]
94 … z EJF È ÷ , MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2545. branding qR-2742
³re … each. [10]
2546. µames ÞR-2828
³re … bound up … olden days. [11]
Compare right elements in G(I.1315).
2547. fuse metal ãR-2299
³re … contain. [14]
This is the character for melt â (I.791), with the water replaced by³re.
2548. roast öR-2616
in front … oven-³re. [13]
2549. stew ÂR-2993
tall … complete … oven-³re. [11]
_È COW_
2550. tug
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS z J EÈ ÷F , œ ‡ 95
ÐR-2909
mysterious … crown … cow. [11]
Write the crown after the ³rst stroke of that for mysterious.
2551. female animal mR-2947
cow … spoon. [6]
2552. male animal *R-2948
cow … soil. [7]
_÷ JEWEL_
2553. precious stone óR-2316
jewel … condor. [13]
2554. chime qR-2446
jewel … grove. [12]
2555. marine blue wR-2530
jewel … detain. [14]
96 J È E÷F , œ ‡ MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2556. speckled †R-2397
jewel … plaid … jewel. [12]
2557. lapis lazuli JR-2342
jewel … infant … µood. [11]
2558. tinker with ´R-2951
jewel … two hands. [7]
2559. burnish ÝR-2365
jewel … distinction. [14]
2560. hone çR-2906
jewel … sow. [11]
2561. coral bR-2905
jewel … tome. [9]
2562. coral reef @R-2606
jewel … old … moon. [13]
2563. fortunate …R-3066
jewel … mountain … comb. [13]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS J È E÷F , œ ‡ 97
2564. silicon ƒR-2751
jewel … ivy. [10]
2565. jet LR-2384
jewel … mummy. [7]
The keyword jet refers to the dark black lignite whose susceptibilityto high polish makes it popular in ornamentation (and which alsogives us the phrase “jet-black”).
2566. crystal stone ÀR-2434
jewel … England. [12]
2567. toy OR-2301
jewel …beginning. [8]
2568. tinkling ‡R-2494
jewel … orders. [9]
_, FIELD_
2569. apprehensive
98 È ÷ E, œF ‡ ¢ Í MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
aR-2588
³eld … hairpin. [9]
2570. lastly ØR-3067
³eld … siliage … ten. [10]
The writing of this character looks more dif³cult than it is:
v w x y z Ø
2571. paddy-³eld ridge –R-2749
³eld … ivy. [11]
_œ SICKNESS_
2572. itch _R-2757
sickness … sheep. [11]
2573. phlegm
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ÷ , EœF ‡ ¢ Í 99
gR-2781
sickness … inµammation. [13]
2574. measles NR-2774
sickness … umbrella … shape. [10]
2575. hemorrhoids »R-2715
sickness … temple. [11]
2576. cancer PR-2949
sickness … goods … mountain. [17]
2577. lose weight nR-2382
sickness … monkey … crotch. [12]
2578. scar ÐR-2705
sickness … silver. [11]
2579. paralysis hR-2620
sickness … lowly. [13]
100 , œ E‡ ¢F Í ½ Ë MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_‡ EYE_
2580. apple of the eye ¹R-2890
eye … moo. [11]
2581. dizzy ±R-2294
eye … mysterious. [10]
2582. obvious aR-2262
eye … pup tent. [17]
2583. eyebrow ÊR-2913
The µag here has an extra vertical stroke in it. Think of it as an eyebrow pencil stuck in the eye. [9]
_¢ ARROW_
2584. pheasant
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS œ ‡ E¢ ÍF ½ Ë 101
CR-2782
arrow … turkey. [13]
2585. carpenter’s square MR-2563
arrow … gigantic. [10]
_Í ROCK_
2586. crag ¢R-2637
carrier … rock. [15]
2587. grapnel ÛR-2668
rock … determined. [13]
Compare this stone anchor with the metal anchor ð in FRAME
2765.
2588. blue-green ‚R-2821
jewel … white … rock. [14]
2589. inkstone
102 ‡ ¢ EÍF ½ Ë MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
ÔR-2807
rock … to see. [12]
2590. grindstone BR-2564
rock … calling card. [10]
2591. teacup ÙR-2634
rock … address. [13]
When a teacup is made out of wood, it is written × (see FRAME
2487).
2592. obstacle ˜R-2945
rock … nightbreak … glue. [13]
Compare the right side with “ (I.876).
2593. illustrious ÖR-3014
rock … head. [14]
2594. rocky beach rR-2303
rock … how much. [17]
2595. whetstone CR-2369
rock … cliff … ten thousand. [10]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ¢ Í E½F Ë ¹ C 103
2596. mill ŸR-3162
rock … turkey. [13]
_½ Ò ALTAR_
2597. fend off ÕR-2401
honorable … altar. [17]
2598. beseech eR-3054
altar … longevity. [11]
2599. ancestral tablet ÇR-2649
altar … right. [9]
2600. local god •R-2567
altar … family name. [8]
2601. ancestral shrine áR-2894
altar … lying down … small. [9]
104 ¢ Í E½ ËF ¹ C MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2602. salarium ÄR-2340
altar … broom … rice grains. [12]
In the same way that Roman soliders were paid in salt (hence theword salarium) ranking functionaries in Japan’s feudal system col-lected their “salary” in rice.
2603. felicitation ÜR-2325
altar … upright. [13]
This kanji refers to a sign or token of congratulations.
_Ë WHEAT_
2604. balancing scales IR-3094
wheat … lily pad. [10]
2605. millet ¨R-3086
wheat … umbrella … grains of rice. [12]
2606. bald ˜R-2965
wheat … human legs. [7]
2607. bear fruit
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Í ½ EË ¹F C Ë 105
SR-2575
wheat … wish. [13]
2608. crabgrass ÎR-2623
wheat … lowly. [13]
2609. bumper crop $R-2258
wheat … grass skirt. [18]
2610. imperial authority bR-2352
wheat … rice seedling … walking legs. [13]
2611. sparse vR-2456
wheat … hope. [12]
2612. obeisant óR-3004
wheat … spring … shape. [16]
106 ½ Ë E¹ CF − U MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_¹ HOLE_
2613. peep ›R-2376
hole … protocol. [16]
2614. tight ?R-2520
hole … saw. [10]
2615. cavern cR-2281
hole … yield. [13]
2616. drill ùR-2944
hole … tusk. [9]
2617. kitchen stove ÝR-3068
hole … soil … (bucket of) eels. [17]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS Ë ¹ EC −F U y 107
_C VASE_
2618. longness ÷R-3163
slave … crotch … vase. [14]
2619. rustling šR-2527
vase … wind. [14]
Note that the full character for wind is used here instead of thenormal primitive abbreviation. The sense of the keyword is the“sound of the wind.”
This kanji describes the formal divided skirt or hakama that youmight see university students wearing at graduation. For the rightside, compare * (I.1244).
2627. sliding door ùR-2413
cloak … core. [17]
This actually is the kanji for fusuma, an opaque sliding paper doorfound in Japanese houses.
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS C − EUF y – J 109
_U ¤ BAMBOO_
2628. Chinese panpipe rR-2700
bamboo … cell. [11]
2629. raft tR-2329
bamboo … to fell. [12]
2630. bamboo blinds ¢R-2642
bamboo … bargain. [19]
2631. rattan box 3R-2797
bamboo … simple. [15]
2632. pole 4R-2652
bamboo … clothesline. [9]
2633. spatula †R-2570
bamboo … hood … umbrella … compare. [14]
2634. foil SR-2245
bamboo … overnight. [14]
110 C − EUF y – J MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2635. wardrobe kR-2254
bamboo … director. [11]
The term here refers to what contains one’s robes, not the robesthemselves.
2636. arrow shaft úR-2617
bamboo … in front. [15]
2637. ancient harp VR-2410
bamboo … craft … mediocre. [12]
This harp, an ancient relative of the present Japanese koto, had 5,13, or 21 strings.
The French word captures better than any English word can therange of uses this character has in designating chapter, volume,part, or fascile of a classical text.
2646. should eR-2711
bamboo … tongue. [12]
The sense of the keyword here is not one of moral obligation (aswe saw in ], FRAME 2105) but rather of something that is “expect-ed” of one.
2647. winnow ÃR-2722
bamboo … bushel basket … pelt. [19]
112 − U Ey –F J g MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_y RICE_
2648. settlings TR-2246
rice … white. [11]
The keyword here refers to the sediment left in making rice saké.Its meaning is substantially the same as the character in the follow-ing frame.
2649. lees qR-2260
rice … cadet. [17]
2650. paste #R-2604
rice … old … moon. [15]
2651. unhulled rice ‘R-3100
rice … blade. [9]
2652. rice bran |R-2437
rice … ease. [17]
2653. excrement hR-2986
rice … uncommon. [17]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS U y E–F J g 113
2654. foxtail millet FR-2903
Old West … rice. [12]
_– THREAD_
2655. link up ›R-2874
car … missile … thread. [17]
2656. twine /R-2521
thread … meeting … scrapbooks. [14]
The keyword here is mean to indicate woven cord.
2657. carpet yarn óR-2851
thread … ten … ³esta. [12]
2658. ties îR-2259
thread …half. [11]
The sense of the keyword is as in the phrase “family ties.”
Since Chinese and Japanese distinguishes blue and green differentlyfrom European languages, it is not surprising that the verdigris thatoccurs on copper is here indicated by the element for blue.
2772. cluster êR-2883
metal … heavy. [17]
2773. scissors šR-3170
metal … St. Bernard dog … assembly line. [15]
This is the character on which the element for scissors ¿ was based.
_– GATES_
2774. µash 0R-2985
gates … person. [10]
2775. agony ”R-2977
gates … heart. [12]
2776. side gate ›R-2666
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS h $ E– ! ÊF ¾ 133
gates … ³t. [14]
2777. pitch dark MR-2714
gates … sound. [17]
_! WEATHER_
2778. trickle ËR-3171
weather … below. [11]
2779. haze ]R-2375
weather … hobby. [17]
_Ê MIST_
2780. quill 9R-2834
134 – ! EÊ ¾F z Ç MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
mist … umbrella … feathers. [16]
2781. auspices :R-2803
mist … umbrella … Big Dipper. [14]
_¾ LEATHER_
2782. saddle NR-2290
leather … relax. [15]
2783. whip —R-2448
leather … convenience. [18]
2784. saddle straps íR-2626
leather … candle. [16]
2785. briefcase ÚR-3097
leather … wrap. [14]
2786. pliable jR-2489
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ! Ê E¾ zF Ç+ 135
leather … blade. [12]
2787. terminate œR-2360
leather … bound up … rice. [17]
_z HEAD_
2788. immediate ´R-2611
earthworm … head. [13]
2789. overturn &R-2693
true … head. [19]
2790. brush tip ÂR-2999
spoon … wheat … head. [16]
2791. about that time ÃR-2422
spoon … head. [11]
2792. cheek êR-2266
136 Ê ¾ Ez ÇF + Ö MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
scissors … head. [15]
2793. exceedingly •R-2721
pelt … head. [14]
2794. accolade †R-2819
public … head. [13]
2795. chin ÃR-2475
2 mouths … ceiling … snare … head. [18]
2796. neck and throat §R-2523
spool … head. [14]
The key word here is meant to specify the anatomical neck, to dis-tinguish it from the broader uses of the character / (I.70).
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS ¾ z EÇF + Ö š 137
_7 Ç FOOD_
2797. feed ´R-2811
food … ear. [14]
The sense of the key word here is that of bait or feed for animals.
2798. repast jR-3012
wand … evening … crotch … food. [16]
2799. feast ûR-2332
hometown … food. [20]
The feast intended here is a banquet of food.
2800. eclipse 8R-2838
eat … insect. [14]
2801. sweets AR-3090
food … pedestal. [13]
2802. mochi ŠR-2514
food … puzzle. [14]
Mochi is the glutinous rice the Japanese pound into cakes.
