-
39
CHAPTER OUTLINE39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity39.2 The
Michelson-Morley Experiment39.3 Einstein’s Principle of
Relativity39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity39.5
The Lorentz Transformation Equations39.6 The Lorentz Velocity
Transformation Equations
and the Relativistic Form of
39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum
Newton’s Laws 39.8 Relativistic Energy39.9 Mass and Energy
Relativity39.10 The General Theory of
Relativity
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q39.1 The speed of light c and the speed v of their relative
motion.
Q39.2 An ellipsoid. The dimension in the direction of motion
wouldbe measured to be scrunched in.
Q39.3 No. The principle of relativity implies that nothing can
travelfaster than the speed of light in a vacuum, which is 300
Mm/s.The electron would emit light in a conical shock wave
ofCerenkov radiation.
Q39.4 The clock in orbit runs slower. No, they are not
synchronized.Although they both tick at the same rate after return,
a timedifference has developed between the two clocks.
Q39.5 Suppose a railroad train is moving past you. One way to
measure its length is this: You mark thetracks at the cowcatcher
forming the front of the moving engine at 9:00:00 AM, while your
assistantmarks the tracks at the back of the caboose at the same
time. Then you find the distance between themarks on the tracks
with a tape measure. You and your assistant must make the
markssimultaneously in your frame of reference, for otherwise the
motion of the train would make itslength different from the
distance between marks.
Q39.6 (a) Yours does.
(b) His does.
(c) If the velocity of relative motion is constant, both
observers have equally valid views.
Q39.7 Get a Mr. Tompkins book by George Gamow for a wonderful
fictional exploration of this question.Driving home in a hurry, you
push on the gas pedal not to increase your speed by very much,
butrather to make the blocks get shorter. Big Doppler shifts in
wave frequencies make red lights lookgreen as you approach them and
make car horns and car radios useless. High-speed transportationis
very expensive, requiring huge fuel purchases. And it is dangerous,
as a speeding car can knockdown a building. Having had breakfast at
home, you return hungry for lunch, but you find youhave missed
dinner. There is a five-day delay in transmission when you watch
the Olympics inAustralia on live television. It takes ninety-five
years for sunlight to reach Earth. We cannot see theMilky Way; the
fireball of the Big Bang surrounds us at the distance of Rigel or
Deneb.
Q39.8 Nothing physically unusual. An observer riding on the
clock does not think that you are reallystrange, either.
433
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434 Relativity
Q39.9 By a curved line. This can be seen in the middle of
Speedo’s world-line in Figure 39.12, where heturns around and
begins his trip home.
Q39.10 According to p u= γm , doubling the speed u will make the
momentum of an object increase by the
factor 24
2 2
2 2
1 2c u
c u−−
LNM
OQP
.
Q39.11 As the object approaches the speed of light, its kinetic
energy grows without limit. It would take aninfinite investment of
work to accelerate the object to the speed of light.
Q39.12 There is no upper limit on the momentum of an electron.
As more energy E is fed into the object
without limit, its speed approaches the speed of light and its
momentum approaches Ec
.
Q39.13 Recall that when a spring of force constant k is
compressed or stretched from its relaxed position a
distance x, it stores elastic potential energy U kx=12
2 . According to the special theory of relativity,
any change in the total energy of the system is equivalent to a
change in the mass of the system.Therefore, the mass of a
compressed or stretched spring is greater than the mass of a
relaxed spring
by an amount Uc2
. The fractional change is typically unobservably small for a
mechanical spring.
Q39.14 You see no change in your reflection at any speed you can
attain. You cannot attain the speed oflight, for that would take an
infinite amount of energy.
Q39.15 Quasar light moves at three hundred million meters per
second, just like the light from a firefly at rest.
Q39.16 A photon transports energy. The relativistic equivalence
of mass and energy means that is enough togive it momentum.
Q39.17 Any physical theory must agree with experimental
measurements within some domain. Newtonianmechanics agrees with
experiment for objects moving slowly compared to the speed of
light.Relativistic mechanics agrees with experiment for objects at
all speeds. Thus the two theories mustand do agree with each other
for ordinary nonrelativistic objects. Both statements given in
thequestion are formally correct, but the first is clumsily
phrased. It seems to suggest that relativisticmechanics applies
only to fast-moving objects.
Q39.18 The point of intersection moves to the right. To state
the problem precisely, let us assume that eachof the two cards
moves toward the other parallel to the long dimension of the
picture, with velocity
of magnitude v. The point of intersection moves to the right at
speed 2
2v
vtan
cotφ
φ= , where φ is the
small angle between the cards. As φ approaches zero, cotφ
approaches infinity. Thus the point ofintersection can move with a
speed faster than c if v is sufficiently large and φ sufficiently
small. Forexample, take v = 500 m s and φ = °0 000 19. . If you are
worried about holding the cards steadyenough to be sure of the
angle, cut the edge of one card along a curve so that the angle
willnecessarily be sufficiently small at some place along the
edge.
Let us assume the spinning flashlight is at the center of a
grain elevator, forming a circularscreen of radius R. The linear
speed of the spot on the screen is given by v R=ω , where ω is
theangular speed of rotation of the flashlight. With sufficiently
large ω and R, the speed of the spotmoving on the screen can exceed
c.
continued on next page
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Chapter 39 435
Neither of these examples violates the principle of relativity.
Both cases are describing a pointof intersection: in the first
case, the intersection of two cards and in the second case, the
intersectionof a light beam with a screen. A point of intersection
is not made of matter so it has no mass, andhence no energy. A bug
momentarily at the intersection point could yelp, take a bite out
of one card,or reflect the light. None of these actions would
result in communication reaching another bug sosoon as the
intersection point reaches him. The second bug would have to wait
for sound or light totravel across the distance between the first
bug and himself, to get the message.
As a child, the author used an Erector set to build a
superluminal speed generator using theintersecting-cards method.
Can you get a visible dot to run across a computer screen faster
thanlight? Want’a see it again?
Q39.19 In this case, both the relativistic and Galilean
treatments would yield the same result: it is that
theexperimentally observed speed of one car with respect to the
other is the sum of the speeds of the cars.
Q39.20 The hotter object has more energy per molecule than the
cooler one. The equivalence of energy andmass predicts that each
molecule of the hotter object will, on average, have a larger mass
than thosein the cooler object. This implies that given the same
net applied force, the cooler object would havea larger
acceleration than the hotter object would experience. In a
controlled experiment, thedifference will likely be too small to
notice.
Q39.21 Special relativity describes inertial reference frames:
that is, reference frames that are notaccelerating. General
relativity describes all reference frames.
Q39.22 The downstairs clock runs more slowly because it is
closer to the Earth and hence in a strongergravitational field than
the upstairs clock.
Q39.23 The ants notice that they have a stronger sense of being
pushed outward when they venture closerto the rim of the
merry-go-round. If they wish, they can call this the effect of a
stronger gravitationalfield produced by some mass concentration
toward the edge of the disk. An ant named Albertfigures out that
the strong gravitational field makes measuring rods contract when
they are near therim of the disk. He shows that this effect
precisely accounts for the discrepancy.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity
P39.1 In the rest frame,p m v m v
p m m v vi i i
f f f
= + = + = × ⋅
= + = +1 1 2 2
4
1 2
2 000 20 0 1 500 0 4 00 10
2 000 1 500
kg m s kg m s kg m s
kg kg
b gb g b gb gb g b g
. .
