Manjunath K Manjunath K Chairperson, Department of Chairperson, Department of Microbiology and Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore Biotechnology, Bangalore University University The Relentless Rise The Relentless Rise of Neoallergens in of Neoallergens in Environment Environment
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Manjunath KManjunath KChairperson, Department of Chairperson, Department of
Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore UniversityBangalore University
The Relentless Rise of The Relentless Rise of Neoallergens in Neoallergens in
EnvironmentEnvironment
HISTORYHISTORY
► Foundation of Allergy, i.e. “Disorders of Immune Foundation of Allergy, i.e. “Disorders of Immune System where the balance is lost resulting in System where the balance is lost resulting in morbidity and mortality” started withmorbidity and mortality” started with
►1873 Chails blackley explained pollen as 1873 Chails blackley explained pollen as causative agent.causative agent.
►1919 John Bostock described Hayfever1919 John Bostock described Hayfever►1921 Prausnitz Kurtner discovered IgE in 1921 Prausnitz Kurtner discovered IgE in
serum.serum.►1967 Johansen suggested the name “Ig E”1967 Johansen suggested the name “Ig E”
► In the last 30 yrs spectacular development in In the last 30 yrs spectacular development in cellular and molecular mechanism of allergic cellular and molecular mechanism of allergic diseases has been done.diseases has been done.
► In the new millennium almost half the In the new millennium almost half the populations of the West show sensitization to one populations of the West show sensitization to one or other environmental allergensor other environmental allergens
► Britain: one in four children has AsthmaBritain: one in four children has Asthma► Australia: one in five has EczemaAustralia: one in five has Eczema► People are found allergic to new allergens like People are found allergic to new allergens like
►PoultryPoultry►Swine confinementSwine confinement►Dairy barns and Livestock productionDairy barns and Livestock production►Grain handling facilitiesGrain handling facilities►cigarette and cigar manufacturing cigarette and cigar manufacturing ►animal feed industryanimal feed industry►potato processing potato processing ►paper factory paper factory
►sawmills and wood working shopssawmills and wood working shops►cotton processing, jute mill, gin housecotton processing, jute mill, gin house►BiotechnologyBiotechnology►OfficesOffices►HousesHouses
► Airborne BacteriaAirborne Bacteria varies from 10 varies from 1055-10-109 9 CFU/mCFU/m3 3 in agricultural in agricultural and industrial environmentsand industrial environments
► In general terms, ‘endotoxins’ refers to any cell-bound In general terms, ‘endotoxins’ refers to any cell-bound bacterial toxin - a characteristic that distinguishes it from bacterial toxin - a characteristic that distinguishes it from ‘exotoxins’ which are secreted by bacterial cells ‘exotoxins’ which are secreted by bacterial cells
► Heteropolymers- polysaccharides- immunologic + lipid A - toxic Heteropolymers- polysaccharides- immunologic + lipid A - toxic ► Released as discoid particles 30-50nm diameter in large Released as discoid particles 30-50nm diameter in large
quantity into airquantity into air► Endotoxin + Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) via CD4 Endotoxin + Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) via CD4
receptor alveolar macrophage binding site and activate receptor alveolar macrophage binding site and activate immune systemimmune system
These act as superantigensThese act as superantigensDirectly induce immune response bypassing usual Directly induce immune response bypassing usual process of peptide presentation to process of peptide presentation to αβαβ chain of T cells. chain of T cells.
Instead directly react with surface of IgG on B cellsInstead directly react with surface of IgG on B cells..
AIR SAMPLERS AND RECENT AIR SAMPLERS AND RECENT TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
1.1. DURHAM SAMPLERDURHAM SAMPLER2.2. ROTOROD SAMPLERROTOROD SAMPLER3.3. BURKARD SAMPLERBURKARD SAMPLER4.4. MEDIA (Nutrient agar, Czapek’s Dox Agar)MEDIA (Nutrient agar, Czapek’s Dox Agar)5.5. ANDERSEN SAMPLERANDERSEN SAMPLER6.6. CASCADE SAMPLERCASCADE SAMPLER7.7. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR
ENDOTOXINSENDOTOXINS8.8. ELISA monoclonal antibodies for specific allergensELISA monoclonal antibodies for specific allergens9.9. ERGOSTEROL/PEPTIDOGLYCAN QUANTIFICATION BY ERGOSTEROL/PEPTIDOGLYCAN QUANTIFICATION BY
IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUESIMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES10.10. LIMULUS AMOEBOCYTE LYSATE (LAL) TEST FOR LIMULUS AMOEBOCYTE LYSATE (LAL) TEST FOR
ENDOTOXINSENDOTOXINS
Handy sampler for dust
Centrifugal air sampler for bioaerosols
Colonies on agar strips
DETECTION OF ALLERGYDETECTION OF ALLERGY
►PRICK TESTPRICK TEST►NASAL CHALLENGE TESTNASAL CHALLENGE TEST► INTRADERMAL TEST >3 mm dia wheel INTRADERMAL TEST >3 mm dia wheel
is positive.is positive.►ELISA / RAST TESTELISA / RAST TEST
►HAPTENS- bind with human endogenus HAPTENS- bind with human endogenus protein and become Neoantigens- protein and become Neoantigens- immunologic potentialimmunologic potential
► Reduction of Dust at workplace by good ventilation and Reduction of Dust at workplace by good ventilation and exhaust system and good manufacturing practice. exhaust system and good manufacturing practice.
► Storing of plant raw material at low temperature and Storing of plant raw material at low temperature and humidity that prevent growth of microorganisms. humidity that prevent growth of microorganisms.
► Ionization of air, cleaner production room, working of raw Ionization of air, cleaner production room, working of raw materials or sterilization for inactivation of endotoxinmaterials or sterilization for inactivation of endotoxin
► Postive pressure helmets during workPostive pressure helmets during work► Remote control production process in agricultural and Remote control production process in agricultural and
wood industry wood industry ► Health education in agricultural and industrial workersHealth education in agricultural and industrial workers► Avoidance or strict barriers to avoid contactAvoidance or strict barriers to avoid contact► Government intervention for good practices. Example, Government intervention for good practices. Example,
passive indoor tobacco smoke can interfere in air quality.passive indoor tobacco smoke can interfere in air quality.