Regmi Research Series - repository.cam.ac.uk

R~gmi. R<:.s e _, rch ( priv ute) l.c.d. K c.thm~n:lu: D .... .:: ember 31. 1S 83.

Re9mi Researc h ;series -

CUcrul"Jt ,ive Ind ex. for Year 15 , J anu arY-Dec ember 1 983 •

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R'.~}:Ort of the Constitutio n c~mnittee. A. D. 1950

The K"' jopadhyayas of Kantipur

APolitio n of leVi eS, A.D. 1951

Land Allot. ments i J) Makwanpur

Pag e

1

10

11

15

For(~st prc t:. E:c tlo n in Nawa lpur, -A.D. 1866 17

Fo r est Protectio n Regu latio ns for the T.:.rai ani Inner Tarai R~gio ns. A.D. l OOS 18

f-'rim~ Minist er ~han sr.umshere' s Address 21

six DuCuments _ on Ooldkha 25

R~C1Qrtlatlon of Forest Ar~a.s. A.D. H~ 97

Blrt a Co.-,ii.scation, A.D. 1805 -6

i1.everu e f.com olancrung-Gola

neukhurt am SJnar. A.D. 1833

Sal(:!: o~ wax in paena

Two Proclamations of A.D. 1951

Const ru et;: ion 0 f Forts

C.;.u:damom Farming in Nepal

IA:!poP-llation of Mal Lands in Eastern '£urai Districts

Tr~ing H:tiviti c;.S of QlIWas A.D. 1850

_ 31.44.56

~' 34

37

38

49

53

65

6&

Q.l::;torrs EXemption for T reders of Manang ':A?

w uk. R~ i e.I: T ha~c ha:l HJ ts and ,stucco l'al..:C ~s 69

-2- _.

The Impact pf India's R ~i lw~y System on N ~p::.llls Economy wring t.he C~si.ng Ye...rs· . of the· 19th century. 72

., ' cu ·'!< o ·oo ...... -'..., ~emption for LclIlCi c " He1cvnbu

ForcFSi Labor in J\lm1a, A.D. 18 50

'tleights and _Measures in Must ang

ExIXlrt of Gold to India

Mail servicE's to chitwan, 1882

A short History of Nepa l

Regulutions for JUmla, J •• D. 1850 .

Forest protection , " . ,

R'Oblems of Land-TCX Collection in 'DOt!

Rates of Jagat DJ ties .

Birta GrQa,ts, to Prime MiIlis;::er Bir shurrshere

, panchsayakhola

Bhatta Land ASsignments

Hulak AC"cangements ,

.E'ore st Regulations .

Regulations for the Bheri~Mahakall Region.

Taxes from Birta Lands

salarles ard Allowance, A.D. 1889

Qlthi En:lowment for Temple at Ridi

Birta Grant to Prime Minister Rancddip Simha

FOOd 9ol~lles in Ilam

DibtriCt Tours of Rana prin.",= Ministers . .

APPointment of l-llkhiya-Jimn3Wals

R,,-v :.;~lUe ASsessm~nts in JUml~

76

77

80

B1

B2

" B4~; '97 , 'il7 ,13 '1

B9

92

102

103 .

lC"-

105

106

1C!7

110 .

112

113

121

121

122

123

126

129

135

-3-

.k.' ~e Collection in Man".ng arrl Other '.' i 11 <'-g·:!5

it , varm..: COllection in Chisankhu

T!".", Gadkhar Birt a

,{"!VenUe COllection in the Hi ll Region

Dirt", Grants to Irrlian prie::;cs

;J.lo,.,ances for Reno. COloneJs

Londholding in Majhkirat, A.D. 1847-50

;,;lvisory ASs-embly, 1 951- 5 2

'£ h e Nc£ion", l Food and Agri 01 It u re crg ;:~..1z atioo l 1952

!",:::;gislation Relating to th.~ 1952 HlNisory

, 13~

140

141

141

142

144

145

154

161

,\.<:uembly 162

IlliJOsition of Finds vU SinO-Eating COrr.-nu!li t i.as

.C-:a.1~ i,!..mhir SaLi of Bdjur a'

ib r ang Affair.s, ,':'.0. l &~

Gu:ch't/al ~fa1rs .. A.D. 1814

eJ) on Begar LaOOr

J",gir Lands for SJ.PFly of Weapons

L::;,nd Reclamation .:.n:l settlement 1n Bicch<:Jkhorl

,s<.1!",mi. L<!J y 1. n Palloki r ut.

Ijur~ ~alt to Prima Ministar Bhimasen 'fhapd

p.O ~

168

170

17 0

171

173

1 82

185

185

186

187

1 87

186

iiegcl Research (Private) Ltd

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J. , ., .

Regmi Research Series

Year 15, No. 1

Kathmandu : January 1983

l.: \.mtf:nt~

Edited By

Mahesh C. Regmi

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.. C; l G rt of the Constitution Committee, .:..t . 1 ~··50

f i' .", .. Rajopadhyayas of Kantipur

;:nolit1on of Levies, A.D. 195 1

L~nd Allotments in Mar.,lanpur

R~gmj,. .. Research (Pr1v.ate) Ltd

Laz1mpat, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Telephone: 169Z1

ISSN : 003c-34Bx

Page

•• • 1

• •• 10

••• 11

• •• 15

(For private study and research only, not meant for public ~::lh;, uistr1l1ution and display) ..

•

Report of the Constitution A.D. 1950

Committee

(The full text of the 1948 Government of Ne;nl Act had been J~iven in ,Begrnl -Research Series, Year 2, No. 4, April 1, 1970. A ;bint ~ession of the two chambers of the legislatureL rat .::d by Prime Minist!:::r Mohan Shumshere Jung Bahadur Rana on Aswin 6, 2007 (September 22 , 1950). Slbama Slumshere Jung Bahndur Rana (not to b e con fused with the Nepali Congress leader of the same name) presented the follo .... '1ng l'-'3port on that occasion on behalf of the Constitution Committee. The tronsl.:), tion is based on the text of the report as given in Grishma Bahadur Davkota, ~t epalako Rajanitika Da rnan§; (Polltical l.firror of Nepal), Kathroandu: Keshav Chandra GA.U tam , 3)16 (A.D. 19 E'i:1), pp. 726-33).La s provided for in Article 22 0 f the Act was inaugurated.

Hi~ Highness the prime Hinister, in the capacity of a:ctin g Prime Ministe r-, constitut t: d the Constitution Coml'Ilittee to ensure smooth and speedy op::ration of the 1948 Government of Nepal Act proclaimed on Janua ry 26, 1948. In fact, it was only after his a c cession to power that the Committ e e had begun full pr(]fJa~tions to ensure the full implementation of provisions of the 'consti tutional law. Th i s . is quite a new task"~ DifficulUas may, ,therefore, arise in persuading --toTe1'l'llll ent offices am- courts to understand this 1a\ll. Because o-r transport difficulties, it may also tak.a considerable tim.a to send or receive 'replies in the course of correspondence with th0ill. Some delay in accomplishinG this task is thus inevitable. Noncthe1.ass t this Committee has wo rked en ergetically to proc:u re the required mate rials from district govcrrunent headquarters, cesides initiating all such functions as it could perform direcUy from the capital. Becnuse this is a great task that will have a vital impact on the country as a whole, HiS Highness the Prime Hinistar has regularly held meetings of th..~ Hlnister md Command \3r-in-Chief and other authorities who a re fully conversant \dth affairs of the state to sup~rvise and uphold the measures initiated by this Comroi ttee. That 1 s why the spadework u ndcrtaken b,y this Committee has been qUick and smooth. His H jghneSs has also opcaslonallY a ssociated with these me et ings royal

' prtests and thardars \m.o hev.3 a gocxl knowledge of the law.

, This Comnlttoe first tum-A its attention to civil rights. It d~ems it iml?~rative for UeJ:. al to follow the principles of the la.w relating to civil rights 1n force 10 other countries. Accordingly, it \las necessary to promulgate l.::~1slatlon gua·ranteeing individual libli:lrty, fl'eadom of

-:lssamhly and aSSOCiation, fre~dom of ' eipression, and PreSs . fra~dom. - Altblugh under th'a constitutional law, s:,-!ch legislation soould. b:3 prolIl.lIgatp.d by mid-April 1949. Even Lllim, in view of the desire of HiS Highness to grant civil rights to the countyYl1len as- e arly as possilUa, all tha tour

_l aws (gov;;:It1-1ng individual: libarty, freadan of assembly -~n'll :J.sSJciation, fr0~om ofaxpression, and Press freedom) ·.i'~ re P I'Oluulgate-d in ndd .. Aprl.l 1948 itself t and enforced t :. rouChout tm countl"/. I can assure you that the lawS G .. L.l.mnt0'3ing f\rndaJ.:1alltal rights to the people are similar

2.

to those in force in other countries . As for f reedom of ' r~lition , it 1s inp l'oper ::l.ni e ven imposs ible for this Committ'; e to t akG p.ny decisi on on this -major i:>sue SO qu1cY..ly , inas much: a s Noapal remains t~ only Hindu nation in the 'iJorld whose: l aws and (.'Ustams and usage a re all . bas..:d on HinJ.uisll . ~:O r thi ::: r eason, it has not taken any st (~!- ) in t his re [!; ard no\l. l naded, it dOii!s not scan ncCeS8arrj t o frame any spc;cific law in tbi s regard, because nolQdy 1a thi s country i s l: r '.:!'f<:m-ad f rom following his own relibious _b,~licf , and llkJr,::vf:r, Nepa l hus al"l.,.ays be oo illlnunl;; J.~rol1I r~li;;ious s tri fe . .

It · is tlec~ss ,,-ry to mak<.! provisions guarant.;:eing full legal ()qUality a nt! t: Yp':di, t..ious justice. For th;l.s purpose, this ComL11ttee considers thu opinions of both the justic~ gi vel' ancl t h e jUSti C8_ rcc~i V~l' ;;ssential. Acco l'dingly i t h :ls formed a Committee cOJ'l',Jrising chiefs of cou rts. Thi s body has he8ll dir;~ct'"'U to submit through this Committee a r .:rpo rt contaillin~ suggastions on how to guaranteo 1'ul.l l egal .:>qual1ty and ch oap and quic k justice to tl.t~ countrymen. It now s;;:ems desir-cl.ble; to consult~ too public als o on this issue.

- 'I'lL} Dcpartm~mt of Education ls fr<:Wling a law !r.;. ,a ranteeing frue .:md comp"ulsory p rlm a ry educati on. An announcemen t in this r egard will ho mad~ . .by that d~artment itself as early as possiblcl. ' .

As far as th~ right to protection of priV'lt.:: p rop e rty is conc~med eve ry p erson in this country alruady enjoys it under cu rrent 1:1\ ..... If anyone is dispossessed of his prop.nt:r by anoth8r p<Jrson by unjust means he can file a su i t at any court . j."o r thi s r eason, this ~Ol:llnittf"C cunside rs it unncc,;;ssary to framo any n",w la .... or regula tion in this regard. Thd ' r efc l'cnco in thu constitutional law to the right tu prott.!ction of private property is ad:3quat\:l~

As fo r th03 right t o ... ~ota, ~ ·"s r.ro n'd who has attainHd tho prascrib<;:d agc .. ill ~xi3rcise it in elections to village and dis~:';" ic t Pancnayats , as wcll as in -elec tion's of special rdpres&ltatives. '

After completing function·s r .;lating ~o c1VU rights this Committee draft:3d'imd enacted 'the Vll1age panchayat Act, the PanchaY:J.t Conrts Act~ the Town Panchayat Act, and the District Panchayat -Act . andpromulgated th..$ for ~nforcan~t all OVCir th~ country. Rules regarding dect10ns were also framoi by this Committ,;e.

Inaswuch a s under thd n~w Constitu tion Panchayats t hems.::J.vcs cons,,-itut,J election wards, it was n cc03ssary to frame '.:.ii .:SO laws in the first place. Much Um'.;l was spent on thi.:l t:tsk. It has ba~n acoompl'ishoo weh earli e r than . ~Xl) 1ct"d in vi Llw of the d;:sirc of His -H1ghnass to bring this Consthuti on into op.::ration as early as possibl u. This v~ry y ear, ill:.:; ction offic.,; r s wer", d~spatched to avery district,

3.

to rom Panchayats. These Election Officers were also required t o explain the aims and provisions of tllese laws to the p8op18, lOOst of whom vere ignorant of these provisions. It, therefor~trequired considerable time to complete the fonnation of Panchayats. This' year, it has been possible to constitute .only 158 Panchayats. No ' arrangements could bA made -to constituto FBJlchayats in Jumla in view o,r the remoteness of that area as well as of l ack of time. It ""as not possible to constitu~e Pan<;:hayats in Raut:l.hat district also b':Jc:o>.usc cholera had broken out there well b:;-:fore the commencsnent of the clection proces·s . In order to ensure that these two at'sas too are represent ed in the me ~ting to be held this year local government offices have been directctl to assanbIe people and elect one representative ' each. ' It is proposed to constitute OJre Panchayats and to depute Elt..>ctlon Off1cers ,to Stlpervise the activiti~s of the Fanchayats fanned this ye<lr. .

The fonnation of PanchuYats is quite a new task and this'is the reason why it was not possible to constitute f"anchayats in the ·expected number. Many peopl l' were i gnorant of the moaning of the Panchayat system. Form:l.tion of PanchuYats was tampered by tranSport difficul ti~s as well. At some places, the local people said that they did not nl;!ed PanchaYllts, and that the (;xistin g arrangeril~'nts should be retained. 'At a few places, people asserted t :l.:l:G t~ey could not afford to spend Ill1ch time attending Pancll",.yat meetin'gs, and that Panchayat activities would only mean additional. ~onvenlence for them. People in ::;OE1~ other districts have passed and forwarded a resolution declaring

. that they will br) able to run Panchayats proparly only if they are p rovided with assistance by the gov~rt1In0nt as well as .... ith educational facUities.

Host of the Village Panch3.Yats ...n.ich have already ' been con:3tituted h~v'3 taken interest mainly in judicial functions. They do not s~an to be paying attention to develOphH:mt functions. On·:;: or two areas are reportad to have deriland,"d the fonnation of Panchayats. DEmands that cases bi~on<l their jurisdiction be h 8ard by Pancl1uyats have alSo', b';eu made.

The Town Panch,;ya"t:$ or Eb3ktapur and Lal1 tpur have started functioning according to th(~ law. They are performing -their duties satisfactorily. 1.Vith r:::spect to the Town Panchayat of Kathmandu , howcvIJr , the position is not satisfactory!

A. municipali ty had been ~stablish::d in Kathmandu in Vikrama 1911 (A.D. 1914). 1'11." objective was to h .'lud ov()r functions relatin g to sanitation and public h9alth in the capital to a boar consisting of eleCted as .... ell ;:-.s nominated rep res(.-'U tatives. Because citizens were not prop·.:! rly trained in this ne .... fiald, adequate cooperation could hardl.y be 3xpectcu from them. 'Xhe rClsponsibUity for making a new arrangement tl'us fell on the gove rnment. Th~ Kathmandu mmic1pru.ity was thon cr~at8d . The gov8rnment h:\d prlwiously been directly ruming the nunic1pality and spendingOv6r

It.

Rs 150,0 00,00 it ~vcry Yt:ar~ :&.Lt in.Vikrama 2004 (A.D. 1947) the PnillC 11inlstc.r cxprl.ls~ <JQ his des~re to framcl a Constltutior" which ""'QuId fmabl..: the p ~plo to t ak~ part in th~ affairs of the stat~. Accordingly, a Reforms Committee was- formed. Tht:; Rof o lms COJlli:dttce formed ~ provisional local autono~us institution consisting of e1.3Cted Jtli!mbers 1n Katllnandu and person!:; nominat~d to assist and advise them. This iosti tution was 'autho rized to fr-rune a Constitution for itself and submit it t o th8 Reforms Cor:mlittee t and function 1n the ;:' eantime in accord:mcl;! with current l<:..w. Provisions - wer~ mad~ for the appoin tment of a Vice-Chainnan also from among the cl.cctcd J.1aabars. 1i1s signature 'WaS required 1n 3very matter. However, on the ground that th.:: insti tutlon was not functioning satisfactorily, eleven of the twenty-one elacted me;nhers submittod their resignations within nine months aft.;3r they had assurn ..:d office. '£he remaining ten members continuGd draftin~ the Constitution of the IlUnicipality. Howev;cr, six of thalli quit their 'posts on8 by' on~either 'on grounds of h8a1 th or pra-occupaUon \lith domestic duties. In tho ID <.::antilne, the Con~titution Committee finalized th.:.?l draft of thi:: _ '.1'0\111 pa.nchnya t Act. Provisions were If.ade to hold elections twice in all unrcipr-.:sented wards, once 0(~foro the prolll.1lgat1on of the Town Panchayat Act, and once thereafter. How~vor, nominations, wore fUed only from onc w·c.xd. ·.As nobodY pl!esent;;..>d himself ·as a candidato in .. ' -. " these \:J.cctions, the: governmont has d~ci~ed to no.min2.te mcmb~rs in 3ccordanc~ wi th tho Panchayat Rul.as so as to run the affairs of' th,J municipality until fr~sh ..:ll.::ctions •

The KatrJlftandu 'i'O'WD Panchayat h.as, started functioning from this year with a total. m~b~rsh1.p o ·f 15, of whom ten ara nominated and f'i ve Cllect,;:,d. ThoJ Town Panchayat Act prohibits ail incumb<:nt gOV(!Inm0nt employcG from being <;llClctad to a Town Panchayat. HO .... dver, inaSDllch as tpvemment anploye;.)s also ho.v~ ~~cn .al ,:'}cted from thtdr wards oofore the "9ronrulgation of this law, it \oCIuld, be unfair to , d~prive thaw of a.n opportunity to work. as ·moobcrs of' tho Town Panchayat. Accordin gly, provisions have boon made wht:reby one-third of tba r.l3IDb.;rs of the Towu ' Panchayat will relinquish tha:1r'posts ~y.;~ry y~ar,. and i ,t has also been d<}cidod "that,. , gOYd I't"IIIi .;m t 0mployC'cs 1 '<.'ho are 11;,:ll1bGrs of tte to\oll P'8l1chaya t should be; th(; first . t:.O re11n-rJish their posts in tho first year. AS'rl3gards spOCial r0PX<l s<:!Iltatives, :few pooplc tumed. up to register their nalIiuS in their respactive wards, alth::lugh notifico.tions rl,~g&rding .;;l~-cti.ons had b.\3en issuoo several tiw.;s. This COlDlluttee had had to answer many quest::lons', 1nclud.:I.nc th~ following: Ills failure ·to vo·&.J punishablo ? Is finJ,Ilcial aSsistanc'; axtend3d if \0113 registur ourselves in tho list of vot~l'St and if so, how IlUlch ? tI 'As a Nsult, this C01:uni.tto~ had difficuit:1I3S in ·compU1ng lists .of votars di~ibL~ to vat;) in tn\.i e1oction of special rapresuntat1ves • Th'~ n?J";1~ S of litc:::rate pt:ople had had to be colJ.~tO;)d through gov~Illln . .;i1t offic0S,' district hl3adquartors offices, .and schools and colL:gcs. cl'hor,J w~re only ' fiva candidatas for two seats to b..; fill 'Jd ul ' from this particular constituency. ,Three of th·;;m Hitr.dre.w th.:ir nam~s on thtJ ave of too' eloctions.

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In acoordance. with the election rules, the remaining two (;andid.at~s .... ere declared el ac ted. OUr teaching COllllltlnity . has dona well to arrive a t a consensus on this issue,- refraining from 1ndu+ging in quarrel, as' 1s usual 1n the course of l3lections.

6irtrowners and' jim1dars too should act in the same spirit: NowheI"li'i have peopl e tcl IDed up to register tlJei r names and only fOUl' candidatas filed their nominations from hle ~Taya Muluk region and one from Kathrnaudu befo re the last date fO.r fil ing -applications . Unde r th 8 Cons titu t ion, elections can b8 ~v'ld only after ascertainin g wheth er such can:ildates are eJ.i:~ ible to contes t elections and be~ome . members . That is "lhy it has not been posS ible to secure the presence of such special .reprasentatives in t t1o.3 presen,t meeting. Elections ' wil l b03 held ,shortly, and next time this 'Wa rd too will s:.;:nd its rep re sentative.

On behhlf of the merchant con:muni t y , only on::: person has so far come for~ard with a nomination pap<!-r. ne has been chosen to rup're"sant th is comlIl1n1ty. RecentlY, some pe rsons had express03d the ir opinion that prominent nerchants shou~d. "be nominatl.>O. directly. "nlis Committee, hoH(i::V~r , expressed., the view that election is better than dJ..rect appointm".;:n t by the" eovemment.

Government emploYees are required to elact one special representative tram amon g themselves . Accordingly, arrangements h ave b.:en made for the election o f ont! r ep r esentative by civU servants. A.t pr~sent, iIkJst of tll\) nominat':':,d r,I~lIlbe rs belong to the army ." 'It is not therefore necessary for the a rmy to have an" additional sp~cial representative. It has alF~ady secur8d a due plac ~ .

The following pu rsons have been nominated to sit in the first ml.:'eting of' this first Parliament:

]hanHl~r1-iZabha -

1. Minist..:r andCommande l\-ln_Chiaf • •• Chalr:na.n -

2. CommanUing ,- ' 1 \.Jd1era (E:as t 8r.1 Sc.;ctor) • •• Hemb(:!r

3. do. (Southe rn SectoI') • •• do. -

It. Genez-dl. tlarayan ~umshare J. B~ . Rana •• • do •

5. Lt. General &Ira Shumshere J.B.R. • •• do.

6. Maj 0 1' ... Gene rul Basant Slumshere J .B.R. • •• do.

7. Majo l'-oGeneraJ. B~ srulmsboro . J.B.R~

• • •• I do.

8. " Mo..jol'-oGen~ral Nara. Qlumshere J. B.R.

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9 . MajoI'-General • Sharada ShUf,l shere J. B.R. •••

10. Maj or-Cfeneral Arun Shumshere J . B.R. ...

11. QJluraj Vish"a Raj Pandi tju . ,. 12. Lt. G~neral Ram Shumshere J.B.R. .. . 13. Hajo I'- General '

, lo1egha.raj Shumshel'e J .B. R. ...

14. Lt. Colonel Palthiv Shumshere .!.B.R ••••

15'. Brig:l.dier-Colonel. Jhul ;;ndra Bikram Rana

16. S!Jhebju Shamli1u Bikram Shah

17. Raja Gehendrn .-.Bahadur Shah

18. Cha-,taria Bahadur Shah

19. Gu lU Pu roh1t .r anal<: -Raj

20. 'luru Cbhatra Nath

21. Bada Kaj1 Ratn""'''''

22. Brigadie r-Col..:lJ.1€'~ Indra 30hadur Karl<1

23. Lt. Colonel Ved Babadur Khatri

24. Sardar Som P rasad

,25. Pandit Lekha Nath

26. Sardar Narendra Mani , Acharya D1kshit

Rashtra. Sa bha

1. Commanding-General {l;e'stem Sector)

2. General Har1 ShUlllsi1ere J.B.R.

3. GCll"ral Prachanda Shumshere J. B.R.

4. Lt. General Eknraj Shum sh ere J. B • .R.

5. Major-General M.rigendra 3lumshere J .B.R.

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6. Majov-Genera~ Arjun Sh\.IDlshere J. B. R.

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7. lj,,-jov-Genera~ La xman S1umshere J. B.R.

8. Majol'-Gene~ Vijaya Slumshere J. B. R.

9. Lt. Co~one~ Subarna Shumshe r e J .. B. R.

. . 10. Lt. Col on~

Bharat Slumshert1 J40 B. R.

11. GUlUraj Nayan Raj Pandi tju

12. Ha jo r-General Nit Slumsherc J . B. R.

13. Mnjor':'Cap·tain Balakrishna , Slumshertt J .. Is. R.

11+'. L t~·. Co+OP<M. '~ ) Khanga' l/arsingh Rana

• 15. J rlgadier Colonal Sobhag Jung Thapa

16. Lf~ Colon~ Surendra Bahadur Slah

17. Lt. C61on~ Ya:;nya Bahadur Basnet

18. Sa rdar HaIl Bahadur ,

19 . Sa Tdar Gunja i:tun S1ngh

2)~ &rdar Kris!lna Bahadur " , -' .

21. N1.", &lbbO. Upepdra Purush . , ... . ~.".- ... -',. - -_ .. .. ,_.,

22. Dr. Siddh1 Mani Acharya D1l<.hi t

23.

211-.

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Prof .. Kula Nath Lohani ,

Imgine'Jr Gnyan Bahadur Pradhll1l ~ . , - - ,

. , ,,' ~ .1' . '

Subba Rlagawat1 Prasad Singh

. -' , --. 27. Mir &1bbO. !him Bahadur

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do • .

do •

do. -

, do •

- do.

- -do •

8 .

Th~ elected members ate as follows :-,

1. J agat Bahadu r

2 . MeSh Ra j ilpadhyaya

3. ·'ful5i Giri

4.- P". :.:huli at1 Prasad Upadhyaya

5 . "Gajc""ldra BalLldur Pradhananga

6 . Tanka Nath Eanstola

7 . Shi\~a Dutt Panjyar

8 . Ke',.;ral Chaudhari

9 . • ••

10 . Raj 0.1Ii rs · Singh

11. fudh B1kram Pantila Chhetrl

1 2 . Shi vu Dayal· Salru

1 3 . Hari iJarayan ·Sahu

14. lliim Bahadur

15. Devi Babadur Kanwa r Chhetri

16 . Rishiram Sedhai

19. Santa Man Sh~stha

18 . Blav~ndra Raj.. Palldel

19 . RanD. Bahadu r . Ghart1

20 . •• • . .

21. Girl Raj Upadhyaya ,

22. • ••

23. • ••

2'+. " ... . 25 . .. ' 26. . ~ .. 27. Indra Bahadur J Qshi

(llast lIo . 1)

(East No . 2) ...

(East No" 3)

(East No. '+)

(Dhankuta)

(Uam).

( Bara-:E!arsa) , . . ( Rau'taha t)

(Hahottar11 .

(Sar1ahi)

( Saptari)

(Sirah. )

( Mo rang_Jhap a) . ,. ~ . . . - . - .

('We~.t., !f?; ~ 1) -. -, .

(West no~' 2)" ,

(West No ~ 3)

(West No . 4)

(Pa1pa)

( Gu1mi)

( SaJ,yan)

. (Pyu t h;l!l) - ~' .• I ·

(Dailekh)

(Dandeldhura)

(Doti)

( Ba1.tadi ) -. ,-- .. (.J~a) ,

•

( Chisapani)

9.

28. Laxmi Narayan &l.restha

29. Gaya Prasad Shah ·

'co. - ... , -31. Kr1.shna "'JOpai Tundon

32. Krislma Prasaci

Ish\1ari, Prasad Ri..'1lal 33.

3'>. l~lli'1::.nt Govlnd Hq.rij angam

35. ...

(Palhi_Hajhkhand)

-(Khaj ahani.-Sw raj)

(Kallali-Kanchanpur) , (Banke- Bardiya)

(Kathrr,d.ndu Town Panchayat)

-( Ehaktapu r)

(Lal.ltpur Town Panchayat)

(Birgunj Town Panchayat).

Special Renrcstmtatives of Different Clas s es

Shankar Dev P.ant '. _

PU'ma Prasad Brah~ .. « _ . ..... ,- " , - - . ,- ,- ' ~ -- " . - - "',- ,

ftlesh -njij' SbariDiJ. -'

P ref. :31ava Nath

... • ...

( ) (Teachers) (

(Mercil;;.mt. community)

(Civil s '~rvants)

(Jimida rs)

(Workers) •

Iilavendra Raj i?audel of Palpa has requested that he be grant ,:: d 15 dayS IfOre to enable him to reach Ka thmandu after viSiting his home. It ls .not yet known wh.::!ther represcn~~utlv.:!s al'e arriving from Salyan. -Dailekh, Dot1, Dan~;Ldhura, Bd tacii, Jumla and KaUali-Kanchanpur. Perhaps they are on their \/ny·to Kathmandu. Mohottari bas not been a~~_~~.o ~o;}t)d _ its reprosentativd because some local. ~radban Prmchas _have gone out _of their district, and s.:mc others are ill.. Measure,:; are >und0rvay to constitut -; a to-\rm Panchayat 1n Birgunj.- - . . ' .

Your Highneas, vc are fortunate ,that this legislative­asseub1.y lYas been set up so llapressivel.Y. 8P_<1 .\1ithin such a short -time. -.'~ .

- - .-.~ .. ,

" •• $""$

10.

The RaJopadhyayas 0 f Kantipur

By

Har1Shankarananda Ritnal. (Rajopadhyaya)

(UKa.'1ti~i)Uraka Ra jopadhyaya,lI J anmathumi Weekl.y, Pou sh 11, 1982/ Decemb'.;r 26, 19t12).

Ph1rkep Villn.ge in Nuwakot area, located to, tha ' west or Kath mandu ,is the ancestral village of the Rimal Upadhyayas. In 881 Vikrama t Kantipur (then named S1mhakalpanagara), and Lha sa (Tibet) maintained friendly relations. They h ad religious and comm,: rcial conta.cts with each oth~r, and thereby establi sh:::d influ('!nc e over sllch other.. That was why al.l­religious ceremni '3 s wer:;: p .- rfozmdd at ·that 'time by Gu1:hajus (Vaj racnaryas) according to Tantr1~ _ r+tes. _ From . the 1'1rst day (Pratlpada) of the bright " hriJ.f of the .month of Kart1~ 1037 Vikrama,"I.'/; 'l'ib.;t's in .. '1.uence in -Nepal staItodd waning, and the i~ spa! era \·ra,s 1nd1ated in Nepal on that date. On the ninth d_uy of the bright ha1f ·of the month of Foush, 1380 V1krama (4iflt Ne1)al ara) , King Nanyadeva of Kamataka, appr..?l1enl.ling invasion by &1l.tan Ghiyasuddin of Dclhi, Jlk)ved into Ht!J!al Valley through Bihar and Simraunagarh along ;dtb his ent~r~ family, his court.lers, and priest~, and'r(anauj' Brahm.:Jl1s b.llongin [~ to ,tha F:haradwaja clan. He bra ... ght with him the idol of Taleju Bha ..... ani, and then settl::;d in Bhaktapur. Allasa Raj and Ullasa Raj, who had accompani91 Nanyadev&..

- ~e_ttl:d at NhainkaTltala Tole in Kantipur. It ..... as prec1 'sely at th€' t time that pro:eagation of Hindu religion started 1n Napal Valla¥. In 1355 V1kram. (457 Nepal era) Rimal Brahmans migrat~d from Phirkl~p (Nuwakot) to Kantipur ana began • parforr,tl.ng rel1giou's rituals. In 1670 Vikrama (733 NepBJ. era), during the rule of Pratapa Halla, Pandit Sahasrashivananda RimaJ. Up,adhyaya discovered the -idol of Chaturbahu Narayan . W'hiL~ b :..th1ng at the confluilnce of_ the Vishrrumati and the Rudramat':I" and installed it at Ichangu.

,

A bag of blackg ram ):ll'Ought to the Hanumandhoka Palace from an '.last ern araa in 1679 V1krama (75"2 Nepal I3ra) was found to contain cin '..: maize seed. ,King Pratapa · Malla took this as a portent of famine, ::md summoned Pandit Sahasra.-Shivananda Rimal. With his h':ll.p, he organized to· w<a.rd off th~ appr..;,h lnd~ famine. Pratapa MaU~J.*~'~~a~'OU;'. for the s.9lDe Pandit, at Indrachok and named it Lat '; r, h;.~ gifted 1 ·;-, to the Pandit through vadic -'

. . In 1831 Vikr:3lilB (Bolt Nepal era) King Fratapa .S1mha Slah

Dev was initiat ... d into the diksha by Kirtijwal'1llanda Upadhyaya , of Lal.1tpur. He th(;:n gav~ K1rt1jwalananda Upadhyaya. the titll3 of Rajopadhyaya. \tIlen R8.jendra Laxntl Shah, ~een of K1ng Runa Bah.:l.dur Shah, di~d of 3Dall-pox on Slravan 2, 1842 V1krema (814 If.pal era), the _al. resid1n:; at Indrachok Were dispossessw of thqir entire prop.::rty. HOW~v:3r, Dhrit1, an uTIlIarri<3d daughtt.r of the Rimal family, managJd to Save h-::r propt;: rty, which,She lat~r handed over to Rimals.

11.

H;J bt!gan to USI:.: the honorific title of RajopCidhyaya after it was conf e rr8d on us by King Pratapa S1mha ,5beh D.;:v. In 1948 Vikrama (921 N ,~al ,era) Prime Minister !.,;handrs Shumsh ere gave us the title of "Deuthaju" in place of Rajbpadhyaya, and made S3paratc L.:g::.l provisions for us. MEli?b,~rs of the ­Rimal fc..nily still use Rajopadhyaya Deubbaju t Sharma, ate as th(i:il' surnameS.

Abolit ~.Jn of Le"l.rj.es, A,D. 1951

Th. ~~~ and oth~r 1 1, ;;noB (AUgust 2008 (Octo bel'

Aswin 15,

1. The Parshan-Bhr:t L\i;VY

(1) Roy;u order to Subedar Ihotu, &1-bedar M.,mab1sta, and Subedar Ah1man Ibkat1 •

(2)

•• , Coll '~ct the Darshan-~ levy from military pdI'SOnnel (stationed in .Dot1) at the rate of four rupees each •••

Falgun Badi 11j 185"­( February 1798

Rc.gmi Research Collection, vol. 23, p. -293. -" ' - - . -

Rec~1vad at the, Tosakhana on Baisakh Sldi 7, 1887 (April. 1830) . tt:~ugh · Kaj1 Bakhtwar S1.IIha Thapa the sum of" HO\1ar RUpaes 714 being income . from the Darshan-Phat collected from the thre e companies stat~oned at Pal.pa.

. . Regml Research Collection, vol. 44, p. 14.

. .. , . : .• ::.~ . .A11 ·()"ro~rwas on 1907 (March 1851) prescribing that s.hould not be collacted from were transferred to the same or a pay-scale in anoth-.;; r company. The levy WaS thereafter collected only from eli1ployees a t the time of thair appointment or promotion.

Raglld. Research Collection, vol.. 81. pp • . 89-90 '.

( It)

12 •. .

ApnQrt1~nm~nt of Darsi1an-Ihet Revenues, 19 16 Yik rama (A.~ . 1 59

Hi s 11aj esty-

Ex,-King Raj cndra

Prince Trailol{ya

H'::': r :c.1a j \:!sty th0 'l.'hird Qu ean (Ba<la Maharani)

Rs 8

Rs 6

Rs It

Rs 8

Her Majelsty th~ Youngest Queen Rs 8

H. R.H . the Crown PrlnceSs Rs Lt.

H . R.H .. th e Sc:cond Prince (Sahabju) Rs 2

He r Haj~sty the $e:nior Queen Rs 2 .

Hi~r Maj esty .. th.:: ;;run1Qr Queen. -Rs_ 2 ----' . Rs Itlt

(High-ranking civil and ruilitary officers thus p a;1.d Rs 44 each. Tlw rates \,I",,£lra di1f fer..3nt for-offic~rs _ and .. - ~ cL~loY0es of junior ranks; payments coll.lctQd from them wore appropriE:.t-'...d exclusivoly by His Maj dsty.

nclgn:.i Rdsearch Coll.;lction, vol. 16, p. 392.

(5) Prim'.'! M1nist ... ' r Bhima Shumshere Jung Bah adur Rana's Order to th':.! Jagir Phant (Jagir Division) of the: Pahad Bandobast Adda (HUl. RclSion Land Administration Offic ;a) ..

"B~causC E .\ r- Maj,,;sty the Third ~een-Moth 'lr has died, and H. n . H. tll ;;: "f"bird Princess and H.R.H. Youngest Royal Pr1nc~ss 'JS h ave h);.;n the for th~ apportianrn~nt af tw p and th~ T1kabhct.· l evies have b..:en following arran~~mo;nts 1ntroduc..:d, w1 th Vikrama yo. r 19"" (A.D. 1929).

Old Sch!"uu18

His Maj~sty 8

H.:.; r Hajl3sty thu Queon Moth <3 r 8

E..::r i-1ajcsty the Sucond Queen Mothe r 5

HlJr 1-1aj l:sty tho &ln1or Quean 8

H..;r l1aj ~sty tho JUnior Queen 7

H .R.H. th 03 Crown Prince "

T1.k~ll/!~

It

2

1

2

1

1

H • R.H . t he S _~cind P rlnc~ss 2

H. R.H. thv Third Princoss 2

H. RJl. th~ .YQungqst P r inc;Jss ( Daught a r of H1 s lat e Haj ·,.ty) 2

ll . n .u.. t he E~d .... st -P r i nc (-')ss 2

H. RJI. t he Yourlg~st Princess 2

ROSO

D8. rshan Bh~ }isl

Hl s l>laj ..:;;sty 8

Hor Hajt;lsty the Qu\;jGll Motile r ' 8

Il\.lr 'l-b j es ty' ,t ht) 'Son1or Qu'aon " ~- " - ; 8

. H~r J.{sj\3sty t hoi)' J Unior Qu oen 8

H. R. H. th l;!: Crown Prince 4-

H. R. Ii . th..: S .~cond Pr ine;] 2

H. R.li . th~ Third Princo 2

H. R.Ji . th~ Youn g::st P rincQss ( Dn.u ,Jnt ~r of His l ata Maj ~sty)

li . R. II . th~ Eld..:st P r lnccs s

H. R.H. th~ S ~lcond P'rinc-.;ss . . .

H". R. H. t hu 'fh1rd. Princ:;:ss , ..

H . R.il .. th~ You,ng.)st P rincoJss

Poush 8 , 1985 (D"comb" r ,23 , W28)

2

2

2

2

2

Rs 50

1

1

1

1

1

Rs 16

Tj.~abh~t Rs

It

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1.

1

1

1

. Rs 16

RuguU. Rosliarch Coll\;~t1o!l , vol~ 1~, pp. 2)... 22 • •

14.

2. The Ti kabh et }, evy

levy was off'ered by top-ranking civil and to the King, the Queen , and the Crown

P rine e at the tim e of the Das~ !'estival :

~abhet Payments

Dascrip~~10!l ,

Comtilander-ln-Chief

Commanding Generals , GeneralS, Majors , etc.

Others

Thl;': levy WaS apportioned as follows :

Amount ,

Rs 16

Rs 12 "

Rs 3

'.ro t a] Fument His Majesty EXr-Klng Raj ent ra Prince Trailokya

Hs 16 Rs 8 Rs 4 R. 4

Rs 12 Rs 4 Rs 4 Rs 4

Rs 3 R. 1 ,

R. 1 R. 1

Re gm1 Research Call ection, vol. 16, p. 398 • .

3 . The F:::ttemubarak Leyy

Th';) t E: nn i~ derived frOOl the ~:"';:-'''' tenns

Kin G atr8. f ,~s comm a Md ~,d(:~;1;~~~;::~~~

Shall.' s conquest of Kathmandu in' A.D. "I'~;fdl~;~~' of such p aymer.ts, in th..: ;;)a rly y~ars, ai'ter King 'U S accession to th~ t ill'Ona, was asfollo'lls :

Dg:slrmatioD

Commander-in-Chi df

Comma.."1.ding and other Colonels, Chautnriyas, Kajis, Royal. Pr1ests, ­Sardars,. I;!tc.

Oth'.i r military office rs, SUbbas, ~aksar1s, and NGpal1 mi,;rchants trading in T1b,-.::t

R~gmi R~scarch Col£tlon, vol. 16, p. 397.

Rat!! of faYmeot

Rs 8

Rs I ...

Rs 2

15.

'i'he Sr1ami le,,'Y 'Was collected on behalf of the Rana Prir:le f';ini ster at the time of appolntmet:lt, trans f er, and promOtion, as well as in the month of Shrawan each yea r. I n a s-,lUch 3. 5 m1~y ,::a r transf'ers and promotio ns involved lrultlple payments during _ ,the same year," regulations were enfo r ced i n A.D. 1919 prescribing that th!"l Sal:uni ·l evy need no t b~ paid IDO l'e th;:;.n once a year-. The rates were as

_ follows for military employees :

I.oW3 r ranks upto p :dvate (Sipahi) R. 1

Pip<!, banarl <lr (other ranks) 50 paisa.

(Jangi Bali Talab Sawal ( R",gulations of the Army Pay Office), Aswin 27, 1976 (October 13, 19 19), sec. 1.

Regm1 Research Collection, vol. 16, p. 29.

Land Allotments in M,akwanpur

Dlttha KuHer Upadhyaya sutmitted the following petition to Kathmandu: i~A revenue settl~m0l1t had bdtm conducted in the Hadi area of Makwanpur in the Vikrama yaa r 19 11 {,~.D. 1854). In th~ course of that settlement, toth good and b;ld lands had b~cn allotted to the local pl::laso.nts under the r2.ibandi system The peasants then cuI tivat::ld their

'allotments and p cld their rents accordingly. '

"At pr~sent, s~v~raJ. peasants have"vacated th-;ir allotments, while. s ~vzral othe rs have shiftt:ld to oth,ar areaS. P~asants ,cultiv&tinb adjoininb boldings are not willing to take up such vacant allotiJl vnts~ which, consequentJ.y, hav';~ ramained uncultivated. I hav~ been compeJ..led to make rent payments on thes~ Vacant &110t.lIlents myself. Such pa~nts alIOunted ~o Rs 30 in th~ Vi1(rama year 1913, Rs 50 in 1914, and Rs 44 l.n 1915. I shall go bankrupt if I continue to make rent payments on the vacant allotaltm.ts personu.lly. I am, therefore, unable any longOJr to discharge tha functions of a J1I!!I!Iawa'."

The gove mm ';;:l1t then issued the following ord~r in the naIJl(: of p~asants cultivating rice-lands (kh et) in th~ Madi art::a of Hakwanpui" : "Lands assigned to the ann~' llDJ.st not ba ltlft uncul ti vated. With effect from the Vikrama year 1916 , all vacant lands in t he area shall be r JalIotted to the Ioca]. peasants in proilo rt1on to the siz~ of th~ir own allo t monts. 'rh 'i'Y !/Ust thtm cultivate the ad:liti ona+ a reas allotted to tht:lO in this mann~r. In case you ' cu ltivate only good. lands, l eaving inferior laI1us uncul t ivat ed, the conccrn .:!Ci peasant shal l b e held p ~ rsonally liC1bl~ for payment o f rents on the uncultivated lands.

Chai tra Sud1 10 , 19 15 (March 1859)

Regmi R;)suarch Coll~ctlon, vol. 81, pp. 639-40 • ..

