Rem Koolhaas
1
Rem KoolhaasRem Koolhaas
Rem Koolhaas at the 2 Moscow Biennale of Architecture, 2010 Born
Remment Lucas Koolhaas 17 November 1944 Rotterdam, Netherlands
Nationality Dutch Alma mater Architectural Association School of
Architecture, Cornell University Awards Pritzker Prize (2000)
Praemium Imperiale (2003) Royal Gold Medal (2004) Office for
Metropolitan Architecture Casa da Msica in Porto Seattle Central
Library Netherlands Embassy Berlin China Central Television
Headquarters Volume Magazine
Practice Buildings
Projects
Remment Lucas "Rem" Koolhaas (/rmHelp:IPA for English#Keyklhs/;
born 17 November 1944) is a Dutch architect, architectural
theorist, urbanist and Professor in Practice of Architecture and
Urban Design at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard
University. Koolhaas studied at the Architectural Association
School of Architecture in London and at Cornell University in
Ithaca, New York. Koolhaas is the founding partner of OMA, and of
its research-oriented counterpart AMO, currently based in
Rotterdam, Netherlands. In 2005 he co-founded Volume Magazine
together with Mark Wigley and Ole Bouman. In 2000 Rem Koolhaas won
the Pritzker Prize. In 2008 Time put him in their top 100 of The
World's Most Influential People.[1]
Early life and careerRemment Koolhaas, usually abbreviated to
Rem Koolhaas, was born on 17 November 1944 in Rotterdam,
Netherlands to Anton Koolhaas (19121992) and Selinde Pietertje
Roosenburg (born 1920). His father was a novelist, critic, and
screenwriter. Two documentary films by Bert Haanstra for which his
father wrote the scenarios were nominated for an Academy Award for
Documentary Feature, one won a Golden Bear for Short Film. His
maternal grandfather, Dirk Roosenburg (18871962), was a modernist
architect. His grandfather had worked for Hendrik Petrus Berlage,
before he opened his own practice. Rem Koolhaas has a brother,
Thomas, and a sister, Annabel. The family lived consecutively in
Rotterdam (until 1946), Amsterdam (19461952), Jakarta (19521955),
and Amsterdam (from 1955).[2][3][4]
Rem Koolhaas His father strongly supported the Indonesian cause
for autonomy from the colonial Dutch in his writing. When the war
of independence was won, he was invited over to run a cultural
programme for three years and the family moved to Jakarta in 1952.
"It was a very important age for me," Koolhaas recalls, "and I
really lived as an Asian."[5] In 1969 Koolhaas co-wrote The White
Slave, a Dutch film noir, and later wrote an unproduced script for
American soft-porn king Russ Meyer.[6] He then was a journalist for
the Haagse Post before starting studies, in 1968, in architecture
at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London,
followed, in 1972, by further studies with O. Mathias Ungers at
Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, followed by studies at the
Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York City.
