Relative cue weighting of the register contrast in Southern Yi Jianjing Kuang Aletheia Cui Yan Lu
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RelativecueweightingoftheregistercontrastinSouthernYi
JianjingKuangAletheiaCuiYanLu
AboutSouthernYi• Tibeto-Burman• SpokeninYunnan,China• Sevenvowels
² i,ɛ,a,ɿ,ə,o,u• Threetones
² Low(21),mid(33),high(55)• Phonation-basedregisters(tensevs.lax)
² Onlyco-occurswiththelow(21)andmid(33)tones² Tensevowelsareindicatedbyanunderline(e.g.,be21vs be21)
TheRegisterContrast
T21 L21 T33 L33 55
be
bu
Phonationastheprimarycuefortheregistercontrast
Thetensevs.laxcontrastisdistinctinphonation• Tensephonationhasagreaterdegreeofglottalconstriction:² Acoustically,tensephonationhaslessprominentH1– smallervaluesforH1*,H1*-H2*,H1*-A1*,H1*-A2*,H1*-A3*
² Articulatory,tensephonationhasgreaterContactQuotient(EGG)
Ladefoged andMaddieson,1985;ShiandZhou,2005;Kuang,2011;Kuang&Keating,2014
CoarticulatedCuesfortheRegisterContrast
• Constrictioninthelarynxandpharynxleadstoretractedtongueroot² LaryngoscopestudiesofNorthernYishowthatthetensevowelsshowaretractionofthetongueroot(Esling etal.,2001;EdmondsonandEsling,2006)
² F1forthetensevowelstendtobehigher(Kuang,2011)inonedialect
• Stiffnessinthevocalfoldsleadstoahigherf0(Kuang,2011)
• Therearedialectdifferences.
SoundChange?• Kuang(2011)noticedthatsomeyoungerspeakersdonot
producephonationcontrastsforthelowvowels,e.g./be/• Maybeasoundchangeisunderway?• OtherYidialects
² Onehaslostphonationdistinctionsentirelyforlowvowels
Tense Lax
Dialect withnophonationcontrastDialectinthisstudy
HistoricalChangesthroughCueShifting
• Tonogenesis² Consonantvoicingcontrast>tonalcontrast² Vowelpitchishigherafteravoicelessconsonant(e.g.,Ohala,1973;Hombert etal.,1979;Maddieson,1984)• Increasedvocalcordtensiontomaintainvoicelessness,resultinginF0perturbationsonthefollowingvowel(Löfqvistetal,1989)
• Vowelnasalization:² Vowelsprecedingnasalstopsundergocoarticulatorynasalization
² Resultsinhistoricalchange:VN>Ṽ
SoundChangefromtheShiftingofthePrimaryCue
• Heightofbar=importanceofcue• Horizontalline=thresholdforsignificance
cue_1 cue_2 cue_3
Before a Sound Change
Cues
Significance
02
46
8
cue_1 cue_2 cue_3
After a Sound Change
Cues
Significance
02
46
8
Questions
Phoneticvariationprovidestheopportunityforsoundchange.• Howdoesthishappen?• Theroleofproductionandperception?
Threepossibilities:
• Cueshiftingstartsinproduction,andthenlistenersbecomeattunedtothechangesintheimportanceofcues
• Listenersshifttheirattentiontoanewcue,andtheninturnrelyonthiscuetomarkaphonologicalcontrastinproduction
• Productionandperceptionatthesametime
ThisStudy• IsSouthernYiundergoingsoundchange?
--Lowvowelsarelosingphonationcontrasts?
• Ifso,howisthesoundchangereflectedinproductionandperception?
à Relativeimportanceofthecoarticulatedcuesinproductionandperceptionwiththesamegroupofpeople
ProductionandPerceptioninSoundChange
• Otherstudieswithbothproductionandperceptionofthesamespeakers² Vowel-to-vowelcoarticulation(Grosvald andCorina,2012)
² Kammu voweltonogenesis (Svantesson andHouse,2006)
² StandardSouthBritish/u/-fronting(Harringtonetal.,2008)
Participants
• 41nativespeakers² 17femalespeakers(agerange[26:70],mean47)² 24malespeakers(agerange[30:71],mean45).