***********.**.* •• *

1 •

Contents

R-:>gmi RQscarch~ric§

Y":3. r 15 , Ho. 2

Katlutlun du : F<Jbruary 1983

Edited By

l1ah .;sh C. Rc~i

Fore st Protecti (;[.!. in Nawul:p'..! r,.A.D. 1866

2. Fo r vst Protection Regu l ations for thf'l T.8.1'o.1 and. I nn.::r Tar3.i R~gions,. A.D ~ 1888

3. . The Chhalahi L0VY

4 . -- Prim;) Minister Hooan SL1{ilSh~rol s Addr~ss

5. Six Documents on Dolakha

6. R'.)clamation of For~st ANas, A.D. 1897

7 . Bina Confiscation, h .D .. 1805-6

• **** •••••• •

RLOgmi fuJsaarch (Private) Lt,d

Lazi.mpat , Kathmandu, N;Jpa1

T8cphonc : 16927

I SS!l I 00 34- 3lt8x

•••

•••

•••

•••

•••

•••

•••

Page

17

18

19

21

25

28

31

( F,; !' private study ;,:.nd r ::::scarch only, not meant for public sal~t distribution and display).

17.

Forest Protection in ih W'aJPUr, A,D. 18§.§

On Harga Bs..1i 2, .1923 (November 1866 ) SUhba DaYilodar Pad."1ya or :.the 'r rib(m·i IS:athmahal subnitted the following p ;:;tit1on to K .. thrilandu : -

1. Heports have been received that in the Nawalpur a rea ryots have reclcrl.med (Khonys. Phadnu) f'orests containing valuabl:2: timber (Kathbana) and tt,rus destroyed the tililb::; r. Inv.~~tiJations have -srown that these repo rts are co i:r e~ t.

2. I have now d~puted Subedar Nityananda Bhattal';;u. to ascertain the 6xtent of loss of SiSsaCl timber , wi~ich can be s.;.ld I shall -take ac tion against the poachers accordi~t g to ord~rs reCeived from Kathil18,ndu after I receive his report.

3. Coirmercially valuable ·timber which can be sold through the Katl'lnahal 1s Leing desyroyed becau::>e ryots r~cla1m such lands :Oar agriculture, and also because they e l.lt such timber indiscriminately to meet their domestic and a gricultural needs •

. &lbba Damodar . ·j~q.hy~ . ,:th.erefQre, recommended tb.:-O.t leg1;;;lation b~ e;:tact~ ~ as :follows .:. . .

1. P.yot::> shall reclaim lands in forests containing Commcl'cie.l.ly valuable t1mb~r only with the approvll of the K at~IIlGJla1.

2. Fo:..~ mo:::e ting their dom0stic and agricultural needs,

byrYOts s itall cut timbdr of sma.lJ. sizes against p :mnits 'issued

the Kathmahal. They shall not be allowad to cut commercia.lly valuable timber which can be sold through the K~to.mabal for meeting sU c h needs.

Subba Damodar Padhya also noted in his petition that a law had already b",an enacted prohibiting land reclamation for aericulbJral pUl1Joses in :forests containing ccmm.:; rcially Valuable timber.

K Subba D,a.1lbdar Padhya ' s petition waS referred to the aUshal Adda. I ts comments were as follows:

. . 1 ~·· It Will' not bz fe~sible for· the Kathmahal to issue P~nJ:lits ' for the . I'.:clamat1on o:f forest lands or for the cutting c timba:;: needed by !"Yot·s for domestic and agricultural purposes. ~cdih f3Il arrang81lent will alrso cause hardships to r~'ots belonging

f ur '.mt art3as. . ,

Su"bb 2 •. No 8 of thc'1~3gulat1ons pranulgated in th~ nam..:: of f a Damodar hl.d.tlya states : Necessary timbdr and other s orast products such as bamboo and sabai grass shall 00 UPPli~ on pa.ymvnt of the fl1·.ascribad fees to any person who t~t~ t~ bu11d a brick house with tiled roof,. or a bridgt3, or

" manuI acture agr.l. cul tu r Oll imol(:ments. proVided that such person sl~all be allotted. only the actual quant1ty and not ~°ti'Wld 00 se11 tho :;!xcess, if any. These facili"h . .1s shall

n1le to be prov1.dad. ' ·

18.

3. A proclamation shall be made to the eff.;ct that no p:.::rson shall r :;:claim ' forests which contain cOlilm.~rcially valu:1ulc timb<::tr. l a Case any person acts in contravention of t his 0 rd~r, a r;.;po rt containing the necessary particulars shall h: subnltted, and action shall be, taken as ordt:rec;l.

Thi:;; r -2com.lh,md;:.tion 0 f the Kaushal Adda waS endorsed by Pri.m:.: ifinistel' j 'uag E.madur on Poush Bo.di 3, 1923 (Decanbur 1866) .

Ri.:l gm i Rcsaarch ColL;ct1on, voL 63, pp. 475-83.

**;co ••

Forest Pro!JlS~!L~l1ati9ns fOl' ~ar~i _Bng 1n0'3r ~~-.l'aJ. Regions . A.D, 1

0;.1 Shrawan 1 1945 (July 1888), the governmmt of Nepal . p romulgat,~d regui at10ns for the protection of forests 1n the Tarai and inner Tarai districts, A summary o f these regulation~ is given below:

1. :No one shall be allowed to poach timber wi thou t the 'n ennission of th8 Kathmahal. Pe.rSons who furnish info rmation to the appropriate authorities about such poaching shall be granted a reward amounting to 10 percent of t he sum realized from the poacher. Local officials and revenue functionaries \bo fail to furnish such information shall be·ptUXl.Shed with a fine am::lUnting to 50 percent of that sum.

2. Any person who ni:!e<.ls tirubt:ir for domestic and aGricultural. p urposes may submit an application to the local rt!venue offic e through th>:l local Chau.dhari or jimidar during the months of ' Magh through Je:stha.. The Kathmahal Will then iSSl.<;3 permits for such timber on the recommendation of the Nvenue office. No such pl::!Imits shall bcJ issu,~d, nor shall ti;:;:J.b::::r be allowed to be' taken away from forests eVt;'n ~gainst permits, during the other months of the y{;:ar. However, a person whose house has b~OO: damaged or dostroyw by any natural Calamity may obtain ' a pennit ut any tim ;;; through th03 revenue office and the Kathmahal.. Ti,!lb<l r in \:lXCl'.:;; S of the quantity mentioocJd in the pennlt shall in no circunstances be taken away.

. .

19 .

. . 3. Employ<zes of th~ HatU. sar (Elephant D~ot) , shall conduct 'ra gul.a f tours t o chack 'Wheth:.:r or not lands 1n prot ~ct~ for;,;st areas have Li:o<:'il r ecla:1m13<i for cultivation and s ~ttlement w1 thout p~nn1ssion . In case any such reclflDlation is detact.¥i, t he rYclaimcd lands shall be r.;;vel'ted to waste, and the setUdfs' huts shall bli; d&nolisht"ld. 1'h~ Hat ti sar empl oyees may appropriate the sattl e rs' goodS for their own use.

4 . Parsons who furnisll i nfo rmation r egardin a: t~ reclamation 0 f protect ed forests. o r of for-~sts containing COlilll1~rc1 a1ly val.uahl.a t1inb~r, shall. be suitably r ewarded , wr.il~ local officials and revenua functionari es who fail to f'um1.sh such i nfo rmation sha1l be puni sh f..Q. at tha di scN tion of th.a government.

Sgurce : Yog i Naraharinath ( 3d.) t PatraSangrah8 , Dang : the oo~ tor. •

••••••

Proposal fo r I1AllL

COn J:;:sthaBadi 6 -, 1944 (Ma,y 18&n, J1mmaW'eJ. Loku ElIdba

hh.;tn, It. resid.:::nt or Banga.u.o Village in Dang-Salyan , subnitted a pet1 tior;. to Kathmandu. suggesting t hat t.~ be granted · a.!1 ijara ror the coll.:!cti.on sale, and export of hidas and .slUns in tht) region s1tuat:J hetW'ean the Budhi-Ganuaki and .4ahakali rivers. H\:iI stipulated an annual paym .. mt of !is 500 if he W'as granttn th~ 1 jara. Inquir1es rsveal.ad that people belong1.ng to Sino-eating castes used to supply coW' and tuf.falo Skins to the · Jang:l. Megj1n. SubsequentJ..y, the Jang1 Mcgjin r&ta1n?d . the obliaation in some cases, but commut ~d it to a cash pa.y:nen t 1.n othar CaS ,~S. The rates of this payment knO..,rl a s ~hha.lah1, \I;;ra as f olloWS, inclus1 ve of- the tip l evy :

Othe r castes

Si snnaS (1n pa.1su Npees) •

2i snnaS

'+'he Chhalah1 lwy W'aS e1 tha r 1ncludnd. in j ag! r assignments, Or coll cct ad on bt'lhalf' of t ha gov~rnment through Backyauta TahasU J.ddas. .

m.

The Sadar Dafdarkhana pointed out that if JiJnmawaJ.. Loku Budha Chh..}trl 'WaS grant.:=d the ijara, people woo were paying tha Chhalahi l,;vy would complai..l1. In 1 ts opinion, t.he ijara might be granted only if Chhalahl-payers Signa<! a l:ond stipulating ,that they would raise no objection.

'J.'hc opinion of th~ Sadar Dafdarkhana waS endOrsed by f' rirue h inister Bir Shumshare on Ashadh Badi 12, 1942 ' (Juno 1885).

Reg!ai Research Collection , vol. 85, pp. 561-70,

Chhal ahi LeVY in Ian ,jung

(1) llalW Surki of a village in Lamjung relinquished his kodaJ.e hom estead and shlf'te:l to aoother village. As a Sarki, he h ad bl)en paying the Chhalahi levy at th~ rate of eight ai.1l1aS on that homestead. .

The oome stead thus ralinqulsh<:ld by Rana Se.rkl was subscqll.::ntly allotted to Trilochan Poudyal, ' .... ha bf>long'ed to tha Br'ahlilan ..:aste. Th e mukhiya of that villa.ge, Bishran:.. Thapa ChhiJtrl, insist~d that he pay the Chha1ahl l~Jvy , as usual eY';:"'1 though he was a Brahman.

Trilochan Poudyal then suhnitte d a p~tition to Priml3 Hlnlstar Bir Shumsherc praying that, as a Brahman, he should not . b<~ made liabl:.! to ~")ay the Chhalahi l~vy due from a Sarki.

. Tha petition waS referred to thu Sadar Dilfdarkhana, w:u.ch ..;xpr;::;s~;,;:d thd rollewing opinion: liThe Chhalahi J.BVY cannot be collected. from a Brahman if he has occupied a hom·.;! stead relinquished by a Sark1.. It . IIllst b,.;, collected from the homestaad ..mich the Sarki has since occupied in anothlOlr village. On no 'account must the Chha.1.ahl levy be coll;.JCud from a Brarunan. u

This opinion was endorsed by Prime Minister Bir Shumshereon G!1.ai tra SUdi 3, 194? (April 1891).

Regmi R~s(larch Co1l3ction, vOl. 83, pp. 193-96.

(2) 'fhc Chhalahi 1'..."VY waS also known· as Megjin, b~causa it . rcpN·st;nted. th e: comlllltatlon o-f an obl.igatlon duo to ·.the Jangl Megjin (corrupt . fo~ of Magazine), 01;' the Munitions Facto'ry at Ka'thUla.Tldu. , , . ' .

In the villnJ~ of Thungagaun in · Lamjung, three bouscllolds oc:cttpi;;!d by Pauni ' (or untouchable) castes, were under cb11g:1.tion to pay the Megj1n levy at 8 annas · ~ach. '!bese households belon €..;:d to Juth~ Kami.l.. Ehote Kami, and Mangal ~ Sz.rki. In 1945' Vikrama (A.D. 188ts), ttklrol Was an outbreak. of plague in th 3 village. All m~mbers of thesa three

.families , wi:th tha c:xc'3ption of Mangale $arlP-, died, . Lat e r, Mangale Sark1 luft tha village. C~suquenUy, no cn..! waS Lltt to pay th~ MegHn l~vy and th::! Senna tax on these three househo+ds. '

21 ~ ,

, , The Mukh1ya of the village, NandalaJ. Padhya , suhnitted

the following petition to the pokhara Tahasil (R~venue Colbction) Office: "1'~ se three homesteads renain unoccupied. No untouchable (pauni) fam1~1~s are available to 'Whom these may be reallotted, while pure caste (Chokha) famili e s are not willine to pay the Megjin l :;:vy." Nanda;Lal declared in his pet! tion that he was hims.uf not willing to as:3ume obligation for tha payment of that l evy . "

I nqui ries l'ovea.l .::d that t\rlO 0 f the three homes teads had Subsequently ~en occ Upied by families bolonging to Chokha castes , \oIho "'~re paying only the S.., nna tax. The l'iukhlya Was payi:lg tha Megjin levy on all thd three hom esteacis, and the ,acl..l!!a.<l tax on the homestond which still ranain·.:d umc cupied .

• On Ea! sakh Badi 1 19lt8 (April 1891),. P rime Mini ster

!::Lr Shumsh~I'e 9;ldors~ the unanimous recomm,:ndation of the Pokc.l8ra Tnhasil A.dda t the Sadar -Dafdarkhana , and the ~Ul.u1d. Adda , and decreed that families belon~ng to

castes ne.;Jd not pay the MegHn l~vy if they occupied vac at~d by Paun1 . fa.nil1es.

ReHJ!l1 Rosearch Coll".!ct1on, vol. 83, pp. 45'3-45'8 •

•••••

fo11owing 15 a fUll trans1ation of the ad4 ress given _P,r1m c M1n1st'.lr i-1ohan Shumshere Bahadur RIma at the

jOint session of the and th03 Rashtra-~;~~" "Asvin 6~ • Source : , Gr1shma " (Political ·m1rror :aut:",,; 2)16 iA.D. 19<'>0) ,

. . l-lin1ster and Comraanda~in-Cb1ef"t Ch1~f of the ArJlY staff (J"angi ... Lath), and )Oi l:Jllb i~rs of _Parliament, . _

"W~ ruartily uelcome all of you m Elillb~rs who h::I.V:l come Ilere frOll' all parts o f · the country to participate in this session 0 f th'e t'1rst Parli'emalt.. You r meeting consti rotes ""j histonc and iUlpOrtant occasion for our /::ountry. He have ust hea rd a report from Lt. Colonel Subarna EhumshC!r(l on

questions concam1ng thoil convening of th1s session and the eocOl'CUDen t " of th ;J new Constitution . Difflculti Qs have been

22.

fac ed in acco:nplishing these tasks. The Constitution COlIlf.litte.e, howeve r; has been able to overcome thcrn quickly and smooth.ly. Thi~ 1s OOW it has been possi b! Q for you to gather h ore today. You must have realized this well •

• T~l,~ Constitution provides that the first m'J ~tin~ of the

Rashtru Sahha shall take place only after all distl'l.ct Panche.yats have been created. B.lt since it woulli take some !lUre Um.;::' to hold the first meeting of this tody we have summBood you hare aud inaugurated our Parliament. We have also \-);''lforced th(; above-mcntionai pro:vision of -::h~ c..::onstitution as early as possibl~. -

We ..3 xpect goodwill and cooperation from all our bJlovcd countrymen in alli:.he naw measures W(3 are in1 tiding now. OUr efforts will be crown...m .. lith succ~ ss only through such cooperution and good.will. .

It '1s now 104 years sinc .;l the Ranas assum;:;d re span si hility for the govt::mancc of this beloved coum.ry. You are aware of tho, ext~nt of achievements or progress mad,e uuring this' pvriod. w~ 'NQuld like to m.:;ntion som<ol ' of thoS3 achievements brli;;fly.

In th J first p lace, the f5:overnment has always remained propal'(;;d to de f ond the indapendence of the country, which it r(;gards as an invaluable jewel..

For the purpose of maintaining laW' and oroar, a definite syste:n haS been established in this country, pla~ru.ed as it waS by miSmanagement. 'Ibe people· have thus obtained an opportuni ty to follow the path of progress and i}rospcrlty.

Among ,the mflllorable measures initiated by us for the well_bcing of thz countrymen was the abo11tion of slaveI)'" . in 1982 (A.D. 1925'). 'l' ;'lat measure enabled both th(3 government and · the people to hold their heads high in tho world.

'We ha:rdly need tell you about the nea:! and importance of tranquillity in the country. All govemmants 1n the world regard the mai.ntcnarx:e of tranqu11lii;.y a:> the IIOst important task end have adopt ad various m~aSures and frami:od d1fferalt lawS in oro..!r to 'mSUN that it. is not breach':l:d. You may be o:waro of this. _

The rulers haY\} always striven .for pU,blic ,welfare. By the grace of god, we have b<lzn successful in this ~ndeavor in gr\.:at Ifti:iaSure. You are aware of this as well. Inasmuch as it is our int.:ntion to aSSociate the people in the affairs of the :::ov~:mm(;l1t gradually, we wish this Salila contirmed success in making the country and tre pooplo prosp:n'Ous.

Aguinst tre b:.~ckground of hi"stoIYt this gathering' show that tho ruling class in tf~pal ·has . always puraood the poll.cy. of promoting nec~ssary changeS in the administ.rat:1:v'J system k:;.:pinG th;:: prevailing c"ircllllstances in view; . with the d')sire of advancing th& well-being of the country and the peopl.e. '

23.

As it would be suicidal to show any haste on such a sen~:_ :'ivo politlcFJ. question, we intend to discuss and examine all its aspects carfJf'ully and move fO!";I,trO. 1n the light 01' the conclusions arrived at thereby. -

Village Pancheyats constitute the foundation of our 5yst"".? . Ycu have already "learn 1n det.all the c~_ ::cumstances 1n W~:ich Vill~be ?anchayats had been constltu1;;ed, and wat obstacJas \" I::re faced and removed 1(.1 doinG So . It ls our aim to d~spatch officers to constitute the remaining village, district , ane! town Panchayats through p"E;;rsuasion, i:i.;ld subsequ ently conven e Par1.16lDent comprising the Dh.~radari_ Sabha 311d tha Rast;c.:..-Satho. acco rding to the cansti tut10nal 1> roe edu j: .; .

'I'he "func tions to be discharged by the Parllaulent Will be prescrtted in thr; Constitution; he r.~ e we need not detennine them 11O\l~

All other countries a!' the world have framud rules suited to tht:ir respective conditions to enable such in:;:t.1tut:LCl ns to I\mction SlIloothJ.y. We also are seeking .to do so.

Yoo. are aware of our earlier announcem03nts regarding f?reign policy. In dealing with foreign countri t=s, Nepal w~ll J(ursue an ind-1p endent policy.· .As part of our policy to ma.1ntG.i..n lndeptmdent relat10ns "With all nations, Nepal concluded peace 2.Ild trade treaties With th") Indian Government n~arly six wacks ago . This is the lacest s tep \J ~l hav~ initie.:tod as part of that pol;L.cy. New treat "! es arc axpected to be signed with the Unitt::d Kingdom ( Bri tain) and r:'rance also . Th.~~ treaty Hith Britain wl11 be Signed shor'c1y . It has lone; b~en our policy to maintain amicable ro1'llations with all other "Countries who seek fl'iendship with us.

It is naarly eighteen months slnce we applied for ~el!lbershlp of the Urutcrt Nations. Our "entry into the Uni t ed Nations has ran s.i nt~d blocked p rimarily becaus~ o f the conflict of a certain country with other countri.as. This 1s why we . ~av~ not be en ahle to take furth~r steps in · this rdspect •

. . owever, we have oooo ·extending such · cooperation as we can to t !l.e affiliated agencies of the United Nations "Illich relate to public welfare .

Our inte rnal policy should primarily aim , at maintaining law a."1d order. No government call" tolerate la"'lessn~ ssJ

. diSOrcl.)r, or actions .calculated to disturb the p~ac~. The next taSk to which we Will -.g1v c speCial priority 1s the ,mfo rce,aent of the- r~a1n1ns: proviSions qf our nlJw Constitution.

Th3 governmll.1t h :~s b~an doing its b~st to improv-3 the eConomic cond! tion of the countrymen and raise t.hsir llving s tandard. The National Economic Plannlng CoDmittce , inaugurated by Us t\-IO years ago, has "'be. • .n regularly drafting: plans and SUb!l1tting them b:jfore us. We have approved. some of than t and accordingly "Work on th .xn has commenced. Nacassary special stUdies, discussions, and investigations regarding the

construction of I'Ouds 1n various places for the purpO se of bl'inging atou t l~1pr6vemen t in the fi0;:1.1 b f t :;.'anspo rt are goiPG on. Wir .... l..:ss stations and telephon<:J lin',-,s are being op(m~ and di,;w~)lopi3d to facilitate the siilOoth and. 'quick ;;xchange of n~ws. It 1s also propos;:ld to op_"n a broadcasting st ... tion soon. The Food Council h us b::.:-::n 6stablisil'.:!d to y.romo'",.a the d<!velopment of agriculture and thdrc".:ly so l ve the food probl ~u. A plan for ~claiming '''aste lands in Hitaura l~s been approved. Various meaSur rl S are ur.dcrHay .fo r th.:.: d:w"llOpm'~lnt of agricul ture in loth th<3 hill ahd Tarai r<::gions'. 5t 250 blghas of land in the £.r~ca bounded by l1uki"/anpur to the east t R811aull-Pratappur to ti'l.0 wast, th " Rapti r iVer in the north, and Naya-Basti on tho Chure hills in tha south, will be: Nclaim'..:d and rCnd8r()d cultivable through th~ us~ of rrodam m~~ansi including tractorD, within two y(;;O,rs_. Wa have sancti(ln:d !'ts !bo,ooo for this ;lUrposc. Arran ; ,-,r.1cnts are t~ing mada fo r cattle bre{:Jding ,fish_farming, etc. at tl.:J.a canter. With th ,; obj€.ctive of running the Forest D(.:par"i:l~nt smoothly , \Je halt;;) allocat~ Rs 500,000 in the Uldg~t fol" this purpose .

\.,',.; htv.) dcput:...'d local doctors and also invit :;;:d ~:: xperts from I ncli a as p6.rt of an exp::.rimental. plan to eraclicate malaria and kala azar in ,the Eitaura area. Consid."rable succ ;', ss is reported to have h.:en achieved in this task. Such prog rams will be extendad to other affected areas as well. A. plan has alNady b..:an startad for th(;; 1nstall~tion of filtration pl:.illts on the -Bir-Dhara and Tri-Bhim-Dhara Water Suppl y ~st€LIS to purify drinking water _ in the capital. Th'..:S8 plants "W:l.ll start operating next wintar.

~lith a viilH tc iLlproving public h~alth s.-:rvic.zs, doctors arc L<;:ing sent to Britain for medical. training. :f(J have approv.;;d plans for Gstabllshing dispansar1~s and p'oviding other f1roical. faciliti;)s in th.3 hill and Tarai a:(,0aS on tha reCOil:lll::.ondation of' -;;'11.:: Health Department. St~ps a!'e b~ing taken Q.cco rdingly.

Education is spr.3ading in our country satisfactorily. Many c:mters of basic ~-lducation have opened. Nonilal schools and pathashalas, gi rls' Pathashalas, Mantes S()'ri c :,mt.., rs, etc hav;;l aJ.r<iady Q' .. l\~n op~ned .1n large numbers. A plan for .a stablishing a Sanskrit Coll<}ge haS been fincliz3d and the collp.g~l will be;, opcn",d soon.

He ha~a accolJt~d the rucomrnendations of the Nepal University Plan COiiunittee, ~.nd. accordingly grant.:xl p~nnission for establiShing the propos~d University. It will be Qstablished next Y:Jar. Our Biuco.tion Dcpartm~t is conducting studies" rugarding the - n(:l~d for· 0p\jnin3 a public English School in Nepal, which .. '111 b:-n~fit many guardians by saving -iIlOnElY which th;.)y have to sp..::nd fer .::lducating their -chl1dx;;:n abroad.

We t';)_ve sLort eIled the schedule of "':.:oth Sabhas this time because, in view of the rainy season, it is doubtful whethe r members bclont:,i.n;; to remote ..t~eaS of the country will be a ble to as~e:nble here noW'.

_ We have included t~ elected members of tha Lo[;i slat1ve As sembly 1n the c<;\.binet. _ We also intend to s€'t up Admini strati V €I

Conmittees. Those of you who have been nominat",d to these CO lill:littees ' should offer approp riate advice on Nlev:ll1t . questions to order to assist us 1n deteIUiining our administrative policy.

Sine e you h:i!.ve assemb1.o::ld here f:,,:·;)/.1 all parts of the Count r y , you ha.ve an -opportunity to represent to us the urg~nt needs of your districts and regions, if any,. We sh a.ll al\fayS give appropi'iata attention to such mflt ·.:~ rs and ini '~iate necessa ry ac tion.

\io \-li1ol~h~artcdly p ray that by the grace of C-od, and YOU:' cooperation and goodwill, the venture on which .... e have ernbark.8d today should continue for a long time in the fu tc re for the sbrvica of th03 King, the country, and th~ peopl.e.

The End

Six Doc"! ffients OP Dolakha

Revenues from Alampur Village

,

(1) RevenuAs from - Alampur Village in Dolakha .... ere customarily collected in the fOnD of black gram ("mas)_ as .... ell as cooney. Collections were made tlrrough an ijaradar, who

' .... a.s also reSponsible the collection of !!§l~ leVies, incomJ from escheats , income from fines iiJpo~-3d on crimes, payments dua "W the frcm dyers and p::.:1.ntl3rs of cloth.

Until t.'1e Vikrama year 1842 (A.D. 1785), the ijara was h.:Jld by Zorawar Khawas. On Poush Badi 13,_ 1842 (Jaruary 1786), -he was replaced by Kesan Thapa, Ranasur Ghart1, Kannadc"O :';"'id · seve ral _other persons to operate the ijara joint ly. Particulars of payments due under the ij ura were as follows :

~·· <>a" ••• _ ..... _. J _

( Vj.lnama:·

1 Bt:.?

'18~3

'1841~

'18~" . -

26,

601 601

601

601

Rs 200

Rs alO

Rs 2)0

Rs 2:)0.

Tnt~ b:la.::k g2"am was to ba supplied to the royal stables ( c.s'"ab'"Lkhana) , ana. the rroney t o the royal. nalace.

'l:h~ 0 rdl':r ad.d.ed~ I: QJllec t. paymen ts in th El CUS'Lomary me.nil·::r. Do not ha::'a f'3 the people. You shall be dismissed if ~rvU :ne.rass the people t tn~reby causing th.:. depopulation nf t.~l~ ·r~ . llag~ . You may occupy the homesteads of Sirman Kha'cr.i :ir}U 8iuri Khatll for }"Our own' use."

R.:;g;nl R0::;aarch con.detion, vol. 25, pp. 8..9.

(2) PJ:':Ulk M:-:.nlstdr Jung Bahadurt s order to of'ficlals appointed. to "':011..:, (:;" jngat dutiod3 in eastern Nepal :

lIFO.L'IIl ,~ :dYi the viUaga of A~&lllpur had bJeU assigned. to th2 :x,yaJ. stable':> a.."'ld Llack gl'CD, ghee, oil, and othe:' COlllljir. Jj.e.,. ~ ·l~:J ':.d '.,;0 be ;ruppli~d in lieu of tax,;:s, No jab . ..l::~ ( tre.ns:;,t) dut:L~s \I -l r:.;l collected on thesa cOlIl'Ilodities.

"~l,~,s.:: dr!.ys t.h<3 v :Hh .ge 0 f Alumpu r has b~en ass1 gned as jcl.:d r ~: .... ;~·.ln·,~ r"l l'I"ld'9.t June: Kunwar Rana. R..:ports ha· ..... u be,-.• ) r·~c .'!iv2d th~t jagat <!uties have b::t:n coll-actcd on bJ..d.ck gI'ai 'l 8l1d Ottld ::- mwmod1tl.as r·:!ce1v.:d as r~nts fro ... "~ h~ "\Til~' . e.g·.), 2.~ 'Null as on oth~r c(I"(lmc;l1ti ... s procured by th, G-au,..:,:'.s.l fr0m that. village. .

::q , ~ hOJr.;by J:"~conftrm the customary' practic~ and (,XC;':l!? ". comrnotl:i.ti,js suppli.:,d to t.'le jagirdar from Alai1f!1ur Vill".E.U f'rom jagat dutias."

R..:grui Res'Be rch Co1.l..::ction; vol. 131, pp. 480-81.

Qharb<trt-".J..~~;nf:l!1: .9..LM:i,n1J\Y Lppds . ,

On J ".tha fudi l,., 1-£62 (H.y 1805), ' a 'plot of land situated north of the> Bhi..lkot-i(hola~ east of the ' Khani-Khola, south of th..:: H~t.ti·'Khola :. and aast of a "W3.t~l"'-sp.r1ng, waS allotted to Dirgl1a S1.mi).;,. Gharti on Gharl.ari tenure. Dirgl1a Simb.a Ghart1. \-.'::1. ;: I ·9qU~1·~d to extract lead' from deposits found in that ~tree.: r,:l'l SUP1)ly t.'1d fIlCltaJ. (kachho), as 'N:;:11 as mB-hsul !'l)<.)s, .tn::: :>~~.ll'!i.~ t,l:'(; 011 hOinestoads,- and fines and 'panalties C4.an.Q..n.-~Hl"'J!.a, :· co]J.;Jct.3d in tru Coursa of the administration of ju st~~C"~1 t:) tl1~~ Kathmandu Hun1t1.ons Factory., Ha was ' also r~qu1.:r:Jd to !;Iut..li·;'; e.cCQUrlts f\nd o.bta1n clE:!arance eV~ry year throuGh Cr.o.u~.a:r:l.ya Prana Shahi.

Zl.

Judicial Admillist:::Qtion

Fbyal orddr to the Hijbars, Naikes, and CO:1111On people -(Praja) of th,=: entiro:: Dolakha region:

You have suffered much becaus e the local Amali has imposed fin es throu gh ex-parte judgments even in the absence o f complaints and confessions. I'le hereby decree that i n the future f1ot;;lS, fees, and penalties (danda I j itau ri) shall be co21 _~ <:ted orily aftd r dispensi ng ju-stice in the p resence -of the i)laintiff and obtaini ning confessi on s . III tll due assuranc 0 . make all tJayments (syak, sirto) due f r OLl1 you , do not suppress 1ni'onna.1:.1on re1ating to cr11nt3s tha.t ;nay be committed in thi;!.t area, and obey tha Amali.,1

Magh . Sud.1 1'2 , 1.%3 (January 1807)

Regm1. RJsaarch Collection, vol. 5, pp. 129-30.

Tenallc:,£ ill.ght s in polakha Town

Roy al o rder to people oming lands under Chhap , Guthi , and Kipat tenu res lr.i. Dolakhc town :;

Co l lect custuma ry paymonts from -tenants (dhakre) ..no have settled on your lands. Let t hem occupy such lailds so long as they want to do So. If thi;Y leave, you may r.Jallot the lands to oth(;r p-Jrsons . Si,,111arly, do rot evict people from thG hous~s tho.lY are livin g i n .

Chaitra ,sudi 15 . 1873 (March 18 17) •

Regmi Research Collection, vol~ :P, p~ 522.

Allotrne.'1t of Jaglr Lands to Tepants

On j-bgh. Badi 9 , 1903 (January 184-7), rice-lands assigned as jagir to a num~r of Dhardar9 were reallott ed to some tenfUlts oa enhanced rates of kut payments. Particulars of' thes& allotments were as follows t '

(1) Tenant : Ambar Slngh

Allotments

Namo f' J'adtdar Kut rent lCut rent Ghiukhani, _ . • -.Q (old rate) (new r at..,;) (in DIlris)(in muris) Rs.

(.) Sardar Del Bahadu r Shah 20 6 6 1t

(b) do. 20 6 6j- 1t

(c) Kajl Dal Kesar '<0 Punde 12 12 3

( ··IW b ,y~ .'" o.a. ... q ....

26.

( 2) ?!ar"e of Tenant: Ratna flan

K aj i S1,." ./,:ath Sing!l Pantha 6

(3) Tenant: B1shnu Han

Kaji Surath Si ne;h Pantha aJ 6 --

TotaJ. 14{) 42

Tho:! total quantity of kut rent on 140 mur1s of ric~lands waS U:u:s increased from 42 to 44 mu rls o f paddy, i n addition to ghiukhan§. payments to talJ.1ng Rs 10.,., a share of · the winter crop , and the chard8m _Jillaki levy at the customary rate.

The allotment orde r stat.;d: "Tenants shall make these payments to their jagirdar-landlords anq. also provide them ... 1 th loans not exceOOing the value of the rents if So askw.. Tenants shall Npui r damaged irrigation chann als and constro.ct anbanY .... 'Ilent s in rl.ce-fialds through their own labJr and' NSources . They shall P4t manure in the fieldS, and not cut trees on thd borders·. They shall also not c'lcar forests for agncultural purposes ."

RElgmi R:::s(}u rch Collection, vol. 62, pp~ 630-33.

******

RQclamat;t.pn- Qf Forest AreQ,s, A.D. 1897

Lt. Gagan Singh SWanr Chhet ri had obtained. a contract to cl ear a tract of Jhora f orest adj01n1hg the no-manl 's land on the lIep al-India border in Nepalgunj \ofit "n a P~riod of three y ,.:!ars ~ Under th3 terms of th~ cootrac ilu stipulated a tuttJ.. payment of Kampan1 Rs 59,000 to the go rrr.h.:nt.

Haj1 Mohammed Khan, Shivaratan, and oth ;:;: r p\:lr~s obtained a similar contract to clear a tract .of Jhora forest ~st of tne Mannara :river in Bardiy a within four. years against a tOt,al , -payment of Kampani Rs 70,000. ' .

In Vikrama 185 t .. (A.D. 1897) ooth th~se COfl. t":~.:(.:t s were '-, canccl.L-rl on th~ ::;round that. the contractors had- not complied with th0 stipulated tenns and conditions. The gov.~ -rnment thOi.l G.ecid;i!d to ~stablish a sdpa rate office to cl~r both thes<l Jhora for;.:sts and \ilxport th~ timb0r on 8Iila~,lat baSis. Ri::lguJ.ations w~ro promul gatdd ,)u t11ning the working procedur~ of that office. Th e! substantive provisions of -thase regulations are as follo WS t -

3. T1mber from both these forests, shall be transported to Jamun a."Hl. .. Ghat,

4-. Expenses have been sanctioned as folloWS I

1 paiSa pur foot for cutting.

1-paisa do. for transportati.on.

10 percent less for :tranches and other Sf ... a1J...Size timber.

5-. Timc(;r extracted from these forests in this manner shall ba converted into ties (sleepers) of 61x8l1x~"" size ea.ch. Surplus tim-oer, or timber not suitable for producing sleepers , 'shall be cut for other pOSSible us~s. Offers for the purchase of such timber shall be invited-. from merchants and repo~ed to the govermnent. Sleepers ·shoulCi b;J madCl of unifoIm SiZ{i:, as otherose they Can-rot be sold.

6. 'Timber shall be stack~d at a ' place safe from noods on a floor made of tnfcrior varietias of timber So as to enSUre that the dF ... mpn<3ss of the earth . does not reach it. The stacl{!l shall b':. guarded well from fire acC1d8nts, . dacoits, eta. Wagas -shall be paid to the guards at current rates. I f the total amount doas not exceed Rs 50_, d1sburS(~ents may b..:. r.la-id in th~ prasenc'~ of representatives or the l':'cal Mal. and Amin1 oft'icd S. It' th~ amount exceeds Rs 50, sanction mu st '.:103 0 btain::; d from the gov:;;mment ..

? In cass any merchant make s an qffer for spccifi.::d v.ari :;:ti-::s of t!rnbe:r t he must sign a bond ac(;o:"'dinblY, and also furnish a depos;l.t aaounting to 5 p~rcent of th',3 value of the offer. Timbor shall than be released on paym~nt of' th~ valUd: and I.:xport dut1us. In case the Merchant dQos not take d.llzvary 9f thq timber within the st1pulat.:!d t1.ma-limlt

t th~ dt.'Posit shall be confiscated, and the timber shall. be sold to 9th<:r merchants.

8. Bids shall ba 1n~tcd from 1umbennen, cc.rtors, sawyers, 'and boattnen ' who can cut tiVlb~r, transport it to t h:.:: ferry pOlnt (ghat), and mal!;" sleapers before the seaSon onds. Such bids may ba acc~'Pted on the condition th at th3 total cost does not uxceoo. four · annas for each S1.eepeI-. 1 .

, . " - --,

9. A responsibloa person shall be appointed to function as Ch!Uldhar:!. of the lumbannen. JU.s responsibility shall be to recruit lumbe:nn~>l at stipulated rates of wages t disturse advance payments to them,and ensur~ that suppli~s of timoor r ';;ach the Kathmahal in time. The remuneration of th3 Chaudhari shall consi8t of ont_.fourth of tht'J sa.1.e price of' on:3 piece of timbtlr of each var1t!ty S\iPg;j-OO throu gh him. As far as poSsi. blCl-, only local pl:lOpl. ~! s 1 be appointltd as Chaudharic.·

30.

. , " 10~ . A separate Chqudhari shall b~ appo~nt\;ld for carters

as well. Each cart~r shall be paid wages at the rate of one Rai sa p ,;; r foot of timb::::r p~r kos.

11. Dada n1 advances may be p rovided to lumb.:.!Im cl:'1. and ­cart",rs through tlHl app rop ri ate Chaudharis • .

12. Timber for domestic and Ij-gricul tural purpos <; s shall be suppiL.!d t o local pdonle a gainst p~rrnits issued by the !3anl~e HaJ.. ~

The following: st:-,ff waS sanction 3d for the D.:3W office 1

P':':si q;natlon

1 Li ent enant

1 ,lukh1ya

1 SlJb-adar

1 Naus1nda

1 Naus1nda 1 Hudda 8 Poons

1 Office poon

Off1c..:: ex:pens~s

'l'otal.

Kart1k Sudi 12, 1954 (Octobor" 1897)

Regmi Resoarcp Collection, vol. 61, pp • . 432-56 •

• *****

31.

Rirta Confiscation, A,D. 1805-6

1. Irregular Dirta Gl'cVl~"§ in Lamjung and Tanahu

~UJyal order to Bishram Khatri : •

You ~'lave repor~ui that ten rmgleaders of the lawless ele{dents (hulyaha) haye been put in irons arm despatched to Kathma.""1du. They iuve no t yet reach~d here; they are P IQ bauly on the "lay. After they arrive here, we shall infom you al.Qut what happens.

You have also reported that you have confiscated tha lands of jaisis and other lawluss elf:lments. Yru have done Well.

In addition, you have r(.-ported that aftar compiling :particulars of bir~;;. lands in Lamjung and Tanahut..and det~cting ~rr(;gul~~' grants, you ~.~~ ll proceed acroSs the Hac.u. river. Dlschar~u tha functi:ms ~ntrustud to you according to the r e gulations Without. faar or favor.

, \1'0 hU\i>3 fa !11hxl four cOj!1pani~s hare . Hak..; ari"ongC::llunts

tor land as si gr1m;.;nts' to th(lll.

You have ask:.'<i hoW' much lands should 00 assign.:.cl. to thu two units (p<::.tti,) ot th.J Khas Company • . Assign lands accorCiing to th ~l pr:~ scrib..:d sch..x!ule (raibandi) to th~ fOl,lo_wine p~~rsomld of th ... su two Jll!ttis" ';

2 J alilada r s 4 Hawal':aJ.'o:> t .. Ait-ans

42 Sold1.rs

You haY;;! r c;:port;';d that you have , anlistod tho cooperation of r(;sponsibl~ p"l'sons of Lamjung and Tanahu. This is good. Wo shall assign th.~m anolumdlts (khang1) according to their ~. rk. _

t Th~ la~ds (contiScat.Jd in . Lamjung and Tanahu) a1'4 ~xpected fO b0 suffici03Ut for '1'.Jcru1ting tan compan!.,:s. ':a have so ar r .;Cruiti;;d four compani..;s. You havl3 aski;td wh:Jth.r thll

ranaining 'six companiJs will bu foltll'.::d now or lat.;r. Maka . no d~lay in this iIlannJr.

J(;lstha Sudi 8, 1862 . (May 1805')

~~1 :\ ... s .Iarch ColL::ction. -vol. 6, pp. 15-16.

32 •

.2. . Disb.lrS~ill,~nt Ord;~ r

Royal. ord~r t:. Bishram Khatri : Tho total salary of Eha juG.uo Kl'la!.Tas f0r' '.;h..:: Yl3ar$ 1861 and 1862 (Vikrama) amounts to Rs 410. Of tnis amount , Rs 50 will Q,,: paid h~ro. D::'sburs ,~ th.J balcJlc·,:; of Rs 360 1n hi::: nam~ .from inCOIil] .;oam.» through land survoys in th0 r;Jv-on W0:>t of thJ M?rsyangdi. rive r and :.Jast of th ,;, Bl.Jri riv.:.r • . '1'h~ runount will b,~ d...:bitt...;d 'oIh:;.:n your accounts ~r' ~ audited.

J"sthz. &ldi 14, 1862 (Hay 1805)

R<.lgmi R...! il>.!3.rch ColLlction, vcl. 6, p. 31.

3 . Land Survays in Jur:lla

A notification was issued on J ',:stha Sudi 13, 1862 (May 1[X)5 ) in tIll.) naw.J of the peOpJ.", of Jumla th::!t officials h~.v:;: b -.:cn uppoint~,d and r egulations promUlgat>Jd

i to

s-crutinizG birto. un~ gutr..1. land gl·~ts and campi ;;. particulars of rail{~r lands, 3,5 w.;;11 uS of customs and transit dut1as (sail', bhansar) t tb.z:,.;s on mines (kachho), tax~s on hom 0st.::ads

. (sirto), and oth..:r SOUl'C:...:i of :rev;.;!nu~. Giv..,; t:l o!:iO officials n .;c Dssary coop..:r;:.tio'l. Any p .... rson who dC r.!s not do so shall bu s~v·..;rcly punis:l'.,d .

R...:gm1 R;.) suarch CoIL .. ction t vol. 6, pp.lto-4-1 •

. Ashndh Badi 1, 1e62 (June 1805)

h'.;:: h.lv,;;' St'!f!t "Ed. shraro Khntri to the rugion situat"d between the Bh,.;. ri l'iV~ l' in th;:; w'}st and the Chopl>Marsyangdi rivers in the ...:c.st to confiscat ·,} birtas lacking docum<,.;ntary .Jvidcnce of titl ;:; , and us.:; S'.lch land.s t.o ' form t,Jn compani0s. W:>rk 1n such a mann-.;r that your rvports are cr..::d1bl..:: and th~ compnn1~s a.rc fOlTiL,d. In oth..;r matt..::r3, w:>rk in consultation \,lith Bishrron Khatri. .A::lcJrtain \<I"h..;th,~ r what you say turns out

.to be quit\.! accur",t J l or wh...!th.;;r th<3rt) will b .. ; uny discrepancy, and rupOl-t to us ccr'!'y. You will got oth.;r information from your brothdr' s lutt.:.::r." '

R.;jgUi R ·.l'::;".:arch Coll :.}(:~t1on, vol. 6, pp. 4-7-48 •

•••••••••••••••••

Regmi Research (Private) Ltd

1.