Koolhaas first came to public and critical attention with OMA (The
Office for Metropolitan Architecture), the office he founded in
1975 together with architects Elia Zenghelis, Zoe Zenghelis and
(Koolhaas's Rem Koolhaas inspecting the Seattle Central wife)
Madelon Vriesendorp in London. They were later joined by one
Library model. 2005 of Koolhaas's students, Zaha Hadid - who would
soon go on to achieve success in her own right. An early work which
would mark their difference from the then dominant postmodern
classicism of the late 1970s, was their contribution to the Venice
Biennale of 1980, curated by Italian architect Paolo Portoghesi,
titled "Presence of the Past". Each architect had to design a
stage-like "frontage" to a Potemkin-type internal street; and the
OMA scheme was the only modernist scheme among them. Other early
critically received (yet unbuilt) projects included the Parc de la
Villette, Paris (1982) and the residence for the President of
Ireland (1981). The first large project by OMA to be built was the
Kunsthal in Rotterdam (1992). These schemes would attempt to put
into practice many of the findings Koolhaas made in his book
Delirious New York (1978),[7] which was written while he was a
visiting scholar at the Institute for Architecture and Urban
Studies in New York, directed by Peter Eisenman.[citation needed]
In September 2006, Rem Koolhaas was commissioned to develop 111
First Street in Jersey City across the Hudson River from Manhattan,
working with real estate developer Louis Dubin.[] In October 2008
Rem Koolhaas was invited for a European "group of the wise" under
the chairmanship of former Spanish prime minister Felipe Gonzlez to
help 'design' the future European Union. Other members include
Nokia chairman Jorma Ollila, former European Commissioner Mario
Monti and former president of Poland Lech Wasa.[8][9]
2
Rem Koolhaas
3
Theoretical positionDelirious New YorkDelirious New York set the
pace for Koolhaas's career. Koolhaas celebrates the "chance-like"
nature of city life: "The City is an addictive machine from which
there is no escape" "Rem Koolhaas...defined the city as a
collection of red hot spots.[10](Anna Klingmann). As Koolhaas
himself has acknowledged, this approach had already been evident in
the Japanese Metabolist Movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. A
key aspect of architecture that Koolhaas interrogates is the
"Program": with the rise of modernism in the 20th century the
"Program" became the key theme of architectural design. The notion
of the Program involves "an act to edit function and human
activities" as the pretext of architectural design: epitomised in
the maxim Form follows function, first popularised by architect
Louis Sullivan at the beginning of the 20th century. The notion was
first questioned in Delirious New York, in his analysis of
high-rise architecture in Manhattan. An early design method derived
from such thinking was "cross-programming", introducing unexpected
functions in room programmes, such as running tracks in
skyscrapers. More recently, Koolhaas (unsuccessfully) proposed the
inclusion of hospital units for the homeless into the Seattle
Public Library project (2003).
S,M,L,XLThe next landmark publication by Koolhaas was Seattle
Central Library Seattle, USA, designed by OMA S,M,L,XL, together
with Bruce Mau, Jennifer Sigler, and Hans Werlemann (1995),[11] a
1376-page tome combining essays, manifestos, diaries, fiction,
travelogues, and meditations on the contemporary city. The layout
of the huge book transformed architectural publishing, and such
booksfull-colour graphics and dense textshave since become common.
Ostensibly, S,M,L,XL gives a record of the actual implementation of
"Manhattanism" throughout the various (mostly un-) realized
projects and texts OMA had generated up to that time. The part
lexicon-type layout (with a marginal "dictionary" composed by
Jennifer Sigler, who also edited the book) spawned a number of
concepts that have become common in later architectural theory, in
particular "Bigness": 'old' architectural principles (composition,
scale, proportion, detail) no longer apply when a building acquires
Bigness. This was demonstrated in OMA's scheme for the development
of "Euralille" (199094), a new centre for the city of Lille in
France, a city returned to prominence by its position on the new
rail route from Paris to London via the Channel Tunnel. OMA sited a
train station, two centres for commerce and trade, an urban park,
and 'Congrexpo' (a contemporary Grand Palais with a large concert
hall, three auditoria and an exhibition space). In another essay in
the book, titled "The Generic City", Koolhaas declares that
progress, identity, architecture, the city and the street are
things of the past: Relief its over. That is the story of the city.
The city is no longer. We can leave the theatre now...
Rem Koolhaas
4
Project on the cityKoolhaas's next landmark publications were a
product of his position as professor at Harvard University, in the
design school's "Project on the City"; firstly the 720-page
Mutations,[12] followed by The Harvard Design School Guide to
Shopping (2002)[13] and The Great Leap Forward (2002).[14] All
three books involved Koolhaas's students analysing what others
would regard as "non-cities", sprawling conglomerates such as Lagos
in Nigeria, west Africa, which the authors argue are highly
functional despite a lack of infrastructure. The authors also
examine the influence of shopping habits and the recent rapid
growth of cities in China. Critics of the books have criticised
Koolhaas Netherlands Embassy in Berlin, Germany, opened in 2004.
for being cynical - as if Western capitalism and Koolhaas's design
won the Architekturpreis Berlin in 2003 and the globalization
demolish all cultural identity - highlighted Mies van der Rohe
Award for European Architecture in 2005. in the notion expounded in
the books that "In the end, there will be little else for us to do
but shop". However, such cynicism can alternatively be read as a
"realism" about the transformation of cultural life, where airports
and even museums (due to finance problems) rely just as much on
operating gift shops. When it comes to transforming these
observations into practice, Koolhaas mobilizes what he regards as
the omnipotent forces of urbanism into unique design forms and
connections organised along the lines of present day society.