Since p pi f= , v f =× ⋅
+=
4 00 102 000 1 500
11 4294.
. kg m s
kg kg m s .
In the moving frame, these velocities are all reduced by +10.0
m/s.
′ = − ′ = − + =
′ = − ′ = − + = −
′ = − + =
v v v
v v v
v
i i
i i
f
1 1
2 2
20 0 10 0 10 0
0 10 0 10 0
11 429 10 0 1 429
. . .
. .
. . .
m s m s m s
m s m s m s
m s m s m s
b gb g
b gOur initial momentum is then
′ = ′ + ′ = + − = ⋅p m v m vi i i1 1 2 2 2 000 10 0 1 500 10 0 5
000 kg m s kg m s kg m sb gb g b gb g. .and our final momentum
is
′ = + ′ = = ⋅p vf f2 000 1 500 3 500 1 429 5 000 kg kg kg m s kg
m sb g b gb g. .
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436 Relativity
P39.2 (a) v v vT B= + = 60 0. m s
(b) v v vT B= − = 20 0. m s
(c) v v vT B= + = + =2 2 2 220 40 44 7. m s
P39.3 The first observer watches some object accelerate under
applied forces. Call the instantaneousvelocity of the object v1 .
The second observer has constant velocity v21 relative to the
first, andmeasures the object to have velocity v v v2 1 21= − .
The second observer measures an acceleration of av v
22 1= =
ddt
ddt
.
This is the same as that measured by the first observer. In this
nonrelativistic case, they measure thesame forces as well. Thus,
the second observer also confirms that F a∑ = m .
P39.4 The laboratory observer notes Newton’s second law to hold:
F a1 1= m(where the subscript 1 implies the measurement was made in
the laboratory frame of reference). Theobserver in the accelerating
frame measures the acceleration of the mass as a a a2 1= − ′(where
the subscript 2 implies the measurement was made in the
accelerating frame of reference,and the primed acceleration term is
the acceleration of the accelerated frame with respect to
thelaboratory frame of reference). If Newton’s second law held for
the accelerating frame, that observerwould then find valid the
relation
F a2 2= m or F a1 2= m
(since F F1 2= and the mass is unchanged in each). But, instead,
the accelerating frame observer willfind that F a a2 2= − ′m m
which is not Newton’s second law.
Section 39.2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment
Section 39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
Section 39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of
Relativity
P39.5 L Lvcp
= −12
2 v cL
Lp= −
FHGIKJ1
2
Taking LLp
=2
where Lp = 1 00. m gives v cL
Lc cp
p= −
FHGIKJ = − =1
21
14
0 866
2
. .
P39.6 ∆∆
tt
v c
p=−1 2
1 2b gso v c
t
tp= −
FHGIKJ
LNMM
OQPP1
2 1 2∆
∆.
For ∆ ∆t tp= 2 v ct
tc cp
p= −FHGIKJ
L
NMM
O
QPP = −LNMOQP =1 2 1
14
0 866
2 1 2 1 2∆
∆. .
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Chapter 39 437
P39.7 (a) γ =−
=−
=1
1
1
1 0 500
232 2v cb g a f.
The time interval between pulses as measured by the Earth
observer is
∆ ∆t tp= =FHGIKJ =γ
23
60 00 924
..
s75.0
s .
Thus, the Earth observer records a pulse rate of 60 0
0 92464 9
..
. s min
smin= .
(b) At a relative speed v c= 0 990. , the relativistic factor γ
increases to 7.09 and the pulse raterecorded by the Earth observer
decreases to 10 6. min . That is, the life span of the
astronaut (reckoned by the duration of the total number of his
heartbeats) is much longer asmeasured by an Earth clock than by a
clock aboard the space vehicle.
*P39.8 (a) The 0 8. c and the 20 ly are measured in the Earth
frame,
so in this frame, ∆txv c c
c= = = =
200 8
200 8
11
25 0 ly ly
ly yr yr
. .. .
(b) We see a clock on the meteoroid moving, so we do not measure
proper time; that clockmeasures proper time.
∆ ∆t tp= γ : ∆∆
tt
v cp = = = − = =γ
25 025 0 1 0 8 25 0 15 0
2 2
2. . . . . yr
1 1 - yr yr 0.6 yra f
(c) Method one: We measure the 20 ly on a stick stationary in
our frame, so it is proper length.The tourist measures it to be
contracted to
LLp
= =−
= =γ
20 2012 0
ly
1 1 0.8
ly1.667
ly2
. .
Method two: The tourist sees the Earth approaching at 0 8. c0 8
15 12 0. . ly yr yr lyb gb g = .
Not only do distances and times differ between Earth and
meteoroid reference frames, butwithin the Earth frame apparent
distances differ from actual distances. As we haveinterpreted it,
the 20-lightyear actual distance from the Earth to the meteoroid at
the time ofdiscovery must be a calculated result, different from
the distance measured directly. Becauseof the finite maximum speed
of information transfer, the astronomer sees the meteoroid as itwas
years previously, when it was much farther away. Call its apparent
distance d. The time
required for light to reach us from the newly-visible meteoroid
is the lookback time tdc
= .
The astronomer calculates that the meteoroid has approached to
be 20 ly away as it movedwith constant velocity throughout the
lookback time. We can work backwards to reconstructher
calculation:
d ctcd
cd
d
= + = +
==
20 0 8 200 8
0 2 20100
ly ly
ly ly
..
.
Thus in terms of direct observation, the meteoroid we see covers
100 ly in only 25 years.Such an apparent superluminal velocity is
actually observed for some jets of materialemanating from quasars,
because they happen to be pointed nearly toward the Earth. If wecan
watch events unfold on the meteoroid, we see them slowed by
relativistic time dilation,but also greatly speeded up by the
Doppler effect.
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438 Relativity
P39.9 ∆ ∆∆
t tt
v cp
p= =−
γ1 2 2
so ∆ ∆ ∆tvc
tvc
tp = −FHGG
IKJJ
≅ −FHG
IKJ1 1 2
2
2
2
2
and ∆ ∆ ∆t tvc
tp− =FHGIKJ
2
22.
If v = =×
=1 0001 00 10
277 86
km h m
3 600 s m s
..
thenvc= × −9 26 10 7.
and ∆ ∆t tp− = × = × =− −e j e jb g4 28 10 3 600 1 54 10 1 5413
9. . . s s ns .
P39.10 For vc= 0 990. , γ = 7 09.
(a) The muon’s lifetime as measured in the Earth’s rest frame
is
∆tc
=4 60. km0.990
and the lifetime measured in the muon’s rest frame is
∆∆
tt
p = =×
×
L
NMM
O
QPP =γ µ
17 09
4 60 102 18
3
..
. m
0.990 3.00 10 m s s
8e j.
(b) L Lvc
Lp
p= − FHG
IKJ = =
×=1
4 60 10649
2 3
γ. m
7.09 m
P39.11 The spaceship is measured by the Earth observer to be
length-contracted to
L Lvcp
= −12
2 or L Lvcp
2 22
21= −FHGIKJ .
Also, the contracted length is related to the time required to
pass overhead by:
L vt= or L v tvc
ct2 2 22
22= = a f .