• Dividedinto3agegroups² youngerthan40(10participants),² 40-50(17participants)² olderthan50(14participants)
PERCEPTION1:NATURALSTIMULI
Goals
• Createabaselineforcomparison• Testwhethertheregistercontrastismaintainedbyallagegroups
Methods• Stimuli
² naturallyproducedminimalsetsbe (be21,be21,be33,be33,andbe55),andbu (bu21,bu21,bu33,bu33bu55)fromapreviousproductionexperimentfrom3malesand3females(Kuang 2011)
• Task:forcedchoiceidentificationtask² Eachstimuluswaspresentedinisolation² fivepossiblechoicesforeachstimulus,eachcorrespondingtoawordintheminimalset
² Thelistenerswereaskedtoselectthechoicethatbestcorrespondedtothestimulus
/be/accuracybyage
55 L21 L33 T21 T33
504030
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
/bu/accuracybyage
55 L21 L33 T21 T33
504030
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Overallaccuracy
30 40 50
/bu0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
30 40 50
/be/
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.6
• Chi-squaretestsshowthatthereisnoagedifferenceinaccuracyrate.
• Linguisticcontrastismaintainedbyallagegroups
• Whetherallagegroupsusethesamecuestomakethecontrast?
• Whetherallagegroupsusethesamecuestomakethecontrast?
cueweightinginbothproductionandperception
PRODUCTION
Methods• Speakerwereaskedtoproduceminimalsetsof/be/(be21,be21,be33,be33,be55)and/bu/(bu21,bu21,bu33,bu33,bu55)² Frame:[ŋo33__e55lʏ33ɣw33]“Isaytheword___.”² Eachutterancewasrepeated3times
• Thevowelportionofeachtargetwordwasextracted² acousticmeasurementsweretakenautomaticallyusingVoiceSauce
² Fourmeasures:F1,F2,F0andH1*-H2*
Methods:DataAnalysis
• Stats:logisticregressionmodelsRegister~F1.z+F2.z+F0.z+H1-H2.z
Plotlog(p-value)toindicaterelativeimportance
/be/
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:>50
02
46
812
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:40~50
05
1015
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:<40
02
46
810
Higherbar=cueismoreimportantHorizontalline=log(0.05)
/bu/
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:>50
02
46
810
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:40-50
05
1020
30
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:<40
05
1015
Higherbar=cueismoreimportantHorizontalline=log(0.05)
PERCEPTION:RESYNTHESIZED STIMULI
Goals
• Findoutagegroupsdifferinthecuestheyrelyonfortheregistercontrast
• Testwhetherthecuesdifferforlowvowelsandhighvowels
Methods• Stimuli
² resynthesizedfromnaturallyproduced/be33,be33/and/bu33,bu33/oftwospeakers(1F,1M)
² F1,F2,andF0weremodifiedinincrementalsteps(5F1× 3F2× 3F0)
² Phonationoftheoriginaltokenswasmaintained
ResynthesizedStimuli
F1 250 325 400 475 550
Tense
Lax
Phonationcontrastissuccessfullymaintained
Paired-testsbetweentenseandlaxforallfourspeakers
Phonationcontrastissuccessfullymaintained
Methods
• Forcedchoiceidentificationtask² Eachstimuluswaspresentedinisolation² thelistenerwasaskedtochoosebetweentwooptionswhetherthetokenistenseorlax
• Participants:dividedintotwogroups² 21participantsheardtheresynthesizedstimuliofthemalespeaker
² 20heardtheresynthesizedstimuliofthefemalespeaker.
• Predictions:² Phonationistheprimarycuefor/bu/,butmaybenotfor/be/
² Olderspeakersrelymoreonphonation,youngerspeakersrelymoreonvowelquality.
Primarilyusephonation
PrimarilyuseF1
Percentageofresponse:/bu/Tense Lax
Old
Middle
Young
Relativecueweights:/bu/
logisticregressionmodelRegister~F1+F2+F0+phonation
Horizontalline=log(0.05)
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
010
2030
40
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
010
2030
4050
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
05
1015
20
Percentageofresponse:/be/Tense Lax
Old
Middle
Young
Relativecueweights:/be/
logisticregressionmodelRegister~F1+F2+F0+phonation
Horizontalline=log(0.05)
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
040
80120
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
050
100
150
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
020
4060
80
• Mappingbetweenproductionandperception
old middle young
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n/be/
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
040
80120
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
050
100
150
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
020
4060
80
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:>50
02
46
812
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:40~500
510
15
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:<40
02
46
810
old middle young
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n/be/
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
040
80120
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
050
100
150
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
020
4060
80
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:>50
02
46
812
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:40~500
510
15
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:<40
02
46
810
Misaligned!