Koolhaas continuously incorporates his observations of the
contemporary city within his design activities: calling such a
condition the culture of congestion. Again, shopping is examined
for "intellectual comfort", whilst the unregulated taste and
densification of Chinese cities is analysed according to
"performance", a criterion involving variables with debatable
credibility: density, newness, shape, size, money etc. For example,
in his design for the new CCTV headquarters in Beijing (2009),
Koolhaas did not opt for the stereotypical skyscraper, often used
to symbolise and landmark such government enterprises, but instead
designed a series of volumes which not only tie together the
numerous departments onto the nebulous site, but also introduced
routes (again, the concept of cross-programming) for the general
public through the site, allowing them some degree of access to the
production procedure. Through his ruthlessly raw approach, Koolhaas
hopes to extract the architect from the anxiety of a dead
profession and resurrect a contemporary interpretation of the
sublime, however fleeting it may be. In 2003 Content, a 544-page
magazine-style book designed by &&& Creative and
published by Koolhaas, gives an overview of the last decade of OMA
projects[15] including his designs for the Prada shops, the Seattle
Public Library, a plan to save Cambridge from Harvard by
rechanneling the Charles River, Lagos' future as Earth's
third-biggest town, as well as interviews with Martha Stewart and
Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown.
AMOIn the late nineties, while working on the design for the new
headquarters for Universal (currently Vivendi), OMA was first
exposed to the full pace of change that engulfed the world of media
and with it the increasing importance of the virtual domain. It led
Rem Koolhaas and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) to
create a new company, AMO, exclusively dedicated to the
investigation and performance in this realm. He is heading the
think tank ever since with Reinier de Graaf.
Rem Koolhaas
5
Volume MagazineIn 2005 Rem Koolhaas co-founded Volume Magazine
together with Mark Wigley and Ole Bouman. Volume Magazine - the
collaborative project by Archis (Amsterdam), AMO Rotterdam and
C-lab (Columbia University NY) - is a dynamic experimental think
tank devoted to the process of spatial and cultural reflexivity. It
goes beyond architectures definition of making buildings and
reaches out for global views on architecture and design, broader
attitudes to social structures, and creating environments to live
in. The magazine stands for a journalism which detects and
anticipates, is proactive and even pre-emptive - a journalism which
uncovers potentialities, rather than covering done deals.
European Flag proposalFollowing the signing of Treaties of Nice
in May 2001, which made Brussels the de facto capital of the
European Union, the then President of the European Commission,
Romano Prodi and the Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt invited
Koolhaas to discuss the necessities and requirements of a European
capital. During these talks and as an impetus for further
discussion, Koolhaas and his think-tank AMO an independent part of
OMA suggested the development of a visual language. This idea
inspired a series of European Flag proposal drawings and drafts,
including the "Barcode". The barcode seeks to unite the flags of
the EU member countries into a single, colourful symbol. In the
current European flag, there is a fixed number of stars. In the
barcode however, new Member States of the EU can be added without
space constraints. Originally, the barcode displayed 15 EU
countries. In 2004, the symbol was adapted to include the ten new
Member States. Since the time of the first drafts of the barcode it
has very rarely been officially used by commercial or political
institutions. During the Austrian EU Presidency 2006 it was
officially used for the first time. The logo has already been used
for the EU information campaign which will also be continued during
the Austrian EU Presidency. There was initially some uproar caused,
as the stripes of the flag of Estonia were displayed
incorrectly.