Equating these two expressions gives L Lvc
ctvcp p
2 22
22
2
2− = a f
or L ctvc
Lp p2 2
2
22+ =a f .
Using the given values: Lp = 300 m and t = ×−7 50 10 7. s
this becomes 1 41 10 9 00 1052
24. .× = × m m2 2e j v
c
giving v c= 0 800. .
-
Chapter 39 439
P39.12 (a) The spaceship is measured by Earth observers to be of
length L, where
L Lvcp
= −12
2 and L v t= ∆
v t Lvcp
∆ = −12
2 and v t Lvcp
2 2 22
21∆ = −FHGIKJ .
Solving for v, v tL
cLp p
2 22
22∆ +
FHG
IKJ= v
cL
c t L
p
p
=+2 2 2∆
.
(b) The tanks move nonrelativistically, so we have v = =300
4 00 m
75 s m s. .
(c) For the data in problem 11,
vc c
c=× × +
=+
=−
300
3 10 0 75 10 300
300
225 3000 800
8 2 6 2 2 2 2
m
m s s m
m
m
a fe j e j a f
a f.
.
in agreement with problem 11. For the data in part (b),
vc c
c=× +
=× +
= × =−300
3 10 75 300
300
2 25 10 3001 33 10 4 00
8 2 2 2 10 2 2
8 m
m s s m
m
m m s
a fe j a f a f
a fe j.
. .
in agreement with part (b).
P39.13 We find Cooper’s speed:GMm
rmv
r22
= .
Solving, vGMR h
=+
LNM
OQP
=× ×
× + ×
L
NMM
O
QPP =
−
a fe je je j
1 2 11 24
6 6
1 26 67 10 5 98 10
6 37 10 0 160 107 82
. .
. .. km s .
Then the time period of one orbit, TR hv
=+
=×
×= ×
2 2 6 53 10
7 82 105 25 10
6
33π πa f e j.
.. s .
(a) The time difference for 22 orbits is ∆ ∆ ∆t t tvc
Tp p− = − = −FHGIKJ −
LNMM
OQPP
−
γ 1 1 1 222
2
1 2
b g a f
∆ ∆t tvc
Tp− ≈ + −FHG
IKJ =
×
×
FHG
IKJ × =1
12
1 2212
7 82 103 10
22 5 25 10 39 22
2
3
8
23a f e j. . . m s
m s s sµ .
(b) For one orbit, ∆ ∆t tp− = =39 2
1 78.
. s
22 s
µµ . The press report is accurate to one digit .
P39.14 γ =−
=1
11 01
2 2v ce j. so v c= 0 140.
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440 Relativity
P39.15 (a) Since your ship is identical to his, and you are at
rest with respect to your own ship, itslength is 20 0. m .
(b) His ship is in motion relative to you, so you measure its
length contracted to 19 0. m .
(c) We have L Lvcp
= −12
2
from whichL
Lvcp
= = = −19 0
0 950 12
2.
. m
20.0 m and v c= 0 312. .
*P39.16 In the Earth frame, Speedo’s trip lasts for a time
∆∆
tx
v= = =
20 021 05
..
ly0.950 ly yr
yr .
Speedo’s age advances only by the proper time interval
∆∆
tt
p = = − =γ21 05 6 574. . yr 1 0.95 yr2 during his trip.
Similarly for Goslo,
∆∆
tx
vvcp
= − = − =120 0
1 0 75 17 642
22. . .
ly0.750 ly yr
yr .
While Speedo has landed on Planet X and is waiting for his
brother, he ages by
20 0 20 05 614
. ..
ly0.750 ly yr
ly0.950 ly yr
yr− = .
Then Goslo ends up older by 17 64 6 574 5 614 5 45. . . . yr yr
yr yr− + =b g .
P39.17 (a) ∆ ∆∆
t tt
v cp
p= =
−=
−=γ
1
15 021 0
2 2b g a f.
. yr
1 0.700 yr
(b) d v t c= = = =∆a f b g a fb g b g0 700 21 0 0 700 1 00 21 0
14 7. . . . . . yr ly yr yr ly
(c) The astronauts see Earth flying out the back window at 0
700. c :
d v t cp= = = =∆e j b g a fb g b g0 700 15 0 0 700 1 00 15 0 10
5. . . . . . yr ly yr yr ly
(d) Mission control gets signals for 21.0 yr while the battery
is operating, and then for 14.7 yearsafter the battery stops
powering the transmitter, 14.7 ly away:
21 0 14 7 35 7. . . yr yr yr+ =
-
Chapter 39 441
P39.18 The orbital speed of the Earth is as described by F ma∑ =
: Gm mr
m vr
S E E2
2
=
vGm
rS= =
× ⋅ ×
×= ×
−6 67 10 1 99 10
1 496 102 98 10
11 30
114
. .
..
N m kg kg
m m s
2 2e je j.
The maximum frequency received by the extraterrestrials is
f fv cv cobs source
Hz m s m s
m s m s Hz=
+−
= ×+ × ×
− × ×= ×
11
57 0 101 2 98 10 3 00 10
1 2 98 10 3 00 1057 005 66 106
4 8
4 86.
. .
. ..e j e j e je j e j
.
The minimum frequency received is
f fv cv cobs source
Hz m s m s
m s m s Hz=
−+
= ×− × ×
+ × ×= ×
11
57 0 101 2 98 10 3 00 10
1 2 98 10 3 00 1056 994 34 106
4 8
4 86.
. .
. ..e j e j e je j e j
.
The difference, which lets them figure out the speed of our
planet, is
57 005 66 56 994 34 10 1 13 106 4. . .− × = ×b g Hz Hz .
P39.19 (a) Let fc be the frequency as seen by the car. Thus, f
fc vc vc
=+−source
and, if f is the frequency of the reflected wave, f fc vc vc
=+−
.
Combining gives f fc vc v
=+−sourcea fa f .
(b) Using the above result, f c v f c v− = +a f a fsourcewhich
gives f f c f f v f v− = + ≈source source sourceb g b g 2 .
The beat frequency is then f f ff v
cv
beat sourcesource= − = =
2 2λ
.
(c) fbeat
9 m s 10 Hz
m s
m s
m Hz= 2.00 kHz=
×
×= =
2 30 0 10 0
3 00 10
2 30 0
0 030 02 0008
a fb ge j a fb gb g
. .
.
.
.
λ = =×
×=
cfsource
m s Hz
cm3 00 1010 0 10
3 008
9
..
.
(d) vf
= beatλ
2so ∆
∆v
f= = = ≈beat
Hz m m s mi h
λ2
5 0 030 0
20 075 0 0 2
a fb g.. .
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442 Relativity
P39.20 (a) When the source moves away from an observer, the
observed frequency is
f fc vc v
s
sobs source=
−+FHGIKJ
1 2
where v vs = source .
When v cs
-
Chapter 39 443
P39.23 γ =−
=−
=1
1
1
1 0 99510 0
2 2 2v c ..
We are also given: L1 2 00= . m , and θ = °30 0. (both measured
in areference frame moving relative to the rod).
Thus, L Lx1 1 1 2 00 0 867 1 73= = =cos . . .θ m ma fa fand L
Ly1 1 1 2 00 0 500 1 00= = =sin . . .θ m ma fa fL x2 is a proper
length, related to L x1 by L
Lx
x1
2=γ
.