old middle young
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n/be/
Cueshiftinghappensinperceptionfirst
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
040
80120
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
050
100
150
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
020
4060
80
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:>50
02
46
812
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:40~500
510
15
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:<40
02
46
810
old middle young
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n/bu/
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
010
2030
40
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
010
2030
4050
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
05
1015
20
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:>50
02
46
810
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:40-500
510
2030
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:<40
05
1015
old middle young
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n/bu/
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
010
2030
40
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
010
2030
4050
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
05
1015
20
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:>50
02
46
810
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:40-500
510
2030
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:<40
05
1015
Discussion
• Issoundchangeunderway?² Yes.Whiletheregistercontrastismaintained,formantsareovertakingphonationastheprimarycues
• Howdidthishappen?² Lowvowelsbeforehighvowels² innovationfirstenterstheperceptiondomain,andthenproduction
² listenersleadthechange
Listenersleadthechange• Ohala (1981,1993)
² Variationprovidesopportunitiesforchange² Soundchangehappenswhenthelistenermisinterpretsacoarticulatedcueasinherenttoasegment
• Many-to-manymappingbetweenvariableinputandflexibleperception(Beddor,2009;2012)² Somelistenersmayplacemoreweightoncoarticulatedcues,leadingtosoundchange
Listenersleadthechange• Listenerstendcompensateforcontextuallypredictablecoarticulationinperception(e.g,Fowler,2005)² Notalwaysaccurate(Fowler&Brown,2000;Beddor etal.,2001;Beddor etal.,2007)
• Agedifferencesincompensation² /u/-frontingStandardSouthernBritish(Harringtonetal.,2008)• Youngerspeakerscompensatedlessperceptuallyandproducedmorefronted/u/
MisalignmentofProductionandPerception
• Similarcase:StandardSouthernBritish(Harringtonetal.,2008;Harrington,2012)² /u/-fronting:youngerspeakersshiftinbothproductionandperception;inalignment
² /ʊ/-fronting:similarproduction,differentperceptionbetweenagegroups
² /u/-frontingbeganearlierthan/ʊ/-fronting
(Harrington, 2012)
Before change During change After change
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n3StagesofSoundChange
Differentstagesofchange• /be/:
² Youngerspeakers:Changecomplete• perceptionandproductionbothshiftfromphonationtoformants
² Olderspeakers:shiftstartedinperception• /bu/:Earlierstageofchange
² Olderspeakers:• Bothproductionandperceptionstillrelyonphonation
² Youngerspeakers:• Shiftstartedinperception
old middle young
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n/be/
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
040
80120
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
050
100
150
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
020
4060
80
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:>50
02
46
812
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:40~500
510
15
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/be/:<40
02
46
810
Before change During change After change
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n3StagesofSoundChange
OlderYounger
Differentstagesofchange• /be/:
² Youngerspeakers:Changecomplete• perceptionandproductionbothshiftfromphonationtoformants
² Olderspeakers:shiftstartedinperception• /bu/:Earlierstageofchange
² Olderspeakers:• Bothproductionandperceptionstillrelyonphonation
² Youngerspeakers:• Shiftstartedinperception
old middle young
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n/bu/
F1 F2 F0 Phon
>50
010
2030
40
F1 F2 F0 Phon
40~50
010
2030
4050
F1 F2 F0 Phon
<40
05
1015
20
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:>50
02
46
810
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:40-500
510
2030
F1 F2 F0 H1-H2
/bu/:<40
05
1015
Before change During change After change
Percep
tion
Prod
uctio
n3StagesofSoundChange
OlderYounger
Takehomemessage
• Whiletheregistercontrastismaintained,formantsareovertakingphonationastheprimarycues
• Lowvowelsbeforehighvowels• Perceptionbeforeproduction
Thankyou!
Acknowledgments
• ThisstudyissupportedbyaURFawardofUniversityofPennsylvaniatoJianjingKuang
• ThankstoalltheYifriendswhokindlyparticipatedinourstudy!
Theauthorswiththehosts
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