Architecture, fashion, and theatreWith his Prada projects,
Koolhaas ventured into providing architecture for the fleeting
world of fashion and with celebrity-studded cachet: not unlike
Garnier's Opera, the central space of Koolhaas' Beverly Hills Prada
store is occupied by a massive central staircase, ostensibly
displaying select wares, but mainly the shoppers themselves. The
notion of selling a brand rather than marketing clothes was further
emphasised in the Prada store in New York, which had previously
been owned by the Guggenheim: the museum signs were not removed
during the outfitting of the new store, as if emphasizing the
premises as a cultural institution.[16]
Prada, Beverly Hills, USA
Rem Koolhaas
6
Prior to his Prada project in New York, Koolhaas was behind
another remodeling project on the other side of town. Koolhaas
redesigned a 1929 bank and transformed it into a one-of-a-kind, 296
seat, performance space for Second Stage Theatre.
21st Century OfficeAs of 21:44, Thursday April 11, 2013 (UTC) At
the moment Koolhaas' constructions sites are in China[citation
needed]: the massive Central China Television Headquarters Building
in Beijing, China, and the new building for the Shenzhen Stock
Exchange, the equivalent of the NASDAQ in China.
Second Stage Theatre, New York, USA
RecentlyWikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and
numbers#Chronological items he has changed the organization of his
office to a partnership. Partners next to him are Ellen van Loon,
Reinier de Graaf, Shohei Shigematsu and managing partner Victor van
der Chijs. The partner Ole Scheeren left OMA in March 2010 to start
his own practice. Koolhaas now heads offices in Europe (OMA*AMO
Rotterdam), North America (OMA*AMO Architecture PC New York) and
Asia (OMA Beijing). OMA Rotterdam: the head office is working on a
master plan for the White City area of London; a harbour
redevelopment and contemporary art Museum in Riga, the Cordoba
Congress Centre in Spain; the redevelopment of the Mercati Generali
in Rome, an architectural centre, offices and housing in
Copenhagen, the new head office of Rothschild Bank in London and
multi-use towers in Rotterdam and The Hague. It is also working on
various masterplans in the Netherlands and Belgium and shopping
centres in Rotterdam and Ostrava. In addition the Rotterdam office
has a number of activities in the Middle East including office and
residential towers and master plans in Dubai, three master plans in
Ras -Al-Khaimah and several public buildings in Qatar. With his
Rotterdam office Koolhaas is also designing a science center for
Hamburgs Hafencity. OMA New York: the office in Manhattan Koolhaas
is leading by Shohei Shigematsu is now designing an extension of
Cornell University (NY), 111 First Street, a high rise residential
building and hotel in Jersey City (NJ) and a high end residential
tower with CAA screening room at One Madison Park in NYC. OMA
Beijing: In Asia, Koolhaas is working with his team on the offices
largest project to date, the 575,000 m2 China Central Television
Headquarters (CCTV) and Television Cultural Center (TVCC),
currently under construction in Beijing and due for completion in
2008. (However, the TVCC was damaged by an enormous fire in 2009.)
Other projects in development include the new Shenzhen Stock
Exchange and a lush residential tower and residential masterplan in
Singapore.
Rem Koolhaas
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Quotes Noting that architecture can no longer keep up with the
world: "The areas of consensus shift unbelievably fast; the bubbles
of certainty are constantly exploding. Any architectural project we
do takes at least four or five years, so increasingly there is a
discrepancy between the acceleration of culture and the continuing
slowness of architecture." interview in Iconeye [17], 2004[18]
Reference to the article 'Generic city', a critic to current mode
of urbanization: "People can inhabit anything. And they can be
miserable in anything and ecstatic in anything. More and more I
think that architecture has nothing to do with it. Of course,
that's both liberating and alarming. But the generic city, the
general urban condition, is happening everywhere, and just the fact
that it occurs in such enormous quantities must mean that it's
habitable. Architecture can't do anything that the culture doesn't.