138 z ÇE+F Ö š MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
_+ TEAM OF HORSES_
2803. stretcher jR-2690
add … team of horses. [15]
2804. piebald ¾R-2998
horse … simple. [19]
2805. rush RR-2772
team of horses … scorpion. [13]
2806. cheat ÔR-2269
team of horses … door … scrapbook. [19]
2807. tame ÄR-2809
team of horses … stream. [13]
2808. rebuttal ^R-2886
team of horses … two sheaves. [14]
2809. gallop QR-3072
team of horses … hill. [15]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS z ÇE+ ÖF š Ä 139
2810. donkey áR-3073
tesm of horses … tiger … ³eld … dish. [26]
_Ö FISH_
2811. eel §R-2346
³sh … mandala. [22]
2812. sea bream ÕR-2767
³sh … circumference. [19]
2813. sardine zR-3099
³sh … weak. [21]
2814. trout 6R-2540
³sh … revered. [23]
2815. salmon .R-2750
³sh … ivy. [17]
140 z Ç+ EÖF š Ä MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2816. tuna 4R-3133
³sh … possession. [17]
2817. sweet smelt 6R-2880
³sh … fortunetelling. [16]
2818. horse mackerel 7R-3115
³sh … nonplussed. [19]
2819. cod üR-3132
³sh … snow. [22]
2820. mackerel RR-3182
³sh … blue. [19]
2821. shark UR-3129
³sh … mingle. [17]
2822. bonito ÖR-3127
³sh … strict. [23]
2823. bullhead ÉR-3172
³sh … autumn. [20]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS z Ç+ EÖ šF Ä 141
2824. alligator ÓR-2476
³sh … 2 mouths … ceiling … snare. [20]
2825. crucian ^R-3134
³sh … adhere to. [16]
2826. sushi AR-3173
³sh … delicious [17]
2827. ³sh ³n ôR-3075
³sh … old man … sun. [21]
_š BIRD_
2828. seagull ûR-2713
ward … bird. [15]
2829. roc ÑR-2277
companion … bird. [19]
142 z Ç+ Ö EšF Ä MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
2830. parakeet ¬R-3076
suckling babe … bird. [19]
This character is generally used in combination with that in the fol-lowing frame. See FRAME 2193 for the element to the left.
2831. parrot `R-2817
warrior … bird. [19]
2832. cormorant šR-3174
younger brother … bird. [18]
2833. heron 5R-2297
path … bird. [24]
2834. eagle ÐR-2363
concerning … bird. [23]
2835. wild duck âR-3077
push … bird. [16]
2836. kite falcon ¦R-3074
arrow … bird. [14]
2837. owl —R-3044
bird … tree. [11]
MAJOR PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS z Ç+ Ö š EÄF 143
CHAPTER 3
Miscellaneous Kanji
The characters introduced in this chapter (107 in all) are notarranged in any particular order, except where one serves as anelement for the next.
2841. Hades dR-2470
crown … sun … six. [10]
The reference here is to the underworld, the world of the dead. Byway of the classic Greek association, it is also used for the planetPluto.
2842. close the eyes ÅR-2471
eye … Hades. [15]
2843. murky CR-2472
sun … Hades. [14]
2844. sitting in mediation âR-2356
assembly line … soil. [7]
2845. sprain äR-2357
³ngers … sitting in meditation. [10]
2846. ³rst day of the month ;R-2572
mountain goat … moon. [10]
2847. go upstream PR-2573
³rst day of the month … road. [13]
2848. drag »R-2479
sun … under one’s arm. [6]
Take particular care not to confuse this keyword with the familiarprimitive element for drag 4.
2849. dribble out ¿R-2480
water … drag. [9]
2850. comet ‡R-2891
two bushes … broom. [11]
2851. astute ŠR-2893
comet … heart. [15]
Note that the second stroke on the element for broom does notpass through as it does in the character for comet. A similar changetakes place in the character ¹. It would be nice if it were possibleto make a rule for this kind of transformation, but the evolution ofthe kanji has not been consistent on this point.
MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 145
2852. applaud ?R-2686
drum … add. [14]
2853. evil ÝR-2449
villain … human legs. [6]
2854. helmet ÜR-3078
white bird between two open boxes … human legs. [11]
2855. bracing ZR-2857
St. Bernard with two pair of sheaves on each side. [11]
The sense of the keyword is of something refreshing and invigorat-ing.
2856. depressed ¥R-2936
two sheaves in a woods … net … silver … glue. [22]
The keyword here refers to the psychological state of depression.
2857. kalpa ¥R-2865
gone … muscles. [7]
A kalpa is a mythical measure of time (something over 4 billionyears) used in ancient India and today mainly in classic Buddhisttexts.
146 MISCELLANEOUS KANJI
2858. erection õR-3079
needle … crown … child … muscles. [9]
2859. bemoan +R-2796
strawman … yawn. [15]
2860. palanquin ÔR-3027
Think of this character as entertainment with a car since the onlydifferent between it and the character for entertainment is thesubstitution of the element for car in place of same. [17]
2861. southeast öR-2359
two snakes … strung together. [12]
One of the directions in classical Chinese geomancy, this characteris used in Japanese today chieµy in names.
2862. warped ËR-2897
negation … correct. [9]
2863. jade green zR-3050
feathers … graduate. [14]
2864. blue-black ÔR-2278
substitute … black. [16]
MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 147
2865. tripod çR-2963
This character is not hard to remember if you think of it as back-to-back characters for one-sided with a sun in the middle (andnecessitating a shorter vertical stroke for one-sided). [12]
2866. rocksalt ±R-2991
wand … pent up … sheave … four dots. [11]
2867. lye áR-2251
rocksalt … awl. [19]
2868. reserved õR-3139
tiger … plaid. [10]
2869. swallow àR-2983
twenty … two people back to back … mouth … oven-³re. [16]
2870. lick °R-2780
outhouse … delicious. [14]
2871. almost ÷R-2655
bones … pedestal. [9]
2872. start yR-2392
child … dish. [8]
148 MISCELLANEOUS KANJI
2873. mahjong tiles 5R-2622
one-sided … lowly. [12]
2874. remains ŸR-2769
skeleton … acorn. [16]
2875. peek øR-3175
director … see. [12]
2876. mottled âR-3080
tiger … form. [11]
2877. Manchu dynasty QR-2483
bonsai … wheat. [10]
2878. sparrow –R-2858
few … turkey. [11]
The last stroke of few doubles up with the ³rst stroke of turkey.
2879. peregrine falcon zR-2426
turkey … needle. [10]
2880. shimmering çR-2728
ray of light … feathers … turkey. [20]
MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 149
2881. ebisu VR-2990
great … bow. [6]
Ebisu is a Japanization of the Ainu word enchu which means “per-son.” In former times, it was used to mean any of the “uncivilized”people living north of the area of present-day Tokyo.
Not how the elements for needle and middle share a common, ver-tical stroke in this particularly complex character.
2884. domburi )R-3081
well … drop. [5]
2885. carefree …R-2732
monkey … piggy bank. [14]
2886. circling qR-2791
stretch … -times. [9]
2887. capital suburbs sR-2304
two cocoons … ³eld … ³esta. [15]
150 MISCELLANEOUS KANJI
2888. elation 5R-2854
ax … yawn. [8]
2889. stalwart pR-2899
vase … sow … missile. [15]
2890. this ˆR-3016
bushel basket … axe. [12]
This character is not substantially different from the character weidenti³ed as this here  (FRAME 2043).
2891. wooden spoon FR-2849
just so … spoon. [11]
The character for spoon already learned 0 (I.444) is actually anabbreviation of this fuller character. The meanings are essentiallythe same.
2892. set straight âR-3003
box … king. [6]
2893. founding dR-3005
door … taskmaster … brush. [14]
You will recognize the combination at the top here from the char-acter } (I.1085).
MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 151
2894. Utamaro CR-3116
hemp … spine. [18]
This kanji was used during the Heian period to refer to oneself. Itis a home-grown Japanese character whose reading ‰œ comesfrom combining the Chinese readings of its two elements. It isused today only for names, the most famous of which is the nameof the celebrated painter of ukiyo-e paintings, Utamaro HC.
2895. conglomerate UR-2882
upside down in a row … soil … take. [18]
This character is often used for collections of books or essays; theonly reason for the choice of the keyword is that the number ofsynonyms for “collection” has been fairly exhausted already!
2896. entreat 0R-3013
sheaf … possess. [8]
2897. symmetrically patterned ±R-2717
un- … plaid. [12]
2898. magistrate ãR-2887
silver in the middle of … the sign of the hare. [12]
2899. ³ddle with SR-2302
learn … beginning. [15]
152 MISCELLANEOUS KANJI
2900. within êR-2837
compass … umbrella … two drops. [8]
2901. hackneyed QR-2911
St. Bernard … hair. [10]
2902. rebellion ƒR-2658
half … … anti-. [9]
2903. sharp point êR-2827
a small tip on something… large. [6]
2904. crock ÀR-2937
samurai … crown … Asia. [11]
Note how the second stroke in crown doubles up with the ³rststroke of Asia.
2905. sapience µR-2932
wand … crown … ceiling … valley with eye (instead of mouth) …crotch. [16]
In order to remember the change in the element for valley, think ofthe clear-seeing eye that distinguishes homo sapiens.
2906. chieftain RR-2938
horns … whisky bottle. [9]
MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 153
2907. nightingale úR-3000
schoolhouse … bird. [16]
2908. incandescent ¹R-2412
two reds. [14]
2909. supinate dR-2974
slave … person. [9]
The somewhat archaic-sounding keyword here indicates someonestreched out or lying µat.
2910. nephew ìR-2699
cell … male. [12]
2911. gourd æR-2274
ballot … melon. [16]
2912. biwa ÉR-2632
two jewels … this here. [12]
This character is usually found with the next one, to give the biwa,a Japanese lute.
2913. lute %R-2763
two jewels … mosaic. [12]
154 MISCELLANEOUS KANJI
2914. forked ÖR-2971
crotch … drop. [3]
This character, incidentally, is used in the word for “tuning fork.”
2915. rose of Sharon uR-2440
birdhouse … sunglasses. [12]
2916. dry ³eld jR-3176
dove … ³eld. [10]
2917. ³st ÌR-3082
quarter … hand. [10]
2918. vegetable patch ›R-2684
pent in … dogtag. [10]
2919. helping hand ðR-2394
complete … water … µoor. [5]
The shape of this character is already familiar from the character %(I.1900). As we learned then, the second stroke of complete doublesup with the ³rst stroke for water.
2920. translucent VR-2907
tall … crown … human legs. [9]
MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 155
2921. blood relative ˆR-2989
human legs surrounding cocoon … µesh. [9]
2922. transcription ER-2836
zoo … infant … µood. [12]
2923. ointment ŠR-2557
tall … µesh. [14]
Note how the element tall is compressed in order to ³t on top.
2924. pioneer zR-3026
ghost … Big Dipper. [14]
2925. ambrosial ¢R-2431
voice … missile … incense. [20]
2926. label ˆR-2507
one-sided … generation … tree. [13]
2927. glimpse „R-2321
shredder … eye. [17]
2928. large hill @R-2481
maestro … needle. [8]
156 MISCELLANEOUS KANJI
This is the original character that was abbreviated to form the ele-ment we learned as pinnacle a.
2929. testicle ÁR-2462
blood … happiness. [14]
2930. sorceress BR-3040
craft … assembly line. [7]
2931. empathetic °R-2677
receive … taskmaster. [12]
2932. Andromeda fR-2748
St. Bernard … ivy. [9]
2933. soar ™R-3048
sheep … wings. [12]
2934. beaming –R-2702
white … revelation. [12]
2935. tenebrous ÄR-3083
wheat … (slip)knot … umbrella … rice grains. [15]
Take special care in writing the second element here. You mightthink of it as a “slipknot” (in which one stroke has slipped off).
MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 157
2936. bold ‘R-2867
run … cornucopia. [10]
2937. stop short CR-3029
This character can be kept distinct from the familiar sign of thesnake L (I.2042) by noting that the ³nal stroke stops short. [3]
2938. thornbush −R-3033
This character is no different in meaning from the character alreadylearned for thorn r (I.417). The only difference in writing is therepetition of the element composed of tree and belt. (Incidentally,that element on its own [ has the same meaning of thorn, thoughit is far less commonly seen.) [12]
2939. crowd ´R-3038
ear … crotch … two drops … person … rag. [14]
This character should not be confused with L (I.1857). Despitethe similarity, it is neither an abbreviated or alternate form of it. Ifanything, in modern usage it is most likely to be replaced with T
(I.559).