2.

3. ... 5.

Regmi Research series

Year 15, No. 3

Kathmandu : March 1983

Contents

Edited By

Mahesh c. Regmj.

** ........ ""

Revenue from Olancl'umg-Gcla

Deukhu r1 and Slmar t :.. .D. 1833

Scle of Wax in Patna

Two P rocl OJiiations of A .D. 1951

B1.rta Conr1sca.~ont A.D. 1805-6

••••••••• *.*

Regm1 Research (Private) Ltd

Laz1mpat-, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Telephone , 16927

Ism : 003 .... 3 .. 8X

b" • •• 33

• •• 3"

• •• 37

• •• 38

· ., ....

(For private study and research only, not meant for pUblic sale, distrltution -and display).

33 •

. Revenu c from Olanci-,Im g- QQl.:l.

Durio " tba: revenue s ettlements of V1krama 1925":'29 (A.D. 186§":,,,1872), revenue from f?-ye villages under the jurisdiction of the Olanchung-Go1.a Was assessed at Mobar Rs 1026 .

The settlement 'WaS revised in Vikrama 1937 (A.D. 18&) ~.:(j U the asse~:;;'"'t;!nt waS ra1sed by Rs 7~ 13.

Landen Blote, who waS responsible for the, payment of this amount under the .i.~-thit1 sY,stem, .requested that the old asse.:;:'>01Bl-t figure be restored.

Th '':' , local adl;:dnistratoI', Bamhir Bikram Rana, e~ressed the following opinion on Landen Ehote's request: Olanchung_ GOla is situated on the border with 1"ibet. It has a. snowy climate , where crops c annot be raised. 'l'he people of this area depend solely on agriculture for their l1velioood. When th~ A.D. 1868 r evenue settlement had bden made, the number of hous&ooldS was found to have declin~~ d, hence the aSSessment was axed at Mohar Rs 1026. During the revenue Settl;;.n.~nt of A.D. 1880, however," the f1gure was raised by Rs 78-1 3 as if the! local people were El'lgaged in tilling

:the 18.l')d for crop~ . If peoplt:. woo have been p e rsuaded to .. Come ov ~~r :from th~ "Tibt:tan side to s~ttle ;n this area go

back to Tibet b,,;:caus~ they are unable to pay the enhanced amount, 1 t will not b 0 collected, and, instead, the government will 105=:' even th"s ravlIDu ~ that it WaS collecting b,<:fora. 1I

B~.:obir Bik:r:am :lana, therefore J rc.commend~d that the .old a Sges sm..mt figure of Mohar Rs 1, 026 be "restored.

The Zadar Dafdarkhana expr~ssed the following opinion on the matt.er.1I The ·A.1); ···187d: revenu~ aSsasSllent order does not stipulate that rev~ue may no t be enhanced during a freSh reValue settlement. Hence 1 t Will not· be. app ropriate to recommend that the enhancement of Rs 78-13 be cancelled." This rocommendd.i:.ion of the ::)adar Dafdarkhana was endorsed by th E.> Huluki Adda, and sarictioned by Prime Minister RLr Shurnshor. on ~ra"an SUd1 5, .1946 (July 1889). .

Regm1 Research Collection, .vol. 62, pp. 74-78 •

.......

• Deukhuri A,D.

1. Deukhuri

In 1890 Vikrama (A.D. 1833) I the Deukhuri area of Dang-Salyan district had bem included in the ·jagir · ass1gr1in~nts of Chautariyas .

Repo"its w~re received that Deukhuri was being depopulated becaUSe of disputes among the local Chaudharis,' and actions taken by the local Fbuzdars in contravtilnt1on of trad1.tlonal. practices.

The. Chaudh aris of Deukhuri, therefore, submitted a petition to Chautariya Jan Shah stipulating that they would make efforts to, promote land reclamation and settlement in that area if sp~c1fied arrar~ements were made.

Chautariya J an Stlah referred tha matter to General Bhimsen Thapa . The following regulations; based on the arrangements proposdd by tr.~ Chaudharls, were then sanctioned through a royal ord(;:1;' issued on Shrawan Badi 1, 1890 (July 1833) :

1. In Casa plowh!lllds ernployad on tandh a landS for '.,inch m~:mey has b.::cn paid comm.it_ any crime, other 'than crim€ls which are punishable. through eos~avement or degradation to a low.ar cast.ehthe f'in,;s and penal.ties coll."cted· from than, as wz as their escheat property, shall

2.

be appropriated by the local Chaudhari Mahto, or bandha-ownar in the Same manne r as during the rule of the Raja of Salyan.

For criJ:nes ottwr than ,

• fines have customarilY blJen paid rat es . In tha ru tu re also t the Amali and tle shall make co~ect1ons ~t the s~e rates • •

ChalJdhari · " Rs 25 Mahto · " Rs aJ

pu rpaliya • •• Rs 15

Aghautya ••• Rs 12

Phohora ... Rs 6

Eorgan · -,' Rs 10

Kodale households, plo'Whands, and Sukumbasis ... Rs 5

3.

". : S.

, o.

3S.

A fine of Rs 10 shall be collected from both parties in ,Case any p~rson ~oI!lmitsadultei'Y ..,1.th a ,ddcw or unmarried tyomal1 belonging to a caste of equiValent st~tus , provided there 1'5 no incest. For rape, \."0 fine shall be five timeS higher.

For inju ry causing the shedding of blood, Q' fine of' ' R::: 5. haS customarilY b<;leIl paid. PaYment shall be made at the _S'rune r at,e in .the--future also.

llrajawat ar,d Gu rana levies shall be collect oo by Chaudharis from Lohars a!lil Damais at the- customa ry r ates.

FOl' ofrenses relating 'tJ ritual pu rity (1i.fm.g) I fines have CllstornarUy ceen collected at -:;ile folloWl.ng rates. The 'o.lIIaJ.1 a nd the Fouzdar shall make collections r,t these rates in t he futu re al so:

Chaudhari

i1ahto

PUIp&l1ya.

Aghautya

Phohora

Plowhands and SUkumbasi

· " · " · " · " •••

• ••

Rs 60

Rs So Rs \0

R. 30

R. 20

Rs 10

7. The Rajl...;Khuna Cummunity had enjoyed exanption -from Chak-Ch<.J.k.u1 fines and eSch eats from' the time of the Raj a of Salyan to the Vikrama year 1.881 (A .D. 1824). Such paYI(\l;:!lts _ha..i boi!en collected from people belonging to "that communi ty by Sairdars and Fouzdars from the Vikrruna year 1882 (A.D.· 1825). We hereby reconfiIm 't!1e exemption._ . .

8 . Rice had cu stomarily been proc'.l red for th: purpose of el.ephant hunts (kheddah) at the rate of 16 pathis a rupee. Supply rice at thi s rate in t re future also. For other purposes, do SO at the pri'ces current -the.re from time to tim .) against" paYmeut in money.

9. Nop c:t'Son, Wh eth ·~ r a b~rdar, _a revenue-coll ecto r (rakam1), a . gov " rnm~nt official (jag1re), or oth.,r individUal, (dhakre) , shall u'se ~ services for the transportation of hl.So goods. Ryots, on their part, shall not provide:: portarage serv:l.ces for such goods . Thay shall do So onJ.y for the followin,g cat~gorL~s u f goods :

(a) Military stores

-(b) Supp11 es for elephant ..hun t s

(c) Gov~rnment cas)). _

Frovidf:3: porterage services for these categories of goods in your respective areaS.

"!p,

Supply proV1s1ons only to _officials and functionaries who visit your village to collect revenue, and obtiUn paynl,mt from others . No person, whethe r a gove Irll:l en t official or a private individual, shall demand froe p rovisions .. '

10. Four porters shall bp. impres.s~d for transporting supplies sent through the bhardars stationed in Salyan for religious ceremon1~s :'.-~-, the temple aT Godd.:!ss Patan Devi on the occasion of the Qlaitrt'-Ashtnm! festival. The bhardars shall no t harass ;:. ~ple by demanding a larger number of porters.

Shrawan Badi 1, 1&;0 (July 1833) .

Regm1 Research Coll ~ction, vel. 26, pp. 328-31.

2. Suna r

Royal order to i'h.1htos,. ryots, and Raji-Khunas inh abiting di fft;l r ent villagi.es in Sunar Parganna of Dang-Salyan district, which had been inclu ded in the' jagi r aSSignments of Chauta:r1yas.

nyou have submitted the following petition to Chautariya Jan Shah: nFou zdars , S<i1.rdars, and oth -=: r 0 ffic i al s and functionaries collected taxes (Pota) in an arbitrar y manndr. In contravention of custom and tradition, they approp riate the. escheat propa rty of manbers of the i1aji-Khuna communi ty, inhabiting the area situated west of Bardbad.u\.,ra and east of Nan1ya. Visit1ng gov.:nnm~nt officials (jagire) f'nd other !Jarsons (dhakre) - force the local p.Jop1.e to provide port erage Services "( baga r) without paying wag..::s,. and alSo demand free provisions. In case such arbit r ary act10ns continue, Wld shaJ.l not be-aql.e to stay . within th~ ttont1:)rs. If a royal order 1s issu e d defining our ri ghts, _customs, and usages (th1t1), .we shall promote land reclamation and s ettldll ent and continue to liVe here. n

Chautarlya Jan Shah referred the petition to General Ehimsen Thapa, woo h as reportGd tha matter: t o us.1!

The royal. ordGr then sanction~d the followin g arranganents to redress the grievances of ·t.ha inhabitants of Stmar :

1. The FOllzdar shall coll~ct taxes (P-ota) from ryot.s on th;J basis of un astimation of -the area cul ti vated by than.

2. Sairdars shall not appropriate too escheat proparty of m::!mbers of the Raji-Khuna comJllln1ty, or coll..::ct Chak_Chakui fin~s from them.

3. Bhardars;, gov~,; rnment officials, or individuals shaJ.l not fo r ce tr.e people to provide porterage services

wi thou t wages .

4. Ryots shall pay Pota t a xes on. their lands, as well ·as :fin8s and penaltius, as before. They shall ob,JY the _ orderS of the Amal.i.

37.

5 • . Membdrs of the Raji-Khuna community need not relinquish th~i.i' claim to escheat property.

6 •. Porterage services shall be provi.ded -only for military stCjlres, cash belonging to us, and supplies required for elephant_hunt's, not for transporting goods belonging to bhardars, government .officials, or .other indi.v1dl: ,~ S.

Free provisions s hall be . supplied only to officials and functionaries woo visit "the village to collect revenue. Provi sions shall be sll,tlpl.ied tc. oth Gl'S only against payment at current rates.

8. Any p:Jrson ~10 does not comply wi th these re-gulatlons shall be severely punished.

Sh rawan Bad! 1, 1a90 (July 1833)

Regmi Research Colle:ctlon, vol. 2'). pp. 327- 28.

*.***

Sale of Wax _in Pat!!§.

Madhav ' Lal~ a m~rchant of' Patan, off'ered a J:lrice Rs 41 per roaund of wax ' stocked at the kla1nch'i Kothi P'atna'. The oITer waS made in Kathmandu.

of in

On the basis ' of -this offer, bids were invited in both Kathmandu: and Patna. But no higher offer was received.

,+,he Nepali Wakil ~t Calcutta ,Lt. Colonel Bishwanath, ·waS - then instructed to sutmit 'a repo'rt on the price of wax current there. According to his report, prices ranged between Rs 45' and 46 per maund of high-qual.ity wax t , .~nd between Rs ' 31 and Rs 1tO for wax of inferior quality.

The Chiaf of the Al:ainchi Kothi at Patna, Captain Ratnanidhi Padhya , was then ordered to invite f'resh bids with a \-/eek' s ~ime liiId,t, and submit a report to KatllnancbJ at the end of that -p(~riod.

J '=I;;;tha Badi 9, 1942 (MaY 1885)

Regmi Research Collect1.0~, vol. 52, pp. 285-93_

38.

{Note ' : The docunent does not mention the date of Madhav Lal l S ol'":Lg1nCLl offer. P rime ltini~ter Ranoddip Sl.ngh IS

order to tak e &,ctiOl-:' o n the arrer was communicated "&0 the Muluki Adda on Poush Sudi "5 , 1941 (Dec ember .1884). The matter had not bEen finillized by Jestha Bad1 9, 1942 (May 1885), even though nearly six roonths had passed. It 1s also noteworthy that transactions through the Alainchi Koth1 at Patna 'were sanctioned directly frot!: Kathmandu) •

.......

Two p.I'Qclamatiooo pf A, D. 195 1

1 • .f...r1me Minister l-Iohan Shurosh'ere Jung Bah adur Rana1 J'.:-. ProclamatiQn

t Gri shma Baho~~;r~I~:~)~' (Pol i t ic al. mir:or -9f t Gau t am, aJ16 (19""), pp. 39-

On Poush 24 , dO07-(January - 8~· · 1§5. 1), Prime Minister Mohan Shumshere Jung " BahadUr 'Rana -made · the fOllowin g proclllJlla~1on 1n t h e name of the Nepa1.1 people : .

nIt is now ·104 years since Shri 3 · Maharaj .rung Bahadurt on th e o rddr of the then King and Eharad.ars, aOO the people, assumed responsibility for the governance of th+.s country. The ctrcumstancc'ls in wich that change took place are al.ready d~scr1bed in histo ry . I .c:m only rem.1nd you of the fact that the country had · ·oaen pla.guoad at the time by internal confli ct , disturhancc;ls, and chaos resu~ting from mis rule. With the ~lIlergenc<ol of Maharaj Jung Bahadur, trr.nquillity and stability war,;: rapidly r estoreg 1n th~ country.

''\-11 thout mer,tionirig 0 th;;:r memo ra ble even ts that took place in the last. centu rYt I can. say for certain that Maharaj .Tung Bahadur and IUS successors not only ·pres;;lrved rut also consolidated ~he . indJP.mdance , the priceless ;fc;"Wel of Nepal , thereby guaranteeing t o- the· countrymen the bancfits of sacurity, · prosperity and a st able government. '!'h.;:se things are essentia.l for the prosperity ·and ha.ppiness of all ·societies.

ilHowavert .with a view .to making it possiblo ror Nepal to mov<.;: ac.cora1.1g to .th~ changed circumsta.n~es, and associating the poopl-z 1n the affai rs of state to a greater ext ent than before, wo pronulBatud thl;:} Nepal Governro",n" Constituti..:.ual. Law on Baisakh 1, 2)04 (April 13, 19~?) •

. .

39.

"'I'he provision s of that law were eni'crced \dth effect from Eai-sakh 2 (April 14-) of the _same year. So far, 200 Panchayats, inclu-d.ing Village and district PanchaYats, have been constl.tuted all over th~ count r y. _The Central Parliament too waS consti tut ed c r. AshW'in 6, 3)04- (Septembar 21 , 1950 ) t

thou gh not all the fonnal1ties _required for its establisllment had been completed . Several administrative committees were "a rmed <lot the first session of the Parliament .

"Thus the difficult taSk of laying tL~ foundations has ' bl;:!:;:l1 n darly compl ated, an::l the peop~e have been led alonG the oath off):ee" and independent demo cracy p eacefully . In the light of the success we have, so far achieved in these taskS , and of the 'Current national and international situation, which He have carefully assessed , as 'Well as of the deSire of our Govarnment to associate the countryman to a greut'; r extent in the administration of the count ry, we b~icve that it is now po ssi bl~ to quicken thEt pacd of poli tical adVa L1 (.; .,-, I;lclnt _ 'Without disturbing the situation. \~ith ti';' s aim in la:i.nd, -and ".ritil faith in th~ pat'riotism of th= countrymen, we h ~'.Ve resolved to initiate the following steps , and 'W'e rope that _ they ,will help t<he countzy to m:; ve toward th,) realization_ of its aim. :

uA Constituent Assaubly (Vaid.h8.nika Sat:ha) established. through a gene ral election in which'all the adults of the countzy will ;:::,.k c part shall be established as 3arly as po ssible.

"For this purposa , preparations have been started. for conducting a popu1:ation census. Compilation of voters' lists for .::Jl.:lctions to th-'e Constituent Assembly will. also be comp18t~ as early as possible. Though this is a new and ciifficiJ.lt t c.;:;k , "le t:larnestly hope that the Ccnstituent AssemblY will b ;;: able to hold its first session b..)fore 2009 (April 12, . 1953). Its main task "Will be to draft the future Const.i tu tion of the country.

2. Lest thl:: - m~asures required for too establisllWeDt of the: Constimant Assembly :;;hould l~ad to a slackening of th.1 I.isce of progress, a ca.binet shall bo: - formCld at -the cente_r Soon. It shall consist of 14- manb,;;r~) of w_hom seven will -be th~ trusted representatl ves of the people.

Th~ administration of the country will be handed over to the c abinl:t, which shall function on the basis of the principL...: of coll~cti-ve resp'onsibility and. frame its procedural rul~s itsalf. It shall have powers in resp~ct to the revenues and expenditure of the country. The budget system shall be introduced soon.

all The cabin~t shall make noJcessary arrangeIlleTl.~S to run

administrat1v€ d3partments of the gove~ent SIn:> othly.

40.

3 . l'h~ 1948 Const l t utional Law shall remain op E:: rati ve pending tha promulgat ion of a n (; w Co!lstltutlon to ~ drafted by t he Con st!.tu~::nt J...ssembly. But in ,case some c hange s made th rough this proclGJDation t e r tro se to be e ffect od by the Cabinet , conflict with the p rovisions of the said law, the n.a'.J a rrangoments shall b~ valid. . .

'rh~ folloWin~ pro v1.sion s o f tho 1948 Const itutional Law, whi ch rern !:.i n to b~ enf orced, shal l ba en fo r c.!d a s ~arly "S po ssibl e :

( 1'.1. ) Prov1 ::;ic ns r elating to separation of the Judic;1ary r!'Om the Ex;:>cu t1 ve .

( b) Appoin tmcmt of an AdvQcate-Ganeral and an Auditor­G<!O~ ral.

(c) Formation o f a Publ i c Serv1c~ Commission to selec t ,-,1..l ali fi ed candidat es fo r ~ov'3 rrm ent sdrvice , and similar oth", r arrane;ei.l~ !lts r elating to the admini stration of the country .

So fa,r, 2)0 village and distric t Panchayats have been consti tu t .:ld , and ~ffo rts will be made to _ con sti rot e the r c,unainlnB 500 or so l' anchaYats before Cha:i.tra 30 , 3)09 (April 12, 1953). .

4.( a) As it is our heartfelt desira to prollOte goodwill and cordial coopsr iJ.tion batw.;:~n the goventnant and t he countrymen , we are p r <Jpardd ' to g rant amne sty to arm ~d rebelS, provided t hey renounce their poliCY of violence and completely cease fighting .. llit p~rsons guilty of cold-blooded murd~r, looting , and arson !:Oh-all not be entitled to amn~sty. Poli t ical prisonors "who are currently in detention and are not ~nvolved in murd '3 r, . loot, or a rson will· al~o be grantl3d 3iill1l3sty if they rl3pudiate the policies indicated above.

(b) Poli ti-cal. assoc i ations __ .e s t a blishlild by Nepal1s liv1.hg tlbroad, o r individuals who renounce violence -and follow the path of non-violence, are all welcome to cooperate in the lofty-task of ensurin g the prosperity and good go vemance of the country if they wish to . do so .

( c ) Ncpalis living within Nepal will in no way be prev~nted. from .:;;stabli shing political associations. Such associations aust functicn in accordance with t he law. .

5 .Ev~r:rona 1s awar e of the circumstances in which ilis Maj ~sty King Gnyartendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev had had to be placed· on the throne of Nepal. But certain t'ri,mdly goverrunents wh::> maintain diplan atic rel a.tions With us h ave not reco gnized:

. this change. Be sid~St uneas iness and confUsion havo been spreading among the count ~'r.l en bec ause the issue remains unsettled. On the pretc:c ~ of this issue, troUble-makers too.

"1. have fomented large-scale disturbances, indulged in plunder, attacked people, and even murdered soaveral innocent persons • . In th~ cou:rs~ of our discussions with the Indian govemrnent ., -the latter has .offered sowe friendly su~gestions

' to the effect that it 'o«)uld be possible to establish , '- , tranquillity in the country if liis Majesty King Tr.ibhuwan Bir Bl1::;'um Shah DEl\·, in consultations ' with the Nepal government, · appolnt~ a Regent .... to function until his return, to Nepal. On poush 2, 2007 (Jcmuary 7, 1951) J \le convenei:i a special. meetine of the Parll&u.;;nt and the Iilardart-satha to discuss the matter. These institutions, aft0r considering the . cl rcu7I.stances J recommended that in the interests of · tranquillity and stability in tl.; country, His Majesty King Tri1::huwan Bir Bikram Shah D·)v -may appoint a Regent on tZla advice of the eoverrunent 01' Nepal to function during his absence .. . He would lik~ to announce that 1n the opinion of the Government of Nepal the decision o_f the Parliament and the l;\hardari-Sabha is ." appropri<>tc, and that it " acco:idingly endorses that deci sion. " ,

We gratefully appreciate the manner in which all govtimmcut employees hava remained firm on their duty florid wo rked honestly at this hour of crisis. " __ " " "

I \"Iould lik~ - to give a special. IDe$sage to our beloved " brcitht:rs 1n t ha anny at this moment. At a t:i,ine when the"­country is passing through a difficult and dange l'Ous situation. you have maintained your tradition of patr.1otism and bra,v~ry without "l.ltting it ,ba sullied 1n any way. You havJ stood with unninching pati.3nca or£"tho side of your ' Bove~61t .. My belovad bl"0thers, I would like to assure. you that your" int.3rests and welfar.J wi.l.l remain uppermo st in -our m1.nd as they- have b"en all . along'- Even after th~ proposed constitutional chang03s are made; ve shall remain on your side vi th intc:grity and fortitude. Th.: officers cnd pc:rsonnel of the Polica Dtlpartment too have rerua1.ned steadfast in their duty at such a d1fficul.t momen_t "_and \IIork~d ~oleheartedly and faithfully, for which \lie extend our happy appreciation and Sincere thanks.

the You nd~d not feel worried abou~ what will happan in

future. . ' "

we firmly ' hope, that the "entire Nep81i PBJpl<l \01111 vel..cOlDe ­the important refonns that have ba"ll- announced-. toda;y in the same spirit of pUN patriotism and goodwiU ' 1n '<tllch tll.;se have oc:cn mada. \le also hope :the cntira p~op1e will extood cooperation to the, government 1n attaining its, lqfty objective of enhancing the peace ani prestlga of our- belovoJd motoor1end. We have full OOPG_ that evory patr1ot1c Napal1 W1ll. properly understand th03 i 'J'ltklortance of the addition81 constut1 tional refo nns that 'hava boJoo 'announced today . ~- ,

. -Any changes that- may b.J no3CesSary in a.n;y 1'1i:Ud in

the cQl.lrse of iDlFl.3ll;mting thli.::sa reforms are oU,fprivate affair, and will b", made after conwltations frOm 'tall to ti.mil according to ne"ad.

, 42.

Remanber that at this hour the eyes of the entire world are on us. We nust stX)w before the world that the Napalis alone can doztermine a bright destiny for Nepal. It 1s, in fact, a sacred duty on our part to be able to maintain the reputation ,of our country and p~pl~. We havG 'ga;ined immortal ·fame in many battle-fields in the cause of fraedora and justice. In Case each one of uS unitc:cUy com~s fa I'Ward to serve the motherland with . finnness, courage, and coop~rat10n, and \o,Orks according to his wisdom and cap_acitYt we shall ,ba abls to gain a.qual ram .... 1n the path of paace. -There is no doubt about this.

He pray' for the grace of Sri Pashupatinath and Sri GuhYakali on this country and people, ' so _that wa may ba able to attain the lofty goalS -that we have set for ourselves, and proroota tha happ1n~ss and prosperity of our nation through the reforms that we hl.J.ve. announct::d today. May the peace, int~gri~fi and - 1ndep~d .. mce of our country, in which every true Nep takJS Just pride, remain Safe and itnnlrtal

' even 1n th~se difficult and turbulent times.

2. King Tribhuwan's Proclamation

The folloWing proc;1,3IDat1on was made by HiS Maj~sty King Trit.nuwan B;lr Bikrara Shah D..,v on Falgun 7, )3:107 (February 18, 1951) in t~e name of the nation :-

\ok!.,;Jreas in 1903 Vikrama (18lt6 A.D.) our gr.;at-grand father', His Majesty K1ng Surendra Bir Bikram S1ah Dav, \100 occupied this t hron..:: at the time, had, for serious and important reasons, handed over the admi.n:1strat1on of the country to 5hri J l·!a.ilaraj .rung Baha.<hlr Rana on his own behalf and on behalf of his su~cessQrs, - .

. ." . ,\-a"lereas, tho' successors or Shr1 3 Maharaj .rung Bahadur . Hana had bden running the administration of this CCluntry on bahal.f of our predec~ssors as their Prima Ministers,

- Wher€:ss- Shri 3 Mahara.j Hohan Shumshere .rung Bahadur Raria has b~en rUnning the acim:!n1strat1on of this country

.on _ our behalf" a."'1d in our name,

c ' . Wheruas \le have -now d~S1red and- dec1ded to' have the , .aClm1n1strat1oh of .th,e country run in the futUro by our poople in accordance w1 tb. a daDbCratic (ganatantratmaka) Consti tllt1on ' graftoo. by a Constituent Assembly tllectad by

_ thanseJ.va,s, " '{ _-- ~

- . -> ... ... ,, - > .••• ,. ,

And' ,whereas' i.-t: 1s : our~ d.,fsire and resolve to 'fo,:rm a cal:x1.nat incl.uding the trusted representatives or the peop1e

.to ' assist anci adviae ' us 1n discharging ou.r -1\J.nctions untU the preparation of such a Const1tll:t1on,

NOlI, therefore, we have, through this proclamation , fonned and appointed a cabinet .consisting of tlJa following persons to assi s t \.lS in the perfonnance of our functions, with our highly trusted and beloved ~r1 3 Huharaj foK> ha.n Shumshe re .rung Bahadu r Rana as Prime Minister and Foreign Minister : 0

Babar Shumshere Jung Bahadll r Rana

Si shweshwar Prasad Ko1rala

Su barna Shum!:.h",re

Chuda Raj Shumshere

Ganesh Man ' Singh

Yagnya Bahadu r Basn~t

Bhudr akal1 f1i shra

Dbarat Man1 ShamS.

••• Minister of Defense -. • ••

• ••

• ••

...

...

...

Minis ter of Home

M.in1. ster of I!'inance

Ministe~ of Forests

'Minister of Industry and Commerce

Minister of Health and Local-Self Government

t-!iniste r of Tr ans.:Jo rt

••• Minist e r o.f Food and Agricul ture

These per::.on s shall. mld offic e at ou r pleasure and shall remain oollecti vely responsible t o US . It shall be th", du ty o f the Prime Minister t o communicate to us all dt!cisions of the cabinet on matters conceming the administration of this country, nnd he shall also submit to us all reports Sought by us 1n l'~spact t o administrative matters.

We hereby c all on all our country;:nen to r311a:in whole­heartedly loyal to u s and our heir-appa rent, and order all OU r civil and military officers,' a s well as oth~r people of this country, to assist and help our ministers if! discharging tho!i r dut1~s faithfully. .

It is our wish to grant .amnesty as well as pardon to all persons in·volv~d in political offenses, ani ·restore· their property whi ch. had b~en confiscated on grounds of Such offenses, 1f they · return home before Cha1 tra ~, 2)07 (.t..pr1.l 3 , 195" 1) and .mgage thElllsel.ves 1n peacefUl vocations.

. - . It 15 ou r oarnl;lst rope that- 1l! tha n~"W" order thll govl3rrunent

and ·the p oople \o'1ll ,",a rk together for pro lIX)ting · t he p ro gress cmd proSP "Jr1ty o f the ooufltry. May the Almighty bestow on

;US and our authorities the .strength ,to fulfil our Wish~s . . . as outl1.n:Xl abovo i n · the intere.ta o£ our ·countrymen. . .

Source: Grislma Ilahadur Devkota, 2I!. elt. pp. 49-52 •

•••••

44.

Birta Confis?atipn, A,D. 1805-6

(Continu ed from the F~bruary 1983 issue)

5. Easte T'll Ta rai Regi nn

Rayai 0 rder to Dhanna Simha Bhandari: I1We have deputed. you, ~along with Gaj a Simha Khatri, to scrutinize b1rta, fakirana, gut h , brahmttar, bekh_bunyad, istamrar, and o t he r land grants in flara, Parsa1 Rautahat, Siptar1 and Hahottari, 51 tu2:~W east of the Bariya river and west of the .Kcsi dv-er. l1&e no d",lay in taking up this as si grulloot. We h.;:rcby grant you a Salary of Rs 4{)0 for the. (Vikrama) yea r 1862, which shall ha deb1ttld from revenues collected by you, -.

Ashadh Badi 2, 1862 (June 1805)

Regm1 Research Collection, vcl. 6, .PP, 52-53.

6. Guthi En r'lo Hnents in Kathrn.enffiJ Valley

On Ashadh .Badi 3, 1862 (June 1805) J Baka Khatri was granted authority t o scrutinize guth endowments lIl ade by the state as well as by individuals, as well as to inspect templ es1 roadside sho:llters, ' wata~spouts; etc. The folloWing instruct.ions were issu~d to him : -

1. Do not t ake any paYlil<Jnt from those Wo operate ,gyth endownants ac'cording to the tenos and conditions stipulated in th t) d~<,d of. endo"WJllent.

2. Collect fc~s (panphul) at the rates moot1on~d below from thlS0 \lha operata guth endowments 1Nhlch lack documGntary ~vidence.

3. In " Case any person ls found to h'ave misappropriated th~ omam.1nts of deities-, the value- thereof shall be realized from him, and USGd to maka n'C\t omaments.

It-~ payments' (panphul) shall be ccllectijd according to th03ir dconom:1.c status fran tho se who misappropriate the om~cnts of deities, or sell, purchase, IDJrtgag_e guth lands. Fines shall also be l.mposoo on thEm.

5. In the future, pl3rsons guUty of selling purchasing, or llX) Itgaging guth lands 'without operating the endownell"i;f or m1sappraptlatinB the lands and ornaments of delti~s, shall be puni~hi,)d with eQ.slavem~t or confiscation of property ' according to their Cas_te status. A. public notii'ication to this effect shall bo issued throu'ghout Kathma.ndu Valley • . . .

6-. Income cellacted in the course of the enforcement of tr.ese muasures shall be transD:dtted. to the govamment throu[)l. the Chiof (dittha) o f the I)~fdarkhana. After the l«>rk is finishoo, accounts shall b", SJbmi tted, and clearance obtained. .

7.

(Rlltes of Fees (Panphul,)

(P Grtaining to No. ' 2 above)

who Rates of fees p 'er ropani to be collected from persons

operate guth endoWLent.s lacking documentary evidence;

Grade of Land Rate per Ropani

Abal R. 1

Doyam 12 annas

-Slm 8 annas

Chahar " annas

AShadh Bac1i 3, 1e62 (June 1805)

Regmi Research CollectiQn, vol .. 6, pp. 62_61+.

.

"We hereby authorize you the deficit personnel '0-1 :{OU. in tne 'course ,,'est o f the Ohepe and Bheri ri ver. Th~y have make no delay in making these

lands needed to meet schedule to the l.&.nds c on f:1.sca.ted

in the region situated and east of the

to the front, hence assignments.I! -

Ashadh Bad1 5, 1862 (June 1805)

Regmi Rescarcl:. Collection. vol. " 6, p., 70.

(2) "You have repot'too. that surveys are underway to raise adequate landS ' for the recruitment of fou,t companies. You have al"So· compiled tax...assessment registers (Jammabandi) . for nce-lands belonging to the Brahmans of Dordor in Tonuhu district who were unable to take oath on the

have Wc;l regulat1ons.

We have issued orders in respect to all , and also 'pronulgated regulations. So far,

in accordance with those _orders and

, , -,

Iti~ake no de1aY '1n ass1gl'iing lands for the four C:0lirfJan1es. People h,ere s~ that after work 1s completed there, enough l:ands' vU), become avail.a.bl.a to recruit even

. ~e~ or, t",eJ.Te comp~e·s:. You . ara'_ ,t~erefore ordared to ."assif9,l lands for the ' four 'companies as early as poss1ble

and ' then rl":q)Ort how uuch will be availabli: to d el'u1t , 'additional eOlIlp~,;s. ;_"

e ' L"

I'YOU have' also "transm1 tt lt.l a sum of Rs 'lOO which_ Kr1shnananda'L'o1;'aill ba$_. acc;e,l. :, .;d a~ a br1 11..;; . We are .­.6c.11d1ng -a reCeipt ' fOr .tbiS "amount.

-, .. '. .; " .

lK..

''You have asked ,'for. 'su rveyo.r s ( dangol) and we are sending twelve.

I!The 3al31 criminals s ent by you have reached here. The y will get t he treatment they deserve. You have done well to 'confiscate the lands of Jals1 "ringleaders there. Find out the lands of silll11ar other pe~sons, if any, cOnfi;.S?at'e · s uch lands, and assign . them to tne Com~any.

l'In caSe you make any delay in your 'Work, \la shall n ay you alive. You have also vritten ab:lut your emo luments; we Sil;;..ll inc rease them acco rding to your work . WorK wholeheartedly and expeditiously.

UAscertain whether Krishnananda Ldiani has' obtained any other bribes, or if" any other person has done so, and transmit the a.rrx;.unts to us.

"''You have a sked what action should be taken regarding the birts grants made by Hara Kumara Datta Sen after he wen t · back to Tanahu after being released by us and once nt>re became King. Hara Kumara Datta rust · b:! regarded as having helped us, rath~r than fun ctioned \lS a vassal (thapaJ a). Henc.e reconfi ru all ritual (sankalpa) birta grants made by him, with the roundaries speCified after sCl'll:tirrl.z1ng the documen.ts." .

"Pay the twcl.ve $lrveyors wages at the rate of' 2 an.nas each de1.1y .. 11

Ashadh Bbd! 12, 1862 (June 1805) " ,

Regm:l R~search Collection, vol . 6, pp. 85-t.1~

A receipt for Rs '.70D (Rs 600 in paisa rupees ariq . Rs 100 in Mohar rupees) t Whid1 had. been accepted as ~ bribe by Krishn:Ulanda .. Lohani and .recovered . fl'Om · him throu'gh B1.ooram ~t:tatrit "WaS issued on AShadh Badi ' 1J, 1862. .

, '

Regmi Research Collection, vol. 6, pp. 92--93. '

S·. pa] pa

Additional ~egulations issued 1n the names of' Kaj1 DalathanjaD Panda, Kaji Ambar SiIZila ~apa, and Kaj1 BirabQadra (in Palpa). .;

" '

.. 1. Alll'ands granted ~s l21.rt.B. or bandho.by Raja Pr1thvi Pal. "after the (Vikrama) · year ~(A.D. 1?91) ·shal:l. be . conf'1 s9atod, c;(:mvert~ into rJ:P.,kar, 'and as~gned as 1agj r to the army. . . . - . ' .

lands (A.D.

, . , . y~u have asked ..mat ~ctioil sroill.cf be ~iaktm ~n tomer

in which the B~tp;t. R),rtgagees PaTe made paym~tst and later ~ars have grante~ additional

and 1ssu oad royal. orders' SUbaeljumt to 1848 .V1krama · 1791). Confiscate all MM t!oiIal. '1 ands grantlld after

4-7.

that . y~ar'. Scrutinize the original l2aD~ grants and conduct local inquiries. If the local pebple affinn that the" grants are authantic,- and. take oath accordingly on ··the .tl-",_rivamsha, Shaligraroa stones, Ganga water, Tulasi plants, and copper, reconfinn such grants on the basis of the original payment. Confi scata the exces~ area. I s~e a proclamation to the effect that in. case any person 1s ,Proved,. to ha~e taken oath falsely on paymem:. pr bribes, or through lear or ravor., he shall be liable to be punished with death or enslavement of his family. Incase the local 'p 'aople take oath (re"garding the auth3nt1city of any bancJha la.r..d grant), send us a list of such lands, along with particulars regarding . the name of the donor, and the " amount of money paid. We shall issue order reconf1nning 3..lch lands on payment of a fee of one rupee for dach 20 nuns.

3·" You have as\{ed what action should be taken on claims made by Brahmans that the ancestors of any p03rson had obtained loans from them befo·~ 1848 Vikranta and demanding repaymE!1t, . or else foreclosure of the lands hald in consideration of such loans. All lands given away in such a mann:.Jr after · 1848 V1krama ·shall. be c:onfisca~~d.l~on.~ert~, .·into ·raikar, and assign.;d to the a.rmy. I .n case the lands . had been granted as bandha formerly, ~ke.deductions 1n the area according to the rogulat.1ons.· As regards t he excess area, do not accept paymE::nt in lOOney, rut resume the nec·essazy area and assi gn 1 ~ to the army.

· 4~ Yoo. have asked what action should be taken in case any pl}rson is found to ·have exchangoo. one holding for another. Rec·onti·nu such holdings if they are equal in respect to area . yl€ld, and value. otherWise, confiscate the holo.ing and ' . send back· such ·p..:orson to his· fanner holding.

5~ You have ask.ad what action smuld ba taken in respect to lands granted ~d paymen1(s made previously, which were· SUbsequently reconfixmed .by Siddhipratapa Slah. In 3uch matters, scrutinize the.names of the donors and the Brahman beneficiaries, and reconfirm the lands if the grants are found to b~ autheiltic in aJ.l respect·s. In Case th~ are not fOUnd to bd' aUthentic, and in case (.the owner) are unable to swear that they . are authentic, converts the lands into railair and assign then to the .army. .

6.. Yqu havlZ: asked w~t actio~ should ·be ta..i{~n in respect to claims · that royal oroers .. (lalmohar) have been stole:n, ·looted, destroyed by fire, or lost.. In such casCls, conduct local l.nquiries to ascertain the names of t~e donors, the benefic1aries, and in case r3sponsible persons swear by the Ue grants a. re authentic, reconfinn than. rt the lands into raikar and asslgn . them -to · th~ army.

48.

7. You have asked 'What action shoul.d be. taken in respect to fonn8r "Qqncfua lands which have been granted as birta after 18li· 8""V~kr-...nu:, to the same person. In such C'a5CS, scrutinize the r~aSon why IJk)ney ... as paid; the naD1.~ - Or_ the

, Brahman b,meficiary, and th2 authenticity of tu.J grant. In cas(;: the g rant is found to be ' authentic, reconfirm it after making deductions in the a rea according to the regulations. Convert thd eXC;:"!SS arcla into raikar and assign it to the anny_ All bandha ~nd bires. grants made after 1848 Vikrama shall be c~celled .

8 . Soldiers forfeit their "birta and bandha lands when their KinG loses his throno. Con"f1scate such lands, oonvert than into· :ralkar, am assgn than to the army.

Ashadh Badi 7, 1862 (June 1805)

Regmi Res~arCh Coll~ction, vol. 6, pp. 76-80.

l1l10 havS received your r'eport.: You have. mentioned in that report that y?u 'n ave. reached your -destination quickJ.y, form",d Companies, ass~gn~ nce-lands and homestead revenues (khuwa), and started surveys. ':ChiS! is good. Any on.J who makes deIn:( in this work shall ba punished. We have sent surveyors ldangol ) ac ·:;ording to your request. In ca~e any one causes any obstruction, take necessary act1o.n:t;ti31'e,­if "possiQle, or else capture' him and send him here.". , .

Ashadh Bad! ,12, 186 2

, Regmi Resaarch Collection; vol. 6, ' p. 85".

J:ro be 'Continued)

••••••• *** •••••••••

Regmi Research (Private) Ltd

1.

2.

3.

~mi Research Series

Year -15, No. It­

Kathmandu : April 1983

ContentS

Edited By

HaIlesh C. Regmi

•• * ••••••••

Construction ot Forts

Ca~.IliOlll Fa:rnd..ng in Nepal

Birta Confiscation, A.D. 1805-6

Segm1. Research (P r.l vate) L td

Laz1mpat, Kathmal\du t Nepal

Tolephone I 1692'7

ISSN : 0034-3~8X

Page

.., 49

... 53

... 56

/~(Por pr.Lvate s'bldy and research only, f~ sale, distribution .:lJtd d1spl.~).

not.t- ·meant for public

'>9.

Construction of Forts

(Free TranslatiQns)

Ibyal. order. to SubbaBasanta Eokati and Ehima.1. Sen Bokat1 of S1mta, Da.1l.ekh: '

, I1Wehave received reports that forts (gadhi) and checkposts (thana) have not ·been rui~t in that area. \>1e are,therefore, sending Subedar Jagajlt Pande along with one company. In consultation w1 th the Subedar, the Suhba of Simta shall malce arrangements for the construction of forts and fords (sanghu), and maintain guards there. The Subba of Dailekh sh all impress unpaid laoor (jhara) in the area unddr his jurisdiction and construct a .fort at

. Kanta in SUrkhet. The fort soould be constructed on a broad and eleva~ed site according to the nuplb8r of ,troops station-ad there. G;<?od stones liloul.d 'be procured f~m . quarries and polished, and the foundation should be ,s:trong. A deep weJ.l should be dug inSide the fort with lime mortar So that sufficient '<later should be aVailable. The 'palisades should be luried deep, and. p 'rotected with stockades' and

' embankments. Maintal.n sufficient stocks of foodgrains and water 1n the fo.rt at all times; . Man the .fort adequateiy With your Sons and brothers. Persuade those inhabitant·s of &1rkhoat ~ho have fled to other areas to come .back, allot them lands w1 th tax exemption for an i~tial period according to the nature of tl;l.e lands. Promte settlement in this · manne r and have the lands cultivated • . In case there is

. ."action anywhere, the company will be de spatched to that P~~~i~~t~or help. 'l.'ha two checkposts ' of Dailekh shall be E for the p rotection of S1.mta. We shall. depute

to :inspect whether or not the fort has been according to our instructions. Expedite such

construction ..

llhadra B.d1 11, lIl53 (August 1796) .

Regmi Rasearch Collection, vol. 23, pp. 97-98.

The following instructions were issued. 1n the name at SUbedar Jagaj1t Pande on the same day (lbadra Bad1 11, 185'3) :

You are. hereby qrd.ered .t.o.~ goto Da11ekh along' w1 th one company of troops. Sinca durable forts and fords have not ~en con'structed thdre, we have sant orders to impress jhara rator at Panchthapala and other areas for constructing durable 9rds at .... and &mae:aun • . I~ress Jharal.abor·1n Rukum, ~*kat. ,. and Jajarkot for the construction of a fort at ~ekh. The ·site of tba fort shQul.d··be broad and elevated.