Therefore, L Lx x2 110 0 17 3= =. . m
and L Ly y2 1 1 00= = . m .
(Lengths perpendicular to the motion are unchanged).
FIG. P39.23
(a) L L Lx y2 22
22
= +b g e j gives L2 17 4= . m
(b) θ 21 2
2= −tan
L
Ly
xgives θ 2 3 30= °.
*P39.24 Einstein’s reasoning about lightning striking the ends
of a train shows that the moving observer seesthe event toward
which she is moving, event B , as occurring first. The S-frame
coordinates of theevents we may take as (x = 0 , y = 0 , z = 0, t =
0) and (x = 100 m, y = 0 , z = 0, t = 0). Then thecoordinates in ′S
are given by the Lorentz transformation. Event A is at ( ′ =x 0 , ′
=y 0 , ′ =z 0 , ′ =t 0).The time of event B is
′ = −FHGIKJ = −
−FHGIKJ = − ×
FHG
IKJ = − ×
−t tvc
xc
cγ 2 2 2
71
1 0 80
0 8100 1 667
804 44 10
.
.. . m
m3 10 m s
s8a f .
The time elapsing before A occurs is 444 ns .
P39.25 (a) From the Lorentz transformation, the separations
between the blue-light and red-lightevents are described by
∆ ∆ ∆′ = −x x v tγ a f 0 2 00 8 00 10 9= − × −γ . . m sve jv
=
×= ×−
2 008 00 10
2 50 1098.
..
m s
m s γ =− × ×
=1
1 2 50 10 3 00 101 81
8 2 8 2. ..
m s m se j e j.
(b) Again from the Lorentz transformation, ′ = −x x vtγ a f :′ =
− × × −x 1 81 3 00 2 50 10 1 00 108 9. . . . m m s se je j′ =x 4
97. m .
(c) ′ = −FHGIKJt t
vc
xγ 2 : ′ = × −×
×
L
NMMM
O
QPPP
−t 1 81 1 00 102 50 10
3 00 103 009
8
8 2. .
.
.. s
m s
m s m
e je j
a f
′ = − × −t 1 33 10 8. s
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444 Relativity
Section 39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations
P39.26 ux = Enterprise velocity
v = Klingon velocity
From Equation 39.16
′ =−
−=
−−
=uu vu v c
c ccx
x
x10 900 0 800
1 0 900 0 8000 3572
. .. .
.a fa f .FIG. P39.26
P39.27 ′ =−
−=
− −− −
= −uu vu v c
c ccx
x
x10 750 0 750
1 0 750 0 7500 9602
. .. .
.a fa f
FIG. P39.27
*P39.28 Let frame S be the Earth frame of reference. Then v c=
−0 7. .The components of the velocity of the first spacecraft are u
c cx = °=0 6 50 0 386. cos .a fand u c cy = °=0 6 50 0 459. sin .a
f .As measured from the ′S frame of the second spacecraft,
′ =−
−=
− −
− −= =
′ =−
=−
− −= =
uu vu v c
c c
c c c
cc
uu
u v c
c cc
xx
x
yy
x
1
0 386 0 7
1 0 386 0 7
1 0861 27
0 855
1
0 459 1 0 7
1 0 386 0 70 459 0 714
1 270 258
2 2
2
2
. .
. .
..
.
. .
. .. .
..
a fa fa f
e ja f
a fa fa f
γ
The magnitude of ′u is 0 855 0 285 0 8932 2. . .c c ca f a f+
=and its direction is at tan
.
..− = ° ′1
0 2580 855
16 8cc
x above the -axis .
Section 39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum and the Relativistic
Form of Newton’s Laws
P39.29 (a) p mu= γ ; for an electron moving at 0.010 0c,
γ =−
=−
= ≈1
1
1
1 0 010 01 000 05 1 00
2 2u cb g b g.. . .
Thus, p = × ×−1 00 9 11 10 0 010 0 3 00 1031 8. . . . kg m se jb
ge jp = × ⋅−2 73 10 24. kg m s .
(b) Following the same steps as used in part (a),
we find at 0.500c, γ = 1 15. and p = × ⋅−1 58 10 22. kg m s
.
(c) At 0.900c, γ = 2 29. and p = × ⋅−5 64 10 22. kg m s .
-
Chapter 39 445
P39.30 Using the relativistic form, pmu
u cmu=
−=
12b g
γ
we find the difference ∆p from the classical momentum, mu: ∆p mu
mu mu= − = −γ γ 1b g .
(a) The difference is 1.00% when γ γ− =1 0 010 0b gmu mu. : γ =
=−
10 990
1
12. u cb g
thus 1 0 9902
2− FHGIKJ =
uc
.a f , and u c= 0 141. .
(b) The difference is 10.0% when γ γ− =1 0 100b gmu mu. : γ =
=−
10 900
1
12. u cb g
thus 1 0 9002
2− FHGIKJ =
uc
.a f and u c= 0 436. .
P39.31p mu
mumu mu
mu−
=−
= −γ
γ 1 : γ − =−
− ≈ + FHGIKJ − =
FHGIKJ1
1
11 1
12
1122
2 2
u c
uc
ucb g
p mumu−
=×
FHG
IKJ = ×
−12
90 03 00 10
4 50 108
214.
..
m s m s
P39.32 pmu
u c=
−12b g
becomes 12
2
2 2
2− =uc
m up
which gives: 112
2
2 2= +FHG
IKJu
mp c
or c um c
p2 2
2 2
2 1= +FHG
IKJ and u
c
m c p=
+2 2 2 1e j.
P39.33 Relativistic momentum of the system of fragments must be
conserved. For total momentum to bezero after as it was before, we
must have, with subscript 2 referring to the heavier fragment,
andsubscript 1 to the lighter, p p2 1=
or γ γ2 2 2 1 1 128
2
2 50 10
1 0 8930 893m u m u c= =
×
−×
−.
..
kg
a fa f
or1 67 10
14 960 10
272
22
28.
.×
−= ×
−−
kg kg
e jb g
e ju
u cc .
Proceeding to solve, we find1 67 10
127
282
222
2. ×
×
FHG
IKJ = −
−
−4.960 10uc
uc
12 3 122
2.uc
= and u c2 0 285= . .
-
446 Relativity
Section 39.8 Relativistic Energy
P39.34 ∆E mc= −γ γ1 22b g
For an electron, mc2 0 511= . MeV
(a) ∆E mc=−
−−
FHG
IKJ =
11 0 810
11 0 250
0 5822. .
.a f a f MeV
(b) ∆E mc=−
−−
FHGG
IKJJ
=1
1 0 990
11 0 810
2 4522
. ..a f MeV
P39.35 W K Kv c
mcv c
mcf if i
∑ = − =−
−
F
HGGG
I
KJJJ
−−
F
HGG
I
KJJ
1
11
1
122
2
2
d i b g
or Wv c v c
mc
f i
∑ =−
−−
F
HGGG
I
KJJJ
1
1
1
12 22
d i b g
(a) W∑ =−
−−
F
HGG
I
KJJ × ×
−1
1 0 750
1
1 0 5001 673 10 2 998 10
2 2
27 8 2
. .. .
a f a f e je j kg m s
W∑ = × −5 37 10 11. J
(b) W∑ =−
−−
F
HGG
I
KJJ × ×
−1
1 0 995
1
1 0 5001 673 10 2 998 10
2 2
27 8 2
. .. .
a f a f e je j kg m s
W∑ = × −1 33 10 9. J
P39.36 The relativistic kinetic energy of an object of mass m
and speed u is Ku c
mcr =−
−FHGG
IKJJ
1
11
2 2
2 .
