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REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA
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REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Dec 24, 2015

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Page 1: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of

North Carolina, USA

Page 2: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

2010

THE YEAR OF “RECORD AND NEAR-RECORD” NATURAL DISASTERS

Page 3: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and

Iceland) and movement along faults located in subduction zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim).

VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and

Iceland) and movement along faults located in subduction zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim).

Page 4: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

PLANET EARTH HAS 1,500 “VOLCANO LABORATORIES”

EACH VOLCANO HAS A UNIQUE ERUPTION HISTORY, WHICH

CONTAINS VALUABLE LESSONS ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Page 5: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

Page 6: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

2010’S NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

• ICELAND

March 20 and April 14, 2010

• INDONESIA

October 25-27 – November 24, 2010

Page 7: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

IMPACTED NATIONS

• Iceland (Europe)

• Indonesia

Page 8: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010

• The volcanic ash cloud over Europe from Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull volcano paralyzed air travel in Europe for weeks and cost the industry over $2 B.

• The eruption of Mount Merapi immediately after a M7.7 earthquake and a tsunami caused loss of life and a triple disaster in Indonesia.

Page 9: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

INDONESIA

A LAND OF ISLANDS AND SUBDUCTION ZONE

VOLCANOES

Page 10: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

INDONESIA HAS MORE THAN 17,000 ISLANDS

Page 11: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

TECTONICS OF INDONESIA REGION

• The Australian and Eurasian plates meet in Indonesia, creating a tectonic setting favorable for generating earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.

Page 12: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Indonesia is home to 129 active volcanoes, with the two most active

ones — Mount Kelut and Mount Merapi — located on the island of

Java, which also contains the Indonesian capital of Jakarta,

roughly 500 km (300 mi) northwest of them.

Page 13: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

SUBDUCTION ZONE VOLCANOES

Page 14: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

MOUNT MERAPI, INDONESIA, IS A SUBDUCTION ZONE VOLCANO

• Mount Merapi has a history of starting full scale erupt-ions with a pyroclastic cloud and flow.

Page 15: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• LAVA FLOWS

• LAHARS

• EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava)

• “VOLCANIC WINTER”

Page 16: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• VERTICAL PLUME

• ASH AND TEPHRA

• LATERAL BLAST

• PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

Page 17: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ICELAND

A LAND OF FIRE (HOT SPOT VOLCANOES) AND

ICE

Page 18: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ICELAND’S VOLCANOES

Page 19: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Unlike the subduction zone volcanoes along the Pacific Rim where the slow rise of magma gives early seismic warnings that an eruption is imminent, Iceland's hot spot

volcanoes tend to erupt under ice sheets with little warning.

Page 20: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the highly volatile divergent

boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates that

is marked by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Page 21: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ICELAND AND THE MID ATLANTIC RIDGE

Page 22: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

LATERAL BLAST

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

FLYING DEBRIS

VOLCANIC ASH

LAVA FLOWS

LAHARS

TOXIC GASES

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

Page 23: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

VOLCANO DISASTER RISK VOLCANO DISASTER RISK REDUCTIONREDUCTION

•PREVENTION/MITIGATION•PREPAREDNESS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

Page 24: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR VOLCANOES

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR VOLCANOES

• PURPOSE

• LAND-USE CONTROL

• EVACUATION

• PURPOSE

• LAND-USE CONTROL

• EVACUATION

• TECHNIQUE

• MAPS: LAVA AND/OR LAHAR FLOW PATHS

• COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

• TECHNIQUE

• MAPS: LAVA AND/OR LAHAR FLOW PATHS

• COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

Page 25: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

The Eyjafjallajökull (AYA-feeyapla-yurkul) volcano in Southern Iceland,

part of the volcanic process that originally formed Iceland, erupted a

few minutes before midnight on Saturday, March 20th

Page 26: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano is Located in Southern Iceland

Page 27: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ERUPTION HISTORY

Eyjafjallajökull last erupted in 1821 in what was called a "lazy"

eruption, which lasted almost two years.