Procure hard and durabla ston~s from quarries to construct ;h& foIt. Construct a building with a stone roof ipside the tart to store food and military supplies. Construct a deep .Hank with lime rrortar SO that adequate water may be avail.able.

aintain sufficient supplies of foodgr8.1ri.s , '<later, and' arms

50.

and amuunitlon to last all the twelve months of th~ year. Er\:!ct pal.isades with strong foundations and also construct strong stockadl!s. - ~Jith the help of the Subba of Dailekh, persuade the ryots of Surkhet 'Who have l~ft for other areaS to coma back and reclaim rice fields and prorrotc s~ttlanent in Surld1et. In case there 1s any action any were t send the COlllPany to that place, while the Subba shaD. look after the fa rt. At oth",r times, the company shall. remain in the fort. We shall depute tharthol~s and umraS to ins-.i.Joot lohether or no:' fords have h~en constructed, and ...m.ether or not other instruction,S have been complied with. Expodite such construction.

Bhadra Sudi 11, 1853

Regmi Res aarch Collection, vo~. 23, PP. 99-100. ,

Achham

Royal ordo'r to Sub.adar Bamsya Khetri of tr-e Ranajung Company.

',le have received reports that forts and. fords have .not been constructed there in a durable manner. You are, therefo re, ordaro3'c. to illpTeSS the jhara labor of poopl ..: belon::;in:; to the .tour castcls and 36 su~castes throughout Achham, and also enlist th.:~ labor of military p0rsonnel stationed there, to construct fc;ct.; and fords in a durable manm:r. The fort should "ba constructed on a broad and eleva"i;~d site with strong foundations ·. Thtil roof shouJ.d be constructed ill th hard and durable stonoas procured from quarri tils·. A buildine; wi th a stone roof shall be cons t rocted for mili tary stor(~s and foodgrains. A deep well should be ci.ll:O; inside the fort with limE! IIX)rtar SO that sufficient watc r may be aVailable. Sufficient stocks of foodgrains, wate r, and milit a ry stores smuld be maintain m so ' as to last all th~ twelve IIX)nths of the year. Fords sh:lUld be constructed in· such a way that the foundations are strong and durable on both sidas of the t1.ver. We shall depute tharthoks and I.UD.raS to inspect whether or not forts and fords have b.aGn constructed. there according to our instructions. Expedite such constIUct1on. '

Bhadra Badi 11, 1853 (August 1796\

Re~i Research Coll~'Ction, vol. 23, p. 98.

Pyuthan

On Bhadra ·Badi 11, 1853,· separate royal orders 'Were issued in the name of tho Amalidars of the .Nisi and Buji araa.s of Parbat, and. of Galkot. to impr,=,ss the jhara lab::>r of the local inhabitants for the' .construction a fort at Pyuthan Subba Ranajit Kanwar was in Charge of the construction • project.

Regmi RQsearch Collclc tlon, vol. 23, p • . 98.

51. ,

Another royaJ.. order) in the name of Subba Ranajit Kanwa Y' j contained the following instructions:

lIWe have sent ordelSto imp ress jhara labor for the construction of a fort there. send tL'OOPS (tl1anga) to round up jhar a laborers and construct a forl ( gadhi) and checkposts (thana) -, Construct the fort at, a site north of the Pyuthan palace which SL"",lld b~ broad arxl elevated. Use hard and durable stont:' s procured from quarri eS for such construction and i:lake the foundations strong, Dig a tank insid3 the fort \·lith lime lOClrtar so that suffici",mt water may be available . Erec t palisades with daep i'ounJ.,).tions and b..iId stockades and emhanku.lents. Maintain adequate stocks of arms and a!llllunition, food, and water. Arms and ammunition may have to be stocked inside the palace as well. Und.:rtclte repairs regularly. Construct dUrable checkposts at Sheoraj and Dhunwakot also. We have received reports that th e fo rd (sanghu) on the Hadi river haS beer: daDlaged; r epair it. Cond r uct a strong ford (phatukya) on the lo..,er reachE1s of the PhClrya-Khola a lso . Since no labor uill be available for elerhc.:!t hunts if jhara labor is i :npressed from the local peopltl_ for these cons.tI'llction proj,~cts, we hay:e, sent order's to impress-such labor in other 3.reas . Allot work acco:rcli.ng to the area and the projects.

Bhadra Eadi 11, 1853 (August 1796)

Regm:1 Research -Collaction , vol. 23, p. 99'.

Doti

RoY:U order to Aiman Bogati and Galya KhaHas, SubedaI's of the Barahadal Company and the Dev1.dal Company respectively of ':""ti :

lIWe have rece! ved reports that forts and fords in Dot! have not been constructed in Cl. durable manner. We have sent an order to the Raja (of Doti) also to construct forts and district headquarters (Gaunda). Along ' with the Dittha, you two &lbedars shall iclpr&':>s jhara labor from people belongine; to all the four castes and thirty-six suo..castes in DOti J and also clIlploy the companies in the construction o f the following- forts,. fords atc. Allot work t.o them in diff.:lrent areaS and expedi{a tha constIUct10n. Construct

.the forts on a broad and elevated site sufficient to aCComroodate the troop#> station~d there. Th~ foundat.ions sh:>uld be of · hard ston.:!s, and tha ground levelled.. Dig a deep well inside tha fort with -lime mortar so that sufficient water may be aVailable. t4aintain s4fficient stocks of food, water, and· anns and amnunition to last all the ,twelve months of the year. \~e shall deput", tharUpll to inspect · .. .rhethcr or not the fort and fords are p;,;ing constructed according · to our instructions.

52.

List of Construction Projects

1. A fOl'd shall b., constructed at a suitable place on the Seti river along tht'l main route.

2.

4.

A strong fort sha.:..l be constructed at Banchhar in place of the S11gadi ,fort .

A bJ.ilding shall be 'constructad "at Dhunyaldanda for storing anns and ammunition, as well as a durable well. A building for storing arms and anmunition shall be Ci:)nstvucted inside the fort also.

A strong fort shall be constructed at Mallaj at the sit(:J where a l 'on had previously been constructed by the Rohilla, 'with · stQckades, palisades, and embankments on all si d>:l S •

5. Allot jhara laoor .from specified areaS ror the construction of a ' checkpost and a ford on the ••• riV.3r. Issue orde rs to ccmSt'ruct than 1n a durable maThlJr.

Bhadra Sudi 13 , 1853

Regmi Research Collection, vol. 23, pp. 100-1.

Chhanna

Royal order to Subadar Biralilanj an Shah1 of t he Ranabam Company.

I1Remain at Chhanna w1 th one company. Impress jhara labor from th..::. inh.:1.bitants of Chharma, Ba jura , Bajhang, Thal ahara , Sunn1 and Talkot to construct a fort at the site of the old palace at Chhanna. The site should" be broad and ,elevated, and sufficient to accommodate the troops stat1on~d there. Locate a quarry containing hard . and durabl~ stones to OOUd the fort and mak;;: tht: foundations strong. Construct a l:uildingWith stone roof insida the fort to store anllS and amm.mit1on. Construct a reseIVoir to storoJ water, and stock sufficient food and \'iat8r in the

: fort. Erect paJ.isades and construct stockades and anbankments. Construct durable;; fords on different streams and rivers . so that' the . mov..:;ment of troOps 'may not be obstructed when necess ary. In tIle event of any action, retain the necessary number of troops to defand the foIt and despatch the rest to the rront. \ve shall depute to lnS"p.~ct whether or not our instructions have with. Make no delay in construction.

Bhadra Sudi 13, 1853

Regmi Research Collection, vol. 23, p. 102.

53.

Cardamom Farming in NepaJ.

By

Mahesh Chandra Regmi

(1'N·epal ::-~l a Alainch1 Khetiko Prachinata" (The long history of c a rdawom fanninti in Nepal), Gorkhapatra, :b'algun 9, 2]39 (FebruarY 21, 1983).

On Hagh 28 t 2039 (February 11, 1983) t the rrOrkh apatra publish~d an alticle on cardamom farming by Bislmu Datta Upreti. The a:i'ticl~ contains a number of errors.

According to Bishnu Datta Upretl, cardamom fanning waS int roduced in Nepal from Sikkiw around Vikrama 1925 (A.D. 1868). But th ere is evidence that it has a longer history.

In :11s account. of Napal a ro'.J. nd A.D. 1814, Francis Hami l t.on has wri ttzn: · IIA most valuahla article of cultivation, in these mountainous parts, is a large species of cardalTk;)m." Hamilton has also given a brief description of the !!le thods of Cardamom farming.

Cardamom wa S cultivated extensively particularly in the Paudur area of Kaski district. There was a government ca_rdaOlom plantation at that place. GajabaJ. Gurung had been appointed caretaker (Chltaidar) of that pl antation from Vikr-uu a 1885 -1-,0 1B9Y. (A.D. 1828 to 1837). According to a "royal crder iS Sl,:d- on Chaitra SUdi 8 t 188y. (March 1828), he Was required to supply 51 dharnis 01- cardamom to the Tosz.kh a.'1a every y;;Ja r. The royal order also instructed

. Gajabal GUrung t o develop the plantation, dismis s t enants wb:l k ept cardamom fieldS uncultivated, and replace than by otn, ;3 r tenants.

. According t o a royal order issued on Shrawan Badi 3,"

1855 (J ulY 1798), Chhoti Singh Newal" was granted a contract (1jara) for the collection ora tax, known as niIkhi, on cOOimercial transactions. The order lists copp er, " iron, lead, wax, medicinal herb~ (b1khma, kutki, ju.tamasi, tejpat, taj) I cardamom, cotton, and paper as indigenous ~ommodities.

Consiu.e·rabl ;~ -..: videnca is available regardin g the export trade and monopoly in cardamom. In his account of the district of Pum0:3a in Bihar around A.D. 1809, Francis Hamilton has record ed that ca l'danom exported from Nepll waS sold in Mirzapur, MU~shedabad, and other Indian towns. -

In 1790, the British Collector of TirtJ.ut Pro~nce in Bihar reported to his go vernment that cardamom "vIaS one of the commoditi~s imported from Nepal. In his ac counts of the districts of Honghyr l¥ld Pumea, William Hunter has .... ritten that in t he following year Nepal had export~d cardamom 'wt>rth Rs 2000 to India.

54.

On Jestha Badi 13) 1845 (Hay 1788), Shive. Bhansari waS granted an ijara for the management of mcmopvli.::s in cardamom, wax, ;:uld char~ in the region situated wo.::stof the St:ti river and east of the Kali rivdr. An ijara for the collection o f revenue from different sources, granted to Shyamasunder Newar on Narga Sudi 5, 1860 (November 1803), contains a refercnca to the cardatrom u:onopoly.

Cardamom Gro·,·,n in the hill region waS expo rted to ' India tl1rough the "olas of the Tarai re gi on. , On Cha1tra Badi 7 1892 (l.lt. ~~ch .1837) i:l'ubba Hiralal J h C>. obtain~ an ijera l 'or managing ilia three gola,Lof Ar.iLarpur in Saptari, Sikha;rmacli- Si S\la in Ghau dandi , ur.:l Bij aYapur in Morang. A royal order granting the ija ra in his name lists cardamom as one of the co nlm.) dities ~xported to the south through these STolas.

An Orddf waS issuad on B<ii sakh Badi 3, "1906 (Ap':r1.1. 1849) in the name of tJ.~adl;;!rs, local functionaries (aroali), and villa ga h eadmen (thari, IlUkhiya) in the region s i ~uated east ,of Kamala... Bahadura and west of the Mechi river. It r~fers to a peti't1on sul::ut1tted by ijarudars complaining that cardamom, WdX, and o W..:lr comr.oditi.::!s produced in the hill re gion wh1 <:h were covered b.:.' monopoli.~s we're b ;:ing sold not in gol ru tut a t" other places 1n India.

Acco rding to th3 law of revenue collection (Ra1 l'akam Ko), contain ',~ in th<3 Huluki Ain (Legal ' Code) promulgated in VikrQfll a 1910 '(A.D. 1854), UIn cas~ it ls prov.m tha t cardamom and other conmodities which nnlst be sold only in KolA§. and other §Ovarnment establishments are sold elseWher~ , these shall b :l CCinfiscat .3d, and the seller and the purchaser shall uach he punished with a fine aJOOunting to half the value thereof."

Bishnu Datta Upreti haS also written that around Vlkruma 1975 (A.D. 1918), the then Rano. government had established s ' Car~om DePot (Alainchi-Kothi) at Patna in Billar province of India and started exporting cardamom through it. It is clear that the Patno. establishment came to be knovm as Al<rl.nchi-Kotlti because Nepal us\.od it for the card.a.ll:om trade , rut · the history of that ,trade goas back nmch earll..o r than V1krama 1975 (A.D. 1918).

In his accouats of Bihar and Patno. around 1811_12, Francls Hamil ton haS notad that lithe Raja- (of Nepal.) has a kind of f~ctory at Patna. 1I .• , - , "

According to .a royal order issued on Jestha Sudi 3, 1885 (May 1828) , on~ Shaligrama .... as appointed caretaktlr of the Pat~a "factory," replacing his brother , Mohan. .- Shaligram "WaS ins'tructtd to collect r~nts from the tenantS and use ' the proceeds to p a:y the s.alarias of himself and his staff ' as well as , to l';';:f)aJ.r and maintain the tuilding 1.-n consult~t10n with Devarishi ~a~ya. Hd Was asslgniA a salary o f Rs 16 a Il"Dnth , and proV1.s~on waS also made for a peon at, Rs 3 a month, and one S\-ls.3p~r :.J.t Rs 2 a month.

55.

On Marga Badi 8, 1918 (November 1861) t Chandrabir ~ista Chhetri waS apPOinted as Captain ' with Seven golas and Udayapur--Gadhi under his jurisdiction f'or a one-year DeriOe. from Poe Sl ~di 1, 1918 to Marga Sudi ~5,.1919. l'he ~e galas were BiJayapur, Letang, Ratuwa, Singlm ddi, Raksa and CIJ. a t:J:a (belongj n g to the local monb, ... tery), in Horang, and the c en tral ( go swara) gola 0 f Chau riya in Sap tari. His du t ies included state-trading in cardamom and other COilll1odities.

On the Sume <lay regulations we're of Captain Chandrabir Bfsta Chhet"ri. regul a.tions reads as follows :

issued in the name Se ction 8 of these

"Purchase on behalf of the gala s such comnoditles arriving there from the hill region \mich can be traded with p rofi t at prices current according to the seaSon. ComlTJ::)di ties purchased in , this marmer, including cardamom, cardaoom seeds, wax, fish (titya), soap.nut (rittha) ~ Pin.!ll!..lY, long pepper (pipla), other medicinal herbs and drugs -1piplamul, bikh, bikhma, jatamasi, silajit, hltl~i), lac, nUls Y.:) yak-tailS, ganja, chares, and oorax, shall be d espatc~d to Patna after making arrangements for i-1 ayment of wag -;:s to porters and boatmen.1t

On the basis o f this evidence, we may conclude that cardamom ' farming possibly dates back to the perlod befo re politiCal unification, rut that state-trading in this ccmmo dity throu gh the Patna establishment started du ring the time of Maharaj Jung Bahadur..

*****

56.

Birta Confiscattnn. -A.:.12..:.-1805-6

(Cont i mwd from the March 1983 issue)

1. Bheri .. Hahaknli RegiQU

Regulations for the regions sitUated west of the Bheri riv.;!r and t:<l.st of the f.1ahakal1 river in the names of Sub ~da rs Puran Shah1, Laxmi · Das Pantha, Karna Simha Khawas, and Up8nc1.ra Simha.

We hereby auth() riz~ you to inspect the follo\Jin~ categor1.es of lands in the '£arai (Hadhesh), Himalayan (Bhot) J and hill (Farbat) areaS of the Bberi- Mahakali l'.;;gion :

(1) Rail:ar and o 'J-.:: r lands in the possession of l1ajas and vas ::::al cbi bfs (Thap aula) _ and the army (Kamp A.l1i ) •

(2) . DirtaJ bitalub, pat! , Pap.]a, guthi , bandha, mayabi, . and other ( t a x-free) lai1ds.

In the course of such inspection, consult the local amalis and other l-;no'Nledgeable persons. - Do not be f'!Iislad by anyone, but ':lork according to ~il.e ragulations. 'In case any p:::l'son, hi gh o.i.~ low, sub.'l\its any infonnation or complaint against you, we si1 ~ul not listen to on~ side only . ~~e sha1.1 give a hearing to buth sides and innict approl)riat~ punishment rm t h e guilty . .ii t h due assurance , work expeditiously according to the regulations, instead of making any delay.

1·. Insp~ct rope fe r1"113 s (tar-ghat) in areas H:,:st of the Vishnun :.ti river nn d east of the Hahakal1 rlvt:r, a!ld arrange fOl' repnil's where n ~~cessary . In Case cannon d.;:~y..atched to Kumaun 1n the Vlkrama yaar 1861 (A.D. 1&)4) ho..d b~m h<.:lld Ul) an.ywher·.:::, punish the· local amali and tha local peopl e i>"1 such a innnner thu,!:- t .hay will not repeat such lapSes in the fit~!l'c .

2 . Ascertail! -Ch '.) annual income 1n cash and in k ind fror:t ric~-fidds, villages , pakho lands, Ulin ·.~s , 0.u·;;i",s (sa11'), ond oth ,!~ S Ol!l"C~S of reven':le appropriat'}d by th e army , SUbbus, RaJas , and vassal. chiefs in the Ta.:::d. Hlmalay,.m , and hill a reaS of Dott, Bajura, Bajhall ~' 'Achham Dallu , vailekh , .-::.nd JaJarkot . "' , t

.3:~. Th-.He arr·! :~i~t cOUlpJ.I11i:JS in Dott.. Each oompany conSJ,.", .. s of 101 I'l. r..l.lllcn, 1 Sullt:dar, 4 Jamadars 1 iUajor 1 a d jutant , 1 Kat '..:: , 1 Ii isa n , 1rlrumm-;::r (tabal) ~ t~::Hl . , 2 !.!1.S!.ll..t1, 2 bh .. ~r1, . 2 pansuti, 2 . blacksmiths (l~h:ir)~ , 1 carp311t:T, 2 cOD?lers, 1 P1pa-jamadar, 16 pip as and 20 h.n~ ", :..i1s of ar~.illery , thus making a tota.J. of ~ 62 . Allo t l,·.nds acco rnin ~~ to the p rescrlh:! d schedul~ (raibandi) to th", i) ·..!rsonncl. of tha ei;;ht compaili ~s in such a. mann0 r that no compla.ints " re made. Allot lands yieldin<:r an income of R!.] 2 , 500 as the (~j"Lol1.Un:.:~ucs (khangi) of the Sllbba. Submit

57.

separat~ s t a te ,1e:;.'lt:::; oontaining particul a rs of tll ;} lands allottt.<.i. t o t h1.~ ~j_ :zh t companie s and t he SUboo., a ild "le shall endo rse s1 1cn r,llotm ~nts . Earma rk a r easonabl a ar'lOunt f'ror.t t11C income of the ranain1n g lands to'lileot a nnu .:l.l ~ :q: ~nd1tu::.:cs in Do t 1, and use the bal ance to :r;-ecruit add1 t1onJ. compani :)5 .

4 ". 'l11e re: i s CI!\: compMY in Baj ura a nd Bajheng . It Cons1st~ of "130 j.1.U I..l:nen , 1 SUbedar, 4 Jumadars , 1 m. ajor , 1 adjutant , 1 Kota , 2 Nisans , 1 dJ\Ullmer (tabal), 2 tasa , 2 mar fa , 2 bhari, 2 bansu ri , 2. black£m1ths, 1 carpanter, 2 co t. ~u. ~r::; , 1 p ip (,,- .j u;nadar , 22 i ip asl. and 20 Khal asis of ~.rtill e I'l , 'Crus jJ1e.~~1n [;. a total of 19 l . Allot lan '.\.:J to t.n l!hl u'-.!co r riiug to ~i !G 'p r~sc:'ib'-'d schedule 1n such ~ manne r that no cQ,np l ainc3 ;",, :ce mad\::! . Allot 200 rru r i s t o lKJO nuri s c f r1c ~-lands , ;:·10n,: Io,'ith pakho lands acco l'ding to the size of th.::lir f amily and retinua, t o r aj as and vaSSal. ?h1efs \Ih() are loy::-J. to us . Use t he ~urplus lands , if any , 'to r ec rui t addi tj.on~ c·omp <lnies . ,

5. The re are ·~;"!. i.'oJe compani'3s in Achh~ , e uch \.'1th 10 , r1Qem,1n , 1 &1baG~\ rt 4 Jaroadars, -I major, , a d jutant , 1." Ko te , 2 N 1~ai1 , 1 tabala , ~ tasa, 2 mar:fa , 2 bhari, 2 hansuri , 2 blucksi.:.1iths, 1 (;a lpente r , 2 cobblers, 1 p.1pa.-jruaadar , 16 p1p:.:s , and 20 Kh _ .lasl ~ of nrtillerY, thus makin~ a total of 162 . Allot 1 8.nl'. ~ · to the p .:n 'sonnel o f these t i1. ree companies , lnclu(,in :.; t hrdiJ S-u booars-t ucco rding to the p r~~'!::c rib,,:,-d sch edule in such ~ marUl ;2 r th~1t no complaints a re made .. .iUlot 3)0 muris of ric e-l D1l G. ~ to the p rinces (saheb) of t h,l.t t~ rrito ry \01':0 are l oyal to u,!:: , uS well as pakho l ands accol"cling to the Slze of thei,,' f'a: "il y qIld retinue . Us e the sUI}llu s lands , if any) t o rec ruit addition <...J. companies .

6 . '!'h~ re is Oil t! comp any in Dullu-Dail ~~':h , <.:onsisting of _125 rin~eil , 1 Subedar, 4 Jamadars, 1 Major, 1 adjutant, 1 Koto , 2 Nis .. llis , 1 tabala, 2 tasa, 2 marfa , 2 bh c> ri , 2 bansuri , 2 blJ.ctsudths , 1 c=ti..l) ent~r , 2 cobblars , 1 Pip ;7-" j;.li"u:.uur , 21 pipas , and 20 Kh .-u.as1 :;; of artUle ry, thus making a total of 191 . Al lot I f'.:1ds to them ucco rding t o the p rescr1 b \'Kl sch,>rl.ule in such ~ illE..nn.>r th[~t no complaints are made . A.llo~.:. 3)0 muris of" l'ic~-L'..i1'-i.s -to the p rinc f::l s of that. terri:;;'::lIY who are 1 0:/<.8. to us , as \fell. as pakho lan ds accordin :::; to the siz;;:: .:. 1' th:llr f~JiljT ~md I·ctinue . Use th~ sur;,lus l a nds , if any , to recru i t uddlt10nul comp~i ds .

7. '.i'herc is O:1 ~ company in Duma- J altari, J'.aj arkot . It con sist s of 161 rlfl .;!I1I o.!I1, 1 SubQdar, 5 Jamadars , 1 major, 1 adJ u t. ant , 1 Kot~ , 2 Nisan , 1 tabala, 2 tasa, 2 TlLo.r f a , 2 bheri, 2 banSUri t 3 bl ac\::s!lliths , 1 carpenter, _ 2 cobblers , 1 J;l ip~ j am adar, . 26 Pij)(ls , ond 2) Khalasi s of artillery . Allot lands to them ..J.cc0:.-ding to tl18 presc r ib:..'<l sch~dul e i n such a mann~r t l1at nCl coITl'~)laints are made . Allo t 4>0 l;uris of rice-l o.i1 {~s to th:.: princ '.; s of that territory who a re l oyal to u s ) a s "Well as Pakho l ~ci.s a ccording to thu size of thei r rwn~y . J1 d retinu,~. US ~ t h e :;urplu~ lands , i f any , to r ecI"\lit a ddl"tioi1a l co ll1p[;.i1L~ s .

58.

8 . So far as the Tarai tclrritory of Boktan in D ~J.lekh i s conc .... rnOO' , in case thod Rani, or any memb.~ r of th<:J ruling family (bh aiyad), had not pl dlg-ad allegiance aDd H'e r '3 not Jllak 1nr~ ' ::my paynhmts to the Hawab or the Brit.i sh l confiscate their l ands and allot such lands to n 03wly- recru:l. tt:lU companL:s • • •• Sshab U s \·~d -;;0 -,) ~..y Rs 100 ~very year pr;;viousl.y~ inc rlOlase t h..: ar'101.m t if l)o ·~sl blc . .

'i'ak.:.;' ::d.mil a r :Ti:.~S with rdgard to the Halba r a area of Dullu .

9 . l'h.; follO\;1xl\~ rt.:gulation:i a r e issued f o r sClutinizing bi rta , Ld to.l ab , -LrU.<lb, bandha , mwab1 and gu~ lands in th e '~,lrrit.l} rh's situat~d west of the Bh ~ri river and cast ef the iiahJ.kal.i rivur.

1 0~ ' Rl..lconfinTi th'J birta l ands of Drallnans and Sanyasis, and gu"J"li lands L .. -D"<)~l~ing to 'templ ~s a nd l'C'Iadsid.e sh ~l tars, in Cas ~: t~~s .,) hc:..,,·; h .-·dn ' g r an t <:!u by re1 gnin.& kings according to tra{1it1.onal ri tu;lls, t he boundari l.! s have bean specified, and docum .)Otary ..;vitianc .; o r ,,!itn ~ss~s , of the grants a re avail abl~ . Lands in ,;XCJ~ '::' o f the specified :! :"~~:l , i f any, shal l b~ confi!:>c;::.t l:c. , conv;'!I't..:d into r a1tar, and assign.ad to the cO;',lpany • '

11-. Lands gr:'.,rt~s mad~ accordin g to traditional rituals by the Crown Princ e and th ..: (.il,h:en of a reignin3 KinG wi th h is p_ ! n a i ~l s1on ~hall be Nconfirmtrl. All ot!L;r bi~ta cnd gu thi Lmd grants , or aJ.lot;n.:mt ,s of raikar la:1G.s, made by o th .:! r lI1'~lilb ~rs of th0 ruling family , or bhardal's, shall be c ancelled . Purchc.&c::> of birta lands shall bo com."inn~d, in Cas:..: 'i,;ha grants art;l valid.

12 . I n Case lands hav~ b~n in custom ary pos~Jss1on as h;>.ndh1:l or birta

l rut no documentary ev1danc ~ of t~loJ g rant is

available, and ocnJ. peopl:~ do not know the:! nrun :J of th~ donor, or the boundari ·:! s of tho;) lunds, such b&ndhn o r birta lands s :lUll b ... ~ conl'iscat;;t(i, conv<.:rt\A into ru1kar, and assign~d to thu Company.

13; ' ~v :m in C 4!; '..l no docuia~nt a lY ~v1d~nc\:: of t he grant is aV<ll.labl..a, but l ocal p .Xlpl l:l taku o a th on th >o! . Shql i r,-· 'JTnf\. ston .. ::: , G:m ga vo.t ...l r , and .Tu1si loaves knov tiw ilam<.lS 01' ~h:.: donor and the Brahman b .:m eficial'Y , 45 ""J11 t'.S th e touudhr1 ·.;: s and otht;:r particulars of tho lands Such e;:..'a;lts sha;Ll be r cconfinnc--d. Oth ,H'wise, th l.l ' l ands ' shal l b~ conf1scr.t.:;d and assigned to the Company. In case any p ", r::: on ha s · t okun a fals~ oath pn paymen t o f 0. brib~, h-J and his childrzu may bl.,; ~:n/;:;l:lvoo. . A proclamation in th1s ",frect $1:1l1 be. rJrod .;; in advanco .

11h In CaSe any p~ rson claims that the land;; he 1 s C~l t1vatint1 had b ,'~n gran-t-.!(t to him accordin g to truditional l'l.tuals , but th 3.t tl:l.:: boundarh:s have not , b~\3n s'O :'cified such 'b1_rtas shall b_~ confiscatud and. aSsignoo. to~ tho Company All 1,Il.{ls uSdd : lS iilayabi birta shall ' b i; confiscatoo. and as s i ell_!d to thE: Co~nlny.

59 .

15 . Ascertain . p art1culars of taxes impo !:~d an d collected in the territories th i?t have been placed unde r your j u risdiction ac cordin~ to th :"! ~·"' r ':lZ'..llations. CompUe part1culars of funct1on a rie3 (tah asildar) appointed to ooll;.ect such taxes .

had 16-~ Our great-.grandfatlwr (King Prlthvi Narayan Shah) d~creed the fol 'lowing arrangements fo r jaisis :

(a) J aisi s m.:lY . .study the vedes , rut not teach t hen to others .

( b ) J a lsi s lll f',y IJake ritu al gifts ( dan) 1 rut ~l al.l ua t accept thGll .

(c) Jaisis shal l not o ffi ciate in religious functions (~waha ::; 1I9 (lha). o.

( d) J .tisiS s:lall ofrer obeisance to Up,adhyaya Brahmans , ~ld salaams t c us; e xchang e g reetin3s (salaam) with peopl oa " •• ,.,log the Sacred thread. Sllud ras and othe r people who clo not wear t.~le sac rud t(lrea~ shall offer pranaffia to J a1s1S .

Collect fin ;.:,s at the follo\i1ng rates from J aisi s who have no t compli '.ld IJ1th these regul ations . sinc e the years when tho se' territori:3s ' were conquered by u :.. I

ll a t u re of Of fcn s?

1 . Officiatin e; at religious funct i ons

2. Teachin~ of the Vedas

3. Failure to offer salCi.W!lS to us

4~ Fail u r e to attend the royal court or to offe r salasms

5 '~' E xch ange of Pranamas . with Ull .iqhyaya Brahmans :

I Ca tegory Qf ,'ta' si H9US~Qld

Abal

Day,""

Sim

Ch..'lhar

' ... .. • ••

... • ••

• • • • ••

• •• ...

Rate Q f Fine

Rs 100

Rs 60

Rs 10

Rs 120

Rat~ o f Fine

Rs 5

Rs 3

Rs 2

R. 1

60 .

17. Local f\mctionari '-!s shall bn directed to construct irri l1ation chanr. ,u.:J in th ,;: areaS ur"d<:: r their jurisru.ct1on and. , 'cci aim rice- !'i .D.ds . I 'he pEll'son who does so shnll be alIo'./ed to ap!., ropl'~at;J toth th:.! landlord' s Shal'o and the cultivator' s sh ,·, .. '(; of the produce for an initial p-:; r1od of t\o'Q ' tu::..';'::";:" '01' f rur Y3ars. On the ,-!xfJiry of thJ.t p.,riod , r,;.n~s shali b& coD. :~ct\:d :'1. t current rat<.:s . Faasants wb:l culciv:\to ricc':"l&l1ds on adhiya t~nura shall not b'l -:!v1.:ted . We shall ",100rsu .::xr: : ndi .. ur'_~ s incurNd for ess;.mtial purposos 1n ou r :'.i1t",rest .

J ~ sthn. Dudi 12, 1262 (>Iay 1805)

Regnp. R:Js~;a rch Coll ,lction , vol ·. 6 , pp. 139-50.

2 . JumJ.a

Ro:;ulations for .Tumla 1n the naJnc'lS of Ra!lIa Sund:lr The.pa Ui"ld E!'1ajudov Khawas .

f. A3C;Jrta1n the annual incom~ 1n cash and 1n k ind from ric.)-.fields , villagcls and pakho lands, a;l \"Gll as from lilin s , cus t Oii\S dlJ,t1es (sair) i and bth<:l r sources ap})ro!>ri~'.t..Ji by tll(: a rmy , th<.! 9Jbbas , and vass::.1 chi~fs (thao anla) 1n tilt:: 1iimalayan and hill r egi ons of Jumla and Hum1a'~-- - .

2'. ·r l1'.:ro al';;l t\.I) · <:QJ~ani.;:s in J\l!llla. ' and. Humln . Each C'3ttrpany consi sts 01' 110 r1f1.)i'llen, 1 Subedar" If: J:u-'12.dars, 1 mujor , 1 adjutant , 1 Kot..: , 2 Nisans t 1 to.bala , . 2 ·tasu, 2 ma:..~ga , 2 oh ... ri, 2 bansurl , 2 blackSmiths, 1 call1errt ur , 2 cobbl. ·~ rs , 1 Pip'~'j EllTl adar, 16 Pipas , I.Uld 2 Kh..:la.Sis .01' art111. :ry , thus makin,: a "to tal of 171. Allot. lunds' according to tiH~ pNscrlbl..d !>ci"!.,;dul e (raib<:Jldi) to th~ p ,,::.'oonne l of th~ ~wo companL .. s in such a mann~r that no complaint.s a re m:ld:..: . Aft ..} r landS have b,J..,m allott(;d to thu COL1pany , d1swrse a sum of Rs 2 , 500 as the eool wnoots (khangi) of th'3 SJbbas

. from i:.h i; r..}v.;;nU l~S of the Vik r <lll'la year 1862. lor th;.} Vikrama y..:ar 1863, assign lands y:l.J.ding a rov;IDue of l\s 1500 as part of tll~ khtUlgi of tile SUbbas.

3 . I nsp "'lCt biri:.a, bitalnb, tal.ab, .bW1Cha ffia,yubi , and 6Uthi l.l l1eJ.5 th:o.'?ughout. tho Himalayan and hill r(:gions of Jumle r.!.ud Hur.ll.a .

. \ - . (S.;ctions 3--9 £.1'.1 identical \d th Sactions 1~ 14- :lnd

16-17 of thu r .:gulations for the Bh\!r1-Mahaknl1 r 0gion as given on pp . 5&.60) .

10. COilfiscat"" .. ul b1rta 1lll1ds gr ant:x1 s.ft c r th.) time of th .: KalyaJ. 1\.1n:..;s as woll: as thosu grant .,d by ShubhW1 Shoh~ !1Tid hiS ~r . ;l ,"\dv: .)s , oth ,-:r tilardars, hitan§. ( i.,·: . ' mC'IDburs . of t·.c royal 1<'.mU1), Jlmidal"'s, and othJr local functionaries (t~ I1J.~, .:?dha) ., coTLv·.'rt such lan~s into raikar, and aSsign th-:m '-'0 ... Ilj Co~~n-UlY . As . r~gards th-.l ulrtu lands of Jimidars RaJputs , ;::.ad Kna~n!Jj a.,s wuU as thos~ of soldit.::rs conf1scnt~ ~h (m , conv·.;rt th em .nto raikar, Md aSSign thlJD. t~ th~ army 10r hi rt.a ~rants C;:;;1ilOt r omain valid whoo their lllrd lcsos ' his Kli1 :~dom .

3.

11. From the Vikram_a y!'lar 1863, after lands have been assigned to the t'tJ'J companies , assign .lands to the &1bbas yieldin a un inCCD (, of Rs 1,500 each. lteport to us the area and ;.~cvenuc of the excess lands, if any. If lwds a re adequate for :.\ company , we shall depute a Subcdar; otherwise, recruit t:\.drl.itional rinelilen fa r the two companies. Prepare separate ~tatetDents of lands assign~.:d to the Company anu to the Subba; we shall endorse the aSSignments under the royal _seal accordingly.

1i . You 9hall be severely pumshP,d ·undue f;J.vo:c to anyone, or of bribery. and \-lurK accoJ'(linr; to the regulations.

J F.!stha &l.d1 14, 1862 (May 1&>5)

if you are Understand

Re~i Research Col18ction, vol. 6, pp. 162-69.

Royal. or(l.~r to Bishram Khatri :

guilty this ,

Blessings. We had sent you to undertake surveys in the rr.:Gion w.::.:;~ -of the i-farsyangdi river, but so far you

of

haye not l~eported. whether or not rice-fields hav.e ·been assien~d to th<3 four companies. Beca'.lse the 'WIJrk is procaooins slowly, we have d3puted i?himasen Khawas and Jasakhma Najikl . i·brk togeth -:!r · in four teams to complete the ::;urv;~y accordiil::; to tha r ;Jgulations \<lithout any fear or f aver. ASSign liIDds to the companies . t·le had issued disburs :J:n~llt orders in raver of Kirti Rana and Up~ndra Karki agains t revenues from fines collected from Jaisis, but you ho::.ve not made tl1f.l diswrsements yet. we h ave now sent poonsj rcJ"Jit the ai!blmt throu gh than quickly. S ;;mu the poons to Makwanpur fort quickly aftldr making ' disbursem~nts and l~d assi gtlJl(~nts to th B Taradal Company •

.lshadh Sudi 13, 1862

Re~ _Research Coll.;ction, vol. ~, pp. 169-70.

It. •. PYUthan Royal oroer toSarda.r Ranajung and ·Sardar Ib.J.d.ravir.

We horeby grant ~·ou authority to und(~rtak~~ stirv~ys throuehout the -tci.'ritory 0-( pyuthan • . Work accoroin g to these ::, .~ G'1ll ations -Hi thou·t, showing part1 al1ty to \ unyona ·0 r takin [; bribes. ITt" case anyone .submits any 1nfoImnt1on or compleint against you, wo shall hear both sides, 2.nd :lnUict punislml..mt on anyone who is prov:3d ~. have made false stat£:mcnts.

62.

1. Ascertain the annual income 1n c ash and i -,l l;:h1.d from rice-fields , ·.TUlag e s , pakbJ lands, min ~ s" duti es, and oth .~ r sou rc ~\ s . o!' rdvanUt:: i n -the H1walayan, h111 , and Tarsi regions of Pyuthan which are be1ng app rop riat"d by the COl:lIl any or by t h 3 . gunpowde r factory 1n pyuthan .

.. I ~ :::: . t h e ra ere four comp anies 1n. pyutqan., Bach cdmp any

con sis ';:' s o f 10 1 ri fl.} ,;1~, 1 &lbaiar, It j amadars, 1 major, 1 adju t ant. , 1 Ko 1..\O , 2 Nisans, 1 tabal a , 2 tasa, 2 marfa, 2 lli,: r i , 2 ban.:lu ri , 2 blacksmiths, '1 ~ iJ.rp a1 t3 r, 2 cobblers , 1 Pipa.-j~adar, ~ 6 P lpas ~ and 2) Khala~iS of artillery, thus rn~ ... k l.ng a to ·~:.U o f 102. Allot L'Illns at th~ ll r .3 Sc I'lbed r at!;: ( r o.i.bandi ) to t h3 p e r sOnnel of t he fou r comp ani es in such :.\ uiana·, r that ilO compl;;dnts ar e made. Hak a p mvision for l and :> to be ol:tc. t;. tad as kh angi to the employ~es o f the gunpowder facto ry on su ch a scale that 2:10 1l1.ll1. S o f gunpovdar c an be p l'OdUc ("d tW~ l IY y~ar. Submi t to u s a stat cm .. mt of excess lands, if M Y, and " 1(.) shall sand orders accordingly, which s hall be compll.!Jd with. Purchas o saltpeter with r evenue f rom the saun~ragu- I/al ak l lJv1. i:ls coll~ted t h roughout Pyuthan •

( Sec t ions .3--7 ~~ re idantical with Sec tions 10-14 of th;:J regul a t i ons for the Bh <l ri-Mabakali rl3g10n, and soc.tion 8 with S.:d ion 17). .

31rawan l3ad1 1, 1202 (July 1 205 )

Regmi Res;;aI;ch ColJ.e ction, vol.6, pp. 19~96.

5" Inst ruct1nns to B1 shn)m Khatrl and Others

1. Th~ folloYin g reply "WaS sent to ·Btshram Khatri unde r the royal s ef'~ on Bhadra Badi 11 t 1862 (Au Ctl st 1805) in r <:: S!lonse to his p at1t1on :

lI~le learn ' f I?m your r epo rt that you have al.l. started workL'1C togeth er. The rainy season .1s over and winter has 'set 1n . "I f you "m rule any del a y 1n . your "WOrk, 1 t will not be pos sible to asSi gn lands to the company, or t o collect rents. According1.y, you 8!'e ordered to fini sh t he .... /Ork. as quickly u S po :>s1Ll.e.

"He hu.ve de-~ut~d Jayapat1 Padhya "as SJbe~rt vith an ass1gIlll131t at l.anc!s f rom the area ( confiscated) 1n the COurse o f your s u rveys. Assign' him lands a.ccording to the prescribed sch edul e (rai band!) • . . . .

"As regardS H~!lanta 'Raut,' who has been deput~d to wOrk alon6 with you, we shall grant. him suitable rel"aros a fter he pl. cas ~ s us with his '<K)rk. .

Il Bishraro Kh ntri '1 s h ereby orderad to ·r e::: ruit one company' and lQ ~;l c oJ o. ss1 go! i1c<n~ s of lands to its personnel. ijaLlanta Ra).l.t sh All be appo:...n t ad .ramadar of that company.

UAs r ~!gards t h o;:, Chhap land grant, you h3ve S 3n t. th~ draft of a royal o!'der, but the contents ar\} inco : l~l ?t'3 . Send B.'1oth ~r dr<:'.ft \od th accurate particulars, sP dci.i.·:rin~ the 4!ct '..l al bounda:':1. .;;S . Th .'l ar~a should. confo.i.T'. to th~ pr~seri h_!{} figure , that is, 3.bout 16 ropanis. H,J shall then eo.i.fi rm thr.;: G-r.ll:.t .

"As :" ':1'ards tho ManachalnO:'ll l and grant, no ric .. ~riill.ds shall be J i·ant.-~c:_ , for such lands IIIlst be assi~:;<l to the Comp~U1 y. D1s oo :~~e th~ incom~ fran 2 khets (i.e. 200 -llUriS) of rice-l and ::; a s h :Jl<l.chamal to the Raut; the aiil:)Un t shall bo o dt:: bitt .Jd in the r.ou rse of audit . '

"You ilav", r e-j;lort .o:d that all the Br alunan m(~1 of Ka rkineta villc:r:u ~.i·It': ;PJl-.~ into hiding, whil e t h:.;:ir WOfIleIl say that th~ will !;;ive up t~ ·, .~ir l1f", and lands sil1ultan;;ously. Captur-~ t :l..:1Il a: :tJ. ~lu t th em in fett~rs . If they di(:j in the COU r~;(: of such i: 'h::.J. SU:"~d S, what can you .do ?

. "You :1:J,ve don.;: \-!I:ill to btty 10 or 12 muskets a.'1d supply than to 'ch.: cor" iJ an y. 0 btain receipts from the c0!:!'arty in consid,) r ;:,;;ion o f :mch supp11iJs. Purchase IOOro must(e-c;s , "if po ::; slcl. cl f . anC'. sup!)ly th<lJl to the conq>any .

. trfou h ave dOiH \-lull to f1 x (bande j ) the emoluUlcnts (tankhn) of, Up fonc:.ra Karld and ,Kirti , Rana . ' I

" ayou h ave !"'cJ)o .. ·~ .1d that s .::ve ral p aoplu hav(! COfil :1 tliare

with c\isburs ~u l.:llt o rde rs a:1d that thoy insist on 1;.Hll :diata disbJi·S(; .. ;~nt. Sinc e th.3s,;; ll Xlplt: have to go (to the f:"Ont) in adVCl1C] , disburs.:l half of the specified amounts to them illlO;} .:...o.l4:.t .aly, and :;11.:l balancil on tho:d.r return . Also , make disru rS l!;J ';mts for the pu rm a !le of iron ' immed.iat~y.