We all complain that we are confronted by urban environments that
are completely similar. We say we want to create beauty, identity,
quality, singularity. And yet, maybe in truth these cities that we
have are desired. Maybe their very characterlessness provides the
best context for living." interview in Wired 4.07, July 1996[19]
Asked if there is a certain contribution he aspires to make: "It's
very simple and it has nothing to do with identifiable goals. It is
to keep thinking about what architecture can be, in whatever form.
That is an answer, isn't it? I think that S,M,L,XL has one
beautiful ambiguity: it used the past to build a future and is very
adamant about giving notice that this is not the end. That's how it
felt to me, anyway. That is in itself evidence of a kind of
discomfort with achievement measured in terms of identifiable
entities, and an announcement that continuity of thinking in
whatever form, around whatever subject, is the real ambition."
Interview with Jennifer Sigler in Index Magazine, 2000[20]
Awards Pritzker Prize (2000) Chevalier de Lgion d'honneur (2001)
Praemium Imperiale (2003) Royal Gold Medal (2004) Doctor honoris
causa by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (2007) Golden Lion of
the Venice Biennale of Architecture for lifetime achievement
(2010)
Selected projects Lille Grand Palais (Lille, 1988) Netherlands
Dance Theater (The Hague, 1988) Villa dallAva [21] (Saint-Cloud,
1991) Nexus Housing (Fukuoka, 1991) Kunsthal (Rotterdam, 1993)
Educatorium (Utrecht, 19931997) Maison Bordeaux [22] (Bordeaux,
1998) Second Stage Theatre (New York City, 1999) Guggenheim
Hermitage Museum (Las Vegas, 1980, 2002?) McCormick Tribune Campus
Center, IIT (Chicago, 19972003) Netherlands Embassy Berlin (2003)
Retail design for Prada stores (New York: 2003, Los Angeles:
2004)McCormick Tribune Campus Center, Chicago, USA
Rem Koolhaas Seattle Central Library (Seattle, 2004) The
Childrens Centre, Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art (Seoul, 2004)[23]
Casa da Msica (Porto, 20012005) Serpentine Gallery Pavilion,
(London, 2006) Shenzhen Stock Exchange, (Shenzhen, 2006) Crdoba
International Congress Center (Palacio del Sur), Crdoba, Spain
Seoul National University Museum of Art (Seoul, 20032005) [24] Dee
and Charles Wyly Theatre, (Dallas, Texas, 20042009) Milstein Hall,
(Cornell, 20062009) [25] CCTV HQ (Beijing, 20042009) Riga Port
City, (Riga, 2009) 23 East 22nd Street, (New York City,
20082010)[26] Bryghusprojektet, (Copenhagen, 20082010)[27] Torre
Bicentenario (Bicentennial Tower), (Mexico City, 2007, unbuilt)[28]
New Court, St. Swithin's Lane (London, 2010) De Rotterdam,
(Rotterdam, 20092013) Taipei Performing Arts Centre, (Taipei,
2012-2015) Marina Abramovi Community Centre Obod Cetinje - MACCOC,
(Cetinje, 2012 - ?)
8
Casa da Msica, Porto, Portugal
Bibliography Project Japan. Metabolism Talks... (2011) (with
Hans Ulrich Obrist)[29] ISBN 978-3-8365-2508-4 Delirious New York:
A Retroactive Manifesto of Manhattan (1978)[30] ISBN
978-1-885254-00-9 S,M,L,XL (1995)[31] ISBN 978-1-885254-86-3
Serpentine Gallery: 24 Hour Interview Marathon (2007)[32] ISBN
978-1-904563-69-3 Living Vivre Leben (1998)[33] Content (2004)[34]
ISBN 978-3-8228-3070-3 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2006; Verlag der
Buchhandlung Walther Knig, Kln, Germany 2008 ISBN
978-3-86560-393-7
Gallery
McCormick Tribune Campus Center Rem Koolhaas Chicago, USA
CCTV Headquarters Rem Koolhaas (OMA) Beijing, China
Casa da Msica Rem Koolhaas Porto, Portugal
Dutch Embassy Rem Koolhaas Berlin, Germany
Rem Koolhaas
9
Seattle Central Library Rem Koolhaas Seattle, USA
Kunsthal Rotterdam Rem Koolhaas (OMA) Rotterdam, Netherlands
Street toilet Rem Koolhaas (OMA) and Erwin Olaf Groningen,
Netherlands
Bus stop Rem Koolhaas (1990) Groningen, Netherlands
References[7] Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York: A retroactive
Manifesto for Manhattan (Academy Editions, London, 1978;
republished, The Monacelli Press, 1994) [8] Article in German
newspaper Der Spiegel 30 October 2008 (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/
international/ europe/ 0,1518,587436,00. html) [9] Article in Irish
newspaper Irish Times 16 October 2008 (http:/ / www. irishtimes.