For u c= 0 100. , K mc mcr = −−
FHG
IKJ
=1
1 0 010 01 0 005 0382 2
.. .
The classical equation K muc =12
2 gives K m c mcc = =12
0 100 0 005 0002 2. .a f
different by0 005 038 0 005 000
0 005 0380 751%
. ..
.−
= .
For still smaller speeds the agreement will be still better.
-
Chapter 39 447
P39.37 E mc mc= =γ 2 22 or γ = 2 .
Thus, uc= −FHGIKJ =1
1 32
2
γ or u
c=
32
.
The momentum is then p mu mc mc
c= =
FHGIKJ =FHGIKJγ 2
32
32
pc c
= FHGIKJ = ×
938 33 1 63 103
..
MeV
MeV.
P39.38 (a) Using the classical equation, K mv= = × = ×12
12
78 0 1 06 10 4 38 102 52 11. . . kg m s Jb ge j .
(b) Using the relativistic equation, Kv c
mc=−
−F
HGG
I
KJJ
1
11
2
2
b g.
K =− × ×
−
L
N
MMMM
O
Q
PPPP× = ×
1
1 1 06 10 2 998 101 78 0 2 998 10 4 38 10
5 8 2
8 2 11
. .. . .
e jb ge j kg m s J
When vc
-
448 Relativity
P39.41 We must conserve both energy and relativistic momentum of
thesystem of fragments. With subscript 1 referring to the 0 868.
cparticle and subscript 2 to the 0 987. c particle,
γ 1 21
1 0 8682 01=
−=
..
a f and γ 2 2
1
1 0 9876 22=
−=
..
a f.
Conservation of energy gives E E E1 2+ = totalwhich is γ γ1
1
22 2
2 2m c m c m c+ = totalor 2 01 6 22 3 34 101 2
27. . .m m+ = × − kg .
This reduces to: m m1 2273 09 1 66 10+ = × −. . kg . (1)
Since the final momentum of the system must equal zero, p p1
2=
gives γ γ1 1 1 2 2 2m u m u=
or 2 01 0 868 6 22 0 9871 2. . . .a fa f a fa fc m c m=which
becomes m m1 23 52= . . (2)
FIG. P39.41
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, m1288 84 10= × −. kg and
m2
282 51 10= × −. kg .
*P39.42 Energy conservation: 1
1 01 400
900
1 0 85 122
2
2
2
2 2−+
−=
− kg
kgc
c Mc
v c.
3 108 12
2 kg − =vc
M .
Momentum conservation: 0900 0 85
1 0 85 12 2 2+
−=
−
kg .
.
c Mv
v c
a f
1 452 12
2 kg − =vc
Mvc
.
(a) Dividing gives vc= =
1 4523 108
0 467. v c= 0 467. .
(b) Now by substitution 3 108 1 0 467 2 75 102 3 kg kg− = = ×.
.M .
P39.43 E mc= γ 2 p mu= γ
E mc2 22
= γe j p mu2 2= γb g
E p c mc mu c mc mc u mcuc
uc
mc2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
12 21 1− = − = −FH IK = −
FHGIKJ −FHGIKJ =−
γ γ γe j b g e j a f e j e jQ.E.D.
P39.44 (a) q V K m ce∆a f b g= = −γ 1 2
Thus, γ =−
= +1
11
2 2u c
q V
m ceb ga f∆
from which u c= 0 302. .
(b) K m c q Ve= − = = × × = ×− −γ 1 1 60 10 2 50 10 4 00 102 19
4 15b g a f e je j∆ . . . C J C J
-
Chapter 39 449
P39.45 (a) E mc= =γ 2 20 0. GeV with mc 2 0 511= . MeV for
electrons. Thus,
γ =××
= ×20 0 10
3 91 109
4. . eV
0.511 10 eV6.
(b) γ =−
= ×1
13 91 10
2
4
u cb g. from which u c= 0 999 999 999 7.
(c) L Luc
Lp
p= − FHG
IKJ = =
××
= × =−13 00 10
7 67 10 7 672 3
2
γ.
. . m
3.91 10 m cm4
*P39.46 (a) P = =×
= ×−energy J
100 10 s W
∆t2
2 00 101513.
(b) The kinetic energy of one electron with v c= 0 999 9. is
γ − =−
−FHGG
IKJJ × × = ×
= ×
− −
−
11
1 0 999 91 9 11 10 69 7 8 20 10
5 72 10
2
2
31 2 14
12
b g e j e jmc.
. . .
.
kg 3 10 m s J
J
8
Then we require 0 01100
2 5 72 10 12.
. J J= × −Ne j
N =××
= ×−
−2 10
5 72 103 50 10
4
127 J
J.. .
P39.47 Conserving total momentum of the decaying particle
system, p pbefore decay after decay= = 0
p p m u m uv e= = =µ µγ γ 207b g .Conservation of mass-energy
for the system gives E E Evµ π+ = : γ µ πm c p c m cv
2 2+ =
γ 207 273mpc
mev
eb g+ = .
Substituting from the momentum equation above, γ γ207 207 273m
muc
me e eb g b g+ =
or γ 1273207
1 32+FHGIKJ = =
uc
. :11
1 74+−
=u cu c
.uc= 0 270. .
Then, K m c m ceµ µγ γ= − = −1 1 2072 2b g b g e j : Kµ =
−−
F
HGG
I
KJJ
1
1 0 2701 207 0 511
2..
a fa f MeV
Kµ = 4 08. MeV .
Also, E E Ev = −π µ : E m c m c m cv e= − = −π µγ γ2 2 2273 207b
g
E
E
v
v
= −−
F
HGG
I
KJJ
=
273207
1 0 2700 511
29 6
2..
.
a fa f MeV
MeV
-
450 Relativity
*P39.48 Let observer A hold the unprimed reference frame, with
uc
134
= and uc
234
= − . Let observer B be at
rest in the primed frame with ′ = =−
−u
u vu v c11
120 1
v uc
= =134
.
(a) Then ′ =−
−=
− −− − +
=−+
uu vu v c
c cc c
c2
2
221
3 4 3 41 3 4 3 4
1 51 9 16b gb g
.
speed = ′ = = =uc
c c23 225 16
2425
0 960. .
(b) In the unprimed frame the objects, each of mass m, together
have energy
γ γmc mcmc
mc2 22
2
221 0 75
3 02+ =−
=.
. .
In the primed frame the energy is mc mc
mc2
2
2
2
2
1 0 1 0 964 57
−+
−=
.. , greater by
4 573 02
1 512
2..
.mcmc
= times greater as measured by observer B .
Section 39.9 Mass and Energy
P39.49 Let a 0.3-kg flag be run up a flagpole 7 m high.
We put into it energy mgh = ≈0 3 7 20. kg 9.8 m s m J2e j .
So we put into it extra mass ∆mEc
= =×
= × −2 8 21620
3 102 10
J
m s kg
e j
for a fractional increase of2 10
1016
15×−
− kg0.3 kg
~ .