II l)':fo!'c 'rN had flnish ... -d \H"lting this r~vly ';;'0 you r preViou s ,~tltlon , w.;: haw r.,;ctdv~d anoth ..., r p ,~tition from you dC!t '_~J. FridaYt !l"ladra Badi. 6 , 1862. We h uv(;: .i"iot.Jd the contcllts . You he.v:.! r.3port.)d that Khuwa and ric ,.~la.nd aSslgroaents hav~ belm mad,J in fivil ,ter,r1torL) s (raj ya) .to t:1.1:.! rou r cO::lpani ;:s that had been r ee rui tad p r~~ v1ou sly • You ' h3VC:; done wc:ll. We hav,)· sant an o roar d':"'Puti i~ :~ two cOinpan:I. -::s to d -)f ,.rad P:Illthan . Deliv-a r tha ord.::r to . tho se cO,<lpan1 3 S, und send th.m to pyuthan quiei·.J.y . Aftc:l' thcs~ eor'!l ;'u1i~s ara s~nt to Pyuthan , th f.: Shal'dul Jung COj"~nU1Y 'will comt: h,Jra .

nyou h2.YJ aSr.. ·'·<1 aoout thu date since wh;sl birt a lands g rant·s 1r.,\d J . by Raja Siddhi Nnrayan of Kaski shell b;) h ·.il.d. -::.0 b .:.. inv?~id. Oanc..;;.l all 'such grants madu by h.im sinclo: tih! V1kr&ma year 1839 (A.D. 1782), con fisc a".:,3 tho lands and 3.Ssi~1 t!1.;lJl -to the company . You h av(! r".lso r~porl :; <l that the local amal1s claim the ineom;J from asman1

. and rrdsccllanoous (famani) frJ6S on such coni'1scat::::d

lands' . Assign ru.l r .2" .. 3flu ,JS p t,) rta1nlng to- t h-a confiscut ed bl rt a lands. as th.J Khl wa o f the company, and Ncord them in th r; :.ccounts .

"l- .'_ ~Il1Cl ove r '00 the cOl.llpani..~s of J arul Eohra :.md B1 I\l . Gurua g all nuslcuts p rocured through Ranabhanjan .

UAllot 6 khodt~ to Rrunachandra Josh1, ; ~ · . , :l 3 kh.,/cs to Gnynn ::~l.lidh1 J ai ~ , as Munachomo.l .

lI i'lt, h .lV,J i s~~u..d .3. d1sburs :!lll,::mt orci .:: r in th~ n<lln ~ of ­Bhaj\ld .·y ~.g;linst .. • ... :V~nu ..;s coll .;;cted in ·r hc.k-Th ::mi uuring th~ Vi1: r r\!lj\l y €: r~r 1&',2 for puyint"; tlt·j Sll.:lri .~S of Dho j and Ot.hljl·::; nS \-1 ·:;:11 as for th~ plI'chase of b.~tcl . n .l!)uto four r:i.n~mcn (til arl;£c) of Chhirbiru' s company , colL:.,>ct ns 968 witho·.J.t any d :1D)' , t'.nd r-ain1t the; a!:'.Qunt here.1!

Ehadra Dadi 11,1 £62 ( Aueust 1805) .

H~gmi Re iHarch Col l :.ct1oo , vol . 6, PV . )40 .. 45.

2 . l-ioyal o rd.,: ::' to ·Bi shr2.ID Khatri , J aS akama 'rhapa , and. Bhim n.f.:-.::n Khawa z ;

lIAs :;i LI"fi t o t.he company all invali d (birtD.) grants of ricc..-lallds which l ::..ck document a ry ~Vi4~nc~ or wit;).;..:;; s<.:s . Send lists of COiJl!)?ni ~s wich have not b..:..en ab1. .:. t o tak·3 po ssC ::;,d.O .. 1 of .l:5lmw,:.\s Md r.ic~l ands ass i gncld. by you . In C aS~ !:J .:rulmCi"lS do not r ;;l1.inquish lands p ,::: rta1ning to grants '..rhich -:\.i."".J found to bu invalid -in th d cours~ of' the su rv'i!.Y, S~1.d troops t o ::-'l'l'.:,st th311 and put thc:m io :fl1tt t;!1's . He ' hav(..' 2l::_.:.\dy ' sent you instructions to this err.lct. . Why th <'!n th ·~ du l ay ? R.~po rt 1mm~diate~y. 11

Ihaci'a SJ.di 2 , 1e6 2 (ScPt:3i1bcr 1865)

R~gmi RJ s ~arch Colla ction, vol. 6, p. 36?

3~' :i:loyal. ord~ r to SUh ...: dar Bag Si atha Thapa, J a rul T1ohra., Bi ru __ :}u:..un3 , Ki ( d Thapa , ChP.l1gu Mal, cq.hi r biN Khawas, . and J ayapat1 r p.Q.o'1ya . .

"I f you cannot tDk <J poss~ssion of r1c~lands g r ants p ·3rtain1n~ to which ~e ro fou~ to b;;, invalid, and 90 wore a&signwd to the. corll)my, d.OO If you ,a r(;l afraid bt Brahmans how will you fi?ht th .:l '~nemy ? It tho Brahmans of KIl rk1nata v11l ~~·3 c :..·..;so rt 'co force, sl.11d troops of' all compau. ;.; s to arr~~t them and z}ut th~ i n fe.ttt.:rs . If you cannot do so l'.:?po r t to us acco :,:Ui ngly .. '; •

lhudra &!di 2 , 1862 (Sept""b .,r 1805)

Rogmi He- snc. rch Coll \;~ction J vol. 6. p. 368.

( TO be Continued)

.** ••••• **.* •••••••

Re'5:ul1 Resea r ch (Pr.1va1;e) Ltd

Con ten ts

" Yet r 15, N~") . :;­

KathmandU : May 1983

Edited By

Mahesh c. RegiJIi

********

1. ])3populEttlon of HE.l Lands 1n EEts tem Tarai Dis trict:J

2. Trading Activities of' Gum~s, A.D. 1850

3 .. O-tstans FX~!mlJt ior. for Tr,:dC'l'S of Manang

4 . Bool~ P..cv i ew : Tnu t ched Buts an d StllcCO p;qt'ces

5. The ]npsct 01' :tnd i a l s Rd.ihray System on Ne Il/?-lI s Economy IUring tl1e Closing YE'lars of t he 19th Cm tury

6. CUstoms Exp.1l11}tion for Lama of HelBmbu

7. Force d Labor in Jumla, A. D. 1850

8 . \'leiehts an d :-i ·J~'sures·in Hus t ang

**************-... * R(~nli Resea rch (Pr1va te) Ltd

"LaZlIllpl:'t, Kf'thm<.ondu, Nepal

Telephone : 16927

ISBN : 0034-34Bx

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•••

•••

• ••

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Page

65

66

67

72

76

77

80

(For private Sb..u'ty an d research only, not meant for public s a le, distribution and dispV'Iy).

6,. WQ.illllatigp of Mal- Lands in East@ID

T arai D1 stricts

1. Royal ordor to th~ jagirdars, blrtaowners, and "mb<J.lidars who have obtained p:"rmission to reclaim kalat:enjar lands in Bara and P arsa.

Itprocure royts only from the MoglBn (1.e. India) to settle on your jc::.glr, t1rta, or kalaeanjar lands. In Case you attack s ~jttlers from M"a] lands, you shal.l be held liable for th~ ~) r'yl(l " ;r.t of r:~v~nue en such lands. Do not reclail!l your lund.:::: by dapopulating !:1.& lands • . Any p drson who di~olJ..:ys thi!l order shall be severely punish~d.11

Jestha -Sudi 6, 1862 (May 1 eo» .

Regm1 ReSearch Collection, vol.. 6, p. 13.

2. An identical oruer waS s~nt in the name of Saptari and Haho~tari on the ,Sarr.e date,

Ja_stha Sudi 6, 1862 · (May 1 eo,)

Regmi R.:.:search COll i}ction, vol., 6, -pe 12.

3. fuyal ord~r to ShaktibaJ.labh Padhya.

in

ilyou are hereby ordered to submit a list of all those landowrL~rs in Bara and Parsa who have pl;'.rsuaded ryots cultivating Mal l ends to shift to their birta, bt1J1dha, jagir, or kalabanjar lands.

Jestha Sudi 6, 1862 (May 130,)

Regmi R~saa.rch Collflct1on, vol. 6, p. 12-

4. An identical ord.er waS sent in the name of' Natn Siruha on the same date for Saptari ,and Hahottari. • .

Jestha Sudi 6, 1862 (MaY 1 eo,) .

Regmi Res:Jarch Coll~ction,~ ,vol. 6, pp. 12,.13.

*~**

Eh.

TraI11n[LAct.i.vities of Gu mbas, A,D. 1850

The fol.iowing royal order was issued in the names of the Lo.lTIr>.s of 'Ghyangs in Langtang and oth~r areas, and the headmen (mukhiy.v and villagers of .lthga'Wl in Pansayakhola Cluwo.!{ot) •

"Formerly, a royal oro"I' had b~en dutiN; on suppli~s n :"eded by gumbas. that order~

i %ucd remit tin g j agat We hereby I'oconfinn

II'HO\ie.v~r, \;10 hav~ r~cf:ived reports that you do not pay jz.~at duties even on sheep chYangra goats, and other cOlTillodit:l(~s bouCht or sold by lalIlas w:l..th comm(~rc1a1 rrotives. We h nve also rec civ~-d reports that you issue l(-;tt'~rs authoriz1nt other p :) I'sons to conduct trade on your behalf .... Jithout. paying such C:uti~s. D~Cau3~ such pract:lcas h ave reS'U:l.too in a los :;. of revenu e , th.:::: local, Chaudhari has sutmitted. a complaint to us. .

"In th'J f'utur~) , you mu s t pay jagat duties for sheep, £,hYangra go ats, and other commodities in "'hi ch- you conduct tro.dc, Hitll th~ cxce'i>tion of supplies needed COL' 3Llmbo.s, wd the dokos and namlos of the Villagers. _ Any p .ol rson who eVadE! S Po.yI!l<Sl'lt of Slch duti ,. s ~hall be severtUy pu_nished."

Poush Sudi 6, 1907 (Dec""bor 1850)

Regmi Res~arch Collection, vol. 81, pp. 47-48 •

•• * •• *

.Customs Exemption for Tradeq of Manang

On b.:lhalf of th~ inhabitants of seven village s of i'ianang (Manang, Braga, Khang~ar, Narme, Phugaun, Neawal, and 1-'isang), Pewa Taering GUrung and o.thers submitted the r vllowinr; p o t-ition to His Majesty's Goverrment.

I'We, inhabi tnnts of seven villages in the Himalayan ( 3h"t) re~ion, illdu (1in~ He.nang, have no lands, and dapend on foreign tr;~de for our livelihood.

"A roy3l ord,Jr has been issued with the folloW1.nZ provisions;

No CIl s toms dutiQS shall. be ch9.rged on goods imported or exported by us.

The inhabitants of these sl:;lven villages shall wake a sirto payment amountinz to Rs 1,797.98 every year, as well as a salami payment of Rs 4.50 to His Majesty.

(3) T'Lley shall. also supply the following goods everY Y_-lar :

the

(a) 'f \lo pairs of doQha.

(b) On:: nn.lsk.-decr.

(c) OUti ilI.l sl<" -pod.

(d) TWo blue shfY.lp (!l~, or pseudois nay;;Jllr) skins.

IIW~ had accordin~lYbeen tul.f:1J.ling these obUgatlons Vikramo. .year 3)19 (A.D .. 1962) •.

until

"The royal order also contained provision for p ::-yrnent of as 50 to us every yoo.r as exp~ses for our journey (between Hanang and KathroancbJ) •. We have been recE:l1v1ng this payment regularly.

"When wc 'Visited Kathmandu in the V1k.rama year 3)20 (A.D. 1963) to mak~ thGse payments ::md suppl.ics, we wt>ra told that the rates of payments in DXIney had been increased by 100 purcent under the 1963 Finance Act. Unabl,~ to mak~ paymElnt at the oohanced rate, wc returned to }!ana.ng. Horeover, customs duties too are now being collected from us. __ ._ ,

"We t thertafore, suu.,i tted a p.)t1tion to His Haj ~sty during .th~ royal visit to Pokhara. On Shrawan 26, 2)21 (AUgust 10, 1964), w~ W<)N: 1nfonnod that th'.) fol.lowing decisions had baen tak&n s . .' .

(1) The existing ar~ganoots shall 00 retain=d for a period of tw YJars.

(2.) No cu::>toms dutiJS shall b~ charged, _ rut recordS of goods exportl..->d and 1mportad (by tha inhabitants of thol seven villo.g-.Js) shall b J maintain·A.

_68 .

"Accordingly, He depositl;.'Ci the alTOunt of th3 Si;r.;tg, paymGnt at the Kunchha RCVl..!l1uC Office.

nSinc : ~ \-f~ do no -c, ll:~V€;l any agriculturul inCOUl o,s , tut d~p kmd o n trade: for our liv~ihoOd, we aro unable to make;: th...; si.rl:2 paym .. mt a t 100 p r'rc ... ..'llt of th~ uri::;tlng rat.;;. Until, th;,rt::fore, our lo.nc:s _arrJ survc:y<::d , and tax~s ass<;lssE.!d , Wcl pray that w~ bc allol.J",J. to pay th;~ m.t2. ould thl:! levius, ,J,:ld supply th-7 pr,=sCrio-:,d goods :looS usual , fo r yuars 2021 - 22 U. D. 1961;-65 and 1965- 00), anu that th;:; usual alIOunt of ·_~xp\.:nSl:S fo r our journ:::y bo pliid to us ."

Accoxding to n. 0..Jci sior. ta\{erl on Baisakh 26, 2023 (May 8, 1966), !-lis Haj esty ' s Governm.:'.Ut decided :

• (1) To r~confi nu the ';;'):i st1ng arrarlg", .. tents reg2_rding ' cu o;tow:>

cx.:::mption and paYln<!nts .

(2) To dir..:ct th{; COlani$sioner of tn", Gandaki zon0 to make appropriate arrai)::;cr.i ents aLout land survey and tax assas sment in cOilsultation \..d. t h the chainnan of the local Panchayat.

(3) 'ro continue paYltl..;nt of Rs 50 as travelling ~xp~ns,~ s ...:.vo.<: t"j y..;ar.

ThJ d;;:cision to tc..k.,;! action in :reSP8Ct to land survey and t.aX a!;:;l:SS;i~,J[1t in consultation with tho chairman of the · local panchayat uas prompt ~rl by realization of t.hi:l fact that:

U( Thoso villages) are situatod- in Himalayan t~rrain and ro.lllain cover:::d by snow. .:'..t sand plac<i!s which ~r~ not COVE:Nd by snow, Oil..; crop of patato or barl..:y is [;l'Own in a yGo.r. 'I'lL petitione rs-say that thd aroount of paym.m.t ass";S!i::d on such al":::as should not 00 incr8aSt:d by 100 .pcrcent as ,.l::;J\!h"Jre . It is, th.::r:=for0, n.:£asSal'Y to ~tudy th~ condition of t h ·" IW1.d and finallZ\;l arrang~.nents which will b:l s<.1.t1sfactory to thl..l local inhabitants."

R,?gm1 Rt".su o.rch Coll (,~ction, vol. 37, pp. 148-151."·

F,eok R~virnl ; Thatched Huts and Stu("(':o Palecus

~. t-lP·

R--v lew by : S~1yC!m Tha pa I Bl'cwn Univers ity.

SL!h.:::la:l.':'; of Nepulf'38 society £gree that foJahe;:;h C. Regmils- contributions to the study of' E~pal ' s ~conci.,ic histol'Y Ilove been outstanding. His works focu~ on th'3 hc;ut 01' 't.na economy of l'i.:!p al · ; land und agrarian ~y:;tuJ1~ . i'he pri.n!d1'Y ::;ources of infor,nat10n for Regmi l s studies <:~ru government records and other public and private archives, uhich he poinstaltingly digo;;:sts and consistently analyzes ia a lucid and coh.erent maMer •

. RUGf.li's lat,<.:st contribution to Napal.ase historlop,raphy is That£h;.d Huts and stucc0-"F-';u'aces, the first of -I·.HO projected volum~~s on the. country's economy during the 19th c'.:::atu ry. The book is an ou ".;gro wth of his earl1~r wori; OIl I n.nd ten'4re and taxation 1:1 ~I8pal , and embodies the 3.uthor's desire to comply \"11 th E • .H. C arr' s dictum that lithe main HO l'k 0 f the historian is not to rt::!cord, rut to evaluate" sinc.;; Ittl.istory Consists -:..: sso;:ntially in seeing the past through tl-e eyes of the present and in light of its problems" (cit~d in P r eface page) . Re@lIi l _s objectiv~ is to examine tb,,: historical a.n d in~titut1onnl constraints that hindered Nepal's economic d8vcl.opment dUring the 19th CStltury in o rdar to explain why th~ country has remain :'d upoorll to this day.

a"' 3i,ii l S centrll tht::sis is that N~pal. suff0r~rl from a vicious Ci ... ~cl ...:, ,.hlch WaS a consequt::nc", of the n~"turi2: of the rela".;ionship b":oltween the peasClll ts, on the one hand, and the stat::l and the lomdlords, on thl:! other. The standard of liv:l..ng of the i)~asants,\-lho were the great {:Iajori ty of the country's population, waS v~ry lOW; this re,sul ted in a laC1( of .'2; ricul-w.xnl inv~stment, which in' turn l'3d to low productivity and thus more pov'-orty and a'. lo'.;.;; r standard of living . Paasants lIare cxploitoo by the state, th~ landlords and oth ') r int '..;! n!l;.;cliarics to solch an ~xtent that thoy were stuck 1a the "margin b<;!twcen subsistence and destitution" (p. 154). Th;;. peasant:; wer~ niJith-i.:r able nor did ti1ey have any i ncentiva to improve th,~ productivity or the quality of land, fl.",1 d the landlo.r-Qs -sho"\'r~d no inttlr;st in doinG: SO_ ei th~r. The boole prest:nts a concise rut compr~hensivu ~ulysis of the insti tutional structures that s~rv~xi to maximiz:~ ravenue for the gOv~rnro<.:llt and oth~r rent r~cl.livers~

A crucial point thu.t ~m0rg<3S from the book's 'wn chapters is bJ\-! coalitions wer~ fOIll1l-:<i bdtwi)zn the dd facto Rana go vt:!rnm .. !at , thu landlords and other local Npruscn';;ativl:;:~ of lanoownlng el.it,.'s. Although the rise of tb·J Ranas "did not n:ark th:;;l ~ntry of n:::\J groups into th,,= tradit ional nobility, it c;'rt :llI).J.y hcrald~ tha cmergence or a n-=w political elite" (p. 3)). The poli tical system of th t:: s'c new \:lit c ;." which was u ~.~ !!llch against tl!.J traditions of the 31ah dynasty as (it) Was against th~ traditional political proCI.}SS" (p. ;n), required

70.

a r c:aJ.ignm-:.mt of th:J agrarian wI'tlaucratic systd!l so as to insurL: a ::::teady BQurc.;l of rcv ·:;;nU0 from th.:: peusants. Th.;;: Rana l~gir.:J '~t thui~ :;f' or"::t ' d(Jvdop ",..cl coalitions with landlords and :,i11agc cl.itllS (headrilen) L and i t was t?rough 0 this Nal.lgnojd mach~n·. l'Y of tllc [:;oVGrruTl-.mt · .... lat r~v..:.:nU d waS m;)JCLmiz~~ . Du t th.:; hd gl.illlQnlc 1'01:,;; 01' tb..:J Rdnas did not m~an any change for th(~ peasants~ th..,y w~r , still forcud to share: th0ir :prodl.lcU with, and pay rant and taxes to, not only tho Bovornrll,:nt but aloo a host ef others, such as th."J rria§:, thu birt:a oWl1..:rs , ti1~ ..i,agirdars , and the villaS2 w..itos (Chapt ,_, r 5). Paytl":iHS in th,; fonn of agricultul';.J.. produce did hot NpI\:Scnt th,~ total burden on th0 p ,:;a ~2Jlts since compul.:;ory unpaid.-lator oblir;ations and ..:xtra l ·:,yiO;fs werd COiaftun dU).'ing that p ~ riod (Ch apter 6) •

Anoth,~r important fdaturoJ 01' t hd agrarian systEm pertains to how d.:i.ff~r-":: llt cat...>gori,.;s of intL'nn-.ldiari.::s -- such as thE;: mon8y-Lmd~r-cuIil-landlord, the !!!l\khlyas, and th.:.; iimida rs -­.. ffi (;.. rs ,:C( and op ~, rata1. during t;n~ 19th century. Th~',y r(:prGser.tud a furth e r SQurcs of ,~conomlc danlnation ov..!r th.: flQ(lsuntry by exploiting its labor .:lOd appropriating a shur..,; of its product \ii trout mddng a ny contri tution to LlipI'Ovin l1 the land ai' p roductivity (Chapt,; rs 7 and 8).

R8~i also (.XUjtiiikS chan:::;.~s in th :.=.: ng rarirul system ana in land t,mur,-:; policies introduced by tha Rana.s uuring the St'f': ol"ld half' o r tht.l c ':mtury. Th..:!se policit:s incr-.lo.s ,~d

th~ total area cov'_~Nd by th<J tho ,~~~lh;th~.~Cng jagir SY8tJfllS o f LUlo. t ..::nu re 3) .~ control ot' til<;; c: -!ntrul govunm..mt ov-::;r its func:.,;ion"ri~s ;!without 8.fft:ctin:::; th...: basic structures of th :. s ,;} syst\:;lllS" (p. 4-'1). 3illliLlrly , ·~hJ Rana 1 s taxation palici .:)s improvt.ld ~he m ... tl1od and ID ,\chinJI'Y of coll...;ction (Chapt<!r 4-). Other land policL,s, such as t~nuro s.;cu rity and prop . rty rights, did IlOt chang~ i;h" ·_'xploitiv..: situation uith<:r b ~;CauS3 the p;';:Q.sants r...!main :-d subj.::ct to thi; villag~ 4ito's J!lo'l1ipulation. Intl::lr,;stin:;lYt t8nallcy and prope rty r1~ts w~ro initiat~d larSGly in r-.:sponfj(;l to conflicts botw.J\m. th-::l int..:Jr;;:::;-c.s of the. statd and thos<J of th~ lcmdo-....ning 0ll.t.:::s. W'nat:..:vur incr ":lil~l1lt of productivity waS obta.1niJd could b..:.: attritut~d to n·..;w l ~.llds brou Cht undoJr cultivation by the.: p<:C,.S~U1ts (Chaptvr 9) . - R<JDi1i conclud<}s that !i.the official policy towa: ... d t.h.~ peasant r..!lilain,)d on~ of apathy end .:.:xploltation throughout thl::! nin ",t-.:enth century" (p. 153).

Th~ author thoroughly analyzes the uncnviabl·:t -o)osition of too Nepal;,.;.'::;,; Po.)£lS3.<."'1try and the economy • .uthou~ he cont~nds t~lat th,~ :{~udy l'pUrposcly s ..: ~ks to avoid rofGrcnce to id8r~ conceptucl &ystcms such as patrimonialism and burcuucracy, or feudalism and capitalism, 1n thw bdicf that a conc;.)ptual. analysis of a soci03ty 1s no substitutJ for -socio-~!conomi.c res~archll (P. xi), \:.: 1."; analysis would havu b~~n stl';.::ngthan.:d with a more comparatlv~, analytical approach. nO\i, for ~:xru!lpL" \Tould he compare the Nt::!pales~ system to those of pI'Q-lnUus'.;.l'i.al Europ~ dcscrih;;d by Brcnn(Jr'? ::.;'urthonnorJ., sont:) of RiJgmi's assumptions and critoria are not ,

explicit _ .. for illstance"his overall view of the " problem of economic development. Simil a rly; the readt::r is left .... ond.(:ltine ho .. ! the author understands and defines the . central question which the took seeks to answer: "Why is Uepal poo r 111 The reaLlo r -Can only agree with the a1.!thor, given th e b.:n:Jfl.-r.. of hindsight, that agricultural productivi'l .. y could k :.vc ~E;ln rai~<;d. by mole capital investl1l0n t in land .• liould hiJ(L :C PfOc1uctivity have i,npI'Oved the peas;:'J.l 'C:.fY' s ~onditi0!ll or woulu it have resulted simply in a f~w lllOre !I stucco pal. !'icesI,,? Hould hi gh0 r agricultural productivity , have made Nepal 111"1.ch" as opposed to IIpoorll? \.J'ould Hepal have a.chi~v;:d "economic dev~loplllent:r today .had :l~r1cultural productivity w en higher during the 19th cencury ? The book concent.l'atds on the internal forc~s operating in Ngv~U l bu:t i£llOrGs significant external force s . HE.1lai 's geop'oli t:!J': 3l status, the regionaJ. political situation, Ih:pal 's trade reL~tl.ons with neighoonng countries, and trade h+3tH.een In.:lla a ',m Tibet --- all of thesf;l are important ~xtem::U.. fo !'Ces, to consider. I

In conclusion, \l~ can c~rta1nly concur with Regmi's caveat t!1<'.t the reader "will value (the book) more for the questions it stimulates than for the a.'1 swe rs it postulat.:lsll (p. XXii). Thntch:o,d Huts ann Stl!~CQ Pal aces n0v;.;rtheless ls a provocativ€ nuno&raph "not only for scholars of Nepal's ' histOlY, sO,ch·ty (l.nd political economYi b.l.t also fo r stUdents of devolopinent in genaral, wh9 may wel find it an .~n richlng case study.

------1Rob :)rt I3rann~r ilAgranan Class structure and Economic Devel0pi;lcnt-ln ~r~Indust.ria1 Europe, {I Past and P:resent, 70 (1976): 'iJ-75.

a In'ternational S Ne", Yorlc 14853,' U .S.iL.

studies for

72.

By

vrhe last fH'teen yea rn of the 19th century , almost cOinc1ding witll t lw rule or ?rime Hinister Bir Sbwnshe re (1885- 1901) uitn:JGgnd s~nj.f:i.c(;rj t tren ds in the economic field \-/!ltch set t !'; t3 t ctle for l-T opal's debu t into t,.'1e 20~ century . These trends oi.)el' ;:: ted largeTy from the Indian s lde. In<Ieed, tlle h13hll~b ':;5: of Nepal! e conomic history durm;J · the cll)sin "; yea rs of t~:e nineteent."l century 'Were mostly an imp, et of econOTnlc d9veloplIl<:!n ts in India. Foremost a mon: those devzloilme nts were the extension of India's rallw El y system to a numb·"'r of pOin t s along the Nepal-India bord~r.

India1s ra ll,·/ay Systel!l witnessed rapid expansion during thin p=2 riod . 'D1c totEl l .r.lUCe-3~ mcrer·s e d frem 9 , 89 1 in 188 1 to 16 ,977 .in 1891, and to 25,373 ten years l .:l ter, an in c re &se of 256 . 5 ~::rcent dl1.:ing a period. of b·Km ty yei:; rs. 1 By t he end o f the centu ry, r~' ilwCiy lines had be ef! ru ilt to connod ~ numb-.:.r · of towns on t!":ie Nepal -In d1~ border s ituated 8 t h'ilart impor tui1t can te rs ot Lade in Nape ).. In 1885 , the Ben ;,;&'l (' nd Ho:c th-Hcs tt>rf'I !l~\n'.:f, y company opened a branch . . l.irH" t.o l"!~p~lz.ur.i ROQd on t;hQ Indi..{ln ~11.1;l of too bOrd3"r ne ar Nopal.gunj in Bo.n~c district of Nepal. About four yea rs l3ter, ID 1890 , t.~~ Assam_Biha r Sta'b3 R3ilvny simllarly 0pimed its fumeD sect1Cll from Kusba to 'Forbes ganj, adjoining tbe ill;-' i.·l~,", t toWl ' of R:.' ngel i 1n 1-Iorl:ln§ ' district of Nape l (nucleus of the tlodem teN!! o f Dirztrl ::':!:8 r) • . lilwaver, tile doveloQflIent of re.1l\-Jfi y "tl'~; n:lJ.lo l·t rc 'c 1l 1'~ ies in the central Tarai region bad to \·/<:!it untU the l £> st ycc·. rs of the cen 1tlry • .rayll:nagar, adjo:1ni!l~ .ran b.!:t)ur , and Raxaul, . &djoining parsa inItNep.8l, were connected only in 1897 t·nd 1898 respe c tively.

SUch an order of prioriti.::s in tho instbllt:. tton of bronch linos cf')nnt:ct1n'~ t c.Mns 00 >";!"IO :T.:3pal_India border \lith major cante rS 01' trade and cQnmt::;.:oco .·in the ~b-cont1n~nt 'Was obviously dictfl 1,;ed by tht:t nc oec.1 to exptlnd snd cheapen supplies o~ pl'lLl(l ry produce from t!1;.: Ta r c i ~g1on of Uepal, pert1cularly foodgrains and timoor. Indoeu, sc~rc1tY ot fire-wood in tba Ganr;G t ic Valley he'd b'~·m (!it,cd by British offic1als as early ' fl S th~! 18503 ~s C' j u::;t iflC'~ ~i~ for' coostructing brancb lines into tila sub-lIirnL1&y an "pl <~ ins. CQ1\mercial. links 'betweon the T<!l'f .1 rtqion of N~~~Jal .... n d too udjo1n1ilg areas of India, trDditionDlly cl05 ... bec~ua:.J of the absenca of n t: blrel boundarluS and the proximity of po~ou~ settlclOOnts on the Indian Sic); of the bO::"dor t wore rurthor cemented by the I.::xtenslon of IndiC:' I s rcc·· ll \-I<:"Y s ys tau! . .

73.

1':10 development pt the Indian railway system reduced ' the i mportance of river n'''.V i..u, a two in the export tra de in pr1ma.ry produc~ .:from the , TQ.rai region o:f' Nep81 to the 2djOining are as of north~~rn India. n <::11\OIEl y lines altered the . course of trc:.de ' and dhninlshed t!x· importance of river-bo!'ne trafflc.6

Howover~ tbe re is no e\'lc1ence thtJ t the rallwf,ys entirely displc' ccll r1ver r. l.'Vigation in the traffic of goods . For instance ·, Forb(?>s~w.lj in ~urncp district of India was connected by raUway 1.'1_ 1G90 , ru t timC' r, cardamom, and ot.lJer cOlllllodltles were s tUl be m :; ~xvorted fl~t,Jm _,.astern NeOilil to pa ma by boa t ot the end of t.lJe cenb.llOY. Similarly, the bul-k of' Nepal's trade in " the central sector p assed thr.oogh Raxaul, tbs teminus of too Sugaul j,.. Ha.,,{aul branch rall:way but " . 'litho Gm dak Clnd. the BUrh! G .:'.lflcW·k also carry much tr(l ffic. u8

n1vor transport, moreovp.!" continued to play an important rol~ in the movcmr.i: t of commod1tins from the int&rior are a s to r8Ubeads on the Nepal_Ind1a border. Timber, foodgrs1ns an d ot.":I ':' r COJl1Jlodit1es vere transported by rive r to t..f)e ne " rest Indion rallh8sd. where they were transshipped to_ v<lgons

9ancl despc tched to differen t ,

des tjJlc.· tlons in India.

. Tbo ex tens-ion o f the Indian railway system to market;...

.town.s 00 the I."d :ian side -:>f the bordor geve a fiUip to

.the gro\"/'th of to'-ln3 on the n'-:.p"l1 side of the border as I well. r .:.lp2lgunj in the- !':",r-w8stem Thral reg lon, may be cited C'ls an outsk.nd1.ne eX"'-r!lple. There see.ms to have been a h 3 :.l.VY :influx of Indian tr, ders, bot.t:I seasonal and· pemElncnt, into i·: (i pl.~gunj t.!1<lnks to t.":I ~ t policy. By the end of t.1-)e ceni..u:Yt tM t o'lm t' ccommodtlted na a~ly 45 -permanent CO\lmCl'ci\ll establis hcch ts, .in additioo to more t.f)an 100 t -J mporr ry stalls · d~rmg the t!l oo1::bs t~ November to May every _ ~ar, .oper~'. tad by M8rwaris and -oular t~ders frQD India. '0

The cxten:l:l.on of the Indlen railway system to RaXaul on too· Ind1Bn side of tho border in 1898 simllnrly led to tbo grovtb or 8 n ('w m c:.rkot-to~ 10 the Ddjolomg &.rea of NepaL The tow "':.15 r.Dmed B1rgunj, obviously a.fter rr1me MiniAter Bir J;;hlW:lbe:re. · GOods exported to India from tbSt ,tret! wert' cnc-.r.nelled throogh Birgunj on a cOI'(mulsory ~.sis. The !;ovcmment constructed e number of bull.dings in the twn· "Which :were l ... ->3sa.~ 1;0 ~ra.dors. A St:ltc trading F ~(lncy, known foS the Birgunj MObs-j ani Add2, ",::,s establlsh<;dt t.nd ~!lrough it trl.·de ..,as conduC~d in the stD te sector in rr..w sUk end o.thar commodities. 1

,

74.

Rt, U\tIay _ trcns:1ort fOcUiti.0s along the borders had 00 1:) mOrC' .iJr.por ';,;ant tmp t: c.t 00 Nepal. Th&'n'ks to thl3se ­f c.:,cnlti-:s , tlK' ouJ..;lying i? ;rC !' S of "the King dom in the east Dnd t he west oo c,<.,me more ':"ccc:~sibl0 fran tho capital. For in stcnce , ana coul d trov ~l on foot from Ke: thmandu to Raxoul in I ncH:.. ', then 0y j-r llw<::: y to Forbcsgunj, also in ind13 r nd t;"J..H1 c ross i::"dc. i nto U~" 11 o;:rr1tory in Mor': ~, t~e (:!n til~ j oume y 'cak ing [' bru -: fool' dE;YS . AS Pcrcev21 Lanck>n noted 1n 1928 , UFoI' cny lOIl':~ dis tance it 1s easier and qulclc.c r c: nd , i t i')i:l y te <'dd('lc , cheap e r f or a Nepalese to m£il(fl his wt' y ·)it;,,-·r to ern of t.l-)e ralh!a y st£l.tions on the Iridia n border ••• '"nd t hen jo:in the I ndian rDUwDy system for en 0xcursion c.- s t or ue!..t even when his dE:stin~' t1on is in !1i.s own ~:oun try. 1115'

T!"':! i ncr,;: .:. s c d ; .~ ccass th:l t the new r c. UwGy trrnsport fr.. cU iti~ ~ Pl'OVldJd to t.t-:l .:; r ...:r-w·Js'bJrr:i Tarr. 1 regions had y .=: t, C:'noth~ r iamor tr~nt con sequence 1ri too socio-econom 1c fiuld. It now· tc'::Dmo posslb1..c for membcr.i of the Kc;. ttmJandu­b:. so d pol1tlc~l ·~llto to cX!Jloit ·the ugr1culturnl. and forest r csourr-es o f tlJ~· t l'.,)t! lon for pu rson t:l b",:·nc flt. To ba sure, th1s ,",t· s not a n uw b;;,. nt? fit, fo r t.'1esa ~roups hUd long . .:: x pl oit.ld the' r ::> :lOurces of t..'1\J .Jf" stern ond westarn Tarai . r'l.11ons, which H'~ J.·O mor a I.;.L'.sily oco;;ssibla from t.l-]e 9Dpital. The Indi5n r a iJ.. ,"ln y ~. c1l1tli:s .cneblad tbem to tlnIf.'rge the scop~ o f" ' the ir ox ill 01 t£ tiv'~ p:!.':~ ct1ces. TO The grcn t of the .mtire dist"rict of wh" t l ~, t.:: r ccme to to known <:::s ' J3<:;.rdiyD to PrilLle h.1nistt' r Jung :SC::. h~ dur ~nd his brothers in 1860 was Hn e xccJPtion, l cr-so, :'nd it is signlfict: nt th.et l a rge-. seal ':) birte gr : n"Ls in th.J r.;r"~/o stem To",1 rog ioo began to" ml) dO only t ·f'bJr th.: Inclj;":n rallway sys"Wm touched Nepa Ieunj Ro{ d ~.r:d oth .. ] r poL,-ts Q'l t~ bardor.

-----.---~--------1:!o tps

. 1 •

, GOVol1lmant

"od BrOCdcasting ', •

2. J c.:. ht' r Sen, (1lleu tta ,

3. rE!.!!. pp. 80-71.

4. Ibid, p. 72.

5. For instan ce , in h1s. report to the .Seleot C9IIIIIitteo on . COlonization "·nd Settl. ·''"tn t in 1857. MOjoNl.nerDl C.W. TroillGrrhecre, R.E. no"bJd lithe Nl~ tiv;!l sCC::rc'lty, raven in 1857 , of 'Wood fuel ip the GE:.ngetlo vOlley,1I a nd ha · c1~d this D.S an . ~ddltlon~l' rer: son for tho necessity- Iof . oonBtruct1ne: branch' linCttJ into 'Bub-Hlma18yen pl(l.1na and o ther. nUly . d1Stric.~ .of centrnl. Ind~ where wood

75.

was to be found in "inexilCws tibIa abundance.1I

6 • .rahC'r' 8en (~. ill. p. 71), - :fOl:o'instance, cites offlcl£'l Br itish Ind]li"n Jources occording to ",hleh the openlng of the Pun-,ea section of the Assam-BibSr state R61h/ay fran Kusba to Fbrbesganj in "1890 led to 8 ~cl1ne in the volU!De of the Ko.sl bo; ·t tr&da.

t RRC, vol. 70 ,

:

8. Vol. X, ()cford : Cla rendon

...

9. IIOr$r to t!1C N2ya Muluk 'Kusme-DtBr Kat!'l!i~hal. Adda Reg 3 rd1n 5: ?X-il.ort of Tlmoo r to the Railway Engineer at GOl"khpl\r, :md~a " K' ,rt1k 195'> (October 1897),

.1lllQ, vol. 76, pp. 3~5-7"; "Order to ·BBnke- Mal Regarding "' IJtclpnl P1'lyments, for M8.nufl"ictu:re of' Boats for Transporting

Timbe r," Shr,.wan9; 1960 (July 2", 1903), liRe, vo1. 77, pp • .344-50. E~~n durln.'.! t he 194CB, goods 'Were transported beb,een lIcnUJi1f;nnt'gB r in S .. ~.ptari d1:Str1ct end the Indian

" railway s't,. tL:lt) e t llirmali by boQ.t tb:roogh the Kosi . . river; t o~ Nepal; InduStrial SUrvey Rep6rt

,:> ~ rv1ces ' to ._~: t!l. tr,citS pai·ta 1;;lon t.'l8lJ8rik~ MBl 19~~ (:1896,); ..

- (I!l1g • . trans ., mliDeo.), 191+8, gove·mment requ1s;ttiOOed the

from the BritiSh Indian government .: r -.:kl order to f'8.cll1ta12 thr~h , the ~ river. t~Order to "n," "ens.ea ,f-or' cePt8in Royal, tI

, PP : 3,4'-'>2.

10 •. ,J~r.a~ Ben, $l.. :cit. p. 106 : R.~rence to a ""Nar1 : (;tr~Ql ·r~t um.rao ~~MaNarfJ ·who ·bad ' settled down" in

" ., "N6!J(I.l.tUnj : ~ · 1:f' catte1rte d in :' 1t0rc1et0 to Lt. Xalu ot the lIoya l'!I!luk Kom"l1· KM,1r. Add9," Bb'dre Sud1 10, 1951+

. (Atfgu,st' W971;' :mC, 1'~: ~,.:'pp ; 232-'>9. . ."-,, " , " ," "" -

11 • . "OrMr \xi t.l>e !Ia~ ' I411ult n'·pt1-)(UlIJlO-j)ia r KA tIIIlabol . " ll~:l.rdlng Sup;jJ.y' or'Fi..NVOOd to Brick k1JDs in Nopalgunj," ' .. ,:' ~!iilP1l'1lid!' 7'; : '~?f; (~~~1897J,RR9, PP :. 86-92.

-- 12 t Ibia; T\1o ·do·CUOI.nt ,&lso ' ·~.~r. to .tbl>. growing popul< tion o~ /! cpOlgunj town.

13.

1~.

16.

76.

nOrder to HO:)i.~.igunj ]3£'·zD.<::l' Adda. Regarding Purchase of L:.-n tems for Street-U.~ht1ng irl .NepU l gunj "U Jestha Eodi 10, 1954 (Hay 1897) , Rnc, \'01.76, pp. ti0-82.

UB i:c~~unj B?z<lar ,U ' fte.';llI l ·Inse<'rch Series, Yecr 13, no. 9, Se~t3mber 19131, pp .135 .. 3?

Pt;rccvol LC'.ndon, NopVl (r~print of 1928 ad.), K[>thmtlnchl : R .. 1na Pus t t.l;: D!1c.n dLr, 1978, vol. 2, p. it,. Gf. nBakft~ }J:i. r ta Grant to S2rdar Bhl.ga .... a t Bhakta in B<:.n kc~u Shr~··\i::n BLdi 1, 1952 (July 1895 ), Ill=tC, vol. 90, Vi) . 105- 242 . -

*,1<***

CUB toms Exemption for L~""'a of Helambu '

Chbe\H\ng Gytlcho LDma of He lDmbu subnitted t..f}e fOllowin g p~tition to pr:i.m c J.iin istar J ung Bahadur : '

10 the yo<: r 1373 Vikr~'·ma (A.D. 18 16) a ,royal. cha r1»r (LalmohDr) !1:' O been issued in the nome Of my fat.."ler, Ka lsYCll r.e.ma, t;nd his di:, ciples, 6rantin g exempt100 from pGymcnt of custcms ::·i1d transit dutias (.r<lg~t, hh .. ns(lr·, t D.lcSOtr, dalel) 2nd sEiles tax, (N1r1;thl) on 1100<12 exported. to Kuti . and Kerung, such (IS rice, ghee, "DC p.") r , PhUnl\nC.nd !ill<,1IY1 c..s well BS on goodS imported' from t;~~t- dud g s Ul 't and wool. Accord1ru!:ly,"I!!'e did not p ay these duti~s Cm t axes !'rem too yo~ rs 1t!73 to 1905' V.Ucr81l1D (A.n. 1816 to 1848). TheSe days, howdver, :r.&eClt dut1c:s ~ re b.:dn~{ cvllec ted Oh such goodS.1!