Page 28: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano

Page 29: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Eyjafjallajökull: UNDER A GLACIER; MARCH 27, 2010

Page 30: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

AN 8-KM PLUME OF STEAM: APRIL 14, 2010

Page 31: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

EYJAFJALLAJOEKULL: VOLCANO UNDER A GLACIER

Page 32: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

HEAVY FLOODING: APRIL 14, 2010

Page 33: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

HEAVY FLOODING LOCALLY:

APRIL 14, 2010

Page 34: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

HEAVY FLOODING WASHES OUT ROAD: APRIL 14, 2010

Page 35: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

(DARK) ASH CLOUD OVER ICELAND: APRIL 15, 2010

Page 36: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

A dark and spectacular volcanic cloud spread over Britain and toward continental Europe on

Thursday, April 15, forcing airlines to cancel thousands of flights as it drifted at high altitude south and

east from the continuing eruption in Iceland.

Page 37: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ASH CLOUD FROM APRIL 14 ERUPTION

Page 38: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ICELAND’S AIR TRAFFIC DISRUPTED BY THE ASH

Page 39: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC DISRUPTED: APRIL 15, 2010

Page 40: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

The ash cloud, made up of minute particles of silicate that can

severely damage jet engines, left airplanes stranded on the tarmac at

some of the world’s busiest airports.

Page 41: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

APRIL 19: Eyjafjallajökull is still erupting.

Page 42: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

MAP OF AIRPORTS CANCELLING FLIGHTS: APRIL 15, 2010

Page 43: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

A week of airspace closures caused by the ash threat to planes created

the worst breakdown in civil aviation in Europe since World War II, which caused more than 100,000

flights to be canceled and airlines to lose over $2 billion.

Page 44: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano: Lava and Lightning

Page 45: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

“DIRTY THUNDERSTORM” APRIL 17, 2010

Page 46: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

THE ERUPTION CONTINUES: ICELAND; APRIL 17, 2010

Page 47: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Steam and Ash Cloud: April 17

Page 48: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Glacier and the Ash Cloud: April 18

Page 49: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Car Traveling Through Ash: April 18

Page 50: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Clearing Ash from Roof: April 18, 2010

Page 51: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Horses and the Ash Cloud: April 18

Page 52: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Plane (upper left) and Ash Cloud Over Iceland: April 18

Page 53: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

A NEW THREAT: Scientists said the 800-meter fissure caused by the

eruption was growing and heading towards the Myrdalsjokall glacier, which sits atop Iceland’s powerful

Katla volcano

Page 54: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

An eruption at the Katla volcano would likely be

very disastrous for Iceland as well as for other nations.

Page 55: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ERUPTION OF MOUNT MERAPI

EXACERBATED THE EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

DISASTER THAT OCCURRED ON OCTOER 25, 2010

October 25-27 – November 24, 2010

Page 56: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

A M7.7 EARTHQUAKE, A 3 M-TSUNAMI-WAVE RUN UP, AND A LONG

ERUPTION OF MOUNT MERAPI CAUSED LOSSES IN THE TENS OF

MILLIONS, DISPLACED OVER 340,000, KILLING NEARLY 1,000 , AND

POTENTIALLY AFFECTING THE HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE FOR

THOUSANDS,

Page 57: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Sandwiched between two active earthquake belts, the Pacific “Ring of fire,” and the Alpide Belt, Indonesia experiences some of the most powerful earthquakes and volcanic

eruptions on Earth.

Page 58: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

KNOWING THE ERUPTION HISTORY OF A VOLCANO IS A VITAL PART OF THE ART

AND SCIENCE OF INTELLIGENT EVACUATION.

Page 59: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Monday and Tuesday: Oct 25-26

Indonesia endured two days of environmental extremes after a powerful earthquake, a tsunami,

and a volcanic eruption struck the Java region of the Indonesian

archipelago.