P39.50 E = ×2 86 105. J . Also, the mass-energy relation says
that E mc= 2 .
Therefore, mEc
= =×
×= × −2
5
2122 86 10 3 18 10
..
J
3.00 10 m s kg
8e j.
No, a mass loss of this magnitude (out of a total of 9.00 g)
could not be detected .
P39.51 ∆∆
mEc
tc
= = =× ×
×=2 2
9 7
8 2
0 800 1 00 10 3 00 3 16 10
3 00 100 842
P . . . .
..
J s yr s yr
m s kg
e jb ge je j
P39.52 ∆∆ ∆
mEc
mc T
c
Vc T
c= = = =
× ⋅° °
×2 2 2
9 3 3
8 2
1 030 1 40 10 10 4 186 10 0
3 00 10
a f a f e je je j b ga fe j
ρ kg m m J kg C C
m s
3 . .
.
∆m = ×6 71 108. kg
-
Chapter 39 451
P39.53 P = = = = ×dEdt
d mc
dtc
dmdt
22 263 77 10
e j. W
Thus, dmdt
=×
×= ×
3 77 10
3 00 104 19 10
26
8 29.
..
J s
m s kg s
e j
P39.54 2 1 022m ce = . MeV Eγ ≥ 1 02. MeV
Section 39.10 The General Theory of Relativity
*P39.55 (a) For the satellite F ma∑ = : GM mr
mvr
mr
rT
E2
2 22= = FHG
IKJ
π
GM T r
r
r
E2 2 3
11 24 2
2
1 3
7
4
6 67 10 5 98 10 43 080
4
2 66 10
=
=× ⋅ ×F
HGG
IKJJ
= ×
−
π
π
. .
.
N m kg s
kg
m
2
2
e jb g
(b) vr
T= =
×= ×
2 2 2 66 10
43 0803 87 10
73π π . .
m
s m s
e j
(c) The small fractional decrease in frequency received is equal
in magnitude to the fractionalincrease in period of the moving
oscillator due to time dilation:
fractional change in f = − − = −− × ×
−
F
HGGG
I
KJJJ
= − − −×
×
FHG
IKJ
LNMM
OQPP
FHGG
IKJJ = − ×
−
γ 11
1 3 87 10 3 101
1 112
3 87 103 10
8 34 10
3 8 2
3
8
211
b ge j.
..
(d) The orbit altitude is large compared to the radius of the
Earth, so we must use
UGM m
rgE= − .
∆
∆ ∆
Um m
m
ff
U
mc
g
g
= −× ×
×+
× ×
×
= ×
= =×
×= + ×
− −
−
6 67 10 5 98 10
2 66 10
6 67 10 5 98 10
6 37 10
4 76 10
4 76 10
3 105 29 10
11 24
7
11 24
6
7
2
7
8 210
. .
.
. .
.
.
..
Nm kg
kg m
Nm kg
kg m
J kg
m s
m s
2
2
2 2
e j e j
e j
(e) − × + × = + ×− − −8 34 10 5 29 10 4 46 1011 10 10. . .
-
452 Relativity
Additional Problems
P39.56 (a) d vt v tearth earth astro= = γ so 2 00 101
130 06
2 2. .× =
− yr yre jc v
v c
1 1 50 102
25− = FHG
IKJ ×
−vc
vc
.e j 12 25 102
2
2 10
2− =× −v
c
v
c
.e j
1 1 2 25 102
210= + × −
vc
.e j so vc = + × = − ×− − −1 2 25 10 1
12
2 25 10101 2 10. .e j e j
vc= − × −1 1 12 10 10.
(b) Kv c
mc=−
−FHGG
IKJJ =
×−
FHG
IKJ × = ×
1
11
2 00 101 1 000 1 000 3 10 6 00 10
2 2
26
8 2 27. . yr
30 yr kg m s Jb gb ge j
(c) 6 00 10 6 00 1013¢
3 60017 1027 27 20. .
h$2.× = × FHG
IKJFHGIKJ
⋅FHGIKJFHG
IKJ = × J J kWh
k10
W sJ s3
P39.57 (a) 10 113 2 MeV = −γb gm cp so γ = 1010
v cp ≈ ′ = = =−t
tγ
1010 10
55 2 yr
10 yr s10 ~
(b) ′ = ′d ct ~ 108 km
P39.58 (a) When K Ke p= , m c m ce e p p2 21 1γ γ− = −b g e j
.
In this case, m ce2 0 511= . MeV , m cp
2 938= MeV
and γ e = − =−
1 0 750 1 511 921 2
. .a f .
Substituting, γγ
pe e
p
m c
m c= +
−= +
−=1
11
0 511 1 511 9 1
9381 000 279
2
2
b g a fb g. ..
MeV
MeV
but γ ppu c
=−LNM
OQP
1
12 1 2e j
.
Therefore, u c cp p= − =−1 0 023 62γ . .
(b) When p pe p= γ γp p p e e em u m u= or γ
γp p
e e e
pu
m um
= .
Thus, γ p puc c
cc= = × −
1 511 9 0 511 0 750
9386 177 2 10
2
24
. . ..
b ge ja f MeV MeV
andu
c
u
cp p= × −
FHGIKJ
−6 177 2 10 142
.
which yields u cp = × =−6 18 10 1854. km s .
-
Chapter 39 453
P39.59 (a) Since Mary is in the same reference frame, ′S , as
Ted, she measures the ball to have thesame speed Ted observes,
namely ′ =u cx 0 800. .
(b) ∆ ′ =′=
×
×= ×t
L
up
x
1 80 107 50 10
123. .
m
0.800 3.00 10 m s s
8e j
(c) L Lvc
c
cp= − = × − = ×1 1 80 10 1
0 6001 44 10
2
212
2
212.
.. m me j a f
Since v c= 0 600. and ′ = −u cx 0 800. , the velocity Jim
measures for the ball is
uu vu v c
c ccx
x
x
=′ +
+ ′=
− ++ −
= −1
0 800 0 6001 0 800 0 600
0 3852. .
. ..
a f a fa fa f .
(d) Jim measures the ball and Mary to be initially separated by
1 44 1012. × m . Mary’s motion at0.600c and the ball’s motion at
0.385c nibble into this distance from both ends. The gap closesat
the rate 0 600 0 385 0 985. . .c c c+ = , so the ball and catcher
meet after a time
∆t =×
×= ×
1 44 104 88 10
123. .
m
0.985 3.00 10 m s s
8e j.
*P39.60 (a) The charged battery stores energy E t= = =P 1 20 50
60 3 600. J s min s min Jb ga fb g
so its mass excess is ∆mEc
= =×
= × −2 2143 600 4 00 10
J
3 10 m s kg
8e j. .
(b)∆mm
=×
×= ×
−
−−4 00 10
101 60 10
14
312. .
kg25 kg
too small to measure.
P39.61∆mcmc
2
2
4 938 78 3 728 4100% 0 712%=
−× =
. ..
MeV MeV4 938.78 MeV
a fa f
*P39.62 The energy of the first fragment is given by E p c m
c12
12 2
12 2 2 21 75 1 00= + = +e j a f a f. . MeV MeV
E1 2 02= . MeV .
For the second, E22 2 22 00 1 50= +. . MeV MeVa f a f E2 2 50= .
MeV .
(a) Energy is conserved, so the unstable object had E = 4 52.