The follou1r. :::; order .wc.s t!lGn iSsUed in too nDmcS of t~x-collect1n3 officiHs f',t S\1t;:;.n, Tilillre, and pench8sayakhoH :

lncr· se it is t rue th:" t no dutieS nnd t exes h(.-ve been ,col1ac"b;! d on Goo d::! tr;·ded (with Tibet) a s, mentioned

':'bovc, from 1873" to 1905Vikr~mo., (A.D. · 1816 · ,to 1848), <b 119 t me kc s"u ch col le cticns in thl3 tu tura · D Is 0, :m d refund c::ny PLdOun.t th.o~t !;1<=-Y (:lrcrcty h;;,ve been collected. If, however, t!lC f :.:cts <' N different, cnd you (\re not s ~ tis ficd w.Uh this ordE:r·, represent your C.;sc b~fore us. tI

Ash'dh 8od1 3, 1907 ( June 1850)

Regmi ne search collection, v ol. 79, pp. 158-59.

******

77.

Force d. Ifi bor

( 1 )

. nH~ innE'b i tz-nts· of lllm r Ta[(harpata~ and Rauisain villages 1n the Sije div -;.sion (dara) of Jumla submitted t.":le .following pe ti tion to K<l thlilondu : -

!'ram former times, no porte rG' ge services had been illt;;lreSsed from us. ~~e "lll'Ovlded such services t1S ordered by our Jil1lll<lwr'.l only to bhard9rs -visiting trle temple of Sri.mHi~:c . I n t..l-:le Vikrama year 1903 (A.n. 1846), sume of U!) \lere exempted frQ:ll that obli6Etion. Consequently, others Here forced to ca rry loc:dS throv.-;ll ~h ree or f01..: T posts (adda), instead of betHeen our u::Juel posts. '!he hei"'vy burden of such porter8ge 3 '~ rvices b,' s thus ruined us •

• The Govern mon-i,; hbd earlil~r incorporated the f:)llowing

arran3er,1 f;l!lts in -:;h3 1903 (A.n. 1846) 1t:Iek-Tbiti order:

In th("! , fl;lturc, provide )l..lr ter2ge services I'or only four loads of supplies l'equired for official. ceremonies et the ter.t~)l('\ of Sri'lIElik8 through bhardars, military supTllie'S, 8tlll sick pe1'svn':-,.Do not (l rovide such sl3rvices for' o tbe r 10vcrnment c ;;l·)loyoes or Prl,vate individuals (dl1e>ltrc), bhtl'dcrs, milJ.t<:-ry officers (ragari), or soldiers (Si),'!!!). snch personS shall employ pct"ters only on p"Yl'lent of wci.3c:s a t the rate of 2 SnnCls a day.

en ./tSb<1cL":l !}'.d.i 10, 190'1 (June 185'0), a royal order was issued recor.i';_"~ :in~~ ,these arre.ngements.

R(l~mi nesearch CGlloction, v01. 79, pp. nB-Ito.

( 2)

The inha bi t<::,r:. ts of Sij a stlbmi tta d thE: following pe ti ticn to the 30v ernmen t :

JI1f'ra l .... bor b;~ d been impN fJ :>ed for the coo.struction of co fort all(l the tallryl.9 of Sri K8nakasundari ln the Sijs division of Jurnla. This "Was done at that1me of tbo sow in~ sc"- ::V>rl I bar.CI? people rema ined sbsen t from \wrlt for orY. 01' two d, y5. A fina was, therefore, imp:)5ed on u::;, bnd ~fudd<t l-!'-d.f-)av B3sny&t ~ven took a\{ey our housttbold pots Cind pans to reall.ze the fine. The royr.l ordcl' rel.atin:·; to - thek-tbit1 8rNlngements

for our vi1l<-~(l;e p~scr1b:)S tb, t nv fine shall be collected fo r cl<) :fful t :In the tulf Ulmen t of j he. TB ob!, igc. tion s • Moreover no such fino;) should have been imposed ut a t:iJnc whe~ \om wore sow-in;; our ficl.d3.,

78.

The governt1cnt - t.1-J~n- i .':sUcd the follo ..... in .. order :in the ,l<:me of the Cbief Ldministrtl.tor -Of .rumla, KBj1 Ranasimha Ba~nyat :

If -this compl:.:.int is true, and the proceeds of the f1nc h8ve b~''' n d~posired ,11th you, refund every si.ngla daB: • . If t!lC: ;)rocac~ h~'V€ not been de.posited wi th you, issue: o;cd.Jrs to th,:) conca rned persons to 'refund the amQunt. T!h~se ryot:; belong to cn outlying border re[~ ion. k- t not such c()!!1~-;l '" in ts come to US' in too fLltura •

Rf::gmi Rcse~~ rcb . Col.l') ction, vol. 79, pp. 140-1t2.

Order ,to 1c.rl~h~11 1s-, '~ovcrml1ent employat:ls; cooraon people, '::n d lnh! bltQnts of Jumli". tr veIling throo~h t.io)e B8rhabis div tS1o~1 (de. r;:') o:t Jumlu (lis trict : \

• Th~~ inh El bit ":r.ts (of :s:.-' tht..bls) complain tbt: t you exact unp~'; ,ld portr"l~~ ;~e "'nd OHK'l' l e,bor s~rvices frQll them, "'nd .. 1so ®l:land frel3 sup)li')s of provisions. II royal ord...:!r h~d b ,;l;:n issued in t.l)e Vikrama YOi.r 1887 (A. D. 183 0) , which cvntain£!d the fo11owmg provisions:

(a) Un1l<J.!d nortP.rt'gc: shall "be provided only for mllitar:r ' suppl .k3, siCK pcrsoos, and coins remitt)ld to th~ 30ve roment.

(b)

( c)

Pr",, 'lsiOn s shall b..:;; mfdl3 ~vaUt.:.bl.a to peens deputc.·d to the vill'·r~-.) for _the collection of rev~nue only for thc- duTCtion of such work.

~ .

Any P~'l'son who'-o.:t::'· cts unpc ld por'b3rC',gc scrvlcc~ ,or pn .. ,\' io:; ion s m',· 'con t .r:·'ven tion of t.lJ-ese ::" rrongamen ta.­shell b e he-Id .li~bli:! - to the pc:.yment of revenue '

. D.ss~ s so-d for tn: t :!.rat·.

,ThasQ r' rr :: '·!\~c':;1ents ~: re h;:.reby recenfinuud. - - . . -

Ash~dh !l' di )0, .1907 . (June 1850) ,

R~gri11 ' ncser.rch-· Ct?ll-H':~lon -, vol. _79 t pp. 144-'+5.

, ~n ord?r w).th the ' acnie, contents wC!s issued on- the same d2 te for , Bh~ ' rtr.(!:::un "lso. Ibid, pp. 146-48 ),.

The inhebi"t<' ilt3 of RarCi VUlcige in the panchsaya divi.::;ion of JU!:lla com~ l;ifl.'::,d that tbey ".rere libble to provide not only both Kag.?'b3_Hlllf-k Snd Theple-!l:..;.lt.k services for the trsnsvortation or mril I:'n<l z overnment supplies respectively but also portE:rcgo services for goods received t.'lrough othe~ areas :in JUrnla district. In (1 petition to Kothmandu, they edded :

Suell a heavy burden of . Greet h"rdshj4ls to us.

redressed, ue snsll be

) orter{'ge serv ices hes caused In case our ~r1evances are not

forced ' to leave our villages.

The eOVerniil(·~t then i:::~'; d t.l-Je following order:

In the fut."Ure, The:ple-Hulakl porters shall not p'rovide un l'),; ld portf!l"\~G serv ices for supplies other than miJ.itery stores beloO'~ :41~ ' to the government, and sick persons. In c: ;se sny -:no forcibly exacts such serv ices frOOl you, s'Jizo him nnd ll~nd hill'J ov ::. r to the 'Ameli Cl· t the Chhine. s1m y.[' chr'hc,ri. with due assurflnceln?rov1de llol'terage Se rv ices es u:::u21 for goods belon g: g to the ~ove roman t.

ASht~ d.1-J g<.,di 10, 1907 (June 1850)

Regmi i"10ocDrcll C:")lle ction I \101. 79, pp. 145-46.

(5)

Or~r to the P.r.lalis of Jumla ,

Rudrabh3nP. Shahi has com~ here "With the following complo int; 1I'lb0 j.nhabltnnts ··of Eaakot Village in the Palant8 diviSion (dE'rD) Mva shifted to other areas (S.n Jumla). They have consequently", d.3taul tad in the paymeo t of revenue asscs3" d for ' Baskot, hence the burden of taxetion hfiS become hat'vy for the re~.t of the inhabitants of that v lllaS"e. In addition t- : \lnpa-id porterage serv ices ere being imDresSCd ally from t,hEl ' -1nhubitsnts of v1J,.l&ges \situauad near the main routc~ wit-I-) the 'reSult that thllse vlllages are being ruir.::d. KUdrabMne Shsb! has offered to promoU's sattlement in t!1<!t areD if £\pproPriBt;a orders (thlti) ere lssut;d in his name.

,~ou ere hereby dlrectzd to collect the amount of r-;venue due from t!1e people W!l O have shifted b:> ot.l-Jer pa,rts

. of Jwnla. If they refuse to meke such paYI!lents on the ground thElt they licve slre1:-dy left the v·1J.la ge, make arrangements in such S 'W~y th:. t they rcm(,in 1n (B~skot) Village. ElCact unpaid portodr~' - " 3 services from each bousUbold in the villago by rotation ID Cl the prescribed mE,noer, so that the burden of such scrvicC::ls does not f('ll only on the inhabitants of villcp'cs situated near the' main · rruta, and they are not

u .

oblige-d to quit.

Ashtdb B.d1 10,1907 (Juno 1350) Rt3gmi Rcs,aarch colle ction, vol. 79, pp. 148-49.

80.

(6) . ' . " -

Mul~hiy~' s of diff-.::rc...'Il-t vUL ~es in the Tripur"-k.ot div 15100 of J\lF.,l . ... i. iStri-!t, R;'.lmtl ROKCy<' of BOk<::te~unJ C!12,ndr~lm ... ni BUC .. !JCl of Uotr:,:::; .. un, tod Ann,ye Rokaya of Sarmir~oun, submi'.:ted th:;: folloH.in .1 patition to KEtbmandu :

-GOV<-"rI'lm2nt officials, ~;riv;;;. te i:Jdividu&ls, and other {lCO;'l28 tr~' v(:'llhl t: thrOll"h litl~ lu-Bhanjyeng exect unpc:tid port~r< .~,= sr:rvic.!s fr QiTJ us , <:nd ~,' lso oomtod free supply of provL:>ionr:, ir:: cQ.ltr,'"' \' t: ntion of royal orders. This !l2S C<1U,S'-J d r.; :rc~'· t h~rdShj.;.) s to th~ ryo"ts.

The- governrll'.::nt t.l-Jen issu:=.d the following order:

In tly.~ futul"<: , you sh,ll l,rovid<3 porter3.ge sorvices ' eS1J.Sucl only fol' the b':="nsport~ tion of militftry supplios, sicl~ PQrsons, c-nct coin~, ,as ~..ell <::. s supplies durmg w;~ r. Yoo s 11,Jll provida r uod to peons End J"irnmawl':'ls only so lOI1,J ['S NV·jr:.u,) collection is not completed. No other p:o :c ::>on sht.ll be r ·' rmitt.:ld to -=}:~ct porterage s c rvi~s or fr'-') provisions from you.

Ashadll Bc:di 10, 1907 (Jun" 1850)

Rw,mi Rcs":; .'i rcb CoU'3ction, vol. 79, PP. 149-51.

Wei'.:;hts and M..,t'S\.ll'C5 in Mustang

" Roye,l ord;~r to K8shir1;'m U;l<'ohy1-"y3. : 'We have rc~ived reports thp. ·t at U;·ntl you hf.V(: seized weights and m~asures on tho g round t'1!:i.t (tha ownnrs) have refused to let t.l--Jem b,= stampo d (with th(; roy;ll seel ). weights and measures h::rvu not so fDr been stamped th\::re in this mtnnar, .,nd all sourC3S of r1)V~nU0 at O::-n :"'.. h'vc been pl'.ced under the authority of Jt.ye.nars1ne. Return th,:, \;("ights Dnd md5SurcS t!1~t you havtJ ~0.ized. You '~ill be b:Id guUty if yW cN<lte any obs truction in th :~s regard."

Marga Bt; di 9. 1848 (Novcmbor 1791)

Regmi R.:search Cclloction, vol. 5, p. 83.

Regmi Research (Private) Ltd

1 .•

2.

3.

4 .

5.

QQu.t imts

Re grni Re search SeriEl s

Year 15 , Ho. 6

Kathmandu: .Junc 198 3

Edited By

Mahesh C. Regmi

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Export 0 f Gold to India

Hall S.., rvice s to Chitwan, 1882

A Short Histozy of Nepal

Regulations for Jumla, A~D'~- 1850

Forest Protection

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R.egmi Research (Private) Ltd

Laz1.mpat , Kathmundu, Nepal

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(Fbr p:;:1.vo.te study and resollrch only" not ml:ant for public sole, c:'\istrlrut1on and dj splay).

Esport of Gold to India

Ch Hednesday, Jestha B;"di 6, 1950 (May 1893), Prime ~1ni.stcr Du Shw;]~herc vi~itr;d the Br1t1sb Residency at Kc..tI]('l~'ndu cnd tol d the Resident, Major-General H. Wylie :

The price of 30ld h"s no ..... gone up steeply. I possess gala \"/orth about Rs 750,000, which I had purchased <~ t the r .:.te of Ra 21 or H~ 22 (a tola ?). I am sending Colonel l-F 'h;::;'oir to sGll the gold in calcutta.

Blr ShumS!1e re Ulen requestnd the Resident to issue licenses enablu1G Colonel H:~1~bir e:ndhis party to carry with them 1 rifle, 1 pistol, and 16 Ichuln.l.ris.

W'jor-General Wyli.e promised to send the li<..enses Unmedi<: tely. - He s e-id , IIThG Huh2raja " too is now carrying on trE'c19. I too would h;: ve lll<-de: a big profit h8q I been in posseSSion of' ':;old worth 113700,000 or Rs 800,000.

Prine HinistcrDir 3.I-)Wi1S:1e re re'plied, "l am now selling gold which is lyin'-; idle. \·E"len the price goes down, I shall uge the money to buy g:>l d a~~[' in. JJ •

(Source: Nill .Ls~I'y of Fore j~n Afi~ irs, J,' is 1-Kotha (Tibe tan) Divis;1on : BunGla .iTe. 22. Cit.ed in anyana Hani Nepal, IINenal!;llw Ihe:.n f' Vldeshi :sankm~-." (Nepal'S wealth in foxeign ba-nks), !~rtb1k H!;pal (Bh o:;li.3n tiUe : Nepal-Economis-1:), monthly '~conomic journal publi;;;nad and edited by Thivichandra Shrestho, Year 1, l'k . 1, Ha rga 2039 (November 1982), PiJ. 15-22) •

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Mei] Services ~~1twan, 1882

In i· i~ .. &'1 1936 (January 1880) i·{ajor-Captain Muktinath Upret1. Chl~f of thr;- Chltwan to"ial, subnitted the following repo rt to K,,-thmonw': ' . .

uln ora31' to operate mail (hulak) ;;'.::r-nces to Chi twan, :nail-carri;.;!rs (hulaki) had been appointed previously fo r tran spo ~t.illg. mail throu gh the HitaUl""d route . fl'h,-;~r w~re pa1.d a salarf ' o .!' Rs 3 Jo.eh po r month . However, the r'lo..:i..1-carriers refus:;:d to work un t his salary because the mail l'Qu·.:.c passed throu gh for~st s t and the Rapti rl.vl:!r was floqde u during tile rair:y S(; c,::lo n. MOreOV/;'lr, they added , the~' had to :;" .:l:.l8oin in constant f (iar of death at night because the a're,:o, \-fr.s infested ,·l1th such wild aniuat s as rhinoc eros, ti ger, and e:L,~ph;;..rJ.t.

aln Shrat-lan 1939 , (July 1882) , thcr"i)fore, I rf-,i s ,~d too sal a ry o f t riC mail-carriers to Rs 4 pel' m:mth, and that of insp'~cto rs (Janchrud) to Rs 6 . I havB been op(', r ating postal servic:::s <'.c co rdingly, 11

On Fhlgun Bndi 10 , 1937 (February 1881 ) , PriDI0 Hinister aanoddip Sirnha approved a decision l'ufusing to s anction the incr·'.;::,(.'!1t ;"Is-de by i< ajo r_Gaptain l-".uktinath Up reti. Instead, h(~ decreed the follmling arranGements :

( 1) t~ail shall be transpo rtcrl( to Chi ttian) Hitb:1lra , whichevdr ' I'Oute if. shorter'.

through Up ardang or

(2) Ric~-'l:mds si'!.a.1.1 be .as si gnJi (to rllall- carriers) t o op~r;:;.te Llail s':lrvices through such route.

Earli .. 1' an oI\ier had b"len sent to the Nepal Go ;3\'/ara HulJl-;: Ghar lNepal Gen~ral Post Office) on Ha:;h Bculi 101 1937 (J.ln..! al"J 1881) to appoint mail-carriE.:rs \.11th asSi ~;rjj;lmts of ri c c-l ~Jl(ls on Ailh1ya tenurn for operating mail s,~rvices to Chit\'/an through Upardang_Gadh1.

The Fap cl Hulak Goswara Adda Ghar .tl·~en suanittJd th~ followlll:i r .:;;port :

UThe' Jii~aur2. rcute is v ", ry difficult, because th\J fupti 1'1.V(H ~8cC?m3s, ~mpass~ble du rin g ths rainy s eason,. and 1t 1~ dilficult. m op erate mail s~rvicf:s ,ryven t,1I'ou~. ~~uaried lJlail .. carri~rs. Orders mvy , ther'';!ore, ne 1~::iU ·:'d to a!'po1~t mail ... carrlerz \fith assigrun~nts of ::i '.!9-1unds under adhiya termre t.h rough th;; ~\luwakot-Il'd.t-Jp a1.'d.ang route. Arrnnse;oents may also be l~l:lde, to grant tax-exemption to those mail-carriers as ~n o~her Hulllk posts. .

liln Cas~ t!H! Se arl'an :~e:;hmts are sanctioned the 14· Illail_carr:Lu!'s apPoin cl';.d f o r the IUtaura I'Oltte on a tott'.l salar'J ,of Kamp..llli as 504 may be dismissed.11

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On Bais:lkh 3adi 11 t 1939 (April 188 2) t Prima Mi hi::::t·.u · Renoddip Slmh~ sent t h e following order to l"ia jor-Captain Hu\:: t.inath Upreti btJcause of t.he delay in implamenting the ,~rrang'::r.J.ents mention:_'Il above :

l1.A,ppo.lnt 32 households fa I' tuo HuJ.ak pests \,ri th a:9Si cnr:lents of revenue from furdgBncu lands (1. ' ~ " lands measured in tanns of o~teom u.nits) obtained froDI the Chitaun Mal. Grant those households tax-exl!lIIptions at the :"I'lta of Hc~lar Rs 3 Aach . In case ·these arral}s ements arc .. )ot · 1mill"Dlmt·.~d by Jestha 1, 1939 (Hay 1'+ , 1b82), p..:rmi sl3ion shall ao lon:;; .... r be granted to d~bit t h e :;.a.l .tries of the (i-i itaura) mail- carri e rs. 1I

A simil,':',!' o rde r WaS s~nt to -:::11'3 Bakyauta. Goswara Auua , warning it that it Hould hi:! punished with a f1n~ if' a rrangements ',lere not mdde for a:.:si gnnents of rica-lands by t hat date (}lay 1~, 1 ~82).

On Ibadr a. Sudi 5. 1939 (Au gu.s t 1882) , the Hep cl Hulak Go swar:). Ghar su hni tted the following Npc.rt to K:J.thmandu ;

uIn f1.ccOrdanC{l with the orde r of Dhlsakh Badi 11, 1939 (April 1882) tha $alar1~d ;nail-carcters h r.ve '). 'en disUli::ls e d. !lo\'f~ver. assignments of land h ave not yet b,; (ll'l made . Consequentl y , mail s e rvices h ave bcen disr.lpted. Until such asSigrunents a re madA, the follo wing arrane~ents may I t.hereto re, be sanction~d ;

(1) P.:.'Ons of tile Hest No. 2 Bakyauta Adda !hould ~ '!L1ploy..rl to tra.nsport mail to Chit\<1an ("!Very ~lednesday.

(2) teons of the Chi taun J:'ial. AM-a should be' ' ;r.lploY~d to trallsport mail. from Chitwan to Gorkha ..

(3) The Nepal. Hul3k ~swara Ghar shOUld be authorized to despatch mail to Chitwan every SUnday ..

However, t ha goVCl'fUlIi.:lllt d~cide<1 that "peens belon~n g to the r·iil1tio. cast not bv ~ployed . for the transportation of l!lail. 1I

It, there fore.' decreed that the dismissed mall-carnors be re1.nst:O.t ."u and midl services operated ac oo rdingly.

The :J211al Hu l a!\: GosWara Gh ar, ho'tlcvcr, :respond:il d a s follows 0:1 AsW1,n lli.d1 9 ,. 19 39 (Scpte i:':lb~r 1882) ;

ItIt tao dismiss::;d mail-corriers are re1nstat '::ld, the gov~ rru;; ~nt w111 incu r .<). total oxpondi ture of K3I1tp ani Rs 504. Until -mail-carriers are ap'Po1nt~d . wit.h assigrull ~nts of ri~e-lands und~r adluyn tl;l;ma'e, four mail-

. carrio l's , t'lroO c:?_ch at Gorkha and Upardang-Jhuvani, may be appointe d on a tOOnthly salary of Mohar Rs 5 each. Mail. f:orvictls can Dol Opt'l fatoo. tor the tim.:l bfJing if nacc3s a ry o::-ders to this ~rrect are sent to the n~pal Iiulak Goswara Ghar, ths Kamandar1 K1tapkhana, tht.! Kausi '£osakhana, and thu Chitwau. Mal.

8 ....

This r~"!(,!oall':endatlon waS acc3pted, and ord~rs as m , :;·ltion~Jd :iOOve HoJ r~ issu .... d accordingly on Kar tik l3adi ~ , 1'.l39 (October 1 1:Stl2) 1n ;:.il;:: naLH~ o f' Prima l-u.nistc r Ranodd1.p ::i.\..lJ.h ~\ c.nd Commandul .... in- Chlct' uunural Dhlr Shumshere Jung Rnnu BahaLlu r.

Lt; Colonel D.i jaYa .rung Panue Chhotr1. 'WaS Ch ief of t h e UCyal Huluk Goswal'a Auda at that t1m~ , with Dlttha Lokamnn Slddhl as h i s depu t y •

:tugm1 RJs.Jarch Coll ection , vol . 82, pp. 5 1 9-525 ~

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A :)ha rt. History of Ncp rjl

Bablram Acharya:

(Contlnuoo from the December 1982 i ssue) ".

(Chapt ::'! ;;' V : l'F ahilo Licchavi Ra jyo. , (1. Sam . 100- 525 An . ) ( l'he flr ~:;t L1 Cch t.'V"i 3tate Ci rea A. . D. 100-525) pu rnifl-O!, No . 47, Narga 2037 ( Nov .-,mb~r-Decer"oor 1980), pp. 1-5 . £dlt -:d by Dev1 Prasad Znanduri) . -

1. Tllc.: cl v.1.11z00. Brahm r,ns and Kshatriyas lnhabi tlng the Ci&nz;~ and J~n.:'. plain s 'r egarded the L1cch avis :cU1d i1aJ.las in the ..... (!s.t as Kshat riy as who ,l1ke Khasas, had lost their tradi tions . Unll1\.~ t h·.! fOl.1ll~ r, the latter did no ·~ have any social 'llld reU"giou s tradi.tions . The matriJron1al sys tem follow{.'.d by Licch .. wis and Mal.las \laB not as stl'On," as the ' one fol 1.o\-T'=!d by Dr <J1m:ms and Kshatr1yas . This is "\lhy they we r e de:::p:i.3~ . On the ot h er ha,old, Licchavis and l·(;-.ll i'.s did not ree;ard themselves as Ksh l. .... triyas of inferior o r low statuS . '£hey con ~id~; red t h .dr lineage as pure as the wlltt:: r of the Ganga . 'rh'1Y h ud :n ;.!r gcd into the Magadha Kingdom dur1nc the.! ruld of' the S1shunaea dynasty, thus b.;~om.1ng a Pt~ u f the <3mp1re of i'lo rth I ndia, rut tht.'Y did not f o r get tb:lr gl o riouS hlst o:ry fo r aoout 900 y{~ ars. 'l'hey ruma1nud a part of tho .,;hlpir.ol ,;h"3ll the &mcaS t Kanwas and Satav iJ"lanas 01' South Indi a ::.ll.f''. c -3ssively rul<.: d OV,Jr Nor'th India aft,:r tll.3 tmd of the Meu ry~ dyn f'~ "y .

&5 .

2. In A.D. 5'0 , l\ushan a s from the wes t conqu(~r<:.ld north Indi a . 1'hi 3 r esulted in Cl. l'Cl igious upheaval. ':i.'he Licchavis !IJld MrQla~ , WlU \:t:l l '~ o ri gi nally Illddhists , conv'::l'ted thcmsclve ~ to t he StillUtan3 rc11g1c:1. after it WaS adop ted du r in c; the: r~ibn o f the S\,tnga kin gs. Eoweve r, dU:':'ing the l~e1 gn I.f' X.:mishkn, tile Kushan et:lperpr ..me ascenc1C1l thz throne in ;".D. 78 , a nd \11'>.0 fol lo'w'~d 3,:'iu propac;atldd Eu,~,JU9"l J the KUsJ:l:IDaS start.:!d u::::tnj force on th\: prot~xt of p ropagating t:lei r reliGion . Th t-:ir a.1a:. .... as to consoli c~ .. te th...::i. l' po>.'e r. Unable to vi thste'1u such r o:!liUioll s onsl aughts, ~Oi:.lO Li cchavis .. i l s r~'l.t(!d -:;':;. t!~~ '!.'h . . ,ru_ inhu.hi t-::Jd r e r ~st a!"e 3.~ L! ~~: -.; r.:o :.:th . 'J.'hey ::.tlbduJ<i ths 'fl'!.!lIUS and iJcgan ruling o v e r than .

3 . ::Mring the p,~riod o f the Kushan_ insplr;":l~ -..Ipheaval , a gr oup ot Mallaz also migr ated to artlas t'l. I'Ound the p resent­clay Dal1 ~L:h district , cro:;sln~ the Mahatha r a t PaSs through tha b<::r:lc!::i o f the Kn.lnw..i rivo r, and establ. l sh":!tl n $i';~l:­p r1ncipcli ~y therc., . Bec ;\.use the prlJlcl pflJ.1ty ~laS i::lun ded by t h e t-i:1llas, its .:: api tal waS named Hallapuri . 81;;:11 arl.y , .:l Kshatrly ,'. f amily f roiD. Koshala founded a state l'L~ !Cu lllaun wi th K.:l.: ';'; rlpu r as i t:; c apital . Ac cord1n e to l ~wnc., Sha1.ivahana was t hE'! fi rst ldn:i of this state. Its ruL;lI' .:i we r ::: called Katyur!. after tJ16 :'l bin~ of ~ their capital . The Seti river i'o nn.:d ti1',~ to,undul'Y oo twd en th;;;: Halla and KatYU l"i kingdoms .

4- . Durin ~ciJ .~ r 50 y .m.r rul ,) ove r t he Tar ai , t:1 C Lichhav!S "':ld Il a d a ::;ood 0Pi:J01"';'UId ty to :;tudy t h e situ ation i n the Ki rat:.". Kin '~dom o f :i \.:p al. 0 The ii~pars ware W>3 ak 'JT tr,;,n t h e L1Cc.11;;.vlS, 'i1 enc 8 the l atte r \'Mr'~ abl e to conque r that Kin L~Uom ea~. J.y circa A. D. 100 . The fir st Llcch:J.vi king who t ;lUS occupi "'(l ::'h r; he (';Lrt of iir'p al and ~stablish,;;d a stC'~te. t~le r :,Ol WaS Hhumi Vanna . His grand son , Jaya V3.rma, ~::Ctlend{' ci t Ile fren.d~rs of il~al by conque ring the Q;J.ste m and \leste m princip::.li t i..:s ruJ.oo by poJOplll of l~on~olian stock . Th t':: Tarai WaS already undo') r til o,:ir occupation . 'l'h :.: to tal aNa o f' ti,le Licchavi Kingdom,inclusiv ';! of t ho 'rar2'~ , waS fiv~ q r six times Zl'oatar than that of t h1.3 erst .. oh11·: Kirata ' state . I t did not prev.:! har<;l fo r thlil Licchav1 k ings to Subju gate Hongol i an COHWlun1tl.os in thv eas t and t h>J woJst. ru t it ''InS czrt31nly di ffi cuI t for thom .to make t.hJSO sed­civilized COlll iTD,miti cs c1vlliz~rl and l aw- a bidin g. ,Tay a Deva' s sUCceSSors gradually p .: rform:Jd that t a sk.

To the eas t of th'J st ;;,t(: o f }!<tpal l ay Kamaro!)a , \lhich was i:'lhuU!.~:.ed by Hon:;ollan COllU.1Uniti c s . Mongol:i.~·1 ("..nu 'l'iheto_ wnnan ~0:uillun1tius inha biting Assam and the Hil.ialay;m areas locatoJd t o t h e no rth fonn ed 'part of t hu state of K: .. :JUurupa . 'J.ne l'o did ,lo t ~):i::;t any oth~r independent stato i> ~ ~t\.le:m No3pal :lo,d Kllmantpa. '.rho '.flsta rivi.! r tluls fonn :~d tha n.:.tu i·sl ooundary betwc:;(:n :,;h?! two stut cs. However, neith,':r tha Li cch;:O.vis of

i:-1<!p al no:." th e wore able to .lxt ~nu th ~1l'" au thority to th(3 r ~ltions b th~ two stat~s, 1n~tS!ilu ch as th .)s~ rl;! ~:;:lo ..... erc toJd by unclvillz~d trib ... s of Mongol1an stoClt . Th~ . succ ",_>d i..d 1n subju ,"~[l.tin8 the M9.l.la stat .." of' t lJ r th~ Hagar a r",aS of the w.;!st. 'fh iJ kings 0 r QtP.on .1 VaSs::J.s of the stato of Nepal. a VaI'lI!a , ~'l ~vl;;fl Llcch e.vi 1tlngs

• Th:J last L1cchav1. King was - ...,. 3?0- 390 Le

86.

5"~ IAlring t he p :Jrlod wh<.n th.:l first fourt '_.;;n Licchavi king::; F IJ i. -" rull11~ oy',; r n ',:,pi:ll , thi:: Kus.1!anaS were d:..i.ven out of north India. Ki:'lgS of tho Naga dynasty tli.;.A1 .st.arted ruling Qv.:.:r North India. Th",lr plac;c: waS l a t .Jr 'to},(:n by the Vakatal~as. EJll'"t' ,~ ror Safuudra Gupta then ... stabli~h0d "Gb.;; Gupta Empire Qv<; r th ,,' W1.o1o:: of No rth India. ' H.;: rul .id from circa A.D. 335 to 3&:>. ' l!:mp Jro r Samudra Gupta was t ht: r.ophuw of a Llcchavj. king. It uas .... 1th tlY,;l h 31p of the Lic<:h:::o.vis that 110 boo b . ;...:n abl '; to found such a vast ..:mpiro. Th...:: king of :: ~pal too h~d to ~bnit to his h..::gumony. Chandl'9- Gupt a 11 ( circa A.D. )80- lt14) \13.5 even mor~ pO .... 'Jr1'ul. It W:'.5 during his rul .' thGit th ... ' r <; '':is a revolution \lithin th~~ royal dynasty of Nl..'P:U , r"L5 a r e::3ult of which Vasanta Varm:;, -Wa,::: :r- ' :~plac'.:.d by Vrisha D;;:vu ( circa A.D. 390-415). Though h..;: too '.-Ias a Licchav1 'and a dcsc;;;ndant of Jaya Deva, Vasanta Va.!'Iila adopted th;; titlu of 'Deva " assumed by th~ rultJ rs of Kar-tr.i..1)ur. '1'h1s title i::; still aSSu lil .d by thl: Kings of Ui!pal . VI'isha D':::va was SUC(,; '.: i L: .. '<i by his son, Shankara Deva '(circa A.D. 1}15-440). Shankar "l. D-::Jva W:lS succ ()-.)d.:Jd b~" his son, Dharma lkva ( Gil'Ca A.D. 440 ... 463). Bo t h of thoJn mLd in a puac~ful atmosphere .

6 . In A.D. l:-63, H'-1na D,Nct I, son of Dh3.rma D.1V,"- , asc~ndcd th0 thro:l~. TlK Hun :). invasion of north India, a.'1cl the robcl.l1on by Pus."I)y.:>.td.tra , a !l~tty gov","rnor , nm..: Y"::ars ~al'l:!- 1r, had .;h:lkan the t;1upta Empir',Z; . KUlQai 'a Qupta (Circa A.D. 415-454) di(::d in t~l":: I'Il.JUntl :,l,Z!. Howev .:: r, 1115 son, Skanda Gu:pta (A.D. ~11-570) \-IaS abL; to S3.v\J his ,;,u1pl.ra by d('!fcnting both the inv('.dcrs anCi th.:; r~bcl.s by dint of hard \-IOrK ~.nd valor. A similar uV.JI'lt o"l;(:ul'r",d in N0p<U. in A.D. lt63. In 't h a t y,;ar Kin e Iilanna D~!Va diad SilG.d..J.UY , and the Va!}sals of the cast", rl1 ,!,l'incip.u!.ti~~§. of !L.;pd r .i:b..::11.ld c.ga1nst :,hi s ruinor successor, j·1ana Duva I".l1anr-. Deva, howovcr, hcnd.:.u ·:) VGr the . reins of Ildi-:;!ni.str .... tion'tp his rx,.t.h, ~r, Rajynvati, wont to the Ba-st ern r ,.' f;:ion, and ::rubduixl th ... rc:b~s. On his rotu'm to t he c d.?1tal, ' ho ~c ·J1.v:id rJports ot a r(Nolt by th(, vassal. statos of tllU w",st crn rugion ' al so. Hu p"":I's:mn.lly cor,m3l1dcd 8ll. arr~ s;::nt to thc:..t area to qt.\cll the r'ilb.::llion. H,) conquc.rcd Hall apuri and rutum .. d""w1~h 3ubstan t ial bo~ty~ .A. 'Pillar in~crlption d'Jseribing his ~ctory is stil.l standing ~:lt t he t'.::lilplc of Changu lIarayElXla, l~at~ five J.liL·s cast of KathUlI.',l1du. . . : ', \

• . , ' ~ ' I

I'lana D.::va dLii in cl !'Ca A~D. 4-93 afte,~ ' a ruL; of .?bout thirty y~"\rs. His rule W"ttS a purlod of pc::lCU runl "1!'OSP.1rity. B,.)Cr>usc th<.l path of pro gress was OPdll, tho Kl,t:I:~(lom- of N~a.l waS b ... col!ling Prosl) rous. His son, Mahi Deva, rul , d for hoout twunty yuars (cire f'. A.D. 493-513). His rul~ toO, \/1.S D(.t:.,ceful. 'fhtJ pllopl ", thus 'w joy\·.d allout half a ccntuIY of u v ").ce and prosp-=l~.i:~y und~r ' ti1 ;;: l"Lll~ of l·iana D.ava. a nd Halli DQv~ Theroafter. hovevllrt l! p.'r1od of intranqu111lty s e t in. , In c:Lrc~-A.D. 513, Mah! D(JV2. was succucde<i by his son, Vasantf', Deva . It,).,8 around tl!i3 tim ..:l that · th'~ socond Huna invasion shook thE;" found~'.tion!; of th':i Gupta Emp'ire ·(A.D. 5'10). B..."'eall!JG of t~30 trou hl'_s , Vasanta D.::v;J. Wns forced to abdicat.l nftur a ru1.a · · .... of abou''L, tw iL Vi} ·y.):?rs. This CVl;mt mark "d the rod of· Vrisha. D-;va 's nynasty after 0. rule of six ·g~nerations • . It Was from this tiI:J.., that the nuCient p ':': riod of N","pali history carne to an ;;.nd. rind t)J.~ 2~. :l6~L.~~ . ..p:~r:tod began.

7. Because lUddhism . had disrupted the, Vcdic, :i."'Cligion, the . Sunga Emperot, ·Pushy.auitra; reade' an attempt to r tl store 1 t , thereby l.::ad1n G: to thEi ElD<:lrgence of a nEl\{ reJ.i ~ion known a s the:: Sanatana reli gion. In this religion, such Vedic gods as Iadra, Varona, and Nasatya were given a lowly :placa , . p r id.e of' ylace b~1nil J;1ven to V1shnu ' and 3l1va, Images of th .f' se ~ods b~ gUl~ to be ~ol'shipped, repl acin r V.;;d.ic s acrifice s . D~vot.eeS of V1shrru and S11va c am e to l::Ie known 3.S Va1::li li.l i-.V~ and .S11va. resp ectively . 'fhe L1 Cch ~1.vi s Were Va1mnavas when th.::y arrived in Nepal. The f1r :;;t i mage ln stEUJ.~d by them "'as therefore, of Narayana ( Vidlnu) at the Changu illll in the s-.lbond century A.D. E.q:> a r o t' Cil:';';ldra Gupta 11 had 1nstal.l ' ~d an itt~ge of Varaha ( Narayana) at Uclay a giri near 3t11 :;& in- Ma1l1a . The L1cchavi K1ne l:»bankal~:;' Deva or Dhanna Deva instull .~d a similar rut small.e r ima e;c in Nepal a t Dhuffibal\.Ju, tuo i,111es to the north.-east of Kath.:-:landu . Mana Deva I hud inl:>tallcd two images of Vamana ( Vi::;hnu ). BJ.t hi s Jllar~ars and su bj ac ts lnstall t;:d S11 v a_l1n f!o2. and images o f D1vruK ura sun) also .

Hot all the L1cchav1s who came to Nepal Were Kshatriyas , .for tIle-re we re also llrahmans , artisans, and Dusuts among thea. Brnhman and Kshatriya LicchaviS mainta1n :ii mat rimonial ral. ation ~ in the plains . Because th3ir relative::; visited Nepal frequently tho found.ltion of the 5anatan:.. r r:D..lg1on ''IaS Lud here. Th .1 S3 Brahror>J1s and Y.sriatr1yas also L -.troduced the c ustl' zyst€lll in .. !f,"pal , rut th~~ir nu mb <:! r WaS v'.:ry SiII<1l.l . The Nep:.lr inhabitants of the cupital and the adjo1.nine ureaS wore fuddhists , and so no c-aste divisions emerged alilOng them, as ~ell as woon:; oth,1r comrunitles of Mongo11an oriGin . .

8·~ The :aJdcll1i ~t N11o;ion , which had b~:i:n di ::';lupted by t h e SUng:::. k i n bs, was l a t ar r dO r ganize:d 1n th~ f OlI:l of' the i:1. ahayana seCt . Foll.)w:) rs of this sect gave th e ;l :~,iliC ot: Hinayana to th t; o1d s~ct . Hilhuyuna 1l1ddh1sn was propagat ·:,(', q, Kanishka ( circa A.D. 7~98). Ha propagatc:d it no t only in rorth India rut also :l,.n Chin.::. "Il'ld Mongolia, as well as ar.()n ~·: "':.hc llepars of Nepal. AccordinG to Mahayana Ibddh1sm. the B. l.1lllia Was not e. rul,l .. "\.n b31n::; but a supC!I1'laturaJ. being . Imil.~ . e ~ of the wddho. bagan to be 1nstalled 1n cattyas . Worsr,1p ~d prayurs to the Buddha tu :>k th'3 place of right concbJct. l'he Licchav1. kings of l: ~pa1 · followoi the Sanatana religion. Vrisha Deva w"S the lone Blddh1st .among then. Gun V1hara was 1:uil t during l:1s rE::ign wo,;) st of Kathmandu. It 1s now call ~d Si.lLlthU . King Mana Dc.:v c. WaS a V:rlshnava, rut ha did not show d.i. 3r '! sp~ct to &1ddhism. Durinc his reign , a _ bi_C Vihara, known <.::-1 :·iana V1harn , \la S blilt. ::.:t Wa s ?onsidt::r oo. a s s acr·:;d. a s Gun Vihar a . 3J t thl:': fo rm of D.:.dcU'lisn did :lOt sprdud ClJibng l'nn ,rolian com lluni ti .Js oth ;1' than the Nopars . ...

. 9 . 'l'hl'! cereals and fruits cultivat(;ld in the plains bdean

to l"o .culUvated in. Nepal also_during the Licchavi p ' ~r10d. · In the h1lls, iZ'rigation charmel.s wure dug with ~reo.t la1:or to reclaim lands as rico-f1~lds. This WaS done on · Cl l u.r ge scaJ. :a durin g the L1ccllavi pc~od.l and r1ce-CUlt1v,-... tion ~xp~U1dcd. Handic~ts found l.n N.:lrth India raach ~~ iJepru.,

88 .

Md 1m:l.r;'Js such a:.: those of Varaha, Vamana, and ti,(j J) .. l(idha , and () ~!1 ', I' :..;ton.:. c.rtifa.cts, w(:re LU:l.d\:: . '11113 art ~ of ill:::icri bing flgur,! s or, '<KJod., a ,~ .:.f iRak1n~ c arrl agO::l s, wurc in>.:.roduc~d . ZX!lort. t r t.d3 start.-e ill 3hl1n,ji t, Cincho na and oti • .;r mfld1c1nal \lo.:: r bs un(-. 'c;. ru gs , as ,,'·..!ll a s Gha~, hon ey, and Hax. CO!;lpani es of a ltisn,.'1:'> and trad~rs w~rc formed . &for~ tl1~ tit.\.,; of !iana Duvu 1 silv.'lr .E:..!r'ma coins, ",-!ld coppe r Pa.na coins , which were in cl r"Cul ,:.t:Lon i!1Bih ar, were u s.:d 1n N~p31 . ~ an a D..:!v a .n1nt2d h i:.; own c0f'iJ ~;r coin s , kno wn as J.1:'lna nk a, a:l(! ',;.i"lUS facilitat Qd trade . 'l"'hc Li c cllavis ho.d no lit..::rat 'U l'J of their 0 \0,'11 . The fol1ow(i l'S o f boOth thiJ Sena t alla ~li e1or! <"Id Iliddh1 sm s t udild '\:h.1 Sanskrit litt:ratur~ und r a11 gicus tt~xt5 of I ndia'~ 1'h<:: Mon Gol i ans, on the oth!:; r h and, w,3 r e 1111torat .:; .