Page 60: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

CASUALTIES: 538 ON OCT 26, BUT TOLL CONTINUED TO RISE

The earthquake and tsunami run up left at least 500 dead, and the initial volcanic eruption left 38 dead, BUT,

health impacts associated with Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption

may have long-term impacts.

Page 61: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED THREE TIMES: OCT 26, 2010

Page 62: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

THE RESPONSE TO A HUGE HUMANITARIAN

NEED BEGINSThe Indonesian government started by constructing 4000 shelter homes, while Aid workers were scrambling to provide

tents, food, clothing, and medicine to evacuees while awaiting international

assistance.

Page 63: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

SEARCH AND RESCUE AFTER MERAPI’S ERUPTION

Page 64: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

MERAPI’S ERUPTION CONTINUES: NOV 1

Page 65: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

70,000 EVACUATED AS ERUPTION CONTINUES: NOV 2

Page 66: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

FLAWS IN EVACUATION FACILITIES EXPOSED : NOV 2

• Tens of thousands of evacuees, who were anxious to go home to check on livestock and homes, found the camps cramped and unsanitary, but they were unable to go because there was no lull or clear end in Merapi’s eruption cycle.

Page 67: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

A LARGE ERUPTION: NOV 3

Page 68: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

In consideration of the violence of the eruption on November 3rd,

the government widened the radius of the evacuation zone

around Merapi from 5 to 10 km, and eventually to 12 km.

Page 69: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Aid workers say the conditions in the evacuee camps are very

poor, with some shelters having as few as five lavatories for every thousand residents.

Page 70: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

VERY VIOLENT ERUPTION ON NOV 5

• Just before midnight, Merapi erupted with a 10 km ash plume that affected locations 250 km away and a pyroclastic cloud of ash and rock fragments that raced down the slopes at speeds of up to 100 km per hour.

•

Page 71: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ERUPTIONS CONTINUES : NOV 6

Page 72: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

FLIGHTS TO JAKARTA CANCELED BECAUSE OF THE

ASH CLOUDS.

Page 73: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Deaths continued to climb daily from the continuing eruption of

Mount Merapi: 38 (Oct 26) to 56 to 118 to 138 to 156 (Nov 8) to 191(Nov 10).

Page 74: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NOV. 6TH : A massive aid operation is underway to provide humanitarian assistance to some 200,000 people who fled the most violent eruptions in 100 years, especially on Thursday night (Nov 4th), which killed over 70 people.

Page 75: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Local government, the security forces, the Indonesian Red

Cross, NGOs and hundreds of volunteers are distributing food,

water and organizing basic medical care.

Page 76: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

MERAPI’S ERUPTIONS CONTINUE : NOV 10

Page 77: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

USA SENDS THREE VOLCANO EXPERTS WITH EXPERIENCE IN

THE MAY 1980 ERUPTION OF MOUNT ST HELENS TO ASSIST

INDONESIAN EXPERTS IN THEIR ASSESSMENTS OF MERAPI.

Page 78: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Merapi’s eruptions, which began on Oct. 26, passed the 120-hour mark on Nov. 11, eclipsing its

old record set in 1872.

Page 79: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NEW HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS: HIGH SULFUR DIOXIDE : NOV 11

Page 80: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NOV 11: According to the National Disaster Management Agency, 194 deaths, 598 people are hospitalized, and 343,909

people have been evacuated to the safety zone, 12.4 miles (20

km) away from Merapi.

Page 81: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NEW THREAT-FLASH FLOODS:Volcanic debris has clogged many of the rivers (e.g., Code River) that begin on Merapi's slopes, and officials are now worried that cold lava could overwhelm these rivers and

create conditions for flash floods.

Page 82: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ASH-COVERED SCHOOL: NOV 14

Page 83: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NOV 15th Evacuees begin returning home to take care of livestock and to

assess vitality of resuming their former livelihoods

Page 84: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

AS OF NOV 16th Merapi had emitted more than

140 million cubic meters of materials, higher than the 100

million cubic meters emitted in 1872 and the 14 million cubic

meters emitted in 2006.