2940. resucitate 6R-2701
grow late … cell. [12]
2941. pruning åR-2618
in front … dagger. [11]
158 MISCELLANEOUS KANJI
2942. upbringing ÒR-3177
somebody … beautiful. [16]
2943. plentiful ]R-2515
fruit … many. [14]
2944. snore ÜR-2650
nose … dry. [17]
2945. cast a spell þR-3178
exit … altar. [19]
MISCELLANEOUS KANJI 159
CHAPTER 4
Western Measurements
The handful of characters presented in this chapter are meantto introduce you to the basic principles used in writing Westernunits of measurement. Contemporary Japanese has by and largediscarded this way of writing, but it is not uncommon to meetthese characters in historical texts.
2946. kilometer ,R-3101
rice … one thousand. [9]
The character y is used for meter (from the sound). Thus, a kilo-meter is made by adding the element for thousand.
2947. centimeter :R-3108
rice … one rin. [15]
The reason that the rin or 1/1000 of a yen is added to the meterto give us centimeter is that m originally meant 1/000th, and z1/1000th, as we see in the following frame.
2948. millimeter VR-3179
rice … fur. [10]
Incidentally, the same conventions are used to create litres, centil-itres, and millilitres, based on another kanji chosen for its sound:C, a, and c.
2949. ton «R-2612
mouth … immediate. [16]
The character ´, again from the sound, represents a ton. The addi-tion of the element of mouth to the left indicates that it is beingused for its sound to and to convey a meaning other than the nor-mal meaning of the character. This is a device commonly used inwritten Chinese.
2950. mile /R-2601
mouth … one ri. [10]
Although the mile is longer than the ri, the two are close enoughthat the addition of the mouth can indicate a foreign unit of mea-surement.
2951. nautical mile ¡R-2599
water … one ri. [10]
Since the Japanese did not have a separate unit for measuring nau-tical ri, this character was used for the Western measurement of thenautical mile. The same holds true of the characters in the nexttwo frames.
2952. inch ’R-3180
mouth … glue. [6]
2953. feet cR-3181
mouth … shaku. [6]
WESTERN MEASUREMENTS 161
CHAPTER 5
Phonetic Characters
While the kana syllabaries have taken over most of the choresof incorporating loan words in their original sounds, a fewexceptions have survived. The following group of characters areused mainly today for their sound value, rather than for theirmeaning. In each case, the sound is provided by a signal primi-tive, as will be indicated in Part Two of this volume. For now,the signal primitive (or its composite elements) have beenunderlined.
2954. brahman ¤R-2544
This is the sound character for the Sanskrit word brahman, and isalso used to indicate the Sanskrit language as such. Its elements aregrove … mediocre. [11]
2955. Shakyamuni Buddha ¼R-2593
pinnacle … house … spoon. [7]
This character, originally meaning “precipitous” (roughly the sameas the character of that keyword already learned Þ (I.1672), is nowused chieµy for its sound.
2956. bodhisattva OR-2976
µowers … pinnacle … products. [16]
Although this character can be used as an abbreviation of bodhi-sattva, the full writing combines it with that in the followingframe. Both of them are transliterations of Sanskrit terms.
2957. bo tree ¬R-2896
µowers … vase … mouth. [11]
2958. babble #R-2415
mouth … Asia. [10]
The sense of the keyword is that of a baby oooing and aaaing.
2959. Sanskrit ka ZR-2688
add … road. [8]
This kanji is used to represent the sound “ka” when transcribingwords from Sanskrit.
2960. interrogative ºR-2997
sword … two … city walls. [7]
Used classically to indicate an interrogative part of speech, thischaracter is used chieµy now for its sound.
2961. moo ]R-2889
elbow … cow. [6]
This is the character classically used for the sound that a cow makes.
These ³nal two characters, taken together, are the Chinesephonetic transliterations of the English word coffee, which isthe principal form in which you are likely to meet them today.The keywords, however, are drawn from their classical mean-ings.
tree … umbrella … one … pent-in … small … sun. [11]
The right side of this character looks rather more formidable thanit is. The tricky part lies in the elements that have been described as“pent-in … small.” (The latter element you will remember fromthe element for outhouse š or candle Ü.) The combination, when itappears in other characters, is generally abbreviated to the shape ofthe element for sun. In any case, drawing the shape will show it tobe quite natural. Here are some examples of the old form and theirstandard, simpler forms:
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
y l (I.752)
U … (I.1346)
2965. bridle’s bit fR-3112
thread … cart … thread … mouth. [22]
The primitive at the top of this character is abbreviated in morecommon words as 8, a primitive element that was learned in vol. I(page 382). Note the following examples:
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
ï ˆ (I.1745)
N › (I.1748)
e Ø (I.1749)
2966. abyss [old] WR-3199
On the left is the water and on the right a combination of the char-acter for one-sided and its mirror image joined by a single stroke.Think of it as a hanging rope-bridge strung perilously across theabyss. [12]
The newer form for this character is Å, which was learned abovein FRAME 2325.
2967. V 4R-3195
person … ³ve. [6]
This character, which originally indicates a group of 5 persons, isnow used as an alternate form of the character 2, mainly in of³cialdocuments.
2968. X VR-3194
person … ten. [4]
As in the previous frame, this character is an alternative form for Y.
This is also used in documents, but is rather more common as acharacter in its own right. When it appears as a primitive forming apart of other characters, it is normally abbreciated to the form �.In addition to the new character in the following frame, note thefollowing examples:
166 OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
* ¦ (II.2967)
$ „ (I.866)
2970. pass through LR-2726
ten thousand … road. [16]
The “old” element in this character is that for road, which has anextra initial stroke. See also the following frame.
2971. tough 1R-2341
display … road. [11]
Note that, as in the previous frame, the element for road has anextra stroke generally omitted in more common characters. Whenwriting this character, it is not incorrect to use the standard form ofthe primitive element.
2972. lamp [old] bR-3191
³re … ascend. [16]
The primitive at the right of this character is generally, though notalways, abbreviated today as a (I.165). The older form of theprimitive to the right is still standard in other characters, such as ˜.(I.1704).
2973. back [old] ;R-2602
cloak … computer. [12]
The transposition of the standard form : (I.399) involves movingthe computer from the middle of the element for cloak to the right.
OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS 167
2974. park [alternate] åR-3188
µowers … park. [16]
This character is used principally in proper names. The only changefrom the standard form Ó (I.585) is the addition of the element forµowers.
2975. shop [alternate] šR-2683
metal … dogtag. [15]
The only difference from the more common form ™ (I.1839) isthat the left side here uses the element for metal. There is also athird alternative which is sometimes seen, but has been omittedhere: 2.
2976. island [alternate] TR-3187
mountain … bird. [14]
The alternate form is used mainly in names. It differs from thestandard form S only in the positioning of the mountain.
2977. summit [alternate] ¸R-3196
mountain … walking legs … bushes. [10]
The alternate form is used mainly in names. As in the character inprevious frame, the only difference from the standard form ·
(I.1562) is in the positioning of the mountain.
2978. boulder [old] NR-3193
mountain … stern. [20]
The simpli³ed character was learned as R (I.770).
168 OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS
2979. plains [old] ïR-3200
grove … soil. [11]
The standard form Ÿ (I.1596) differs rather radically from thisolder form, which appears now in old texts and occasionallyin proper names.
2980. Bldg. [old] JR-3197
umbrella … tongue … bureaucrat. [16]
The standard form of this character I (I.1478) uses the elementfor food on the left. Because the older form is somewhat simpler towrite, it remains in use today.
2981. dragon [old] PR-3189
vase … meat … slingshot (doubled up with a) snake … three …clothes. [16]
The older form of P (I.536) was actually learned in vol. I in con-nection with the character for attack M (I.2025), and will appear inthe following frame as well. This older form is still used widelytoday. In addition to the new characters in the following twoframes, note the following example also already learned:
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
Þ Ý (I.537)
2982. patronage wR-2922
house … dragon [old]. [19]
OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS 169
2983. deafness ¿R-2869
dragon [old] … ear. [22]
2984. longing [old] ðR-3198
longing … heart. [15]
The only difference from the standard form of this character ò
(I.92) is that the element for heart is included at the bottom.
2985. span [old] ÑR-3201
tile … µoor. [6]
The standard form of this character Ò (I.32) is also standard whenit is used as a primitive in other characters. Note the followingexample in a character already learned:
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
À f (I.620)
2986. body [old] OR-2712
somebody … ward. [11]
The standard form X (I.1248) has by and large replaced this oldercharacter today.
2987. Point [old] 6R-3192
mountain … prison. [17]
Note that the abbreviated form of this character À (I.1330) movesthe mountain to the bottom, a rather odd transformation as thekanji go.
170 OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS
2988. country [old] çR-3186
pent-up … a. [11]
The element that replaces jewel in the standard for of this character³ (I.581) is among the new kanji learned in this book (see FRAME
2091 above).
We end this chapter with those characters in fairly common usewhose elements have not been assigned newer abbreviations.
2989. shin ÓR-2525
µesh … ceiling … µood … craft. [11]
The element on the right, which will appear once more later in thecharacter for formidable (FRAME 2990), is actually the old form forthe element now written n. Aside from the character introduced inthe next frame, note the following examples of old and newerforms:
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
Þ ¦ (I.717)
÷ ™ (I.1360)
2990. formidable ÷R-2524
ceiling … µood … craft … muscle. [9]
2991. stationary ”R-2659
bamboo … µoat. [12]
The standard abbreviation one would have expected here—andwhich is likely to appear in of³cial lists in the years ahead—appears
OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS 171
in the following examples of common newer forms you alreadyknow:
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
ª ) (I.1286)
· ` (I.367)
¦ , (I.368)
t ( (II.2735)
2992. enshrine úR-3031
altar … snake. [8]
The standard abbreviation for altar has generally taken over, butthe character in this and the following frame are exceptions.
2993. exorcism $R-3032
altar … chihuahua with an extra leg. [10]
Think of the “³ve-legged” dog here as some kind of an evil spiritthat has to be driven out, and the odd shape should be easy toremember.
2994. dither ÃR-2737
wooden leg … renowned. [19]
The old form here is the element puppet which forms part of theprimitive for renowned here. The difference is the addition of a ³naldrop. This has generally disappeared, as in the examples:
The newer form 3 (I.1565) tends to dominate today when it isused as a primitive. Note the following example:
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
Ð k (I.717)
2996. hesitate ÇR-3053
wooden leg … longevity. [14]
2997. glossary ˆR-3084
The primitive of this character is actually an old form of broom `.The remaining elements are: crown … fruit. [13]
2998. bean jam ¸R-2345
food … mandala. [20]
It is only a matter of time before this character takes the standardabbreviation for food on the left. Meantime, it will alert you to theolder style of writing, which still shows up in rather complicatedcharacters that use the food primitive.
2999. retch ¹R-3184
mouth … ward. [14]
The standard abbreviation of the element to the right can be seenfrom the following examples:
OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS 173
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
7 J (I.1696)
[ õ (I.1698)
u ö (I.1699)
3000. snapping turtle ×R-3088
shredder … eels [old form]. [25]
The change in the ³rst three strokes of the element for shredder is afamiliar one found often in older forms. I leave it to you to com-bine the pieces for the old form of eels. Learning stroke order willhelp considerably:
‘ ’ “ ” • –
— ˜ ™ š › œ
The older form of the primitive we learned as eels is rather moredif³cult. You will ³nd it in older forms of several familiar character,just as the following:
OLD FORM MODERN ABBREVIATION
V Å (I.1377)
V H (II.2685)
174 OLD & ALTERNATE FORMS
PART TWO
READING
CHAPTER 7
Old Pure Groups
The ³rst group of readings center on what were called inRemembering the Kanji II “Pure Groups.” Each character thatbelongs to a pure group contains a signal primitive which pre-scribes a given on-yomi for that character and all others in thegroup with it.
The number to the far right of the top line set in bold typeindicates the frame number in which the writing of the kanjiwas introduced. In almost all cases this refers to a frame in PartOne of the present volume.
The number under the character in each frame is precededby an “R-” to indicate that it refers to a reading frame. Thesenumbers begin where volume II left off.
Unlike volume II, the frames also include not only on-yomibut kun-yomi as well. In some cases, the “assigned” readingsare almost never used, or used only for names. Because thenumber of special readings for names is virtually limitless, onlythe 274 characters approved by the Ministry of Education aresupplied with on-yomi for use in names.
For further information about the layout of the frames, seepage 491.
We begin with groups whose signal primitives were alreadyintroduced in volume II The signal primitive, its pronunciation,and characters belonging to the same appear in a separateframe at the head of each section.