10 . · Lik :: t h\:! Sun C'-l.S und t h e Gupta , the Licch ::tvi ~ f ollo wt::d th~ f::";jst ...m o f i!IOnurc!lY . Th i".:re 'IIns no traCt.: of d ... ~ Ji"()c racy in that ~y 3tcm . fu ·;: the monur chy paid touch att;mtion t o the \!lclfare of the Sl.!.bj-::c ts . ThoJ capital o f the Kira t n Xinetbm W=tS located in IlX) de m Lal1tpur, rut th ::; ;.;arly Licch'wi IUL~rs shifted the capi tul. t o a n e w pl ;).c(~ s :loout two mll .:: s, to tho no rth. 'l'hoy call.:-d it Val :i1<ll1, thi..1r or1gin~'ll horn _, i n India . l' hi s 1s the -vI ae ,,: h:novn 1).5 Vishalanagara in I i;;~nds . Mana J)cva shift(:d his c~.p;ital. b3.ck to the l<!r&te. capital , and built ;l. pcl..:::.Lc~ t here . 'rh..! pL'.lae~ was kno wn -as H :.~.n ;'.g riha , of w:11ch !-!r.n icln is th~ corrupt j."'orm . Hf'Jl u Dcvo. SC !JlL~'; to h ·.ivO laid t he foundation of that, pUC.Ctl a t 0. v :) ry mlspic io\l S !l\QID.cnt t fo r the t own ranain0d thu c ap! tal. of !~ (OP:ll fo r o.1x>ut 1000 yeal's . A pa1['.c.J wilt d'..1ring tha 17th ccntur-J on the s1 tc of i1anugriha 1s still ·xtant.

End of Cbapte r V

.lliUruljlt1~ for JU!!l.la ...... A.D, 1filQ

Vill::.ge head;":'i.;M (tha.n1.) and other inhabitants flU;;l all over Jumla submit.t-...d the following p<':tition to PriLI:.'! i-linister Barn Eo.hadu r J

• UEcCaus~ our hcnd is si tu at ad in the HimaldY:.Jl region (Ihotanta) and is covered with snow, our ancestors had requestGd the r;OVdr\.l.oner:.t to ·m c..!:e special arrD.i1;j..::~aents

for it , and th e: :!;ov~~rrun(mt ilad don·~ so accordingly.

IIThese ("'I)::/s local revenue officiaLs (amali), military p3r~onnel, and. other p(!opl_e are acting in cOi1trav:mtion of these ri-l[:.ul ations, Thi::; haS caus"!d us gran.t hardships, I!

Frime HinistBf B.:1..al fuhadur th?.l1 promulgat.3d the following regul.?tions for J ·.,.;mla :

1.

2.

3.

~.

At the tiir,c when Jumla Was bro]Jght under our control, ·;;he follm'lil1 i3 royal order had bt:'en issu..:d: IlNona of ou r offici31sancl function ari es shall fo rei bly n.pp ropriatG the horses, sheep, and women of ·c.he inh.abitants of Jumla. no dispute of the tire>': of the I(:>J.Yal Kin::;s shall be revived. 1f l-le heroby reconfirm t::us ordar.

An ordo.r h :.'.d "b ·.~en prourulgated PNviously to tr.0 \~ffec t t "i"lat no inhabitant of any of th8 f'ift ·JeJ.1 cl.ivisions (<13.ra) of Jumla shall ba summon:u in connection \-11th any dispute from outside ti:ld district. Ll thtl future also, cOloplaints subn1tt • ..,u by any irlhabi tant of Jumla sha.l1. . be heard and clinpo sad of ~!1 t~;:;: pre;:;~ce of local ,?ffici~s (amalil . iliardar), 10coJ. f\.\;"lct~onaries (than)., thar).), and GtU';lr :"'c~spt:ecta1;l,~ poopl",. In Case their judgbl~)nt is not ~atisf<:i.ctory, the case may be referrad to li S.

1:0 one sh3ll. dOlllandt.he rtllClempt10n of lM(.l.S mo rtgaged (mat) sincc~ b ·,for<:-! the revenUfl surv+1Y of tlu Vikrama year 1862 (A.D. 1805"). Land.s Ilk)rtgag~d nft~ r that d:;:. to may b<.;.. r:::"!daem'.:d against payml:lnt of the loan o~tain"!c1 fron the creditor. A regulation containing thiS . provisipn, first promulgated in the Vil;:rama year 1887 (A,D. 18»), 1s hereb'J reconfi!!,l'~d.

In the following miO\.tt r~rs local. officials (~naJ.i bl1ardar) shall subnit l'eports to us and td:;.;, achon 0.::3 0 roe red : '

•

(1) Ric~l:r&1ds not cov'3red by thek-thiti arrangements (that "is, thos<.:l roclalm,~d e..ft ., r such c. rrangements .... ere made).

(2) . Murdl1r thr~:lUgh the use of weapons,

(3) Cow ::;lnughtar,

(It)

(5)

90 .

Sodoiny with cows. . . ,

SO}(U aJ, rdatiol)S bet\J~~n p .:s rsons , bc1oi.1~ng to purl) (chokh,a) and untouchable (dum) casteS.

In ~ht-~ follo"1u ~ cas~S, umalls, l:hardars, thanis . and th o.:..~lfJ shall hold a joint r'L;et~ug and pronounc'.l a juuf?n~' l"I't if thl:.'Y can do so . Oth,~rwiSU t th'3Y shall ref~ r th ·:; CaS 'as to us :-

5.

6 .

(1 )

( 2)

(3)

Incest b0tw~ea l.el ~tivi..: s within f1w ~~.")nerat1ons b~on e1ng to the Bral unan . Slahi . Th aku ri. and Tagudh!lri (L a . suc Nd-thraad-woaring) Kha s cast(:::l.

Illi cit sexual. i nt "" rcourstl bct ',men p ,: r~ms b-.lon:;i.ng to t he ~lladhya:ya Br."lhman c ,tste .

&.1pp.r~ssion of '1nfurll1.J.tion rcti a tin,i to su ch offen:;~s and involv'::Cl..:nt of oth .: r P '!'S0ns 1n the use of cook- .d ric e (contaminat.r;,.d by th~ t ouch of) th~ offr.;nders.

In Case any cOIilplaint 1 s fil Jd at tha Ofi'i C3 of the :·.ti.11ta l'Y i n J umla, ' the: complaintant shall ~upplY free ',)Itlv1s1ons to the rni11t~\I'Y p ersonnel sc:n't; ·~o l.nvest1gate t.h~ compLlint • . "nla latter shal.l not d eaalld additional paymt.nts ( p:rajkhan1).

Th~ mol1 aild JiJDmawal.s shal.l apptopriate income rrom tha b,,. ri ::.nd J(arnan . roes col.lectoo rrom lit.l ga!lt s. -rhay shall. refund such paym~nts in caS(~ '~hey are not ab!.a to dispos~ of the case .

? '£h-.J .A.mal1 o f T,,, a;.1.d no t L""k)!",j ,

J":i.mIllawal \illo ~'''",lE''LCcii at th·~ ..;nd o f ~ach y aar.

ruP .-:;2;S only, f i;; 1:i fror.: nllch Ililik ry Office

o-~ La.ild tax (pata) on escheut pruPt"lrty, or on !YJld"~ng s wl~ch hav~ b~'en vac at :·,d bY .th.! occupant, ~hall ba Col~act\~d from ral ~tiv':l s wno appiOpriatu nuch proPerty or occupy such holdinGs. - Ot;.h:'.. rw1.se, tha d .::fic1t shall lx- r .j ali z:!d from l1-lwly .. cr =atdd. heu scll:>lds .

9 . Local gov~rlllilcnt ('j...Jpl o:f ~~s . and. mill tnry p ,; rsonncl. s'1all not d,lputo poons to ths villag~s' on th~ pr~t.)xt of.J.. Iev ls1n e; l'WUnu) scttlem;JOts and exact prpvl s10ns \13. ~u t P .J.;-rn.:-:nt . from the villagurs. No onc shall cull:..:ct intt.: rJst a t t ha rata or four ann r-:.S (in the rupee) on 10ans suppli",d to v1.ile-gore, bJ. t shall o r.!.ly ru~1zlJ thCt principal. elon.! With -int·,; .. ' .:-.st at t.ela: rat e 01' ten p.Jrc.mt a year. . ,

- . 10 . Unil.:! coll1jet-lng rev (·.nu~ in. th~ division, '( xpcns~s

511311 b.:.; pJ.1d only t o :":)u r p (lrsons: the J i mmawal. , ona bahi dar, on<:l pilOn (.f:£W), and on\l s .:n-vant . (l<lJta). In caso they ask for provisione , ryots shall i,):;oJ.t J S.l.pp1l · ~s uva11abl.e only again::t paym:mt .

91.,

11. 'I'h<:: inh<~ui. t~its of JUll'~a shall p ay SalUfi1i f'Jos

120

13.

15.

17.

LflpO s,~ d. ai: our ord0I's. , '.they !ill.::.!l not Pt;":{ .!such f~es if lilIpo::i, ~d by J.Clcal. officials (arnal1, b.l-:l ...... rdar), end 1Unctlonari'Js (thani, thari, JilDllawal) on any protuxt. In ::l.rvaS \·:h..::r,:-;. r..!V;;:Tlu.;: hdS b.;;.m, assessE..'fi en contractual. (th,)k) b z..:;is, so that no I'--""'filissions 'ar,; alloH,:;d, alllalis sh<.l,l not forcibly 'Jxact -'Salami pilY- n~)nts from tllu p~pl~.

1:1 cas~ milit.ary n :;;.;ds arise in the tJ rd. ;r Clr.:!US, or in Case troops ha.v\J to roach th 3 district l1l)adquart~ 1'::;, tI1e inh£,.oitants of ~ach division shall p rovid0 l)ort.-}rage s ,rvices withou t paym"nt (b(;::gari) for th ,:; trc:l::lportation of suppli os in thoi r r,~ sp·.~ctivo a r '.las (wadn.) ~ . Th~y sh~l not providt! Such port~rage s ~ rvlc'..:.;::; to any on ... -:::1s ;:: , Q xc:~t for th...: ·~j.·2.:'lsportatlon of ~.dl1t o.ry supplL:S nnd sick p ...: rsons.

P .::opl .a oth.:r t han tfi)S0 b;:;longing to Jum1 c, 81103.1 conduct trade only at tho usual plac:::s. Th ,)y shall not b(~ n11ow;,::d to conduct tradIJ tly encro 2.chinC upon th 'J r9J.:~1 trading ~rivil;,;g~s o-f thu 1nh 2.txLL.U1ts 01'. Jumla.

Loc al f unctionn.ri>J3 (JlmmaWaJ.., thani, tJ' .:-:.ri, nsy:} , hi ·i;.o.n, InuLhiya.) and r":sp "Jc tabls p;..:Qpl,J ( lj,) ~Q :.I.dmi) 0 1' Juml t~ Stl~'~l not forcibly cOll.Jct . IOClr~:.;y i'rom th~ p 'io j.)L on 'Cik: pl t;: a th3.t they h,'lV~ to vi sit ch; royal .p".lacu or i:.h.:: district h>i3adqual"'tdrs. I n caS(;' any on ,! OO.:;g !;o , thu local author1 tllds (amali t bhardar) s!lall m:.ll{~: m.m r .;!fund such p~ ·.mts an.cl ;1.1.:30 puni sh him.

WoJights and m("}(lsur~s customarily uS;.ld in Jumla shall be used in -i.: ransactions in such a mann,' r that th~ro is no shortfal.l.. ~ or ll..athi mad,) of copp·Jr, stampt;)d at -the loc~--nlilitary------orfico qr nt tho c ~nter (So.dc:.r) , shalJ. . be u::; ;-,; d for that ~urpo se •

. Local functionar1~s and digrd tarics fthani, th<lkuri, thar1, asyo., h1tan, thar, thapalya) 'shall not., harass the po;;oplc oy dfJUlandint; the r~stor3.tion of coods loot~d (at t~ Um :. of th~ coaquost) on th\:: pretc:xt that such goods had h<.K:n plac ,..ld ~n th4r custody durinf; th;J '~im;: of the. Ka1yal Kings, In 'C"lSC it is ·f)!'Qv...:d that .;n . .: goOclS hnd not b, Jn loot...:d, rut had actl"!::lly b..;;;;;n :plac(od i:rt th0 custody of any p.;Tson, th...:. Lltt.:r shall 0...: mad:.'! to ' ·restor·J such goods. .

Local. functionarios (thani, thn.ri, thakuri, Jimmnw-al., l!lukh1yn) shall. coll.Jct fees, f1n · .. s and ot,hor peymunts in th;.: villag:;;:s placwd unddr th-.:ir jurisdiction and transmit th~ proc,J;Jds through the Jiaunaw<11 of tha o.pproprie.t<! division (dara). th~ latt':)T s ;'lall then '~ ransmit SUC!1 amounts to the ama1i.

1B.

BaiS,lkh (April,

92.

If, at t he cnd of i:. :\ch Y"=;ar, the Jimmawc.l :"f any division i'incis that tf!'~re is ony daficit ill the runount of' contractual rev~j)ue ' . .;bich ha is und-' l' obligation t o pay at the ofnc.~ of the army in Jumla, ll~ shall l'ea1ize ~'Uch defi cit from each local. hous€hold on a oroporttonat(~ basis, If local 8llthorttie:> (arnal1, ·thardar) fiild that the total amount of' r.JV(!nua paid lJy any Jimnawal 1s in axcess of his contractual obligation, tht;y shull arrange for the l'e- f'..mlLilont of' the su rplu s amount to each loczl lJousehold. R o(; ~!ip ~ ::. v i' such r ofundjllents Sllall be S'Jbr·l i ttod to the Sadur D0-f'darlr.hiill n 2ve["j y~ar.

; ;oneylenuc zos (sahu) throughout Jumla shall collect in terest Oil 1·(I.-kin..l l .:> a.ns at the rate of. .. p athi on each nuri of grains. In Case any m:m ;Y-l ;nd·~r coll(~cts int~rest at a h1eher rate, the locf:l.l J i i.>1ll\aWal shall arrang£. fa r the refu!lc1amcnt of the exces!:: amount So collected, and al::;o punish t.hu rl'lOn';yl .:nder.

Ba<li 13, 1907 1850)

Re gmi He search !';olL~ction, vol . 80, pp. 577 ... 87 •

*****

Forest P!'otection

Kathraangg Valley

In the Vikrn.'Il:"J,. year -1l3?2 (A.D. 1815), a ban h;::d been imposed on land reclamation" clearing ,s1.ashb.lm1n;; , manufacture of ChaI'Coru. for pUl-poses othe r than mo~ting the

_r vquiranents of the ru.1nitions Factor;-, and cutt1n~'; of timber in forests areaS in and around Kathmandu Valley, includ;ing Kahule, Hanichur, Sindhu!:tlanjyallg, Mahadev POkharl, Ran1kot, FhUlcll?ki~. Champadevi, Chanda.giIi, Panauti, Ban~pa~ l'Iala, Chunko -.:, JJnulikhel , ll<Jm abarlmol a, Dhumkharka, Hat""(;i ban and SiSl'lp.ri.

iIOH3VC'r , timb::r \·r.. .... s cut, and lands werereclci.!n.;d, in these aro;.:ts from ti.-ne to time unde r orders issu ,.,d by rl.1.ffel'<?nt authoriti0s in contravention of the ban . The forc~.!lt guard.:3 (chlilki<lar, Chaprasi) rdport':Jd -the matter to tile covemment tbroueh the Sardar of the four Adalats.

93 • •

'The: follo 'win, r.~gulat1ons w\lre, .Hagh Bv.ili. 9, 1902 (January "1846) :

therefore, i ~su ,.;,d on • •

1. .io p·::rson ,sh;ul Cl!t t1ltlb.:l r, reclaim lands, 1:urn SlaSh, clo~r for(;sts or lfi20l'l.lfacture charcoal for purposes othi:Jr than j'\'.'8ting the requircluents of the Hunit10ns lo'ac to r.y •

2. Even for ;jh~ating the requirements of the j·ft\nitions F;..cwIY., wood shall not w wmt in pi ts for making charooQ.L. Charcoal for this purpose shall bd mad~ in forests on the oth~r side of toh.} watursl1~~d .

3. The Itachap11 Adalat Will i ssue P ';' Imits fool' timber requiNd [0;" our palac\:l s, or granted .by us to any one , under th~ p "~nn1ssion of the Mukh:tiyar~ The Chiprasis of forest ch~ckposts shall alIo'" tl lliber to be cut tt3Qj,nst such p ,~rmits in th~1r pr,~s0nCe.

4. !'Io one shall cut timbGr through parni1.ts 1::,su . ,(1 by any auth0rity oth'~r than the Itachapli k b l at.

5. In c.:::s'.; n;IY P lTson poach<:ls timbar, or doGS So fraudultmUy , thereby dt..:stroylng forests, or 1!1 case Ch;;o.prasis allow any p",rSO~'1 to do so, t he guiltY p,)rson s_h31l be produced befo~ the Adalat ~1~ pUnishdd severtlly.

Magh lhtli 9>. 1902 (Janl:try 1840)

Regm.1 R:; ~.;!arc.h Coll o.Jc tlon, vol. 74, pp. 613-15.

::lmgn?l'l!. (Chisankhu)

Rama Chandra Kh::.tiwada. OWl1<ld forQst lands und.e r birta - tenure at Jarayotar -in the Bmgnam area (of Chisahkhu in

'the east:.:Jrn hill region). On Poush Sudi 5, 1&)9 (Dec \lIlbe r 1842), the followirl (:; regulations were issued for the protec tion

_' of that for8st ;

1. Ho person S:1<lll cut gret3l1 trcas or grass, Nclaim lands, or mm slaSh in that forest, locatJd CaSt-, of Agrichaur-Danda.

2. In casu my pBrson neods (timber o 'r othl.Or f orest product) for any purpose, hu shall obtain P )l'luission Tram th e b:lrtaowoer ..

3. .o\nY person \0/110 acts in contrav..mtion of tk:!se r oOl!}J.lations S:',u.l. b~ punished.

Pousb SUdi 5 1899 (DecJ.lbvr 18~2) R~gml RQs~arch Coll oction, vol. 74, pp. 404-5.

.!2hg!i§11 a (Sindhuli)

Th(: followir. S ord:~r was issutrl to JaSram Thapa and Kaslli PadhYa BJ.ral on Poush Sudi 5, 1899 (Ddcemb,J~ 1842) :

1. Do not 0110 .... anypnrson to cut gr.)on trees or reclaim lands in ti:le forest aNa situat~d east of the Dhoksil~ Khola, west 0'1' the Kahu1.e-Khola north 01' the Kyaurani .. Kho1.a in Thalo.gaun, and south o~ Dandu .... agaun in the llinglam arua (of S~ndhuli). .

2. Do ilOt aUo\"! W1Y pl3rson to cut trees on th" borders of rice-fi~;lds, or al.ong paths, und near ;3ources of \·lattlr.

3. .1'.l1Y p<.:rson who acts in contravention of this ordl.ir shall be produced before the Amal. and punish ,;:d with Cl. finG.

4~ In caSe you :lllow any person to cut trOt;S 'in thof Pl'Otdctei/forest 9ut of skJci;:J. favor, una. do not prot..:ct ti10 forest caNfully, you too shall be punish-=d \.,1 th fines.

Regmi R6~Qarch Colh;ction, vol. 74,. pp. 410 .. 11.

P ak2.rb<::-.2...J.Dol akhal

OrU,-' r to the Amul.1, Thari, Hajh1ya, and H1jhar of Pakarbas (Dolakna) :

liThe local poopl :.; have subnitttld a caniplaip.t:~kt~.JuGh the Amall to t he effect that p ·~opl.J from Ciutsid.;.t that ['.rea havo r,JclaimA forest lends thero' and ddStroY;.:::d for~,sts, and that, consaqu (~tly, not ~v,;;n khgr grass and It:avcs, 01' timber and rocfinr; matericls for l?llts and cott:;,.ges, are no,.,. aVailable. He. hereby ordar tllat, in the futuro :

1. j:lo parson shall b~ allowed to cut W, s;'",1tq, and N10rla tr.:!eS in n~w forests.

2. Ki'watowners and hirtn.o"WnQrs shall prot i)C't forests on .th'_~ir kipat and birta lands. They shall not s<Jt fire to such forests, or allow any p;;:rson to cLlur n"~ w for;Jsts.

3. The Sanrrl:m. (beams placed across streams) on the Ihatauli-Khola shal.l be mad03 13very y Jolr t:.1I'OU gh tho Junul.l.

4. ilny p...::rson "ha .::.cts in contrav~ntion of this order sh;:.ll b(:; s;.;v <.::re1.y punish·3d • .

Regmi fwsoarch Collection, vol '. 7'+, pp. 411 .. 12.

95.

Phulping (S1ndhupalchok)

Rndlutir Th~'.ll .... subnltted the following petition to Kathmandu :

liThe forest at Kotthok village in the Phulping area (o f Sil1dhupalchok district)" had been protected from forr.~":.!r t1m..::"s . Since the year 1894 (A.D. 1837) t people have been poachin~ timber from that fordst. In c ase the forest is dt,;stroyad t 100 or 12) households in the villnge \.Jill b~ forced to quit."

The fol lu\ling OI\~ er 'VaS then issued on Magh &utl l~, 1899 (Janu ary 1843) :

liNo p ::rson sh3.ll cut timbE:r from that forest. In Case any an I} _requir3s titnb~r for any purp...>se, he SlLill obtain p(;lrmission from Raghubi r Thapa to cut it.n

negmi l1esBarch Coll",ct1on, vol. 74, p . 478.

Bode (illnd'!Aun)

The Qhktaidars (cal'etak~rs) of forests owned by the temples of sri Nilavarahl m d Sri Mahalaxrni in the fbde area (of lhadgaun) cOl,1plaint:ld that tilJlb:~r WaS bcin;~ cut in thoSe forests in contravention of existing reguL'1. tions. They pointw ,out th::.t the Ch1taid.a,u and Mahanes ,vil0- had been appointed as forest guards had b<~\ID placed undd r the obligation of workin G: for the local .ll[I~ atld oth ',<r authorities , \f1th th.; result that they had become unable to prot~ct the forests"

An order for the protection of these for~sts ~lad or.!..ginally been 1s&\1 ,;d in the V1krama year 1886 (A.D. 1839 ).

On Chaitra Dadi" 11, 1899 (March 1843) fi.'"1. Ord0 j.' 'W'aS 1~sued appo ·

"iarj'1.rtl~ml'rIii~~I~~l~~~tf~~~~.nsRldi;a~~~~~bI!_ i~~r0~~e forests:

V1shnu 3ldll3., l1lajudhana Lakhya, Ihajuhir Has and Chandrabir Xha::u. Th";S;3 p .!roons were gran'Led exemption. ~rol::l f1..U fo nus 0 f unpaid L,oor ob1i r~ations (jhara, bt:lth, begClr). l'hD order prohibitJd the cuttill[!; of tilnp,ar or grass in the:y; fON·sts in . contr:.l.vontion of ousting regulations.

~egmi Re search CoII~JctioJ?, vol. 74, pp. 516-' 7. ._. ,

Hahadev,a...fgkhari (Kabhrenal anchok)

Order to th~ Basanta D;::.hal , l{ ' Khatri •

,

!lA royal order haS bB.;:I1 1ssu~d Prl:lV1.ou.!:ll..y to Vishnu Sini1a Thapa to ~lant tre~s on a plot of land known 1:'.s H1lekharka as well as to protect the Patal . for~st around the local ket. COilr)laints ho.vu been race1vad that Vislmu Simha Thapa has

I·' _...-, .. • '"_ ... -~~~·:;;:~i:::~:&-

, .... ,.,._'", :" ::~,';;"

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,H.

ilagLl1 Research (Private) Ltd lBSN I 003"-348x

£WS!.t!!

Regm1. Research series

Year 1~, No. 7

Kathmandul July 1983

Mahesh C .. Regmi

......... 1. A Short H1 s tozy of Nepal.

2. Problems of Land.oTax Collection in Dot1

3. Rates of Jagat Duties

•••

••• •••

Page

9?

101

102

'+. Blrta Grant s to Prime Minister BLr Shumshere".. 103

5" Panchsayakhol,~ ' 104 , '"

6" Blatta Land Assignments 105 ... ?" Hulak Arrangaments 106 ... 8. Forest Regulations 10? '" 9. RegulaUons for the lber1_M:.l.hakal.1 Region 110 '" ..

10. Taxes from Birta Lands 112 .. ...

Resmi Research (Private) Ltd

Laz1.mpat, Kat.lul:aIldu, Nepal.

Telephone I 16927

(FOr privata study' and research only, not meant for public sale, distr1bJ.tion and diSplay.

A Sbort Hi story of Nup a'

Baru ram Achary'a

(Continued from the J une 1983 i srue.)

( Eaburnm history of N iio . 4?, :larga 1I1·fadhy :;·.yu ;ako Y1n.-;Jco. 'Jttaradh11cari the bcg1 1U1ing of tile hi s suc cessor.:;) , p!l .

Uthalaputhala • s .... 525- 642

medieval period, 6- 8) •

and

(A sho rt F tl mima, VI:

in and

1. In the bc&inning of the first century of th~ Christ1an era , a COiila-runi ty known as Atil.ira. lived in t h e Io.'cstorn an.:l southtlrn pa~·ts of India. It subsi.~ted on , animal husha.,dry , and \ir.S of Aryan etimic oricin, althmll~h Jlffer en t fror)l the Aid ,. or Hunava g ~up . Som..:: t i me during the seconli c(ln ~u ry, an AbhiZ'.J. :1am ;~d Rudl'al:hute had b ecome the Commander_in_Chief' in th(; Shaka Kin~m of Kathiawad. During the tilil'd century , north:"m j.iaharashtra, M-alwu t.. ,and Kathiawad were und~~ r the co ntrol of the Alilira ring .LS!lwal'adatta or I shwa~,sena . Durin e the fouj;th and fifth ccnturic!J, the Abhirus ::;pre;;\d to diffcrcut 1:egions of northe rn Indin. · Sane of thcm came to th~ capital. of ll epal., ... h..:ra they "lY-,gan to on g~c;:c in ~ .. gricultul'e, anim~ husbandry , and the administl'ft tion. During the rul a of Vasanta Devas Ravi Gupta, t he Chief Judge and chief of the royd ~ard, "Was an ALhire . As tll.e 1nUucnco of the Ali1iras i ncreased in the admini st ration , t hat of the L1cchavi s declined ..

i . \/hen m:!gic and mys tic rites .crept into the Hahayana I.luddhi~ propagated by Kanishka, a new sect, kno\m as Vajrayana, <::morgad. There were many Si ddhas who ~preQd t his ~;..;ct . Two of them, Gorakshanatha and i-iatsy clldrnnatha, a re spc.-c1ally famous in Nepal. The aim of the follow~ rs of

. this suct waS not to wrship or pray to the Rlddhn , bJt to reci te short mnntras, display mudra.§. of t he fin c e rs, and gain bUp;)matural o.ch1l3v~ents. Ind1Viduals \lho il<:l.d gained succes S in thi s regard we re know as .§1ddha. ~bt syondranatha WaS onc of these Siddhas. Although rom in a fisht'!:ru.a.:.'s family of AS5aJD. he oocmne a Siddha, and toth kin !,':s and COlllJIlQn '.;rs u~ed to f:l.ll 'at his feet. I n A.D. 519 h·) visited t he c ap i tal of iL.JPW- and io. ad-:J Vasan t a Dava' hi s '11 sciple. i1 atsy ellc,ranath in'.;roduced tho worship o f Avalok1t c!::h'V'aru (B.lddh~) in N ep ELl , h enc e II epali Blddhists r:3gard i!' ~tsyendranatha himsel f as Avalokl. teshwara.

, 3 . Follo\'16TS of the Vajrayan:J. sect took win o meat, ~tc. accordint; to til.'Jil' own conception of right conduct. Vas&Il ta Deva h a d r ev ereJlce.tbr :that sect, whereas the Athira s , who ' occupi · u L.:ading position i n the state t were orthod.o:..: follo\lor5 of t he Sanlltana Nl1 f,ion, ana So dislilc ,ld the Vij rayanQ !: i3c t. In A.D. 510 . !iuoas def eat ed tho Gupta ]}nperor

Sk311da G'...ll)ta (circa A.D. 508..'528) and m&.de hlm '\.:i"ir vassal. The Wav~ of this :..-("Nolu tion r~ ,',ched Nepal pl.3o. J.n Athira known :::.s Pararnu Gunta took over power on ta(~ ground chat Vasanta D~va hr'.d t~'lth,'U ;ill apostate (circa A.D. 525). Vasanta Dava th311 took r;:,:Cu~(J with l·iatsy~ndranatha and S').Jnt his lifa t:,Ci.'C.

l~. After ba!lis~'ling V:l.santa 1)eva, Far3lTlu' Gupta took OV'2 r tho reins of .9.dmini strativLl. in hi s hands Hi "ClI ~1aJ1la Deva, I a Licch ;"'.vi Kshatr1ye, as king (A.D. 525 .. 555) . In _th~ In ;: 31ltimc,thei K~11atr~.ya _l.ero Y<.!.:;hocil-J.arma d rovt! out the HI.lnas fl'()'hl.'1r\L.;.:. and beca:me : ,,)("11'0) r :·;\o...m >!d l'ol'l:',..~ il 10 wes ~ th.1(J. even tr,O -Gup ta e; ,\".::] ,'::r., rB Y ~, :>ho (llia l'IlL:. I <ii 'd c:;.·l'C'l A.D. 5l :o , ''',;ld no:;,:""i:h .:, rn Inc.i d. ooean!>':, ('_~_ •• -: ( .,;,' :i.n.to a numb .. :.\l' of petty I:iu.;tioms. In Nepal, aft.:r Paramu G:lpta, his son, 3 1ima Guptu, instaJ..l~-d a Licchavi n ,lln :-d C:-n:l Deva on th(~ ;;'l!lOn !.: at i-lc.r.:agrihr.. ( Cil'CU A.D.555- 570), ..... ~),iliJ running the e.dIJl1nistr~l.ti.oil hiin::;01f . lhilOa Gupta Was sue c c·. ~>(lcd by ilhunlu Gupta ( circ~" 5'70-5'/6). During the time or t.~.ls C Athira j.~c3 ·:mts, tllJ Kin[;dorr. of !'!epal , foundod ~r the early Licch c·.vi kings, H<.>.S b-::.:ginnin e to disint~grati).

5'~' Du:ring th.J timl:: of ihuma Gupta Rupa V3.X'i"il:'l. "\ias a vass~ ia th~ old Licchavi capital of Vaishali ( N.)pal). Aft(;:c th\J death 0": Ga'a Duv2., i"tu.,tia-varma removeC. 'Jhuma Gupta frum th .. ~ 'i;hrone, instcJ.ll:Jd .sIli v:.;. DoJva I on th~ t hrone at ;'janagr1ha , and as su m _ d char:;o 0 r thv auministrCl.tion l11mself (circ ~, 5/..., .. 588). :1 .. , shift .:: d the cUj11tal at' IL:p<u b<;.ck to Vaishali and b~cunlO all-po,,-.:rful in thi2: stat~. iI; , .... 'as succc",dc:d by .wshuv.;,nna t who bo.D.ong.3d to the, fn.i1ily of Vrisha D,~va 'unci Vias probably Rupnvarroa's son. Amshuv ::..lli.[!. w<:..s a v'::ry \<,1s\.1, l~arn .. ,d and Glorious :rul~r. H~ r(,b.i l"ii.,-d Sh1va Dcve, on th!~ throne at !131lagriha and ran the (~·.:.t:i.r(J ad.t.l.iaistratio:l h1r,lSclf. Hc dcfeat(.'<i the f:.::udato r~ ' c> ::'.:.: fs wilO had r;Jnainud x'\Jcalc1 tri.\.ut during tilu tLTj ;~ of ·~:l;.; :~bhi ra I'ugnnts and str~ngtl:lcn:.:ld th<3 Ki ngdom of N~p:ll. iL wil t a VtHY ;,x;" • .utillil p a.ln.ce knO\·/t1 as Kailasakutathavco.:la in 1".is capi-cal . Ilis fam ;: spr3ad to the plains of northi::;l ..... l India .

E- -. The country of Ti b ..:l: t is Sl1 l'I'Oundc..o. by F.lOLmtains on ;-' ~l sil.lr..::s . UntU .thu sixth c<!ntury. theNforc , .10 civll1z1ng ].nnumc~~ h~ld re:\crl~d th~re r.:1 the r from India o!' frol:l China. For ICulll\l"cds of years, Tibet was d.::vidL,>d into ~'. ~lU~ lb r of P \J ty,y p ri '.lcipaJ.i ti ,; ~, l"rho ~t.I, chi ~f~ ~ .... ) ~.;n t th·:1 r 'i.:'.., rn-:; fi ghting '~acllc:"I-) ,:; ::.·. Th(;; llt;ht 01 .ii.rya Cl.V111. zat1oll h -:cl .""t'1r<:;d th:;r<.; .I~h~\'l;.~h t iJI, valleys o~ ~1e Ind'...ls riv;;:r in ·ch:.' 't{ust, and tht: .1Z'ahrll..l.pu tr~\ Valley loll. -ch..;: cast, bJt its 1i.1flu\;)nce had no':; b : ~n p ... rvL~sivc. ~i.ccord1nglY, for th(J Cj:v:ilizcd world ''''1u-.lt was a dark country. DurLlg the eiddL, of tho sixth ci;;; rt.u!'Yt a principality known as Kongpo· locatod on th::: k mk s of .th,c Brulmapu trG. __ ri v~r. started m~kinE p re grwss all of 0. sudd..at. Its king. \'; 3ffir1sron"btsan vanquish :....d u nUlrli)·'r '!F adj?ining principalit1~s and laid' the founuation of a tHu-.::,:d K:mZdom. He op",ned up connnunicat1ons vi th China ~nd f.,?-'Ocur;.}d thu sCionco.;) of fIj ·"dicino from there. ias 0:: ,:'>11 , :~rOI}b~ts~lngWlfOOf ~":(S a v~ry wise ·and bravo king (;.~D·. 581-650). ! 'Q a.cl<'·:'.~:..d all t! ;.: P"3tty princ1pcll1ti ' ~ s o.r Tibo'c and. foundad a L-:.rg.:: l'.longUom. :H..; also built a new town call ~:d Lhaso. and

99.

mace i ·~ his capital . (circa A.D. 590) . He op ;:k~l llp KeI"'"ln{; , Y.uti, and other Himalayan paSses, ther ... J/ i}j,:'Ollloting intercOl~rse amon C different Him';:"l~an regions f'rom Kashmir b Dh;).rma. iie thus propagated Indian civilization in his count.n' . The <..:m,:::rcoilce of this new power cl'e~'.t,..:d up:vrehension u!>.t:l!l. ~ th~~ l<.:illgS of north~rn India and China .

S!tmbtsal).Gambo warried Ehrikuti, dat",chter of Ar.1shllv:oJ.U'1<l (A.D. 592) as lIell as Kong jo " n Chin.:;se Princess. Hith the l:~P of hi '; two queens , he laid. the foundation of ";,.;\lddbism ).n '.i::i.I.i~t . he ucvis·Jd a new scr:ipt for 'I'ibet on ch,·, lin,~ s of the ~ti1:, script of India and bezan t o propag-..:.t e learning in hi::; count ry. 3rong:bt3c.n~ ar.l1::o thus Sp€! . '.; his life trying to lllUlt:C '1'1 bet ci"v-j.li zed. 'I'i botans, thel' ~fo re, revere him as an i 'ilc.;.I.mation of Avalokitt3:Sh\.faru, and his qu~ens , of 'rara.

7. After the death ofYashodharma , a minor bl'nnch of the Gupta dynasty found ,:'!d a strong l':in r,dom in i'iar;adh. A nS''''1 royal dynasty called Mrukaari did so in KW1OUj . Bengal too \TUS under the; control of the Guptus . At atout the same time, a n ·::;w dynasty assum~d poW'er in Ass aI!l _ At Sthnn~sh\\Or, 'l.eu r Ddhi, a minor dyna::;ty waD ruling . A famous tin~ of this (-:SnD-sty ,Harshavardhana, (A.D. 606_64?) cqnquerdd rost­of no:,:tll "rn India and , thus i'ounded an (;jnpire . H ~, bl>Qlj.ght the C:'uptas

i thl.! ~ ::Jukh::l.ris, and the kings of Assfln unde r

hi s COi·ci;.ro •

C. Powerful ewpires ttUlS ':lmerged ooth in northorn India r..nd i1': Tib2t . H .2lp81 thus -became a yam sandwic}l \.-o(i between ti-A:) rocks . In ::'h~se Circumstances, Amshuvanna, although llmle rful , \,'<::.s no>.:. yet king. In order to stren[;t h0i.' the state, therefortJ, he crown ~~J. himself King and t:11',:\-i 'Jff the authol'ity of Sliva Deva (A.D. 606). AillshuvanIlJ. c;tarted a n 8\! d O;). in th:!.t year , but antedated it frol :! th~! b"w~nning of the rul~ of Rupavarma . So long as Shiva Deva \-ms .:!live, Amshuv"n,,::l. cont~nt.A hims elf' wit.h the titl,"" of j·bl • .:l.sa'llanta . 01117 n.ft ,.:.: r thE: c:i.e::tt~l of ShivaDeva ' did he aSsume t1l8 title

.of Hah,u-ajadhiruja, with a status equal. to that. of r: ::l.rshavardhana , (cil'c Q. A.D. 61 1t). Because he WaS an able rul,lr, :iw shuvarma .-llla.in'':'ain,;:u cordiDJ. relations with ooth SrongbtsfJl t;Q.!"Ioo and Harshnv::-,:'{lliana a,'ld ii'!:lde ~fforts for thG progresS of h1s Kingdom".

9'; Arashuvannu died circa A.D • . ~21. Jlshnu Gupta Abhira instalL::d Awshuv,~nila' 5 s(:cond son, !'1anh D~va Il , on the old throne <"t NanagIiha, i 311orin~ the claims of the clc.:.cst SJn YUvar~,ja Udayu Dova . JislJl1U Gupta then bl':gan to l'Llll the I administration from l~ailasal:uta1:.havi:1l1a . Dhruv~ DeVil became king aft'Jr 11anaDevt~ 11, J.o1d \'13,S sllcceedtrl by !llirolarjuna. Dava. Jis}mu Gupta dii3d during thQ reign of lhimarjuH:l Deva, and ;115 son Vishnu Gi.~rJta, b0Caruc regent (Uparaj a) _ 'rhc3e three ~ic (;:'l~vl kings, and the t\>'O rugents, l"Ul Gd {or a total period of about 21 yi~ars (A.D. 021-642). . -, .

100.

10. -rh~ fnmGl.Ir Chinese traveller, Yuan ChwaI16, 1n the cour:J(J of his ·i;.oUl· of fucldhist holy pLLC~S in India, arrived 1n l~· epa1 du r inr: the tima of· E"limarjuna :i)eva and Vl !;hnu Gupta. His I'.c o:>unt of !!!.::pal is swnmarized beloW" :

nU' ram Vais!lali) capital. of Vriji) , I crossed some hills and valloys to the north-west and roach :"!d the COU~1:" ry of l:el)a1. This country h as a c1rculllf(l renc~ of 1);'1· hundrc d rJi.l.:::s. It is situated in the !ilrr,:~layan 1i.lQun,;.a1.ns. 'i'ho capital is utout 7 ml1-JS in ci::.'cuit.

· TIll: country is full of lilOuntains and vall.eys. It is favorahl8 for th: p rodu ction of rrui ts and ~ra"'..ns in ahmdnnce. It also produces copp,;:r, yaks, Gon e: Chyakhura birJ.s. In commerc~, copP 'J r coin 1s use d. Th~ climate i;;; col d . '1"ho people a re rude · und deem tful and natux:ally

·unsociable . Th,~ir tody is awkward and their 3.P"!)eararx:e L~ iC;10ble. i""'hare are a:.~Jong them both her~tie3 and follow~rs of: l':.:!li gion (1.13. followers of th :o SaHa tana reli ~cn and li..l.J.d.hl srn resp ucti ve].y) • Il.ld u..'''li:... t .monastories and telo1pl·:~ s tou ch aach oth3r. 'l'hore are nea:dy 2tOOP Fll L.cl.i:li ~t Ehik shus, woo follow cith':lr the Hinoya..l1:\ or tho i'iahayana s l3et. Th03 numbor of follow'3rs 0 '::' ;..)uch rcli ~ion .cannot be accurately ostimat~d. The :~ii1G is a Licchavi IC shatriya. Hi.: is of pur~ fe,:D..L·\7, :·:nd ehal'actor. H..:: has ervat fai th in the teachinGS of the Ilic1.c'ha.

" To .thcl 3Out.'1.-east of the capital thare isa small sprin3 and t~u:"lk, on ti~~ surface of which u ' b rllliant nam3 rise s if' anI.;: throws firo there·. If on , throws oth.;l' obj~ctSJ they change their natUre a.'1d b:.:::colr.'';: fire. u

3nd of Chapter VI

101.

A t:ll·~!3-yea:;.' contract had bflen issued in th J l:aJll'~ of Padma Dhoj Shah-i., older .hrothp.r of Raja Damho.r D;lOj Shahi, for the collection o,r revenue f:t;'OID miscrlllaneous 1\e .... sources such <lS new'ly_ reclaimed lands in Doti. The contr;:c(;t stipulated a yea.rly payment of Hoha r Rs 4,2S7-5i-.-

. On ':-.iare:a Br.di 4, 1947 (November 1/390)t the :,:;ov_'l'1lnlent decided ·~o tUc<.i,.Surt: n;~W'1.y_recluimed land s in Doti . ~';()r this pur-pose, i t c~. il'\'ct. ed that the contract :J.<!~1tion ' 'd atove ba c;:j.lCdlLri even though its tenn had 'riot yet r'':''.-pir'2d . The Dca .Distl~ict: a eadquart,.:, rs Office WaS then oT(!e r ed to co1.1l!ct revenUe through i t s own tlllploynes fI'9m th~ sources previously incluci.·!d in the con .. .ract.

This order ~l:!S '::lIdorsoo by Prime Hinister Bir Sh'..lmshere on 3lra\ian Badi '1 , 1948 (July 1891).

Regm1 Resoarch Collr.ction, vol. 84, PP. 14-9-155 .

Dahadur Pande, c. res1df'.t1 t o1'L1skina Village in the Up~.J.lo-Sorad division (!1ar\dlg.) of Doti, has subJlitt-cd a compl aint accol"'cline to which a numb"r of persons in t l , :....t al'la are ii.1 possession of undecl a red l r..: lr'.S and homf~ stei:l.ds.

'f"ne complaint added: "In Dot!, the majo 'r pUl·tion of the ~~"i:.ivated area consists of pakhb. Regulatio l) s had b~en prolilulgated in the Yikr8.llla year 1931 (A.D. 1 ..... 74) prese;rlb1ng that taxes be assl3ssed on both kh(~t ~.: ~d piJkho lands r:t "Jqual :·,,-,t·~s on a cOiltractual (thetfandi) bas~s, and thatll uWly_reclailM:G. lands, and newly-creat l10us r;;10lds , alSO b~' r~gistcl·ed. He'N'ly-reclaimed lends wer~ 1.;,-cco rdingly recorcled a t the Bak.Yauta Tahasll Adda at Sll gadhi in th~

,. fourth year, after un initial thrc~year pCrio6 0 :. tax_ exem:lltion. 1I .•

'.