Page 85: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

ASH-COVERED TERRAIN: NOV 18

Page 86: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

The month-long eruptions of Mount Merapi also damaged 867 hectares of forested land

on the volcano`s slopes in Sleman District, Yogyakarta,

with material losses estimated at Rp33 billion.

Page 87: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Deaths from the ongoing eruption of Mount Merapi

continued to climb daily, going from:

38 (Oct 26) to 56 to 118 to 138 to 156 (Nov 8) to 190 (Nov 10) to 250 (Nov 14) to 275 (Nov 18) to

324 (Nov 25)

Page 88: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

IMPATIENT EVACUEES BEGIN RETURNING HOME: NOV 18

Page 89: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NOV 18th The Government spent an

estimated $10 million to buy cattle as a means of keeping

the farmers from returning home too soon to face almost certain health-care problems

and death.

Page 90: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NOV 19th The Government declared that it

will end the emergency response period for the Mount

Merapi volcanic eruption disaster on November 24th

Page 91: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NOV 20th Indonesia's Yogyakarta airport,

which had been closed for about two weeks by the eruption of the

Mount Merapi volcano, reopened for operations on Saturday, November 20.

Page 92: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

After the end of the emergency response period, the National Disaster Management Agency

(BNPB) will begin implementing the reconstruction and

rehabilitation programs for Mount Merapi victims

Page 93: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

The BNPB has at its disposal Rp397 billion to help disaster

victims, with 80 percent allocated to meet the victims` physical

needs and 20 percent allocated for operational expenses..

Page 94: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

"Houses that have been damaged or destroyed will be rebuilt; people who have lost

cattle will be financially compensated, and food will be

provided for those who lost crops.

Page 95: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

But there also was more than Rp3 trillion in stand-by funds to

respond to the needs of reconstruction and rehabilitation

Page 96: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

NOVEMBER 26-28: Indonesia’s Mount Bromo, also located on Java, began to erupt on Friday, eventually emitting ash clouds

on Sunday that reached a height of up to 700 meters (2,300 feet).

on Sunday.

Page 97: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

POTENTIAL EVACUEES WATCH AS MOUNT BROMO ERUPTS:

NOV 28

Page 98: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

Those living in the vicinity of Mount Bromo remained on high

alert as the East Java administration closed the airport

and began to prepare nearby residents for the possibility of an

urgent evacuation.

Page 99: REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

The European Commission decided to provide Euro 1.5

million (US$ 2.1 million) through its Humanitarian Aid department

(ECHO)  for assistance to the survivors of the tsunami in

western Sumatra and to those displaced by the volcano.


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Indonesia Eruptions

Indonesia Eruptions

Category: Technology
Volcanic Eruptions Notes

Volcanic Eruptions Notes

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Acneiform Eruptions

Acneiform Eruptions

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Impact of eruptions

Impact of eruptions

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Volcano Eruptions

Volcano Eruptions

Category: Travel
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS JAPAN PART 3: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA.

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS JAPAN PART 3:...

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Typical Basalt Eruptions

Typical Basalt Eruptions

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18.2 - Eruptions

18.2 - Eruptions

Category: Documents
2O10-11 SEMINAR SCHEDULE - ASCE Sections Website …sections.asce.org/stlouis/old web/SEI/documents... · 2O10-11 SEMINAR SCHEDULE 2O10 MISL CONTRIBUTORS ... Earthworks, Inc. Fond

2O10-11 SEMINAR SCHEDULE - ASCE Sections Website...

Category: Documents
2O10’S DISASTERS IN PICTURES NOTABLE PHYSICAL PHENOMENA: EL NINO, LA NINA, EARTHQUAKES, LANDSLIDES, WILDFIRES, SEVERE WINDSTORMS, VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, FLOODS,

2O10’S DISASTERS IN PICTURES NOTABLE PHYSICAL PHENOMENA:.....

Category: Documents