The number under the characters in the group framesrefers to the frame in volume II. which introduced the reading(hence the “R-” preceding it.) Where a number is missing, thesingle primitive in question was learned only as a primitive ele-ment, not as a kanji.
Note how the family is referred to by using the on-yomi ofthe ³rst character of their full name. Note also the unusualkun-yomi in the name Sugawara. The standard reading is:
^ »»«« O k s } Ÿ ” _R-114 R-115 R-116 R-117 R-118 R-119 R-120 R-121
à »« 2459
Ö »«êû anus
NB: When this group was introduced in volume II, it wasnoted that the primitive element must occupy a promi-nent place in order to serve as a signal primitive.
R-2344
200 OLD PURE GROUPS
We conclude this chapter with three pure groups that use kanjiwhich appeared in volume II only as primitives. This is indicat-ed by an arrow pointing downards (➔) where the number forvolume II would otherwise be.
R ææûû E G➔ R-434 R-435
¸ æû 2998
R-2345 ¸w æûÀí« steamed bun (Chinese)
§ æû 2811
R-2346 § LqT eel
R æû 2100
R-2347 R¼ø æûÈñ mandala
H æû 2359
H× æû−û spreading; diffusion
R-2348 H kš vine; tendril
å ´́ïï«« ï ó Ÿ➔ R-293 R-294 R-295
Ü ´ï« 2120
R-2349 TÜ ²´ï« overseas Chinese
OLD PURE GROUPS 201
å ´ï« 2104
å… ´ï«ä· tall tree
åJ fQJ tallå fQ used in names
R-2350 å fQ^ used in names
÷ ´ï« 2369
R-2351 ÷_ dw buckwheat noodles
202 OLD PURE GROUPS
CHAPTER 8
New Pure Groups
This chapter introduces new primitive groups, based on signalprimitives that were not introduced as such in volume II. Asbefore, a small frame will be set at the head of each group toindicate the signal primitive, reading, and kanji from volume II
that belong to this group.In most cases, the reading of the kanji that will serve here as
a signal primitive has already learned, and in that case the refer-ence to the frame in volume II where the reading was intro-duced will appear under the signal primitive.
As in the previous chapter, an arrow (➔) below a signalprimitive will indicate that it is in fact a kanji introduced in thisvolume. Where there is no arrow or frame number, the signalprimitive has not been learned as a kanji.
For further information on the layout of the frames, seepage 491.
We may begin with groups based on kanji whose principal on-yomi has already been learned. Since the majority of the signalprimitives have already been included in volume II, most ofthese groups will be small, often with only one new reading tolearn.
We conclude this chapter with entirely new pure groups—thatis, those for whom neither the signal primitive nor any memberof the group was introduced in volume II. The number of thesegroups is small and should not cause much dif³culty. Naturally,here the signal primitives stand alone in their small frames.
The semi-pure groups, it will be recalled from volume II, aregroups of on-yomi based on a common signal primitive—butwith a single exception.
Strictly speaking, the addition of secondary and tertiaryreadings would do away with most semi-pure groups. But theclassification is a useful one, and it is worth the strain to pre-serve it.
We begin here with semi-pure groups already learned, andconclude the chapter with a number of new groupings.
Note that this character does not—as you would other-wise expect—follow the reading of the lower element,but keeps the reading of the signal primitive.
Note that all the characters allow for both readings. Thedivison indicates only “primary“ reading.
R-2545
X ÝÝÌÌ Z ÚÚ ¾R-2015 R-1643
¾ Ú 2346
R-2546 ¾/ ÚÚ baboon
SEMI-PURE GROUPS 247
% ±±·· §§·· 2R-1820 R-1873
3 §· 2320
3 Hk used in names
R-2547 3 Hk^ used in names
The following group contains a final character that was classi-fied in volume II as having no on-yomi. The secondary readinghas, however, been added here to be complete.
S o^ used in namesS Šuš used in namesS q™ used in names
R-2575 S qš used in names
In the following group, the signal primative must stand aloneand to the right. We have seen in other cases as well how cer-tain primitives, in order to serve as a signal primitive, must bein a dominant position.
The following group was not learned as a pure group in vol-ume II, but if its signal primitive is made to stand alone and onthe right, it is convenient to make the group now.
The following group was learned as a pure group in volume II,but the primary reading of the signal primitive makes it betterto reclassify it as a semi-pure group.
It happens occasionally, as in the following group, that the sig-nal primitive forms an exception to the reading it takes in othercharacters in which it appears.
The 162 kanji treated in this chapter make up the most dif³cultof the signal-primitive-based groups. Let us begin by recallingthe three classes of “mixed groups” introduced in volume II:
GROUP A includes groups with two readings. As distinctfrom the “semi-pure” groups, there must be atleast 2 kanji for each reading.
GROUP B is made up of groups with only two exceptionsto the standard reading of the signal primitive,which must apply to at least 3 kanji.
GROUP C is made up of miscellaneous groups where it isstill useful to see a signal primitive with a stan-dard reading, but which has exceptions otherthan those that apply to Groups A and B.
Naturally, with the addition of so many new kanji in this vol-ume, several of the groups from volume II will changeclassi³cation. What is more, once we have left the con³nes ofthe readings assinged for “general use,” the number of sec-ondary and tertiary on-yomi increases dramatically, making thedistinction between Group A and Group B less useful.Accordingly, the two groups have been combined in the pre-sent volume.
For further information on the layout of the frames, see theopening remarks to chapter 7 and the full diagram on page491.
, ðð«« î Û ÉÉïï«« ‘ ÐЫ« _R-1370 R-1371 R-1372 R-1373
ÀÀïï«« õ ¿¿ïï«« ¥R-1374 R-1375
… Éï« 2885
H… òí«Éï« µuent (in speaking)
… Jfš used in names… Qp used in names… qR used in names… u} used in names… ‰[ used in names
R-2732 … Šk used in names
ß ð« 2473
ß‹ ð«À toothpick
ß “` used in names
R-2733 ß “qT willow
In the following group, take note of certain similarities thatseem to create “pure” groups within an otherwise mixed groupby the addition of a second element.
This next group of charcters, you may recall, was given specialattention in volume II because of the overlap of readings.Having come this far already, it is no doubt clear to you thatthis exception has become rather the rule in volume III.
292 GROUP C MIXED GROUPS
Ãố Æ 3 ¿¿ïï·· 4 3R-932 R-934 R-933 R-934
R ¿ 2233
iR ´¿ µag; banner; one’s position
R-2756 R u‡™ a banner; a streamer
æ ðð«« á à ï å ¿¿ïï«« Ö åR-1449 R-1450 R-1451 R-1452 R-1453 R-1454 R-1455
ÃÃûû 1 çç%%ÛÛ ËR-1456 R-1457
_ ð« 2572
−_ Ì«ð« itching; interest
R-2757 _J Q•J ichy
t ´́ g ‚ ¸̧ûû t ««ûû ±➚ R-1520 R-1521 R-1522 R-1523
= «û 2439
±= ºû«û vertigo; dizziness
= Q[ halo=` ‡Q` shade off; blur
R-2758 =Wš ‡Wš fade; grow dim
Þ »û 2295
R-2759 Þúˆ »ûÎûµ astrolabe
MIXED GROUPS GROUP C 293
@ ´ 2440
@S QR“S a glow@˜` m˜` to glow@ yQ™ ray of light@ HS˜ used in names
R-2760 @ mš used in names
ü ÉÉíí«« f e l ¿¿íí%%ÁÁ ü➚ R-1331 R-1332 R-1333 R-1335
We begin this hodge-podge of readings with a group of kanjiwhoseon-yomi you should be able to guess by “intuition” fromthe dominant primitive, even though there are too manyexceptions to allow us to make a group as such.
The on-yomi for this next group of kanji can be guessed at fromtheir meaning. That is, the reading of another, more commoncharacter of the same meaning supplies the reading. To helpyou, the character of related meaning is given in each frame.
H‹ ``‹ to advanceH HS used in namesH Ur used in names
R-2833 H •S used in names
306 MEANING A POTPOURRI OF READINGS
9 ➙ 6 ²û 2780
9î ²ûä· writing brush and ink
R-2834 9 “‰p™ copper pheasant
à ➙ * Ãû 2082
à U_ drawing of lots
R-2835 Ã Qao™ tally
E ➙ – Å%¿ï 2922
@E ²ûÅ written advice to the throne
R-2836 EJ LoJ distant; alienated
_UNCLASSIFIED READINGS_
The on yomi for this next group can be guessed at from theirmeaning. That is, the reading of another, more common char-acter of the same meaning supplies the reading. To help you,the character will often be supplied in each frame.
ê± 2900
êJm PJm in; atê HH Ah! (exclamation)ê LN used in namesê P used in names
The reading of this character was learned in volume II as
We conclude with a chapter that brings together all the charac-ters learned in this volume that do not have an assigned on-yomi or whose on-yomi are too rare to bother with. In caseswhere the reading is based on a foreign word or an originalChinese reading, the reading is set in katakana.
The readings of the old and alternate forms of kanji learned inchapter 6 keep the same readings as their simpli³ed forms. Forthe sake of completeness, all readings that have not appeared inthe foregoing chapters of Part Two given are recorded here.Note that two of these characters (N and 4) have beenassigned “of³cial” readings for use in names.
Index 1 includes all the kanji covered in volumes I, II, and III,arranged according to number of strokes and radical. Page refer-ences are to the frame in which the kanji was first introduced. Tolocate the reading frame for kanji from volume I, use Index 5 involume II. Frames in Part One and Part Three of this volume arealready cross-referenced to Part Two.
a E 2091a-un À 2343abacus I.322abandon m 758abbreviation F 293abdomen T 464abet Ú 1951abide by † 2031ability ô 2004abolish / 1706abounding u 2311about that time à 2791above î 49above-stated › 1522abrupt _ 2110abundant È 793abuse s 1041abyss Å 2325abyss [old] W 2966accept 1 735accept humbly È 2702accidentally X 1955accolade † 2794
accompany Z 877accomplished ò 552accumulate z 1364accusation N 1139accustomed ü 627achievement O 863acid i 1437acknowledge Þ 598acorn I.345acquiesce ¾ 1901acupuncturist I.31add ; 867addiction 5 2679address = 1417adhere $ 1000adjusted à 1729adjutant · 2126admirable T 1643admonish ¥ 336adore ‡ 1101adroit _ 1241advance Z 561advise l 2722aerosol can I.126affair ¾ 959af³nity â 1372af³x $ 2736af³xed A 1303
afµicted ú 604Africa % 1295again ç 1815age “ 1403aged woman ¨ 2204aggression k 330aglow 8 2438agony ” 2775agreement ‡ 374agriculture ÷ 2014aid 0 839aim at � 2344air out X 2447alienate F 1668all „ 449alliance h 1450alligator Ó 2824allot X 761almost ÷ 2871alms ‰ 1045altar I.273amass W 1385ambition Ý 489ambrosial ¢ 2925ancestor H 1779ancestral shrine á 2601ancestral tablet Ç 2599anchor ð 2765
INDEX 2
KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
Words without kanji and set in italics are primitive meanings.The accompanying number refers to the page number in volume Ior III. All other numbers refer to frame numbers.
