…remember the ladies… - Abigail Adams, 1776 14 th Amendment, Section One All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction.

“…remember the ladies…”- Abigail Adams, 1776

14th Amendment, Section One

“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of

the United States and of the State wherein they reside.

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person

of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the

equal protection of the laws.”

MINOR VS. HAPPERSETTSupreme Court of the United States

88 U.S. 162; 21 Wall. 162

October 1874, Term

[Unanimous decision of the Supreme Court holding that the Constitution of the United States does not guarantee to women

the right to vote in federal elections.]

Constitution of the U.S.“All persons born or naturalized in the U.S., & subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the U.S., etc…

Constitution of the State of Missouri“Every male citizen of the United States shall be entitled to vote”

“…It is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess the status are equal with respect

to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed. There is no universal

principle that determines what those rights and duties shall be, but societies in

which citizenship is a developing institution create an image of an ideal

citizenship against which achievement can be measured and towards which

aspiration can be directed.”

-T.H. Marshall p. 102

The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)

• Organized May 15, 1869 in New York City• Founders:

– Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Worked to secure women’s enfranchisement

(give the right to vote) through a federal constitutional amendment

• Radical• Opinions:

– Women’s right to vote– Equal Education– Equal Work Opportunities– Change of laws on divorce

• Held conventions• Waged state-by-state campaigns• Distributed literature to win support for their

cause

American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)

• Organized in November 1869 in Boston• Founders:

– Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe• Worked to secure women’s enfranchisement on

a state level• Founded it’s own magazine, Woman’s Journal

– 1870– Featured articles and cartoons by members

• Produced journals– The Women Voter (New York City)– Maryland Suffrage News (Baltimore)– Western Woman Voter (Seattle)

• Held conventions• Waged voting campaigns • Distributed literature in support of women’s

voting rights

Both organizations merged to create:The National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1890

(NAWSA)

19th Amendment

The right of citizens of the

United States to vote shall not be

denied or abridged by the United states or by any state on account of sex.

equal pay discrimination

“I was like a wife nursing a nagging suspicion that her husband’s having an affair.”

“Each person has an equal right to a fully adequate

scheme of basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with a similar

scheme for all”.

-Rawls

glass ceiling

Definition of glass ceiling:

"Those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational

bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing

upward in their organization into management-level

positions."

-The Glass Ceiling Commission (1991-1996)

“Women face no limits whatsoever. There is not a glass ceiling.”

-Carly Fiorana, former CEO of Hewlett-Packard

wage inequalities

PATERNITY LEAVE

MATERNITY LEAVE

“the individual must leave his household altogether behind,

maintained by the labor of his slaves and women,

but playing no further part in his concerns".

-Pocock

“A democratic public, however that is constituted, should provide mechanisms

for the effective representation and

recognition of the distinct voices and perspectives of

those of its constituent groups that are opposed or disadvantaged within it.”

-Young

“Group representation is the best means to promote

just outcomes.”

-Young

“the basic impulse underlying representation rights is integration not

separation.”

-Kymlicka

“Self-government rights…are the most complete case of differentiated

citizenship.”

-Brubaker

“The bourgeois world instituted a moral division of labor Extolling a public realm

of manly virtue and citizenship as independence, generality, and

dispassionate reason entailed creating the private sphere of the family as the place to which emotion, sentiment, and

bodily needs must be confined.  The generality of the public thus depends on excluding women, who are responsible for tending to that private realm, and who lack the dispassionate rationality and independence required of good

citizens.”

-Young, 267

“Rousseau excluded women from the public realm of citizenship

because they are the caretakers of affectivity, desire, and the body. If we allowed appeals to desires and

bodily needs to move public debates, we would undermine

public deliberation by fragmenting its unity. Even within the domestic realm, moreover, women must be

dominated”

-Young, 267

“A general perspective does not exist which all persons

can adopt and from which all experiences and perspectives can be understood and taken

into account”

-Young

“No one can claim to speak in the general interest, because no one of the groups can speak for another, and certainly no one

can speak for them all. Thus the only way to have all group

experience and social perspectives voiced, heard, and taken account of is to have them specifically represented in the

public”

-Young

“Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of basic rights and

liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this

scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed

their fair value.”

Second, he states, “Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: first, they are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and second, they are to be to the greatest benefit of

the least advantaged members of society.”

-Rawls

(1) the benefits of their work or energy go to others without those others reciprocally

benefiting them (exploitation);

(3) they live and work under the authority of others, and have little work autonomy and

authority over others themselves (powerlessness);

(4) as a group they are stereotyped at the same time that their experience and situation is invisible in the society in general, and they have little opportunity and little audience for

the expression of their experience and perspective on social events (cultural

imperialism)

“as a group they are stereotyped at the same time

that their experience and situation is invisible in the

society in general, and they have little opportunity and

little audience for the expression of their experience

and perspective on social events (cultural imperialism)”

“The principles call for specific representation only for oppressed or disadvantaged groups,

because privileged groups already are represented. Thus the principle would not apply in a society entirely without oppression. I do not

regard the principle as merely provisional, or instrumental, however, because I believe that

group difference in modern complex societies is both inevitable and desirable, and that wherever

there is group difference, disadvantage or oppression always looms as a possibility. Thus a

society should always be committed to representation for oppressed or disadvantaged

groups and ready to implement such representation when it appears. These

considerations are rather academic in our own context, however, since we live in a society with deep group oppressions the complete elimination

of which is only a remote possibility.”