MeV. Each component ofmomentum is conserved, so the original object
moved with
p p pc cx y
2 2 22 22 00
= + = FHGIKJ +FHG
IKJ
1.75 MeV MeV.. Then for it
4 52 1 75 2 002 2 2 22
. . . MeV MeV MeVa f a f a f e j= + + mc mc
=3.65 MeV
2 .
(b) Now E mc= γ 2 gives 4 521
13 65
2 2. . MeV MeV=
− v c1 0 654
2
2− =vc
. , v c= 0 589. .
-
454 Relativity
P39.63 (a) Take the spaceship as the primed frame, moving toward
the right at v c= +0 600. .
Then ′ = +u cx 0 800. , and uu vu v c
c ccx
x
x
=′ +
+ ′=
++
=1
0 800 0 6001 0 800 0 600
0 9462b g a fa f. .
. .. .
(b) LLp
=γ
: L = − =0 200 1 0 600 0 1602. . . ly lyb g a f
(c) The aliens observe the 0.160-ly distance closing because the
probe nibbles into it from oneend at 0.800c and the Earth reduces
it at the other end at 0.600c.
Thus, time =+
=0 160
0 6000 114
..
. ly
0.800 yr
c c.
(d) Ku c
mc=−
−FHGG
IKJJ
1
11
2 2
2 : K =−
−F
HGG
I
KJJ × ×
1
1 0 9461 4 00 10 3 00 10
2
5 8 2
.. .
a f e je j kg m s
K = ×7 50 1022. J
P39.64 In this case, the proper time is T0 (the time measured by
the students on a clock at rest relative tothem). The dilated time
measured by the professor is: ∆t T= γ 0
where ∆t T t= + Here T is the time she waits before sending a
signal and t is the time required forthe signal to reach the
students.
Thus, we have: T t T+ = γ 0 . (1)
To determine the travel time t, realize that the distance the
students will have moved beyond theprofessor before the signal
reaches them is: d v T t= +a f .
The time required for the signal to travel this distance is:
tdc
vc
T t= = FHGIKJ +a f .
Solving for t gives: tv c T
v c=
−b gb g1 .
Substituting this into equation (1) yields: Tv c T
v cT+
−=
b gb g1 0γ
orTv c
T1 0−
= γ .
Then T Tv c
v cT
v c
v c v cT
v c
v c=
−
−=
−
+ −=
−
+0 2 2 0 01
1
1
1 1
1
1b ge j
b gb g b g
b gb g .
-
Chapter 39 455
P39.65 Look at the situation from the instructors’ viewpoint
since they are at rest relative to the clock, andhence measure the
proper time. The Earth moves with velocity v c= −0 280. relative to
theinstructors while the students move with a velocity ′ = −u c0
600. relative to Earth. Using the velocityaddition equation, the
velocity of the students relative to the instructors (and hence the
clock) is:
uv uvu c
c c
c c cc=
+ ′+ ′
=− −
+ − −= −
1
0 280 0 600
1 0 280 0 6000 7532 2
. .
. ..
a f a fa fa f (students relative to clock).
(a) With a proper time interval of ∆tp = 50 0. min , the time
interval measured by the students is:
∆ ∆t tp= γ with γ =−
=1
1 0 7531 52
2 2..
c ca f.
Thus, the students measure the exam to last T = =1 52 50 0 76 0.
. . min minutesa f .
(b) The duration of the exam as measured by observers on Earth
is:
∆ ∆t tp= γ with γ =−
1
1 0 280 2 2. c ca f so T = =1 04 50 0 52 1. . . min minutesa f
.
P39.66 The energy which arrives in one year is
E t= = × × = ×P ∆ 1 79 10 3 16 10 5 66 1017 7 24. . . J s s Je
je j .
Thus, mEc
= =×
×= ×2
24
275 66 10 6 28 10
..
J
3.00 10 m s kg
8e j.
P39.67 The observer measures the proper length of the tunnel,
50.0 m, but measures the train contracted tolength
L Lvcp
= − = − =1 100 1 0 950 31 22
22 m m. .a f
shorter than the tunnel by 50 0 31 2 18 8. . .− = m so it is
completely within the tunnel. .
P39.68 If the energy required to remove a mass m from the
surface is equal to its rest energy mc 2 ,
thenGM m
Rmcs
g= 2
and RGM
cgs= =
× ⋅ ×
×
−
2
11 30
8 2
6 67 10 1 99 10
3 00 10
. .
.
N m kg kg
m s
2 2e je je j
Rg = × =1 47 10 1 473. . m km .
-
456 Relativity
P39.69 (a) At any speed, the momentum of the particle is given
by
p mumu
u c= =
−γ
1 2b g.
Since F qEdpdt
= = : qEddt
muuc
= −FHGIKJ
LNMM
OQPP
−
12
2
1 2
qE muc
dudt
muuc
uc
dudt
= −FHGIKJ + −
FHGIKJFHGIKJ
− −
112
122
2
1 2 2
2
3 2
2 .
SoqEm
dudt
u c u c
u c=
− +
−
L
NMMM
O
QPPP
1
1
2 2 2 2
2 2 3 2e j
and adudt
qEm
uc
= = −FHGIKJ1
2
2
3 2
.
(b) For u small compared to c, the relativistic expression
reduces to the classical aqEm
= . As u
approaches c, the acceleration approaches zero, so that the
object can never reach the speedof light.
(c)du
u c
qEm
dtu
t
t
1 2 23 2
0 0−=z z
=e ju
qEct
m c q E t=
+2 2 2 2 2
x udt qEctdt
m c q E t
t t
= =+
z z0
2 2 2 2 20
xc
qEm c q E t mc= + −FH IK2 2 2 2 2
P39.70 (a) An observer at rest relative to the mirror sees the
light travel a distance D d x= −2 , wherex vtS= is the distance the
ship moves toward the mirror in time tS . Since this observeragrees
that the speed of light is c, the time for it to travel distance D
is
tDc
d vtcS
S= =−2
td
c vS=
+2
.
(b) The observer in the rocket measures a length-contracted
initial distance to the mirror of
L dvc
= −12
2
and the mirror moving toward the ship at speed v. Thus, he
measures the distance the light
travels as D L y= −2b g where y vt=2
is the distance the mirror moves toward the ship before
the light reflects from it. This observer also measures the
speed of light to be c, so the timefor it to travel distance D
is:
tDc c
dvc
vt= = − −
LNMM
OQPP
21
2
2
2 so c v tdc
c v c v+ = + −a f a fa f2 or t dc
c vc v
=−+
2.
-
Chapter 39 457
*P39.71 Take the two colliding protons as the system
E K mc12= + E mc2
2=
E p c m c12
12 2 2 4= + p2 0= .
In the final state, E K Mcf f= +2 : E p c M cf f
2 2 2 2 4= + .
By energy conservation, E E E f1 2+ = , so
E E E E E f12
1 2 22 22+ + =
p c m c K mc mc m c
p c M cf
12 2 2 4 2 2 2 4
2 2 2 4
2+ + + +
= +
e j
By conservation of momentum, p p f1 = .
Then M c Kmc m cKm c
mcm c2 4 2 2 4
2 4
22 42 4
42
4= + = +
Mc mcKmc
2 222 1 2
= + .