ancient harp V 2637Andromeda f 2932and then ¾ 3006angel I.155angle ¸ 1812angling Å 273angry H 703animal ` 1933animal legs I.33animal offspring o 2113animal sacri³ce ³ 1559animal tracks I.410annexed þ 634ant — 2686anti- ‚ 722antique I.157anus à 2459anxiety ˜ 163apologize ê 1250appear ß 1789appellation × 905applaud ? 2852apple I.382apple ? 2050apple of the eye ¹ 2580apply ñ 607apprehend Ò 1160apprehensive a 2569approve h 843apricot O 203apron I.151arc ù 1878ardent ˜ 814argument Ç 1820arm I.212arm Ú 1418armor x 1113armpit Í 870armrest ˆ 2469army t 301aroma Ð 2147
aroused c 1199arrest i 654arrival k 755arrow I.134arrow shaft ú 2636arrowhead ð 2758art n 1525arti³cial I.44artisan ¨ 1693as if Í 2281as is A 2125ascend : 1703ashes ‚ 168Asia ! 1809assault ö 1698assemble P 2732assembly line I.262assets ¥ 473assiduous ‡ 2209assistant Õ 952association L 1776assortment î 2253assurance ´ 567astray i 924astringent _ 1738astute Š 2851atmosphere j 2028attack M 2025attend n 960attentive t 2677attire z 398attitude Ç 2005attract û 2429attractive Ÿ 430audience Í 452augment 1 811augury í 2103auspices : 2781auspicious Ö 1088authochthonous Æ 2184authority Ï 571
autumn E 900awakening À 2750awe ’ 334awl I.370awl ‚ 2760axe 4 1125axis É 1112
B _
babble # 2958baboon ¾ 2346back : 399back [old] ; 2973backpack à 2644bad 1 1810badge Ø 433bag á 1547baggage S 1013bake Ï 1200balancing scales I 2604bald ˜ 2606bale Î 2518ball À 935ballot ç 1606bamboo U 937bamboo blinds ¢ 2630bamboo cane È 2642bamboo grass E 940bamboo hat Å 939banana ß 2367banner I.267banner g 2232banquet Ö 191barbarian ¤ 1747bargain š 1601barking é 2170barley _ 1533baron ô 1463
390 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
barracks ¬ 2033barrel þ 2506bartending õ 1429baseball (team) I.17bases x 1734bash ð 2166basin ! 1449bathe ô 789bay ª 1837beach M 1653beaded hairpin ç 2963beaming – 2934bean jam ¸ 2998beans q 1440bear h 2003bear fruit S 2607beard Ñ 2047beat ° 709beautiful woman Ý 1950beauty Ë 548beckon À 650becoming « 1029bed » 592bee É 2687before å 248beforehand Ð 1593beg F 462beg pardon Ô 2721beginning â 59beguile Î 614behind 9 1379behind thescenes ‰ 2374bell ë 438bellµower £ 2499belong › 1953below 4 50belt I.152bemoan + 2859bend ( 1172bene³t Ê 1881
benevolence ” 885bequeath k 1772beseech e 2598best regards Š 1783bestow Ò 1246bewitched Ø 2078biased { 2117Big Dipper 7 1177bin ` 1902birch Ù 2515bird š 1941birdhouse I.219biwa É 2912black ¸ 174black ink î 175bladder Ò 2457blade ` 84blame Ò 1541blaspheme • 2297Bldg. I 1478Bldg. [old] J 2980bleaching W 2444blemish X 2187blessing S 1090blind | 486bliss L 2119block up ê 2214blood » 1448blood relative ˆ 2921blossom 1 2018blow r 467blue Á 1534blue-black Ô 2864blue-green ‚ 2588bluffs ” 2227bo tree ¬ 2957boar o 1262board W 646boast * 1244boat J 1868bodhisattva O 2956
body ¿ 957body cavity ‰ 2465body [old] O 2986boil æ 1257boisterous „ 1985bold ‘ 2936bomb Z 1802bond å 1544bone I.331bonito Ö 2822bonsai I.352book û 211bookmark † 2523boom µ 1457bore ß 2066borough , 1002borrow ï 1186bosom ô 1491both X 1168bottom Ñ 1833bough ‹ 713boulder R 770boulder [old] N 2978boulevard I.241boulevard š 890bound up I.34boundary æ 484bounding main ï 2287bountiful Ì 1443bow ¸ 1231bowl l 271bowstring æ 1386box I.373box a 942boy Ö 492bracing Z 2855bracken Ö 2405brahman ¤ 2954brain õ 1934brains I.19branch † 711
INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 391
branch off c 772branding q 2545brandish g 662break 8 2067breasts I.52breath ” 610breed ñ 329brew ( 1527briar x 472bribe Ì 80bridegroom b 395bridge ï 429bridle’s bit f 2965briefcase Ú 2785bright g 20brimming u 2315bring up p 759broaden ¬ 740brocade 3 411broom I.283brown Ó 453brush I.128brush tip  2790brush-stroke c 1170brushwood Û 2044bubble up  2284bubbles Á 533bucket ) 2530buckle I.151buckwheat ÷ 2369bud e 1905Buddha [ 964Buddhist priest R 982Buddhist temple ± 158build É 391building blocks I.296bull’s eye í 69bullet = 1931bullhead É 2823bullying Q 2373bulrush Þ 1838
bump into „ 2245bumper crop $ 2609bundle – 1664bungling Ø 769burdensome ½ 1986bureau & 1066bureaucrat ö 1271burglar œ 357burn ê 510burnish Ý 2559bury ( 179bush clover K 2351bushel basket I.385bushes I.351business % 1792bustle ú 1196bustling Ñ 2739busy Ú 618but of course ð 145butcher I.117butchering 5 2217butterbur M 2370butterµy ’ 521buttocks : 2220button ô 2754buy C 831by means of P 1028by one’s side I.44bystander Ô 1015
C _
cabbage I.354cactus III.116cadet g 1173cage ½ 2638calamity L 1291calculate d 946calendar ” 213
calf, golden I.429call ó 1485call on Ë 495calling card I.397calm 2 1147camellia ½ 1569camelopard v 2053camp i 1305camphor tree È 1614can = 93canal J 2285cancer P 2576candle I.57candle rush = 2408candlelight 2 2539candlestick I.107candy U 1122cane I.26cane ü 2504cannon à 532canopy ù 410cap Ø 408cape 3 153capital Ù 312capital suburbs s 2887capsize V 1611captive T 1991captured 8 1018car ë 286carefree … 2885carillion é 2770carp G 176carpenter’ssquare M 2585carpet yarn ó 2657carrier “ 1871carry ± 303cart I.116carve } 1710cash q 1040cast a spell þ 2945
392 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
casting k 1566castle ô 362cat ä 244catalpa 8 1498catch œ 1836catgut ë 2669cauldron ß 2332cause ƒ 583cave I.196cavern c 2615caverns I.291cavity Z 96cedar ’ 1713ceiling I.15celebrate h 1089celery I.346cell I.350censure Œ 1523center î 1740centimeter : 2947cereal I.244cereals ´ 917ceremony ˆ 984chafe # 639chain I.34chain à 1937chair _ 2480challenge „ 658change 5 1008chant − 21chaos ± 2326chapter W 1123char Ð 557character ° 185charcoal 0 771chariot I.120chase « 1268chastise o 340chatter v 2158cheat Ô 2806check-up W 1724
cheek ê 2792cheer w 3005cheerful r 1642cherry tree C 1932chess piece l 1763chestnut k 1609chew á 2172chic y 925chick Œ 2085chicken ¨ 1947chief L 967chieftain R 2906chihuahua I.98child { 95chime q 2554chin à 2795Chinese blackpine 0 2492Chinese panpipe r 2628chink ² 2426chinstrap ‚ 2662chirp k 1942chivalry Û 2107choose ã 1074chop Ì 1126chop off k 2092chop-seal I.325chopsticks c 2640Christmas tree I.352chronicle w 1354chrysanthemum › 927churn up − 2257cicada ã 2692circle Ò 1811circling q 2886circumference : 317circumspect 6 3004citron Á 2486citrus tree $ 2482city walls I.398city walls Ë 2180
clam I.36clam y 2695clamor Å 2163clan ” 1912clap O 652class Ä 1353claw à 727clay + 2183clean þ 1155cleanse ± 2316clear (the land) ä 651clear skies / 2442clear up ¬ 1538cleaver º 2234cleverness þ 459cliff I.54climate K 1640climax › 753clique u 1619cloak I.147clock I.356clod o 2024close the eyes Å 2842closed w 1623clothes hanger I.402clothesline I.366clothing I.147clothing R 1399cloud ² 423cloudy weather · 424cluster ê 2772clutch ³ 2249co- á 872coach — 719coarse J 1777cocklebur ‰ 2382coconut tree Ô 2524cocoon I.321cocoon B 1880cod ü 2819code ø 1827
INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 393
cof³n & 1272coin , 368cold í 1526collapse G 1315collar A 1099colleague W 1707collector K 2409collide à 1680color 5 1753coloring í 1714column I.241column + 1628comb I.286comb ^ 2476come û 1884come apart atthe seams 4 2670
come in I.226comely I 2109comet ‡ 2850comma-design ú 2096commander t 1270commandment w 676commence x 747committee W 913commoner “ 1191commonplace Ú 1182commotion ú 2268companion ¿ 19company ç 1092compare ² 447compass I.170compensation E 476compilation ‹ 1825complete U 97complete a job t 2062compliment g 2711computer I.74comrade 8 1637concave í 33conceal Œ 1313
concentrated ò 2015concept ` 609concerning = 1969concubine ² 2622concurrently  1597condolences { 1233condone X 3002condor I.420confer › 1660confront h 648Confucian 0 1166confused B 1185congeal ! 1412conglomerate U 2895congratulations g 868conjecture u 663connection F 2017consent ë 351consider † 1252considerate − 2279consign è 1917consolation ] 1096consort { 1203conspire ä 1760constancy f 620constitution Ê 1554consult with ¤ 475consume ¢ 1550consummate | 540contact 6 1813contain Ù 790contend m 1154continent C 2289continue ¡ 1345contraption | 677contrast º 1277control Ô 1552convenience “ 991convex ¢ 34conveyor … 1873cook w 468
cooking-³re I.71cool ƒ 1404copious ö 2529copper ‹ 272copy á 1247coral b 2561coral reef @ 2562cord A 1365core ï 928cormorant š 2832corner [ 1958cornerstone G 394cornstalk I.353cornucopia I.343corpse | 2222correct ± 379corridor ³ 1852cosmetics Ú 923cottage à 316cotton q 1367cough ’ 2162counsel í 2705countenance å 2733counter for tools × 2267counterfeit T 2151country ³ 581country [old] ç 2988county u 1843courage ¹ 1407courtesan ‰ 2199courtesy å 2425courts Ó 508courtyard Ò 590cover over v 2358cow È 245cowardice ( 2460cowl I.77crab ‡ 2682crabgrass Î 2608craft ^ 76crag ¢ 2586
394 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
cram school k 309cramped ò 1266crane Æ 1943crash ¨ 1307crawl G 2414create ‹ 281creek s 139crime ‹ 1414crimson } 1355criticism − 649critters Ð 2098crock À 2904crossing ¹ 279crotch I.213crow • 1944crowd ´ 2939crowded Á 780crown I.120crown ì 304crucian ^ 2825crude ð 207cruel µ 1431crumble ¹ 774cry ¾ 432cryptomeria “ 2528crystal 8 2048crystal stone À 2566cultivate ; 477cultured q 2424cumulation I 2324cunning Á 2337cupfuls 3 1219current H 764curriculum • 376curse 2 2169curtain 1 409cut × 85cylinder h 944cyst ð 2883
deer Ä 1999defeat ; 63defense Å 1646defer & 1528de³le ¾ 2319degenerate ´ 1314degrees E 1194deliberation ™ 642delicate Æ 889delicious Š 455delight ) 570deliver ¥ 1110deluge t 1799delusion x 487demand 7 1165demolition p 400den … 181departed ¿ 1132department 7 1179deposit Õ 1595depressed ¥ 2856depression g 1323derision Å 2155descend œ 1308descendants Ì 448design t 1021desk h 210despicable ( 2735despondent Ñ 2149destitution Ò 1215destroy n 365detach ? 1492detailed å 550detain K 1423determine Ï 382detour — 2415deviate v 1973devil I.171dew ° 1283diagonal å 1662diameter ‡ 882
INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 395
diamond Ô 1517diarrhea 9 1687diced I.17difference j 1644dif³cult Ê 1580dig b 1061dike Î 390dilate Œ 1923diligence 0 1577dilute V 227dining tray 9 2468direction ¾ 490director s 1863dirty ë 1245disaster ó 167discard ã 655discharge n 1705discipline @ 1722disclose } 1085disconcerted g 624discontinue á 1754discreet B 1576discriminating Æ 482discuss * 350disguise d 2246dish V 1447dislike È 1598dispatch Ü 1773display Í 262dispose ‰ 297disseminate ü 2262dissolve Î 1044distant æ 402distinction Ú 554distract i 1358distress A 901distribute 9 1436disturb × 491ditch ø 1062ditch reed 5 2411dither à 2994
divide Õ 478divining rod I.31dizzy ± 2581do ` 1918doctor l 1694document £ 601dog Ñ 238dog-tag I.398dollar sign I.299domburi ) 2884domesticate ¨ 1866don ^ 555donkey á 2810door ú 1076dormitory Z 1708dose # 1730doth O 756double : 992double back I.163doubt ” 1410douse ™ 2293downspout  2520Dr. N 47draft { 892drag I.400drag » 2848dragon O 536dragon [old] P 2981drama ¬ 1997draw near b 192draw water ½ 2322dreadful / 623dream Z 305drench ß 2329dribble out ¿ 2849dried meat Ô 2130drift å 1607drill ù 2616drink † 1474drip ì 442drive P 1983
droop s 1582drop of I.26drought ê 463drown ö 707drowning ñ 2308drowsy x 1583drum I.332drum 1 1444drunk } 1435dry ø 1648dry ³eld j 2916dry weather ! 2441ducks, migrating I.417dugout ¨ 2186dull ¸ 1495dumbfounded ² 2181duplicate U 465dusk Ë 2451dust a 2838duty ¤ 884dwell W 954dwindle ç 366dye ô 509
E _
each ª 291eagle Ð 2834ear ¿ 818ear (of a plant) ¤ 909early f 26earlybird e 2141earnings N 893earthworm I.340ease d 1159east X 504easy ^ 1051eat 7 1472eaves ” 1656
396 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
ebisu V 2881echo ú 1850eclipse 8 2800ecstasy Ì 619eddy ÷ 2330edge 2 1167eel I.183eel § 2811effulgent ó 2450egg ) 1422eggplant R 2372ego a 640eight k 8elation 5 2888elbow I.220elbow Õ 2464elder brother | 103elder sister y 413elect * 1804electricity / 535elementary K 1532elephant æ 1976elevate l 2449ellipse » 2531elucidate & 2717elude ³ 2416embarrass 9 2009embrace » 645embroidery G 2665embryo Î 2458emigrant Ü 2120eminent ß 51emotion û 615empathetic ° 2931emperor y 261employ / 1083employee ‚ 56empress U 1861empty W 1317emulate − 979enclosure » 1842
encompassing Õ 2055encounter } 1174encourage „ 866encroach ? 1148end F 1352endure Ý 597enemy ë 443England Ä 1741engrave ± 1521enjoyment æ 2522enlarge u 2282enlightenment ; 622enroll Ï 1567enshrine ú 2992enter × 779entertain ö 1426entice É 916entrails ˆ 851entreat 0 2896entrust * 1954entwine $ 1350envious þ 553environs Œ 284envy Ð 2202epidemic É 1689equal Ï 1695equestrian „ 1981equilibrium ’ 891equip Ä 1183equivocal K 2437erect G 869erection õ 2858erupt a 1197escape s 283escort | 2016escutcheon z 2513Esq à 933est ˜ 2094establishment Ü 708esteem ¹ 184etc. f 945
eternity ½ 132ethics l 1821Europe õ 1699evade ¿ 1501evaluate é 1487even r 1484evening Ï 109eventide à 110evergreen oak Æ 2491every , 458everywhere ’ 1824evidence ã 380evil Ý 2853exam p 1278examination Î 1673example ‚ 972exceedingly • 2793excel > 914excellent : 970exchange É 842exclamation œ 2680exclude ¤ 1658excrement h 2653excuse o 1972exertion ” 1975exhaust e 1071exhausted ´ 1688exhibit ¦ 1301exhort ± 732exist $ 685exit m 767exorcism $ 2993expand ; 1118expecting ¬ 2208expense ¾ 1238expert ‚ 1269explanation ö 1908exploits Ð 1542expose ° 805exquisite U 123extensive ] 2212
fabricate S 950fabrication à 2331face W 1717face-up þ 1701faction $ 1855failure 2 331fair $ 2200faith = 969fall % 299fallible à 2720falsehood ‡ 1919familiarity ˜ 2719family crest • 1727family name ’ 1828fan í 1079fanning ÷ 2540far off í 2418fare ¤ 1004farm i 166fart Ö 2218fascination K 2023fasten Î 661fat š 456fat man I.29fate f 1400father 5 1274father-in-law + 2064
fathom — 149favor ˆ 612fear ë 613feast û 2799feathers – 573fed up À 2108fee [ 1178feed ´ 2797feelings ù 1537feet c 2953felicitation Ü 2603fell q 994female animal m 2551feminine § 563fence p 1056fenceposts I.379fend off Õ 2597fermentation — 1430fertilizer » 1756fervent ™ 1988few ¸ 106³b £ 2167³ber d 1341³ddle with S 2899³erce { 1456³esta I.135³ght y 1629³gure z 474³le – 812³lial piety [ 1253³lter º 2304³nger … 659³ngerprint I.327³ngers I.205³nish ò 1731³re J 161³replace I.71³ring ¡ 2542³rst day of themonth ; 2846³rst time Š 404
³rstborn son _ 2432³sh Ö 171³sh ³n ô 2827³shguts + 71³shhook I.42³shing Ô 172³st I.211³st Ì 2917³t § 253³t into % 2229³ve 2 5µag I.268µames Þ 2546µash 0 2774µat & 2188µats Û 1652µavor I 219µea ù 2681µedgling I.218µesh I.19µexed Q 2148µip ü 1911µoat I.139µoating 4 730µock s 1163µood I.60µoor I.15µour g 920µourish ¼ 326µower I.90µower P 1009µower pot ! 1032µuid È 1038µustered B 2340µute î 1111µy Á 1887focus Ó 124foe ² 2114fog _ 1228foil S 2634fold Û 1130
398 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
folding screen Û 2223follow „ 1298fond Y 99food I.336foolish T 1957foot of amountain à 2839
footgear 4 1057foothold Í 669footnote i 2727footprint I.140forces ¤ 1515ford Í 372forehead  295forest I 197forge 9 1860forget Ù 596fork in a road 9 2127forked Ö 2914formerly B 501formidable ÷ 2990fort ÷ 2045fortunate … 2563fortune-telling ç 48foster ï 1479founding d 2893four v 4fowl 9 2049fox ! 2342foxtail millet F 2654fragile Å 2462fragrant q 1681frame Ï 200freight Y 1010frequently Ý 2221fresh 1 551friend º 704frog £ 2693frolic ‹ 1994from ì 686front door ¬ 1638
frost ƒ 426frozen L 506frugal ¿ 1674fruit F 1121fuel U 1503full F 1169fundamentals _ 1767funnel I.394fur z 1913furball y 2533furrow Ÿ 1017furthermore Ä 1438fuse metal ã 2547
G _
gain “ 876gall bladder 6 31gallop Q 2809gamble = 1264game-hunting _ 1940garden ä 1419gargle ) 2288garlic ò 2404garment h 396gates – 1616gather T 559gauze ø 1342general r 1366generation › 28genesis S 1631genie I.210genius î 681gentle µ 728gentleman w 319genuine „ 1494germ ? 918germinate Ç 2377get ’ 2737
ghee E 2749ghost … 2019gigantic Ë 856gimp 6 2672giraffe ¹ 2840girder ³ 2483gist + 820give 6 1897give up á 2716gland ! 2466glass cover I.77glimpse „ 2927glistening ³ 2286glitter @ 2440glossary ˆ 2997glossy ã 1755glue I.30gnats I.181Go A 1766go in I.226go upstream P 2847go-between ` 956godown V 1630gods P 1119going ‘ 873gold F 269golden calf I.429gone É 750good d 1468good luck Ÿ 320goods õ 23goodwill ( 1097gorge ç 1265gorgeous B 2664go smoothly × 3001gossamer è 2673gossip − 2161gouge out f 2274gourd æ 2911governmentof³ce z 591
INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 399
grab ô 2090grace 0 606graceful g 721gracious h 1907grade B 1859gradually ¡ 1659graduate ¢ 1025graft ¬ 2738grain rake ! 2501grains M 922grains of rice I.248grains of sand Ü 2296grandchild § 1393grandpa › 2334grant ¦ 1052grape F 2378grape vine ‰ 2379grapnel Û 2587grasp û 1752grass u 224grass skirt I.346grassy reed ä 2385grate L 1104grave ¦ 231graveyard I.92greatness ´ 999green k 1371green onion III.8grind $ 594grindstone B 2590grip 2 1059grope ) 1327ground I.67ground G 515groundbreaking Ç 1971group : 582grove n 196grow late n 694grow plentiful ¦ 2406grow up I.347grow wild £ 2381
grudge Ø 1420guard ! 186guess I 1103guest ª 294guidance ‚ 278guillotine I.365guilt & 1636gulf Ø 1749gully I.228gun c 762gunwale ì 2675gushing Þ 2295gutter w 1819guy G 702
H _
hackberry Ð 2514hackneyed Q 2901Hades d 2841haiku , 1633hair I.413hair of the head p 1924hairpin I.412halberd ^ 1225half } 1202halo I.336halo = 2439halt É 977hammer ¬ 2769hand # 637handle ; 690handmaiden Š 2196handsaw Ó 2759hang Ä 674hanging scroll Q 407happenstance û 333happiness a 1505harbor v 1800
hard up  1326harden ô 580harlot ³ 2198harm “ 1551harmony É 897harp 7 1591harvest µ 908hatchet 2 2333hate ‡ 626haven § 328hawk Ü 2237hawser „ 1963hawthorn | 2349hay M 2084haystack I.292haze ] 2779hazel J 2475he ª 883head I.37head w 1441headland N 1115heal ` 1709healing ² 2037healthy Á 974hear l 1626hearing C 1910heart P 595hearth I.71hearth « 1080heat å 1516heaven-high å 2104heavens ú 428heavy b 1675hedge ¤ 154hegemony þ 1895Heights + 1294heir u 1867helmet I.77helmet Ü 2854help š 1782helping hand ð 2919
400 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
hem — 2624hemlock ² 2488hemorrhoids » 2575hemp & 593hermit ä 986hermitage I 2056heron 5 2833hesitate Ç 2996hibernation b 2684hide ’ 1692high mountain ` 2226high-reaching ˆ 2224highness x 1310hill ° 1329hill of beans III.7hillock ± 1039hinder ì 1297hinge Š 1697hire Ö 2128history t 692hit c 1153hoarse Ì 454hoe n 2762hoist Û 664hold ³ 660hole ¹ 1316hollow reed 6 2364holly Í 2485hollyhock , 2391holy ¸ 825home á 1916home country Í 1848home town ø 1849homecoming o 1230hone ç 2560honey P 776honorable : 1398hooch j 2748hood I.77hoof â 2741hook I.42
hop – 1284hope d 1489horizon — 157horizontal e 1645horns I.35horse I.191horse + 1978horse chestnut Ÿ 514horse mackerel 7 2818hot water _ 546house I.79house B 541houseµy H 2685how many e 1381however ñ 953hug Ý 1387human legs I.34humanity _ 988humility E 630hump N 1561hundred ß 38hundred million $ 983hungry ƒ 1475hunt & 243hurry ¹ 1146husband & 838husk ² 710
I _
I 7 17I (one) t 457I Ching III.6I wonder é 2704ice I.154icicle ä 131idea [ 608II Î 355ill í 1682
illuminate Ñ 170illustrious Ö 2593imitation v 229immaculate | 2318immature M 896immediate ´ 2788immense G 2089immersed K 1149imminent J 2261impart 4 736imperialauthority b 2610imperial edict ä 342imperial order › 1667imperial seal º 2075imply Y 2211impress Á 2250in _ 39in a row,upside down I.389in front 2 290in the nick oftime ° 2433incandescent ¹ 2908incense ¡ 911inch ’ 2952incision W 2703include L 1588income 9 1510increase I.172increase † 502incur ¼ 807indecent Í 2336indications ‚ 887indigo / 2371individual ñ 973infancy × 1378infant I.223infatuation ¾ 2277inferiority — 862inµammation Ý 162
