Relooking water resources pragyan viii ruby s.s. project

Water Resources

Summer assignment

2

index1) How much water is

in earth ? – slide 32) Volume of water

stored inthe water cycle's reservoirs – slide 4

3) The water cycle – slide 5

4) Distribution of water – slide 6 & 7

5) Sources of fresh water – slide 8

6) Scarcity of fresh water – slide 9

7) Threats to fresh water resources –

slide 108) Uses of water –

slide 11 to 149) Supply of water

resources – slide 15

10) Did you know – slide 16 & 17

11) Global mean temperature change and mean sea-level rise through last century – slide 18 & 19

12) Water scarcity – slide 20

13) Solution sustainable water use – slide 21

14) Ways to conserve water – slide 22

15) Result of conserving water – slide 23

16) Social studies summer assignment – slide 24

3

How much water is in earth?Over two thirds of the earth's surface is

covered with water. 97.2% of which is contained in the five

oceans. The Antarctic ice sheet, containing 90% of

all fresh water on the planet, is visible at the bottom.

Atmospheric water vapour can be seen as clouds.

4

Volume of water stored inthe water cycle's reservoirs

Reservoir Volume of water(106 km³)

Percentof total

Ocean 1370 97.25

Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05

Groundwater 9.5 0.68

Lakes 0.125 0.01

Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005

Atmosphere 0.013 0.001

Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001

Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

5

6

Distribution of Water

This is how the water is distributed on earth .

We will see a graphical chart on this topic in the next slide.

Type Location PercentSurface Lakes 0.009

Saline lakes/seas 0.008

Streams 0.0001

Subsurface Vadose 0.005

Groundwater (to 750 m)

0.31

Groundwater (below 750m)

0.31

Other Reservoirs

Icecaps, glaciers 2.15

Atmosphere 0.001

Oceans 97.2

7

We can see here that most of the water is in the oceans

8

Sources of fresh water

1) Surface water2) Under river flow3) Ground water 4) Desalinization5) Frozen water

9

Scarcity of fresh waterfresh water is a increasingly scarce resource. It is partially caused by increasing population coupled by change of consumption pattern and climate changes.

10

Threats to fresh water resources

Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods.

Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth.

Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff.

11

USES OF WATER

1) Agricultural2) Industrial3) Household4) Recreation5) Environmental

12Agricultural and industrial water uses

Agricultural Industrial

It is estimated that 70% of worldwide water use is for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable.

It takes around 2,000 - 3,000 liters of water to produce enough food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need.

This is a considerable amount, when compared to that required for drinking, which is between two and five liters.

It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.

Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes,etc

Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture.

13Household and agricultural water uses

Household It is estimated that 8% of

worldwide water use is for household purposes.

These include drinking, bathing, cooking, etc.

Basic household water requirements have been estimated by Peter Gleick at around 50 liters per person per day.

Recreation Recreational water use is

usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use.

Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs.

If a reservoir is kept fuller than it would otherwise be for recreation.

Release of water from a few reservoirs is also timed to enhance whitewater boating, which also could be considered a recreational usage.

14

Environmental water uses

Explicit environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use.

Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental purposes ,but more often water is retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction.

Environmental water usage includes watering of natural or artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat.

15

Supply of Water ResourcesSmall fraction (.014%) is readily available for human use

16

Did you know ?

It takes over 11,000 liters of water to produce a pound of coffee. It takes about 300 liters of water to make the paper for just one Sunday newspaper. Agriculture is responsible for about 70% of the world’s water usage. Industry uses a further 22%.

17

Did you know?

It takes up to 5000 liters of water to produce 1kg of rice.90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged into rivers or streams without any treatment.Water consumption in a US household is eight times that of an Indian household.

18

Tem

pera

ture

Cha

nge

(C)

o

0.6

0.3

- 0.3

0.0

- 0.6 1900 1950 2000

Global mean temperature change through last century

5-year runningaverage

1950-60 Mean level

19

8

0

4

-12

-8

-4

1900 20001950

5-year runningaverage

The global mean sea-level rise through last century

Mean 1951-1970 level

20

water scarcity

What is water scarcity ? Causes of water scarcity

Water scarcity already affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people around the world by at least one month every year. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water.

Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water crisis.

Unsustainable extraction of freshwater and other human interference with the water cycle are the immediate causes of water scarcity within a river basin.

Human intervention which degrades the quantity and quality of the natural supply of freshwater occurs in three principal ways.

21

SolutionsSustainable Water Use

Not depleting aquifers Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems Preserving water quality Integrated watershed management Agreements among regions and countries sharing

surface water resources Outside party mediation of water disputes between

nations Marketing of water rights Raising water prices Wasting less water Decreasing government subsides for supplying water Increasing government subsides for reducing water

waste Slowing population growth

22Ways to conserve water

Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the house, sidewalk, or street.

Plant during the spring or fall when the watering requirements are lower. We're more likely to notice leaky faucets indoors, but don't forget to check

outdoor faucets, pipes, and hoses for leaks. Avoid installing ornamental water features and fountains that spray water into

the air. Trickling or cascading fountains lose less water to evaporation. Turn off the water while you brush your teeth and save 3 gallons a minute.

That's more than 1000 gallons a year. Check faucets and pipes for leaks. Take shorter showers. When washing dishes by hand, don't leave the water running for rinsing. Don't run the hose while washing your car

23

Result of conservingwater

24

Social Studies Summer Assignment

PragyanPriyadarshini8-ruby