By contrast, for colliding beams we have
In the original state, E K mc12= +
E K mc22= + .
In the final state, E Mcf =2
E E E f1 2+ = : K mc K mc Mc+ + + =2 2 2
Mc mcKmc
2 222 1 2
= +FHGIKJ .
FIG. P39.71
*P39.72 Conservation of momentum γ mu :
mu
u c
m u
u c
Mv
v c
mu
u c
f
f1 3 1 1
2
3 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2−+
−
−=
−=
−
a f.
Conservation of energy γ mc 2 :
mc
u c
mc
u c
Mc
v c
mc
u cf
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 21 3 1 1
4
3 1−+
−=
−=
−.
To start solving we can divide: vu u
f = =24 2
. Then
M
u c
m
u c
M
u c
Mm u c
u c
1 4
4
3 1 1 2 4
2 4
3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
−=
−=
−
=−
−
b g
Note that when v c
-
458 Relativity
P39.73 (a) L L Lx y02
02
02= + and L L Lx y
2 2 2= + .
The motion is in the x direction: L L Ly y= =0 0 0sinθ
L Lvc
Lvcx x
= − FHGIKJ = −
FHGIKJ0
2
0 0
2
1 1cosθb g .
Thus, L Lvc
L Lvc
202 2
0
2
02 2
0 02
22
01 1= −FHGIKJ
LNMM
OQPP + = −
FHGIKJ
LNMM
OQPPcos sin cosθ θ θ
or L Lvc
= − FHGIKJ
LNMM
OQPP0
22
0
1 2
1 cos θ .
(b) tan tanθ γ θ= =−
=L
L
L
L v c
y
x
y
x
0
02 01 b g
P39.74 (b) Consider a hermit who lives on an asteroid halfway
between the Sun and Tau Ceti,stationary with respect to both. Just
as our spaceship is passing him, he also sees the blastwaves from
both explosions. Judging both stars to be stationary, this observer
concludes that
the two stars blew up simultaneously .
(a) We in the spaceship moving past the hermit do not calculate
the explosions to besimultaneous. We measure the distance we have
traveled from the Sun as
L Lvcp
= − FHGIKJ = − =1 6 00 1 0 800 3 60
22. . . ly lyb g a f .
We see the Sun flying away from us at 0.800c while the light
from the Sun approaches at1.00c. Thus, the gap between the Sun and
its blast wave has opened at 1.80c, and the timewe calculate to
have elapsed since the Sun exploded is
3 602 00
..
ly1.80
yrc= .
We see Tau Ceti as moving toward us at 0.800c, while its light
approaches at 1.00c, only0.200c faster. We measure the gap between
that star and its blast wave as 3.60 ly andgrowing at 0.200c. We
calculate that it must have been opening for
3 6018 0
..
ly0.200
yrc=
and conclude that Tau Ceti exploded 16.0 years before the Sun
.
-
Chapter 39 459
P39.75 Since the total momentum is zero before decay, it is
necessary that after the decay
p pE
c cnucleus photon keV
= = =γ14 0.
.
Also, for the recoiling nucleus, E p c mc2 2 2 22
= + e j with mc 2 98 60 10 53 8= × =−. . J GeV .
Thus, mc K mc22 2 2 214 0+ = +e j a f e j. keV or 1 14 0 12
2
2
2
+FHGIKJ =FHG
IKJ +
Kmc mc
. keV.
So 1 114 0
112
14 02 2
2
2
2
+ = + FHGIKJ ≈ +
FHG
IKJ
Kmc mc mc
. . keV keV (Binomial Theorem)
and Kmc
≈= =×
×= × −
14 0
2
14 0
2 53 8 101 82 10
2
2
2
93. .
..
keV 10 eV
eV eV
3a f e je j
.
P39.76 Take m = 1 00. kg .
The classical kinetic energy is K mu mcuc
ucc
= = FHGIKJ = ×
FHGIKJ
12
12
4 50 102 22
162
. Je j
and the actual kinetic energy is Ku c
mcu c
r =−
−F
HGG
I
KJJ = × −
−F
HGG
I
KJJ
1
11 9 00 10
1
11
2
2 16
2b ge j
b g. J .
uc
K Kc r J J
0.000 0.000 0.0000.100 0.045 0.04530.200 0.180 0.1860.300 0.405
0.4350.400 0.720 0.8200.500 1.13 1.390.600 1.62 2.250.700 2.21
3.600.800 2.88 6.000.900 3.65 11.60.990 54.8
a f a f
× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×
4.41× ×
10 1010 1010 1010 10
10 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 10
16 16
16 16
16 16
16 16
16 16
16 16
16 16
16 16
16 16
16 16
FIG. P39.76
K Kc r= 0 990. , when 12
0 9901
11
2
2
uc u c
FHGIKJ = −
−L
NMMM
O
QPPP
.b g
, yielding u c= 0 115. .
Similarly, K Kc r= 0 950. when u c= 0 257.
and K Kc r= 0 500. when u c= 0 786. .
-
460 Relativity
ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS
P39.2 (a) 60 0. m s ; (b) 20 0. m s ; (c) 44 7. m s P39.44 (a) 0
302. c ; (b) 4 00. fJ
P39.46 (a) 20.0 TW; (b) 3 50 107. × electronsP39.4 see the
solution
P39.6 0 866. c P39.48 (a) 0.960c; (b) 1.51 times greater
asmeasured by B.
P39.8 (a) 25.0 yr; (b) 15.0 yr; (c) 12.0 lyP39.50 3 18 10 12. ×
− kg , not detectable
P39.10 (a) 2 18. sµ ; (b) The moon sees the planetsurface moving
649 m up toward it. P39.52 6 71 108. × kg
P39.12 (a) cL
c t L
p
p2 2 2∆ +
; (b) 4 00. m s ; P39.54 1 02. MeV
P39.56 (a) vc= − × −1 1 12 10 10. ; (b) 6 00 1027. × J;(c) see
the solution
(c) $2.17 1020×P39.14 v c= 0 140.
P39.58 (a) 0 023 6. c ; (b) 6 18 10 4. × − cP39.16 5.45 yr,
Goslo is older
P39.60 (a) 4 00 10 14. × − kg ; (b) 1 60 10 12. × −P39.18 11 3.
kHz
P39.20 (a) see the solution; (b) 0 050 4. c P39.62 (a) 3 65
2. MeV
c; (b) v c= 0 589.
P39.22 (a) 0 943. c ; (b) 2.55 kmP39.64 see the solution
P39.24 B occurred 444 ns before AP39.66 6 28 107. × kg
P39.26 0 357. cP39.68 1 47. km
P39.28 0 893. c at 16 8. ° ′ above the -axisx
P39.70 (a) 2d
c v+; (b)
2dc
c vc v−+P39.30 (a) 0 141. c ; (b) 0 436. c
P39.32 see the solutionP39.72 M
m u cu c
=−
−23
41
2 2
2 2P39.34 (a) 0 582. MeV; (b) 2 45. MeV
P39.36 see the solution P39.74 (a) Tau Ceti exploded 16.0 yr
before theSun; (b) they exploded simultaneously
P39.38 (a) 438 GJ ; (b) 438 GJP39.76 see the solution, 0 115. c
, 0 257. c , 0 786. c
P39.40 18 4. g cm3
P39.42 (a) 0.467c; (b) 2 75 103. × kg