irrigate ó 2079island S 1948island [alternate] T 2976isolate ½ 1312Italy Q 1161itch _ 2572item O 2029ivy I.69
J _
jade green z 2863jail » 2213jail cell I.363jammed in k 250Japanese cypress Û 2495Japanese cypress[old] … 2964Japanese Judas-tree ” 198Japanese oak à 2493jasmine ^ 2348javelin ¬ 2767jawbone I.308jealous 4 2195jet L 2565jewel * 256jeweled hairpin Ú 2962join n 1030journey ð 880jubilation ‰ 2001judgment | 1205jump ì 1409junior 6 878jurisdiction i 1405just so ¡ 388juvenile ‡ 436
K _
kalpa ¥ 2857kazoo I.168keg — 2755ketchup I.341key I.364key Ý 2761kick O 2742kidnap x 656kidney f 2453kill N 1493kiln å 1325kilometer , 2946kindle e 2537king ÷ 255kitchen p 2152kitchen stove Ý 2617kite í 2139kite falcon ¦ 2836knee Ó 2461kneel Ÿ 2745knot I.268know F 1223Korea H 1647kudzu Ò 2398
L _
label ˆ 2926labor ± 860lack µ 466lacquer Ô 932lad Ò 1716ladder Ù 2479ladle ð 68
402 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
lady ( 1151lagoon Ê 2039laid waste Œ 488lake þ 148lament U 621lamp a 165lamp [old] b 2972lance i 2516land @ 1513lap I.125lapel @ 2623lapis lazuli J 2557large Ø 107large goose £ 2313large hill @ 2928lass ÷ 1530last day of themonth { 2452lastly Ø 2570lathe › 2244laugh Ù 938laundry æ 577lazy · 629lead (metal) ç 794leader µ 731leaf è 228leak º 1068lean z 1011leap ¨ 1285learn H 574leather ¾ 1893lecture “ 1816leech ó 2696leek Ú 2081lees q 2649left Ù 77leg ˜ 1279legitimate wife ] 440leisure E 1625lend Ð 1007length ï 691
mend » 2073mending I.143mention o 1524mercy ² 1389merit P 1276meritorious deed o 1677metal I.108metallurgy ™ 2137method À 751metropolis @ 1846mid-air a 1109migrating ducks I.417mile / 2950military of³cer Y 1095milk Ö 729mill Ÿ 2596millet ¨ 2605millimeter V 2948mimeograph p 1211mimic ‘ 1411mineral ˜ 741mingle H 1275minstrel } 2112mirror I.168mirror ù 483miscellaneous P 562miso ; 2177miss W 1926missile I.214mist I.32mistake C 1899mistress Á 2203mix Ï 450moat ª 2306mochi Š 2802model = 1960modest « 2422moisten 3 2320mold „ 680moment Þ 2144money I.45
monk I.77monk’s sash á 2701monkey I.278monkey á 403monme — 1027month ½ 13moo ] 2961moon I.18mop I.286more and more ¡ 2241moreover Õ 2034morning † 52morrow 7 2443mortar ¡ 2063mosaic I.383mosquito ^ 1728moss Î 2356moth f 2694mother-in-law õ 2205mottled â 2876Mount þ 1961mountain [ 768mountain goat I.419mountain peak Œ 773mountain stream• 840mountaintop … 2228mourning f 599mouse Q 2065mouth S 11move { 1676mow è 2387moxa ¿ 2538Mr * 1805mud è 1055mulberry m 698murky C 2843muscle I.239muscle : 941mushroom ì 2394music Á 1735musical score : 1787
INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 405
mustard † 2376muster ¥ 2255mutually 3 757muzzle I.166my son m 2131myself , 2058mysterious é 1383
N _
nab • 2260nail I.49nail æ 2766naked ú 1124name e 112Nara ¹ 1094national µag i 1764nativity 8 393nautical mile ¡ 2951navigate ‹ 1870navy blue Ñ 1758near C 1129neck / 70neck and throat § 2796need ê 1604needle I.18needle [ 274negate § 1218negative # 1217neglect Æ 745neighboring t 1311nephew ì 2910nest h 1927nestle ° 2497netting } 1373new G 1502newborn babe − 58next µ 471nickname ¦ 1242
niece l 2201nifty ¢ 2133night š 1037nightbreak * 30nightfall œ 1974nightingale ú 2907nine G 9nitrate Ô 115No. Ù 1239node Þ 1464Noh chanting ë 1968nonplused Z 1720noodles t 2752nook i 2427noon 5 568north ë 445nose I.27nose Ì 678not ‰ 1049not yet J 216notebook y 1922nothingness [ 1775nourishing · 1388now Ä 1587nucleus ± 1520numb g 2355number ‰ 929nun Í 1054
O _
oak P 199oaken tub I.387oar È 2502obeisance F 1299obeisant ó 2612obese â 494obey ˆ 129obscure * 2445
observance ´ 1573obstacle ˜ 2592obvious a 2582occasion ! 1296occupation · 1034ocean á 549octopus î 2690of î 1214offering Ò 1615of³cer 3 693offspring ¡ 2097oil ± 1107ointment Š 2923old ò 16old boy p 1162old Kyoto # 2302old man ¾ 1251Old West I.359old woman ( 804olden times Ç 35on the verge of ù 2305once upon a timeË 1184one s 1one-sided ‰ 1212oneself À 36onion ã 2389only ï 53ooze ³ 636open ˆ 1622open sea ! 138or again : 696orchid 0 2363orders | 1401organize ª 1670Oriental elm a 2474ornate þ 2667orphan ö 1879other ¬ 961ought m 1718outburst Ü 1801outhouse I.229
pack of wild dogs I.98packed ¥ 343paddy-³eld ridge – 2571paddy-ridge ‘ 1204page z 60pagoda O 254pain − 1690paint 3 1663painting of a deer I.426pair T 697palanquin Ô 2860
pale blue x 2399palisade = 2507pan- ‰ 2327panther ê 2734paper — 1829paper punch I.314parable H 2728parade I.137parade µoat I.139paragraph Ÿ 82parakeet ¬ 2830paralysis h 2579parasol tree = 3003parcel post ã 1858parch l 215pardon ä 1744parent V 1504park Ó 585park [alternate] å 2974parrot ` 2831parsley = 2396part _ 781part of speech Ÿ 1865part of the body I.19partial ‡ 1823particularly % 810partition ™ 783partner Q 2121party J 797pass through L 2970paste # 2650patent ½ 1715path − 1282pathetic & 401patrol … 285patronage w 2982pattern – 1413paulownia + 204pavilion Ç 311pay Y 738pay respects p 1864
peaceful Ê 1570peach tree Y 236pear tree 6 907pearl ( 258peck at à 2168pedestal × 744peek ø 2875peel off M 2145peep › 2613Pegasus I.191pelt µ 802penal ƒ 888penalty r 833penetrate ó 886penitential H 2083pennant R 2233pent in I.194people W 1834peregrine falcon z 2879perfect õ 187performance Ü 2007performing artist Z 2122perfume Æ 493period k 1765perish I.169permanence ½ 958permit Ñ 569persimmon ¥ 2481person ^ 951person in charge y 1392persuade ð 864perusal 1 855petition X 135petting C 2270phantasm å 1862pheasant C 2584philosophy ò 1131phlegm g 2573phoenix Ð 2142phosphorus p 2052phrase I 65
INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 407
pick ï 733pick up B 667picket o 2484pickling · 1545picture … 1346piebald ¾ 2804pierce A 102pig-iron / 270pigeon v 1946piggy bank I.186piglets I.185piled high À 2185pillage E 2247pillar e 268pillow 3 2472pinch é 657pine tree Ç 785pining § 633pinnacle I.309pioneer z 2924pipe 5 1273pit W 306pitch dark M 2777pity È 1187place ‹ 1127place on thehead ™ 94placement N 832placenta Å 531plaid I.379plains Ÿ 1596plains [old] ï 2979plan L 214plane 7 118plank ‡ 724plant 0 205plantain * 2386plantation ð 358play Ê 1047play music Y 1571pleasure − 628
potato I.367potato y 1655pottery v 1966pour f 267poverty ú 782power j 858pox d 1684practice £ 1343praise Ê 998pray t 1128precious { 1771precious stone ó 2553precipitous Þ 1672preface Ÿ 1594prefecture Ö 513pregnancy Ü 507present ê 259presents Š 503press down on J 2259pressing Ú 2420pressure 9 152prevarication ² 2718previously j 1481price E 978princess Ü 849printing H 1069printing block Š 1213prison ¹ 338private • 902prize ç 796proceed ? 386proclaim è 188prodigal m 2357products c 1560pro³t 2 906progress H 2436prohibition 8 1098prolong × 392promise ¥ 1362promontory 2 778-proof  1164
408 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
property ( 682proportion Ë 1553propose Ø 665prosperous Ä 25prostrated N 962protect ˜ 997protein 7 2683proverb î 2723provisions c 926prudence R 1996pruning å 2941public N 784public chamber } 798publish î 1650pull … 1232pull through Y 2136punish { 679pup K 2341pup tent I.376pupil † 437puppet I.303pure ² 1539puri³cation ù 1732purple ˜ 1375purple willow ß 2473purse I.386pursue X 539pus ö 2455push ò 1114put in I.226put up (a notice) Œ 673puzzle I.264
Q _
quack « 2403quaff µ 2080quake ] 2010quandary Å 579
quantity g 177quarrel X 2160quarter I.294quasi- w 560queen ¨ 527query g 2713question “ 1617quick ™ 1669quickwitted † 2278quiet  1540quill 9 2780quire x 2231quit º 2032quiver I.135quote ° 2102
R _
rabbit I.421rabbit 0 2093racoon dog û 2338radiance ‚ 302raft t 2629rag I.268railing 2 2192rain ˜ 422rainbow Ó 520raise Î 1938rake I.284range o 356rank R 955rapidly Õ 1686rapids œ 1666rare £ 1723rather â 834ratio B 1737rattan box 3 2631raw cotton p 2512ray M 119
re- Œ 1081reach out ´ 688read œ 348reality × 1572reap ç 1488rebellion ƒ 2902rebuke ³ 352rebuttal ^ 2808receipt I.328receive Ø 308receptable â 2264recess ‹ 611recitation Æ 345reclining I.162recollection & 632recommend % 2000record Æ 1144recreation 8 1898recruit ¥ 861rectify ó 1221red Ó 1743red pepper I.341redaction e 2641reed # 242reef Õ 558re³ned · 1535reµect º 1742reformation y 528refreshing ^ 313refulgent ó 2544regiment Ó 1306register « 949regret É 1460regularity Y 903reign ¸ 746reinforce £ 2730reject Ê 1138rejoice ] 1445relatives É 2882relax H 190reliant S 971
revelation ² 247revered ¨ 1439review Ï 1618revile … 2390revise à 339revolve % 420rhinoceros õ 2069rhyme ‘ 481rhythm A 874ri = 173rib Å 2463rice y 919rice bran | 2652rice ³eld , 14rice gruel æ 2243rice plant w 910rice-³eldfootpath Æ 2072
rice-seedling I.343riddle ¿ 2709ride ñ 1585ridgepole [ 505ridicule E 829right “ 78righteousness – 641rin m 178ring 0 836rinse ¸ 2292riot ( 72rise up à 43rising cloud I.152rising sun 4 27risk à 18ritual ø 1102river I 146river pool ª 2323rivet ñ 2763road I.114road-way Š 277roast ö 2548rob ô 566
robust X 321roc Ñ 2829rocksalt ± 2866rocky Ø 2230rocky beach r 2594rod ß 1575romance › 1748roof % 1058roofbeam ] 2299room Ñ 754roost − 2496root Í 1461roots I.277rope I.34rose of Sharon u 2915rot 7 1023rotation ø 1046rough seas À 2321round K 44rouse | 526route ? 1661row u 1785rowboat ß 1876rowing k 1175rub ; 644rubbing ™ 2258rubbish ` 2219rudder º 2674rue • 1483ruggedmountains ! 2225rule ’ 88ruled lines œ 2698rumble ¬ 2729rumor ß 499run { 384run alongside Û 795rush R 2805rush mat ( 2383rust T 2771rust-colored # 2038
410 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