com/ newspaper/ world/ 2008/ 1016/ 1224069691230. html) [10]
Klingmann, A: Brandscapes: Architecture in the Experience Economy.
Mit Press, 2007 [11] Rem Koolhaas, Hans Werlemann and Bruce Mau,
S,M,L,XL, The Monacelli Press, New York, 1994 (2nd edition 1997)
[12] Rem Koolhaas, Stefano Boeri, Sanford Kwinter, Daniela
Fabricius, Hans Ulrich Obrist, and Nadia Tazi, Mutations, Arc en
rve centre darchitecture, Bordeaux, 2001. ISBN 84-95273-51-9. [13]
Rem Koolhaas, Chuihua Judy Chung, Jeffrey Inaba, and Sze Tsung
Leong, The Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping. Harvard Design
School Project on the City 2, Taschen, New York, 2002 [14] Rem
Koolhaas, Bernard Chang, Mihai Craciun, Nancy Lin, Yuyang Liu,
Katherine Orff, and Stephanie Smith, The Great Leap Forward.
Harvard Design School Project on the City, Taschen, New York, 2002
[15] Rem Koolhaas, Content, Taschen, New York, 2003 [16] Anette
Baldauf, "Branded", in Learning from Calvin Klein, Umbau 21, 2004.
[17] http:/ / www. iconeye. com/ index. php?option=com_content&
view=article& id=2715:rem-koolhaas--icon-013--june-2004 [18]
Icon 013, Rem Koolhaas, June 2004 (http:/ / www. iconeye. com/
index. php?option=com_content& view=article&
id=2715:rem-koolhaas--icon-013--june-2004) [19] From Bauhaus to
Koolhaas (http:/ / www. wired. com/ wired/ archive/ 4. 07/
koolhaas. html) [20] Rem Koolhaas, 2000 (http:/ / www.
indexmagazine. com/ interviews/ rem_koolhaas. shtml) [21] http:/ /
whatwedoissecret. alabonfire. com/ 2007/ 01/ villa-dallava/ [22]
http:/ / storiesofhouses. blogspot. com/ #111875876221998436 [23]
CNN Go Seoul's best museums (http:/ / www. cnngo. com/ seoul/ play/
seouls-best-museums-060516) 27 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-04
[24] http:/ / www. snumoa. org/ [25] http:/ / milsteinhall.
cornell. edu/ [26] 23 East 22nd Street by OMA (http:/ / www.
dezeen. com/ 2008/ 09/ 15/ 23-east-22nd-street-by-oma/ ) [27]
Bryghusprojektet - The Brewery Site Project (http:/ / www.
