◦ Direct quote
◦ Price of the foreign currency in terms of home currency
◦ Indirect quote
◦ Price of the home country in terms of the foreign currency
Foreign Exchange rate
P.p.p
Deviation of P.P.P
I.F.E
Derivation of I.F.E
Compression of I.R.P,
p.p.p, I.F.E
theory attempts to quantify this inflation – exchange rate relationship.
When a country’s inflation rate increase relative to another country, decreased exports and increased imports depress the high-inflation country’s currency.
Assume that PPP holds.
Over time, inflation occurs and the exchange rate adjusts to maintain PPP:
where Ph = home country’s price indexIh = home country’s inflation rate
Pf Pf (1 + If ) (1 + ef )where Pf = foreign country’s price index
If = foreign country’s inflation rateef = foreign currency’s % D in value
PPP holds Ph = Pf and
Ph (1 + Ih ) = Pf (1 + If ) (1 + ef )
Solving for ef : ef = (1 + Ih ) – 1(1 + If )
PPP does not occur consistently due to:
Exchange rates are also affected by differences
in inflation, interest rates, income levels,
government controls and expectations of future
rates.
for some traded goods
Absolute form of PPP:
“ ”:
price of similar products to two countries should be equal when measured in a common currency.
Acknowledges market imperfections
such as:
Rate of change in the prices of
products should be similar when
measured in a common currency.
I.F.E describe that inflation and both real
and nominal interest rate. The fisher
effect state that the real interest rate equal
the nominal interest rate minus expected
inflation. therefore real interest rate fall
as inflation increase unless nominal
interest rate increase at the same rate
Setting rf = rh : (1 + if )(1 + ef ) – 1 = ih
When the interest rate differential is small, the IFE relationship can be simplified as
ef ih_ if
Forward rate premium p
Interest rate differential ih – if
fh
f
h iii
ip 1
1
1
% in spot exchange rate ef
Inflation rate differential Ih – If fh
f
hf II
I
Ie 1
1
1
% in spot exchange rate ef
Interest rate differential ih – if fh
f
hf ii
i
ie 1
1
1