rustling š 2619rut } 288
S _
sabre I.46sabre Ä 1671sack Ï 1006sacred Shintotree / 2490sacri³ce “ 643sad « 1635saddle N 2782saddle straps í 2784safeguard � 700sagacious p 1014sail „ 406saké , 1428salad I.290salarium Ä 2602salary Æ 1349saliva ³ 2165salmon � 2815salt é 1458salute ˆ 1087salvation º 936same | 180samurai I.125sand Þ 117sandalwood A 2525sandwiched í 1267Sanskrit ka Z 2959sapience µ 2905sapling III.8sardine z 2813sash Ä 415sated Ï 1480savings r 194saw I.282
say í 335sayeth Q 578scaffold ` 367scaled u 2054scales I.368scar Ð 2578scarecrow I.354scarf I.147scarlet ¹ 2659scatter _ 1189scenery “ 314scepter I.104scheme @ 948school house I.127scissors I.304scissors š 2773scold Í 2179scorn B 989scorpion I.179scout « 2154scrapbook I.395scratch d 2252screw ù 2691screwdriver I.290scribe z 529scroll ñ 1207scurry ‹ 2086sea } 461sea bream Õ 2812seacoast ø 1332seagull û 2828seal I 156search a 1120seasons u 912seat Ç 1193seaweed y 2035seclude ¼ 1380second î 899secrecy O 775secret ¸ 904secret agent ” 2726
section H 1845sedge ” 2410sediment + 2300seduce ª 86see Ø 57seedling ï 234seep ( 2291seethe Z 1237seize ³ 701self ÷ 525self-effacing Ù 1600sell � 323semi- } 564send back B 837sensitive ¢ 2434sentence k 1725separate ƒ 90sequential x 1854set ‘ 1064set aside @ 1188set free ½ 496set straight â 2892settlement ó 1356settlings T 2648seven Ì 7severance ? 1136sew Ä 1563sex § 1558shade ‹ 1592shadow ¹ 1712shake F 2011shaku ñ 1070shaku hachi I.271ShakyamuniBuddha ¼ 2955shallow ò 369shalt ] 2105sham 6 966shame I 823shape I.377shape † 1711
INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 411
sketch ì 670skids « 1396skill Œ 712skin 8 1992skirt á 800skunk I.421slacken 7 1952slander ½ 2724slap ï 1793slaughter G 2143slave I.237slave ‹ 2036sled ,
2521sleep X 1835sleeve £ 1108slender ü 1790slender bamboo Ù 2639sliding door ù 2627slingshot I.301slip out s 705slippery Ñ 1289slope * 723slow Q 1067sly Î 2335small I.53small bell Š 1406small craft 9 2068smash ö 116smoke ß 1612snake I.182snake í 519snapping turtle × 3000snapshot K 822snare I.300snore Ü 2944snow à 1143so-and-so Þ 1759so-called i 2725soar ™ 2933sociable Ê 1970soft É 470
soil F 150soldier o 1331solely µ 556solemn j 1733solicit ¾ 1536solitude o 2310solution g 947somebody X 1248someone é 1256son Á 1851song H 469soot A 2541soothe » 2210sorceress B 2930sort { 931sort of thing 5 241soul Ó 2021sound 3 479soup ^ 140source è 142souse / 2314south Ç 1613southeast ö 2861sovereign Ð 435sow I.184sowing Á 2395soy sauce è 2746span Ò 32span [old] Ñ 2985spare time E 1882spark I.57sparkle Æ 22sparkler I.380sparrow – 2878sparse v 2611spatula † 2633speaketh M 1117spear I.298special – 246specialty é 46species ) 1679
specimen C 1455speckled † 2556speech I.130sphere Æ 1208spicy Y 1496spike I.49spin a tale w 2176spinal column Ñ 2071spindle ƒ 1584spindle tree 5 2489spine ¨ 24spinning á 1357spiny q 2498spirit q 1885spirits ‘ 1791spit 1 151splash ? 218splendor T 1581split ™ 813split up ¼ 2714spoils  2273spoke è 2731sponsor æ 987spool I.216spoon 0 444spot ( 169sprain ä 2845spray m 2307spread 1 1883spring ñ 133springtime r 1568sprinkle ^ 2271sprout I.276spy Ê 981squad Œ 1229square jewel ‚ 155squat ã 1024squeeze 9 1324St. Bernard dog I.54stab £ 1319stagnate Ë 416
412 INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS
stalk Ÿ 715stalwart p 2889stamen Þ 2393stammer ¡ 2175stamp I.324stamp | 1425stand up C 431standard y 841standstill q 2423staple gun I.401staples I.329star « 1556star-anise ! 2532stare Š 237start y 2872starve i 1476state ? 128state of mind I.197stately Î 2138station Ë 1984stationary ” 2991statue … 1977stature 6 446status ° 292status quo ! 239steadily 4 1135steal ] 1451stealth Ý 1322steam % 1900steed v 2060steel š 1962steep q 2061step r 1287stern ä 1936stew  2549sticky ë 921stiff z 695stimulate Œ 1280stinking I 122stipend ° 1574stirred up f 565
stitching II.8stocks Û 222stole w 2700stomach f 29stone Í 113stop Œ 370stop short C 2937stop-over l 1982store ü 588storehouse ‰ 850storey ‰ 1309storm * 777straddle + 2744straightaway Ÿ 73strainer Y 2328strand ’ 1263strange ` 126strangle ƒ 1348stratum ] 1065straw Õ 2400straw raincoat R 2354straw rope Å 1377strawberry U 2350strawman I.293stream ë 127street s 91streetwalker III.4strengthen é 2240stretch I.145stretcher j 2803strict Ç 853strike ¸ 653string Þ 2661stripe ß 2671strong è 1235strong saké ‡ 2751strung together I.391strung together ¤ 2676stubborn V 61study ¿ 324stuff up ù 2190
stumble È 2740stupid L 1683sturdy ¤ 1964sturdy oak Ç 2509style Å 353subjugate ¦ 881submerge õ 844submit Ú 1796subscription • 1817substance Ö 1137substitute Ö 1005suck µ 689suckling infant ¸ 2193sue â 787suffering N 225sugar i 1158suit of armor œ 2076suitable ï 441sulfur L 763sultry Œ 1260summarize ! 2663summer @ 296summit · 1562summit [alternate]¸ 2977summons ³ 2678sunµower I.23Sung dynasty [ 2215sunglasses I.233sunshine î 1300superµuous ò 300superintend ì 1499supinate d 2909supplement ¢ 1840suppose ¦ 684surface è 1546surname ¥ 1557surpass Î 387surplus ó 1586surround U 1807sushi A 2826suspend Ë 1394
sympathize with œ 2051symptoms Ò 1685synthesis s 2660system £ 418sðtra ™ 1360
T _
T’ang N 1157tag M 212tail Å 1915tail feathers I.412tailor ü 397take þ 819take along ¦ 287tale Ê 344Talking Cricket I.418tall ¢ 307tame Ä 2807tariff I 1778
treetops È 201tremendously d 1768tribe Ÿ 1222tribute ” 81trickle Ë 2778triµe / 2116trim ¾ 2353trip S 1048tripod ç 2865triumph ‹ 2077trouble ñ 1935trout 6 2814true O 75trunk ˆ 182truss [ 1376trust þ 1665tryst + 2417tug Ð 2550tumor * 2467tuna 4 2816tune “ 349turf Ü 1216turkey I.188turkey-coop I.190turn Ÿ 1909turn into ¨ 361turnip G 2401turret ª 2508turtle I.97tusk b 1904twenty Ô 1190twig û 298twine / 2656twinkle ™ 2534twirl é 2266twist Å 1509two Ì 2two hands I.209two-mat area ¿ 1486tyrannize ¬ 1998
U _
ugly U 2020umbrella I.102umbrella Y 1026un- À 1632civilized & 2470uncle d 718uncommon b 1797unde³led ¸ 1548understandably ‹ 2087undertake Y 375undress õ 498uneasiness U 1995unfold û 1925unhulled rice ‘ 2651universal 3 1786unlucky £ 1415unravel m 1814until @ 2421unusual ˆ 1745upbringing Ò 2942upright Ì 55upside down, in a row I.389urge W 282urine Ù 1053use q 990usual ø 799Utamaro C 2894utensil ^ 121utilize ä 1181utmost è 821
INDEX 2: KEYWORDS & PRIMITIVE MEANINGS 415
V _
V 4 2967vague Y 230valentine I.197valley ú 788value 9 1603valve – 742vapor r 1886various ™ 1261vase I.156vast e 1234vat j 1176vegetable û 734vegetable patch › 2918vehicle I.116vein T 1856vendetta N 2707venerable old manø 786venison Ê 2216veri³cation à 1980verify e 2710vermilion $ 221versify E 1589vertical a 1338vessels Æ 699vestiges Õ 2743vicarious Ú 1739vice- O 89victory § 1209vie Þ 434villa v 322village ‰ 92villain à 1490vine º 1945vinegar n 1434violate ô 2194violent ± 497
violet „ 2099VIP û 511virtuous 3 1035vis-a-vis Á 1726viscera Ü 2456visit a shrine ¤ 2715voice ¹ 1896voiced ê 835void Ð 1993volume Î 1543vow ½ 1133vulgar š 968vulture I.218
W _
wagging tongue I.18wagon I.116wait Å 879waiter ¬ 976waitress I.337walk Ÿ 371walking legs I.117walking stick I.26wall I.221wall | 1500wand I.31wandering ¹ 1470war ì 1929ward J 1696ward off è 1302wardrobe k 2635warehouse ø 589warm 1 1452warmth @ 1949warped Ë 2862warrior ¹ 377warship ; 1875wash ó 249
whole 6 263wholesale / 1397wick T 2368wicked î 1906wicker basket I.384wide b 739widespread ˆ 2301widow C 617wife ë 1889wild dogs I.98wild duck â 2835wild goose U 2150wild mulberry ¸ 2517willow ª 1421wilt u 2135wince ê 2275wind I.34wind K 524winding l 1369window p 749windpipe } 2159wing ö 1798wings I.192wink s 817winnow à 2647winnowing fan M 2643winter K 427wipe / 2254wisdom J 1224wish ç 1590wistaria n 1210witch % 2022with child A 2012withdraw j 1318wither ü 206
within ê 2900within my ability × 2173without exceptionÒ 2430withstand ó 1770wolf ¼ 2339woman œ 98womb Ì 748wonder ü 1987wooden bowl × 2487wooden hammer ª 2477wooden ladle ò 2510wooden leg I.307wooden pestle § 2503wooden pole I.82wooden spoon F 2891wool I.188word B 347words I.130work z 1678work a ³eld µ 2111world ƒ 251wormwood È 2375worship 0 1564wound ¥ 996wrap ± 530wrenching è 2251wretched ] 1721write – 327writing brush Ù 943
X _
X V 2968
Y _
yam — 2365Yamato È 2106yarn I.323yawn I.164year æ 1036year-end ñ 512yearn ƒ 2280yell ò 1042yellow ü 1750yesterday : 1140yield a 1060yonder T 183young ø 223young miss ? 2206younger brother Ô 1240younger sister ) 220
Index 3 includes all the standard readings for all the kanji treat-ed in volumes I and III. The full range of readings for names isnot, however, covered here. Katakana is used for on-yomi andhiragana for kun-yomi; okurigana are set in bold type. Referencesare to the frame in which the kanji was first introduced.
u 2054YWWšš n 2577YXXšš Ð 557YZNNšš L 506YYukk G 9YYœ B 595
[ 608YYœ]^ ƒ 600YYœŠŠšš ¢ 354YYœ—JJ r 1642
Y^ º 2304» 1605Ô 2860
Y`̀ º 2304• 385Y 2328Î 387
Y`JJ Á 2337YaN È 201»É L 1104YfNN g 947YfNNšš ñ 607
g 947Yg¡šš i 654»Ì F 462
½ 2431¾ 2277¿ 1288c 2615
Yo 7 1591ª 1156% 810í 335b 1797
YoZoU Ò 2430e 1071A 2125
Zo^̂ Ø 100ø 223
Yoqqšš b 1797Yorr % 810Yow Ÿ 1865
 1497Yo}S 3 1565
V 2995Yo†VV V 2995Yp‘ ÷ 2618Yo¡] î 2723Yo¡™ 7 265
440 INDEX 3: READINGS
Yo¡šš ? 1136Yq g 920Yu  2043
¡ 388ˆ 2890
Yu‹‹ Y 99Yw‹‹ Ì 857Y}^ Ì 2917ZƒJ q 1040Y‡kk 8 2067Y‡››šš u 2315
8 2067Œ 1402
Y‰ R 1979À 2343
Y‰Js À 2343Y‰QQJJ ú 1363Y‰šš Å 579ZŠ a 2838YŠh ‡ 882Y‹‹ Á 780YŒ y 919YŒŒšš Á 780Y‘ ( 2383Y‘šš ½ 2638Y“^ » 1756Y“` » 1756Y—Š ” 213Y˜̃^̂ŒŒšš ƒ 888Y˜̃`̀ ! 1412
Index Four includes all the primitive elements of volumes I andIII, escept for elements originally introduced as kanji in their ownright. References are to the volume and page number where theelement was ³rst introduced.