bryghusprojektet. dk/ English. aspx) [28] official site in Spanish
(http:/ / torrebicentenario. com/ )
External links Office for Metropolitan Architecture
(http://www.oma.eu/) OMA official Facebook page
(http://www.facebook.com/OMA.AMO) (updated daily) OMA official
Vimeo channel (http://www.vimeo.com/user3599775) OMA portfolio on
Archello.com (http://www.archello.com/en/company/oma) Rem Koolhaas
(http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/people/faculty/koolhaas/) at Harvard
University Rem Koolhaas (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0465549/) at
the Internet Movie Database Rem Koolhaas lecture at the Canadian
Centre for Architecture: June 8th, 2007 (http://cca.qc.ca/en/
education-and-events/71-urgency-2007-rem-koolhaas-and-peter-eisenman)
On Starchitecture
(http://klaustoon.wordpress.com/2009/04/23/on-starchitecture.html)
Rem Koolhaas Koolhaas at Harvard's Ecological Urbanism
(http://klaustoon.wordpress.com/2009/04/09/
koolhaas-at-harvard-ecological-urbanism-i.html) Rem Koolhaas: A
Kind of Architect (2008 Feature Documentary)
(http://www.babelgum.com/6002699/
rem-koolhaas-kind-architect-full-film.html)
10
Article Sources and Contributors
11
Article Sources and ContributorsRem Koolhaas Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=549741965 Contributors:
1511CO, 777sms, AMuseo, Abu badali, Adam Zbransk, Adam sk, After
Midnight, Ahoerstemeier, Aleks86, All Hallow's Wraith, Alsandro,
Anarchitect, Antandrus, Arabarch, Asalrifai, Aucahuasi, AugieWest,
AvanSintfiet, Barticus88, Batsman21, Bavarios, Bdonohue, Bender235,
Bigger digger, Biruitorul, Black Orchid, Blahm, Blair Huntington,
Booski, Brazzouk, Brendan Moody, Brosi, BruceJanssen, CSWarren,
Carlosr chill, Chicheley, Chreod, Christian Roess, Chwe, Cimon
Avaro, Cloudtwenty, Cnwb, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script,
Courcelles, Cubic Hour, D6, DVD R W, Danski14, Daramcq, Dcuff,
Dearmelanie, Decumanus, Deflective, Der Golem, Dia^, Dogears,
Download, Dralwik, DutchTreat, ESkog, Edward, Elekhh, Eptin,
Erebus555, Erikjohnson3, Ettrig, Euphrosynely, Fadesga, Fentener
van Vlissingen, FlashSheridan, Flauto Dolce, Frederic Debroe,
Gamaliel, Gbrownm, GeneralBelly, Ghirlandajo, GoingBatty,
Gryffindor, GuzonjinSin, Hans Dunkelberg, Harry Lake, Hazhk,
Hebrides, Hghyux, Hondel1970, Icelight, Ilse@, Imgaril, Imz,
Iphilblue, Iwmills, JLogan, JPX7, Jameswestcott, Jnyyzz,
Joaocastro, JocK, Joey80, Johnpacklambert, Jpers36, JuneGloom07,
KRS, Kaihsu, Kate, Kbdank71, Kdbailey, Keith D, Kevinpurcell,
Kkb1982lc, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koolit, Kostisl, Kutu brice,
Kwamikagami, Kwiki, Laldm, Leon..., Letdemsay, Lockley, Look2See1,
Loulbil08, Lumos3, MER-C, Maartenvdbent, Manuel Anastcio,
Marlaactar, Martarius, MatthewStadler, Mcginnly, Merdonerok,
Michael Isaiah Schmidt, Michael Rogers, Michael Shields, Michaela
den, Millichip, MrPanyGoff, Mrwojo, Murry1975, Mzajac, Naddy,
Niloufartajeri, Norm mit, Nudimmud, Ohtrouble, Opinion914, Orbst,
Osprey39, Oyoyoy, Patken4, Paul W, Pethan, Ppntori, Prof saxx,
Rebekahevans, Remaire, Rich Farmbrough, Roferbia, Rossi101, Rozth,
Rubenescio, Samir, Sannse, Scarequotes, Second Stage Theatre, Ser
Amantio di Nicolao, Several Times, Sicilarch, Sietse Snel, Simeon,
SofH, Spag85, Spinster, Stevenmitchell, TTKK, Tabletop, Tomwsulcer,
TonyTheTiger, Ulikaiser, Ulysses D S, Ulysses Zagreb, Urbaneddie,
Urhixidur, Uverferth1, Vache, Vegaswikian, Vegetator, Velella,
Viajero, Widr, Wikievil666, William Avery, Work number1987,
Wuhwuzdat, Xtreambar, Yonidebest, Zenohockey, 196 anonymous
edits
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