• On Ashadb Oudi 1, 1948 (June 1891) Prime j·;Hu.stor Bir"

&1"lumshcl'c approvod t~le reco:!lJl¥tndation sutmitted by the Comman\.lint:-General. of th '.) Southern Zon~, Fatte S'duYI!::;hcre Jun :-; Cl:1.l1a Bahadttr. Sardar ~aktabir Raj.l:handari I Kh<.:.ridar Ratna dJ.n and Khar1d~. r 'Pil Bahadur of the Sadar Dafdarkhana and ·.:mclorsad by til.c Huluki Adda. that inquiries b(: lnstltut~d into fuh~dur PanC:e f s complaint.

Th . ~ documEnt contains p articulars of the undec::l i."l.l'ad lands and hOlil "'stead,s '"

, /

aegmi ~-l.csea.rch Collection, Vol. 81t- , pp. 15'5'-174,

. . }.~on bir 'l'hapa.. a re si dent of' KhaJ.a.""1ga in Daddlc1.'1u ra SUbnitt ~.:d a simUur complej,nt accus1n~ liukhiya K<~sl"ti. P~thak and O'o:h'~r parsons of Jaloda Village of posso;:ssin :; undeclared . lands. 1i<3 prayed-that thes~ l ~~oos 00 registered in hls ilEWle on 2. taxable basis. An order for institutln~ inquiries lntp this , .oompl~~J1-t. waS similarly issued ' on 31raH~"in nadi 7 J 1948 (July 1891). '

Jiee;rn1. Research Coll~ct1on. vol. 81+, .pp. :::01-5,. ~ ,

Batqs of <T~t Duties

On A::;.lt edh Dl~d1 11, 1948 ( Jun9 1891), .Jagat -dutizs 1"(':1''(;: P l'csCribed at the foll owin g rates at Bandhap1pa.l_Ghat on tl~ Dhr~ ri ri '.rCI' in Dailckh :

1. Salt:

(a) Per manload

(b) Per 13 animal l oads

2 . Cotton

3 . Cloth :

(a) P cr . tnnnload

( b) or

P~r len'gth (than) --1:- . l,ictal ut9nsils :.

' a) P d ' •. lanloud or

( b) Ea.ch

5. To bacco

6 ·~ Iron

? In.ankets

8-. ~ried fish (sidhra)

9 .. Horses (tor sale)

10 . Paper

11. Pine oil ( dewa. r)

12 . Khukuris (for salo) -

13. JoJats ( Suhuei) .

14 . ~'boden vessels (Phuru)

1,-. Nepal1 ,

goats and gol""d

16 . Ban.glos

go~ts

Rat e

1 mana

1 dhami

Rs 1t p :::1' ;;:. 3I1load

4 annas do.

1 paisa

1 p;usa

Rs 2 per' msnload.

4- annas do.

1 paisaeech ,

4 annas 1)l')r manload

8 9JlUaS each

4 ennas p :r lilanload

2. annas do.

.1 paisa ~Jach

8 anUaS _ oach

1 anna ,each

'1 p 'ailla '3ach

4 an\l'l.S p ,'r manload.

R~gllli Rcsaarch Coll,.ctiou_ vol. 84, _ pp. 257-258-.

103 •

.E!.,lj;a GrQl1t.s to Prime Njn.:l..ster Bir ,'3humsl',.lll;£

On POUsll Slldi 15 t 191~8 (Decembar 1891), th.~ following are.:...s ,",ere grantod to Prime Minister Bir Snumsher ::;o ~, s mrla: .

(1) aLcG-fie1ds, villages, und forests in the: Banagaun area of l'iagal'\wt, confiscated from General Pn.dllla Ju: .. g Ran:t .

( 2) do. in tlv, ;";utatirtha area o f Macchegaun. ho st of th..;sQ lailus previously b.:dongt.:: d to f!,'uth1 , r ;},i '!Uthi , 6r rak aru to rure, for which oppropriute Co: ,lp~nsat1on waS proVided.

fiegmi Re~aarch Collection, vol. 84, Pp '. Z77 .. 301~ 2.ilU pp. 314-21+.

On Falgun :::lad1 9 , 19tr8 (Februar,r 1892), the following L.ll1ds, Hhich had b03en confiscatl;..-d from mambers of th~ F<ana family, w\;!rc graut(:d as Sarba .. kara- akara.-Sarbanga.-mnfi Guthi_ll1J:'ta to Primo }11n1stcr Bir Slumshere for diffarent Sili vr, terlples installed ttY him :

1.ilrr9-S Confisc;;;t 8d from

1. Lalit Jung Rana

2. Ranbir Jung Rnna

3. Ranoddip Simha Ral1.a

4. Jagat Jung Ranii

. 5'. RallO.dd1p S1mha Rena's • -Wife

( .)

(b)

(c)

(.l

(b)

Shankhamul.

Kathmandu

Area (in muris)

110 .75

2J

Sliandol, KathtMndu 14

Kimdol, K athmandu 16

S1landol, Kathmandu 19

do • 26

Bldankhel, Kathmandu '2J

Khop~a1, lliadgaun 160

(c) Itapa, Ehadgaun

hcgmi Research Coll~ction, vol. 84, PP. -»4-11. ,

In {L~D. 1896, ~riuie ~inist,~-: Bir 3hwno/lere lj0cciv-::d as bakas_bi.ru from K:l.ng PrJ..thvi llir DikraJll a plot of 161.87 ropanis of land noar Kamal.a.d1 in Kathmandu. The plot· was

. SitUated north of ' the Ganesh temple ,at Y.amal.adi <'\nil east of the road along t:le ~astem side of tile Ranipoicrlari.

104.

A total are::.. of 189.56 ropanis WaS acquir, .. ;ci. for the purpO::lC of th,lt grant . The rest waS used as i'ollut:fs :

7 rop ,lnis acquired for tha construction (the pre:;~1.t I\2maladi road ? )

n l'O .1d

( b) 15 . 43 rc"-Il ",nis <lcquired fo r t IE Clock 'I'ow01' ( Gh ant 8.gh".r) •

,

( C) 5 . 18 rOR'-'ni:3 belongin:..; to I: rirne Hil1i:.;tror :;i1' Shth,lshere h imself .

' ,'h~ lands thus :'l.cquiI"'~d bE'-1on,3<!d to birta, ~,u thi , rajfuthi , and rr':!:..~<ir tenures . Camp ensation 'W aS p rovided in. the f ollowing lIl ;.mncr :

( 1 ) For prlv,lte b:!..rtl!, and. !:;uthi lands, compJ'. s:,.tion \Jas paid in c a sh at tl18 rate of Rs 3)0 :.:. rolHJl11 .

( 2) Ro.jguth,i ahd Dilsu' lands were exchanged 'I-rith the aooli:::o'1Cd kipat lands of !botes in the ildLUkhoni ::..r cu .

Uagh d.\'.li 9, 19,4.: .... (J a,il.U :::' l'Y 1 89 8)

HeGf:d. n~s(:arch Coll ,~ction , vol . 77, pp . 14-36 .

*****

Panc~lS 8.VaY.hol a

In V11{rar.la 1951t (A.D. 1897), t he l"anchsayakhola ar~a of i';u"{r.imt o.istrict had -been f.ssigned as .Tagir to ,:hirn ~umshere Jung Rn.na Dahadu r, CommandinG General of the E:::.ct·;;m Zone .

Panc;J.sayakhol::t "tllal comprise.l 21 vill ag e s , : .... l.1. bLell enroll :~d unrlGr the iJUlak sys t em .

01:' wh i ch

TIle gov..:rnmcnt revised t!l~ 1'<:''1:.;oue settle;;l::;: :~·;~ L. Fanchs~'.y aJ:hol:l at G.im Shum~hcre ' s cost . Th~ ~ett.l ~ .;l,.mt team \1:),0 headed by Kharidar }i ari P r a sad Padhya .

0-.1 A. ~:ladh Sud1 7 , 1954- ( Jun e 1897 ), Prime ;U.eist.a r Rir ShumonCl' ,") issu ' __ od the l'ollowin\;: 0 roe r :

( 1) j.,. roy:.J. oN' r h~d bRcn issued previousJy ~,;tipul ating ::-"v~nu'3 ~o~l;Jct~on on thek b~S1s from the Llhabitant s of t~n Ylllagus .

105.

(2) No Jagnt duties shall be colL:lcted from t.~:~ inhabitEnts of the rOlJlaining villag2s 0:1 :; ~Qt iH'OCur,·:d by th ... "Ill, i~';:e spective of the rm.nb" r of trips.

Had Prasad Fadhya raport·:!d :

1I ~l'h0 il l..Uub ', r of i-Iulak1 villages has nO"l - gon~ upto 21 as D.. r.::sul t of subdivision :.nd ne .... settle.,lent. '£he inhabitants of :lll thase villages provide Idxll' services u!1(br t.he hul31< system and enjoy (~xer.!pt ion 1'l'Jm L.egat • .J.utie s. 11

On Ch;,itra oodi 7, 1954 (March 1898) t therefo re, t.hoa Prime i-!inister l s ord~ r ,,ras revi::;ed in order to extenc~ che .Ja gat exemption to the inhabitants of all the 21 vill ,,::;~s comprising Punch say ;:-.khola.

A copy of t1 .c urde r waS forwardud to the l~<.it:ll:l.;;.p.du 1j.1iLanat Go ~l\';~1!'!L ~:hal1sat.t .

Regm1 Ihl 3~o.rch Colle:ction, vol. 77, PP. 234-237_

*****

ll1r.ttg. Land Assienments

Prlne H1n1ster 0ir Shui!l shere introduced the s)'steP.l of ;:t::;si r;nint; 1:lnds to ~ris sons, even before they hr.U CQ;.1C· of aZe , in 118U of aJ,J.o\-fal1Ces. These grfJ1ts were i;:;)O\ffi as :nattn. Some of these g!"ar;.ts are listed belO\l :

(1) Pratap .91u~shere Jung Rana Bahadur WaS a.ssigni!d lands ond homesteads as fRaktfil.in the Bul ~aun area of DolaY.ha. In 1901, a e - 1.1 ar~ for ' i;h~s~~ l<mds and hOln f:stea.ds yis1lied an income of Rs 271-7.

Bai sal<h Bc.lli 7. 1958 (April 1901)

ReeJ.:i I'ic::;;:Jarch ColllJction, vol. 91, pp. 643-51.

( 2) TILl SU1nz area of Gor'kha had sirallarly b .".m aSSigned to Prat dn Shumshere as bhatta . It yielded an income of Hs 5/0-9.

oaisal.h L;.uii 2, 19511 (AplU 1901)

RE)~ni i.tc sBarch Coll-Jction, vol. 91, pp. 651-74·. •

>

106.

( 3) Tej Shum shc.:ce Ju fl.J ftana Ballad:.! r 'Wa s assi ;::;:-L)d the S ~nGJ.'2m~.t<'lr ar::::a of DhadinB as ooatt"a. 'l.'ilt', assignment Yi eld~ an mmual incom,:c of Rs lOO.

J ·;)stha 0\ld1 12, 1943 ( Hay 13;';6) - ,

Re!?).",) i R~:Jearch Coll~ction, vol. 53, pp. 114-19.

(4) Dharma Shu:ns;1(~rc .rung R3J1a -'as assigned th0 l:hotang ;;'. i'e a of i·i:cjhkirat as bhatta, with an , incom'; of Rs 1711- 8 '~H'ough a t)1."k-i ;i<:'.ra in A.D. 1886 .

SinaHa!l Jadi 1, 1943 (July 11)86)

:iegmi R:::S9Crch Coll..;-ction , vol. 53, pp. 1lt2-lt6.

*****

In tho r egion from the Vishnumati river in Y.ath.illandu to tht: i-iahuk3.li river i n 1I8St-)I!l Nepal, select<:o<l hOllS PJtolds had bC:!:1 enloll ;d ui1d~) r the 'i'hapl.~Hu1.ald. and K:!~at~Hulaki SystQ1:s (for th~.; tr.u1sportat1on \of goods Br.d mcil. Nspect1vely), <.i.nd l~)(ls had b'.;M allottoo to the Hul :,J i~ , in the V'ikruma ye<:~r 1066 (A.D. 1809).

S1::t1.1al' a.rran~em~nts had b~~en made in the r eV-on from the Tu'\-a.lcha river in· Kathmandu to Vijayapur and IlafJ 1n eastdl1.1 Hopal in the Vlkrama year 1872 (A.D. 1 815).

In 3Ubsequ::mt Y0ars, n,~w households lo{~r6! ei1rollcd. as 'J'haplr>- :~u l3.ki 0:'" Kui;ate-Hul:1k1, and lands were allotted to t.han acc'Jrdingly.

lhth peasants :\nd jaglrdars, therefore, cOF.lpl(dnro to the . gov~rn:lrlent th:Lt because· of such lndisc·rilDin~ "i~0 land ~lotJllent!3 , the ce;;:u:t;ln peasants had been left uith no lands to "C"!.~l~;ivRte , and tilat . jagi·l'dars too hnd bcpn ..... n;\!.J). .... · to coll~ct their Nnts in full. .

Th~ followin g order waS issued :::.n · ~·!<J.gh Sudi l~ 1809 (J";J.nu~~rJ 184-3) to redress ;these ; r1evancas I f ',/

1 •

107.

2. Subsequent enrollments and land ::-ll.lot,ll~mto shall :J.ll be c ancelled.

3. In Cflse the po sltlon 01: any Hul;;.lci f:D.l$ v:.CGnt as a rcs~llt of death or migration, a c :tp2bl) person 3hall be <.!.l"Jpointed to fill up the '"rUCi;UlCY in consultation w1.th local.functiol1.iiries (...lw.:tre, thari, ilT..J.l;hiyo. , Hai , Hajhlya, Hijhar, Gaurun g). -

4. 3ac9.u:;-'l th,.: (confi~ca.ted) lands of Brdl.un~·;-: (Hulaki'.s) 'l-:-,ve b,~ en restored to ' them~ they a re nQ\] in possesSion of both _,.ch lands and the R;iikar lands I-,ll-)(;t.ed to then under' !iulak terure. In sech c:J.ses, tll~ rezular raikar l::u'rl allo1lnent shall be r0confill;nl, and the surplus area shall be resumed.

Magll &ldi It 1899 (JonuarJ 1843)

Regm i RCsl~arch CollJcti :Jn, vol. 74, pp. 4))-441.

Egrest a~gulatiQns

-On P.;.ush Dadi 4, 1942 (December 1885) &.0 oraf:r '''as

iSSH CC. in the name of PrimE;! l>linister Bir ~umshcrc to th~ Katbmahal uandcbast Adda to direct the chiefs oi' &1 Timb~r Depots (DHar) and iibl'ost Inspection Offices (Ban ':- :;nch Adda) from th.e ;,'icch1 to the Mahakal1 to impost:: the following r~strictions in forests under thei r jurisdiction:

1. lIo person shall use Stlaras for h.untin~ in fONstS. In case anyone does so, he shall b~ arr.!sted and the r,Hl.ttcr shall be referred to us.

2. In ' forests s:>uth of the , Chure ranga, only trees which have -c,0cn officially mark.:.:d sh:lll bu cut for commerciul purpos~s. !lo oth,~r troos sh ,ill u;;) allowed

"'to be cut. In CaS8 any p;,; .. 'son do,]:; so, the matter ~hal1 be !,cf'<3rr~d to us •

. Foush :3adi 11,1191t2 (Deccmbo.:;l" 188,)

Regmi Hos:.larl.!h Collection, vol. 54, pp. 190-'91.

•

108 .

TIle Sadar JanGi Kotwali Thans. at IndraclXlWk i n Kuthmandu su l:Jn1 tt'.::d the follo .... 1.ng r"'1lo rt to F rime l-!ini ster ;.::.i r Shumshare I

u3uards h .iid b'..li:l n depu t od from tho fa l'~sts w-l thin Kathmandu Vall!;lY. Sll bsaq<l<:lntly 'w"i Uldrawn ."

army to lookaftcr B..lt til I;:S '.! \.'-.:~rc

On :\urt1k Bud1 15 , 1940 (October 181..i3), Prime H1.nistor Ranodd1p S1mha h ad !ssuiitd' an ord <)r to the Sadar J u.!1 gi Kotwa1.1 'I"llfn~. t1iNct1ng 1t 'Iv t~nploy local f\mc t1onari es ( rlu:l.re, lnahane , thari , n..kami) a~ fON st guE.rds. Th·:1r functions, duth;s , and p rivl1og(;s w", rc p ro sC rib ;;.od as f ollows ;

'fo 1mpa:3o t h ... • sam-~ restri ctions ii t1pOS~ at tho tim (J wh en fONst the anny \J(lrc l ooking a fter thd

as hall b,;cn .",uards dcrrl'.! t~d from - . fo r~sts •

,

( 2) '1'6 u.rrcst p.":rsons who cut tI'i)~ S o r eleured forests without },l. l~ ,:!..ss io(l. , IJrodu c~ them b.;:foI"';: t h e local. o.. .. nal ,· and h :Wti thCl;l punis.t} ·.d , 1 rrcspcctiv..3 of whether they arc loc·a1. p .:.:r50n s or ou t siders.

, ( 3) To 11.Lp03~ fin .., s a coordlng to t h .;, law at r :!otcs pr~sc rlb . .:d in th\.l. \-,Ioed-inscript i on (kathp ,:.t,ra), and sha r e t he lncom~ among t homselv3s .

(4)

(5 )

(6)

'i' Q rubm,it Co r ,,::'Port on the value (b1 go) or the t imber Ilnd flro~od (cut by poach~rs) eV3r.J ',lO,.th through th", sacbr .J:tngl KotuaJ.l Thnna and t ake ::..c~clon as dir..::etE"::ld .

fo arr(;~t ::ny reve'nu ~ .f'unctionary .... ho )"l1rnsulC cuts ' trees, Md pro'duce hila b -::=fore the Sadn. r Jang1 KotWoll

. Thana :!.lone with the ·va1.ue of the tlmb"' r so cut.

To undergo 'any puni strncnt that may b,;: L:i'lict:;d if tho f unct,i onarles are unable to prot~ct the ro~stllJ and these e.ra d~stroy jd as' a Nsult. ; ,

. Fore sts within Kathmondu Valley haY\! ba~n loci,cd aft o3' r acco rd1n~ to th~:so r~gulations . Forest guardS by the~ Juni or Princoss (Kanchh1 Haiyan) 1n h 'Jr fo 1n Gol(,,"rna, Ita1.te, snd Shotobnl1, 'and by ~a in his birt.~ fo r ;J sts in Nagarkot, Chhahar.;: , . have bo.:l· m ranovQtI,·. It, therefo re, appears necuss <. ry to local l·;."V~nue ruj1 ( !t1on fl. ri~D in l ool:1ng after th .:: s') as uall 1:1 th~ m.,!l •. ;,:r 1nd1catt.-'d in the ato r e suld :i." !"' ~at1ons .

On J"cstha BtJ..\i 7 , 1943 ( i-tay 1886) an o rder WaS i s t:\.l cd in tho naiHl 0 f Pt1.mc Him ster Eir Sbumshcr3 endoi's1 ol'" th~ aoovs" r ccomm:.ndation, cnd directing th6 ' Sadar Jang1 IC otwt:J..1 l 'hana at Inl1ra.cho~1k 10 Ko.thmEll"ldu to mak<;; noJcassary &rn>nc:a,lents to have thosoa for.e ~t!3. look .::d a.ft~ :t:' by l ocal Nvemw .f\.lnct1onariS~ as in the case 01' ·o tha r · fo rests. ·Th..: ord-.:r added ft"fou shal.l.. b·~ h:J1.d responsibl e if such arrall"gcment s ar~ i1.ot made , and t OG forests · lll'iJ dastroy .lCl as a result.11

Orders \/ere accordingly isswod to local hc " .tt'~ I~; \ (than, lnukhiy.:-" -mijhar, G~lUng, Naike~ mahane, IOOhi i1:li~e) o.ntl revcnuo f\.~nctional"J.cs (rakaml) l.n the nllag3::: 0 '; Chll ~" ne_ Hl'anjymg, Chi tm'/n- H1anjyang, Archale, Lambagar, Anaikot, GolmadeV'i and Chhaharegaun. " _ '

The Sadar JailEi Kot\lali Thana subsequently :.~eport&d to the P:fl..Ll <:: l'iinistar: -uln -accordance with this 01'\1.0::-, wc have li!adB t~1.e loc :~ revenue functlon n. ries_ sign l;oi1!l;:; end look after the . forest _s. It is now nccE:s:>ary to issue fomal orders (sanad,) in t lleir names. lI .

The :·1ay 1886 O:'UB r also mentions the l'::\t;;:s of fines for differen",; arrenses indicated in t~H1 wood-inscription. These are as follows :

(1) Any p \~rson who brealcs the eggs 01' birds S:ila.ll be punish~d with a fine of on,:'! rupee.

(2) Any perron ''1ho kills_ a bird shall be punished with Cl. fin ", of on..., rupee.

-Any person \sho takes out- loads of fOliae'c (S'yaula) f'rom forc~ts shall ba punished wi.th a fin(.,) of two rupees and c;d.ght annaS.

(4) Ju1Y person lIDo cuts unyu graSs from forc:.;ts shall b~ punish,_'d with a fine of eight ann<lS.

(5) Any person- 'v;l"n grazefl cows and buffalOeS :L1 forests sh311 be puJIished with a fitle of e1:}ht 1:.l!nas for 2ach anir.lcl...

(6) Any person \-lhe grazes sheep and goats in fort:!sts shall be punished \nth a fine of five .:.rlilQS for each ZII11mal. _

.my p~rron who plucKs fru1 ts 0 r digs trml (Diasc9~ <l,1r1na) in forests shaJ.l be PUllished \-l1th a finn 0 on"" rupee , and eir;ht annas.

(0) /my person who tak~s out dry or rotten tiulber from _ forests shall be punished with a fine of :!irnt annaS.

(10)

( 11)

In case any of our hunters _ hunts .in forests If.i.thout our penuL:.~ion, h", shall ' be puniShed with a nne ef ten rupoes.

Any person l'l:"X) cuts a tree below the hc::': ',ht of a l;!S.ll' -~ tlugh shal.l be pun1shad with a fin e of five rupees.

Any person woo ,, cuts a tre-e below the h~i~ht. of a: Dl<:1Il1 s \'1aist shall 'be :punish,ad with a f'1\1 '~' of ten ,

ropaes.

110.

(12) Any person ,-,ho cuts a - t -ree above the hei.sJ,lt of a manl s vm.1~t s...'1all be punished with a fi n ..;: of· fifteen rup <3es •

(1 3) Any p,:,r30l! uho only looves abot: t in forc :Its :mall bi:! punish '~~ Hi th a fine 0 f f1 vc; &o.'1nas.

ely.) If :my hunt",r of t.l}t;: GEneral visits tho fOl"';.~sts ,>'1th t .hE': lit)tive of hunting, be shall uc punished ~Ji th a fin -:: of ten rupees, and the ca:]c f;t~all bG l'afc:rrcd 'Co us.

Hunters months. fine.

p ;:..id to hunt sh:l11 00 impr1so!1:~d for six '{ne sentC:'1cc sliall not be CQGi"JU,tcd to a

(1 6 ) "DI::lars o r tJ. ::;e rs cpminJ allY one who can do so. to ba an o fr'~nse •

.

u'<lt of fo~s.ts S:l;;.D. be killed by This ' shall not ;)0 considerud

Hegmi Research C l)lL~'ction, vcl. 53, pp. 13:1_1 Z1.

***ifC*

Begulat:kQns rOT the !hcr1 ... ~·1ahaka)l Regigu.

Royul. order to 0hautariya Blima Bi.kram Slab :

"Loc::J. functionaries _ (jimma'Wal, 'thar.1., mukhiya) and oth ~r p.;oplc (bh <,~adm1 t raiyat) in the B"wri-;'lclhJkali region raprosent runtters falselY to us anu o btain royal. ordel's (lalm;,hal-) accordinely. This 1;iv8S rise to (lisputes in th:: country and poople comf:' h01'9 with CO!ilpl,-d.nts. U

'The following re~lat1ons .... ere; ther13fore, issu;';!d in the name of Chautariye l:hima Bl..kram Shah :

(1) Aft~r a cor,lpla1nt rel at1ng to l1Uld 1s rc..>eGivGdt

the ;.'elevant royal. ord"8 r ~hall be procured, nnd the complaint shall b;! disposed of accordingly, '

(2) iTo complaint "Which has once b ... 'on d1spos~d of propl.!rly w~y be r~v1 ved.

111.

(3) Title to cliS"putei lands shall be CO:.1fi ,rr:lcd in raver of the person who has been in possession Gr su-.!h lands f.)::.~ more ·than sixty years.

(4) no complaint relating to lands which have bee:n in the possession (of an~r person) for more tllan sixty years shall" be- -heard. "--.

(5') tie h,we received reports th.;::.t people h C!.ve b3en ruined bcc~'.llse 'jimmawaJ.s and rr'_ il:hiyas ;iiitpose heavy fines ,",or both major nnd minor arranses. In tJle f'nture, no fine cxcet.:ding ten :"'"ll.pees bil~ . .u Le imposed at a tir.le.

(6) In the CS-5C of criminal arranses (khatu ld), the cri!T[in:;~ :::hall be h;:J,nded oV'~r to the -Dot1 Adala-t

.and the Ditth~ of tllat. Adalat shall pron0t!ilCe a {rue judgment.

(7) Ihardars deputed to the district headqu9.rtlo!rs (nuhuda) shill not app'oint DHares or Bici1rtris in any division (garkha) to hear Cil,ses rcl::tting to

~ Panchakh ~,t crimes.

(5) All royal orders issued previously on tll'o basis 01' false representations are hereby cance1.1 -.: d.

Foush Sudi 4, 1902J (DeceLlb.or 1845)

RegIlu Research Collection, vol. 74, pp. 555 .. 556 •

••• **

112.

Taxes fron Dirta Lands

1. lhiV':ot

The f<!Illily of l:usumakar Padh'Ya and Siddhi i'b.rayan Padhya Qwn(;:ti 200 i!I!Jru of rice- fields , am~. pakhQ. l~r.ds \Mch "l'oqul red 1~ lrI1lris of gh alYf\ seeds for so\tl:ing, 1n IhI..rkot.

Tb .. :;e lands 'uel'C reconfLLVl-ed 1n the course o f: the scrutiny of ..lJi,pt:\ zrants in the V1kral':la year 1e62 (A. D. 1&J~). .

In 'j\'.;} Vil-:"'Hm<1 year 1876 (A.D. 1819 ) a In'" roy::d order WaS l::>S"oJod rccouf:i.Hiun· these hirta l.mds on ccatlj_tion that S atl!'l:::L:.;;'.l am taxes Wel"'} paid eve:";f ~'}:U to the royal p . am;)unt.::d to ~i~ht ;'..'1aas c3.ch, thus L.lc.klng a of one rupue 3. yeE..r. 'l'h e U-I'U-O\\'r,.~rs paid aJllOunt, as well as one-third of income froril fees and fin :l:> collected in too course of t:l. ·" J.runlni stratlon: at' ju::.tic,:. 1n th<..\ ~'.l'eOlS cQvl)rt}d by tl?-a ..!.&.!'t~ gl'.:'.: li; to tho Sadar Dafdo.rkh:.na at Katbmundu.

In Ihlsai.J-l 19.) 2 (April 1845'), pramanabara j{ hcn, a Prince (Saheb) of th(~ crst\1P..:i.l-a royal dynasty of Eh1rtcot, \1aS appointed as jtrnmmml If.!.th ~ltilOrity to collect rc ~venue in Ihirkot on a contractual (thck basis).. The roy al order l:>sucd to him ill thi ,s com~cction authCrized him to collect saull8f"m taxes fro;;l 1?t rt; lands as \-Tell.

The pirtaowners then suJ::rn1ttcd £l. patition to KathrJandu prayin'~ that the: ... be allQ\oICd to PaY th~ir taxes throug."1 the Sadal' Dafdarkh~f'. :).5 b~fore, l'<lth\.:!r than to the jimmawal •

. Th:d.r request WE,.S <-..ccept~d.

Pou cll &Jdi 4 1902 (Dece!.!Ib~; r 1845)

Regud. Re<lzarch Colluction, vol. 74, pp .. 5'5'7-5'59.

2. Tistung

A concubin0 of' Ban BahadUr Shah (8ah.ila E!h1:'ry,u:d.3ajyaju) o ... med (;. tract of l&.'ld called Nal.lhan in the '£i!;l:.ul1:} area under birta tenure ..

On Poush .&1di l~, 1902 (DeceI:lbur 1845), 11 ' royrl order waS iSSUGC~ di~c~in!.; thut aemu ~d saune~gu taxes , and income ' from rUdiCial f(H~S and ,fines, co113ct in are~s co .... ered by the b l'ta grant be paid to tno Tistung AlDal, a::!d th.J.t a cattla-farm ( !:'oth) ho set up on tho land. '

ito'''''u ~tesearch Coll ,:~t1on. "'1. 7'·, p 562 . ~ ~ . .

RegJlli Research (Private) Ltd

1 •

2.

3.

~.

5. 6,

7.

R9";m.i. Re search Ser1~

Year 15', No. 8

Kathmandu. - : !Ulgust 1983

EdJ- tod llf

Mahesh c '. Regmi

......... Cont'~:l tQ

Salaries and Allowances, ·A.D. 1889

A Short History of Nepal. • ,

GutlU. Endownent for Temple at Ridi

Elrta Grant to prime H1n1ster Ranocldip Sinlha

FQ)d Supplies in :Elan .

District Tou~s of R~!la Prime Ministers

Appoint~ent of Hukh1ya-Jimmawals

Regmi Research (Private) Ltd

L a zimp at, Kathmondu, Nepal

TelePhone : 1'6927

IS&l : 003 .... 3~8X

Page

• •• 113

• •• , .117

• •• _ 1 ~ i

, " 121

... t22

'" 123

'" la;

(For private study and research only, not _meant for public sale, distribut10n and display). .

113.

The following list of sal-arias a..'ld allowances (1:hatta, petiye.) distursed in cash to govcrronent seI"'lant s. and other persons. ~lrough the Kausi Tosakhana for the Vikrun;). year 1946 (A.D. 188,:.90) "as prepared on llh. dra Bam 13, 191t6 (August 1889). It should be not ed that the allbunts disb.lrsed as sal ,ll1.es do not represent the total al!klunt 0::. ... s)l ch Salaries inasmuch as Eoverullient employees were ~ ~1.l'tly remunerated through land assigrunent.s -under the ja:;ir systEfl1. (FI'actions of on G ro'll1a have been omitted). '

A.. §.aJ.:-.ri·.s of Ihardars and Other Jagirdars

1. Gururaj Pandit "Kuber Raj Panditjl:l

2. Gururaj Pandit Loka Raj Panditju

3. 3ururaj Pal1dit Tarl~a Raj Panditju

4-~' ;}ururaj Pru.1dit Heramba Raj Panditju

5". (',ururaj Pandit Hema Ra~ Pand:ltju

6'" c.'Ul\lraj Pandit Amal'a Raja Panditju

12 annaS.

Rs 11,1,4-12

Rs . 253--7

Rs 829-5

:q"' 59~8

Rs 2,114-11

7. Guru Puroh1t Khajanchi Vamadev Pandi tju Rs 6,826

8'~ ' Coromandev-in-Ch1ef General Deva Shumshere Jung Rana Eahadur

9 ·. G~neral Kh?dga Slumshere Jung Rana Bahc.dur, Commander-in--Chief for the tiest o,; rn Zone

10.' Chnutariya- Ravindra Blkram Shah

Rs 19,218..8

7,125 Ro "

11. Ch:llltartya K.shar1 JaIlg Parakr!lllla Shah Ro 5,074-12

12. Gehendra Shumshere Jung Rana Bahadur, Dud.a to His :Haj'esty

• •

13. Kaji LaJG:U.uh::..kta P'adhya Rs 1~-5

14'~ Juds;e Uanda Raj ;;Urugharana Panditju R!3 2,381-4

15 ~- Sardar Krtshna Raj Gurugh~rana ,Pand1:t.-ju Ro\ 297-1) .. 16". Sardar BaJ.""aJl " lls 756-5

17. Baroar Hari tilakta lis 3,500

1B";' Sard3r lhaktub1r RajNlandar1 Rs 5)5-"15

19";" I"lajor Captain Kr101u>.man Kariti Chhetr1 Rs 1,658-10

. 11lt.

20 . Captain IJhagawat Prasad Padhya

22. SUbba ,'lishnu Hart. PacUlya

23. Subba Ranganuth Padhya

24 . Subba Krishnu )]-iakta

25". Subr..a Mcnoilar Padhy,:j,

26~ Subbn. Khad.monda Padhya

Zl. SUbba Chhabi..:nan Singh Basnyat Chhetrl

28-. Su oba PrithVidllar Padhya

29. Subba . Shiva Prasad Pa~a

?P. Subb. Chhabilal Padhyo

31. Jaib Subba Vishnuthakta

32. :! ai b Su bba y1 shnu Man S1ngh

33"." ~hlib Subb~. Blr.kta, Bahadur Rajtbandar.1

34~ aaib &lbba Krishna Das

3~r. N a;i b Su bLa Simha Bahadu r Raj thandar.L

36-. Daroga Pach;l~~ Bahadur i3a.snyat

37. DWare B.lddhinath M1s.lJ.ra

38. Dittha Gohi.ndnl:hakta

39. Di ttha Devidas (Thansing orchard)

40. D1 ttha Bhim Bahadur Pande (1h1nch.~ orchard aad cattle f,nn)

41. Khar1dar Ser Man

: 42''- Vai<lY. R_das

43. l1a1thake Ha ridas

44~ l'Iaike ~nb1r (of carp en to n)

45. Bihari ( barh,r)

Rs 1,094-11

Its 2,513-8

Rs 570-5

~s 597-10

Us 1,lt85-9

-Rs 1,100-6

Rs 176-12

lis 637-13

lts l,716-1lt ·

i1s ' &:16-15

11.5 41-11

TIa 1,))0

Rs 1, a:xJ

Rs ' 1,600

Hs 4&l_12

TIs

Rs

Its

ns

Rs

Rs

Rs

Rs •

Rs

Rs

634-10

675

100

1;n

;no

12

752-13

38-1 ..

9lt6-6

226-2 _._---TQ-.-' as . 5 - · 113, 90-10

(InCluding Hohar Rs 113,528-7 pais, Rs 62-3).

115.

B. AIIQ\oI ,-;;: ce5 (Eho.tta)

1 . &bu 3.lhab ~l<::l~ ShUlllsher8 Jung ' Rana

2 . Ba1:u Saheb Iinrsha Shumshere Jung Rana

3 . Babu Saheb Hohan Shwnshcre Jung Rana

4. Batu Saheb Dhairya Shumshere Jung Rana

5. &00 Saheb S;.ir.l o.l' Shwnshere Jung Rana

6 . P...e.bu tia..'1e b KhamlJa Shumshere Jung Ralla

7 . h~(1.ma Shumsh t~re Jung Rana

8 . Blanu i:ti.k ram Rnna

9 . Shuttla Bik ram RaIla

10 . KUJ:lar i~ arsine; Rana

' 1. Kishor Narsing RaIla

1 2 . liin Bahadu r Rana

13 . Gar:liil1.r Katllwa1 Ch~tri

14. E "'.iyan Dur Gr. KUCl c;.Ii

15. T aral{sha Rikra!Ju Rana

16 . llmW&l B1k rOlll Rolla

17 . ,l1fe of Raja!la,l. fuhaJur Shah of 'AchhaJJi . . . 16 . \tit'c, son , cnd two servants o f Captain

Ga,,, da B1kr:Jll S1ngh lbapa Chhetri

19 . Januk Kumari, i!bther Of. Captain T1ka Bah.:lrl.ur Rana

.. al. Sh1va Shumsherc Jung Rana

21. TunIca B1krAm Dho j Rana

22. Puma Bikrwn Rana

23 • . Pran BLkram F;:l11Q.

24. RabJ Saheb Dharma Shumshere Jung Bana

25."' fuhl Saheb Pratap' Shumshere Jung Rana

26 . , Daw S;;.Jieb Punya S1:umshere Jung Rana . ,

Total

Rs 6 , 796-2

Rs 6 , 991- 9

Us 4 ,1 03- 14

ns 5 , 636- 1

Rc 3, 500-14

- Rs 7,259-1

Hs 6,400

113 2, 226-5

R~ 131- 10

Rs 3,472-5

Rs 3,551-8

Hs 2, 786-1 3

Rs 4,762- 14

Rs 28

Rs Boo Rs Boo , Rs 473-6

Rs

Rs 599- 6

Rs 6,400

Rs 412-9

lls 175-8

!ls · 812.6

ds 4 , 819-1 2

Rs 1,413-10

Hs 3,4<>0

Rs ?1, 95 3-11 ,

(Including Hohar Rs 77,946-6 . Po1 sa Rs 7-4).

116.

C. llcl-n.t..I.mance .t>11Qy.ilD~ (p p.tiyu) '

1 . KhFt.uga Jun,3 Sh.:~h , gran.dson of Chautariya Dal~sha Shall.

2 . Haiya Divya KUr:1;J.ri, widowed daughter of G0ncral Bukhat Jung Rana, h~r cook, and t\;Q nttendants

3 .. JnG at KtH:l2.ri , youngest w..i.fe of Kaji Dakhan

Rs 38'

Hs 350

SimnG. Basnyat :i13 35

4 . Hidowed daught(,lr of &da Gu roju, h,:~r cook , and "(,\'10 attendants

5. C ;:-~pt<dn Bha\Jafllthakta Shahi and his fwnily (ten p(; rsons)

6 . Wif e: of Saro. .... r Chet SllIlha Basnyat

7. Pl~amana Kumari, daught ·j r of G;m~ra1 Aim :ill Ran a

8 . Hi t Dahadur P :.m ct0 a nd 'l'anka Bahadur Pande

9 . Hemanta Kumari ancl her son, Birakesar Bist ...

10 . Subt";da.r Kul B~adul' Panda a,nd his faruily

11. Captain Kuru l:ha Simha Gurung

12. Anan gamanjari Devi, \.I"lfe of Colonel J!U'lcadln.oj Rana

13. Lcl.it Kumari; daughter of Colonel Gaj araj Thapa

14. S1bedar Kashiram Gurung ,

15 . Lt. Colonel. !llddhiman Simha

ns 300

R:::: 190

Us 35

Rs 35 Ro 61 -1

RS 114

its 200

Rs 75.

Rs 600

Rs 30-12

Rs 539-1 •

Total Fis 3,015-"-GRAND TOTAL -A. Salaries

D. Alio\·/::\J1C~S ( .Ehatta) .

c . !-lGlint(Jnance Allowances (pet1ya)

Ehadra Badi 13, 1940 (August 1889)

Grand Total

~~ 113,590- 10

, Rs 77,953-1 1

Rs 3,015-"-

Rs 19"-,539-9

llegmi Research Colleclion, vol. 53. Pp. ' 695-713.

,

117. .

A Short Hi stO r! of yep%

Bab.lram Acharya

(Contirl1lt'ld from the July 1983 issue) •

Da1:u""aJll Acha ry<l, "ilepulako Samkshipta Itihasa ll (A short histo ry of r·~ epa1.), edited by Devi Prasad ::lcndari, rl..: millq No. 4o, Chai tra 2) 37 (l-1archooApl'il 1981) I Chapter VII : ''P achhillo Licchavi Rajya, (I. 3a1Il. 642 .. 880 Am.) ( The l ater Licchavi Dyna$ty, circa A.D.- 642--880), pp. 1-5). '

1. Uday8 DE:vu, Amshuvanna's son" died in Lhasa, and his SOil, Narend r f'. Dova'- attaiol...p. majo~ty there. Even though he \1a·5 related to Srong Tsor. Gampo, he had been U1Htble to r~lIOve Jishnu Guptl:'. and Vishnu Gupta and waS bitiing his time. Two y'r:,,"" r ~ bi~forc Amshu va nna died, the elllpire o f Cl1ina had come unue r t he Tang dynasty. Harshavardhana had heard about th~ second elllperor of this dynasty, Taichung from Yuan' Chwang . He sent an anbassy to China through an ancient _ circuitc,: s route alone the Paulirs. Taichung decicl:ld to reciproc:\te this gesture by sending his own e n,bo.s s'Y to the Court of iIarshav:,;lrdhana via "£ibet and 1'i epal. At t his lrcml:lnt, i'l;::i.rendt,;:". Deva, ,,11 eh the Stlpi)ort of China and Tibet

i went

t o. Ntopal before the anbassy had left. AS th .} poop .~ of . Nepal. supported N,a rendra Deva, Ehilnarjuna Deva ,?-lld Vishnnu Gupts. were u o:1f a~-ted in a fierce battle and had to rel:m qLl. ish the throne and the reins of administration • . Narandl~a Dcva shifted. the thron~ to the Kailashakuta l' alaca and waS croW':"~ ':: d tllflr~. ~le then a:J :;.tillled rtd.ns of '3.dminis~ratlon firmly ( ci r ca A.D. 642).

2. In A.D. , 6_~3, ~ Chinese anbassy l 'dd by Li Yi:--Plao cam e to N cpal alld mm:. .} al'endr a Deva. ; I t th;;ln left fo r '~he cou rt of i:I:;.rshavarrlhana, \.m.ere it spent nearly two YO f;>,1'5 . Harshavardhana too 'D(;!lt, his ~1mb~ssy to China. In A.D. 6471 CU10th Jr Chinese .unbassy led tu Yu An-Chu departed for the (,,;ourt of HarShavardhana. He h::lC. ~on~ th(:!re previously alSo. After m~etin ;:; Narondra Deva,th :.! embassy proco::-aded toward the 'faral. It \ /,J, S

;)'cconpan1ed by some thirty hQrsanen. Harshavar cTI1ana l s death, and famine in the same y aar, had brought his empire to t he ve rge of disin ·i.;. egration. Yu .An-Ch;: Qed to Nepal, when Arjuna goV~lIflOr of 'rlrhut, looted his b.;longings, and killed' or cap ·i.;.Ul:edmt::m l:r:;,rs of his o.::n-touragc •

• - 3. Yu An-Chc -<lsk(:d f o r help .from Nara'ldra D.wa und Srong

'l'san Garnpo in o;:d~r to tak~~ revenge on Arjuna. ~Ii ·i;.h the - h~p of infantry f:rom Tlb~t- ,. and ':!avDlry from Nepal, he

invaded the fort of Arjuna, in Tr.ihut. Thousnnds ot fln'..ny 'troops weri) kUl ::rl in th .'3 battle, and thousanq.s r."IOre drowned "'hil ~ tryinz to cross ,the Bagmati , r1 vc r. ..'J'juna . tOUe1lt again with ~inforc0lllOnts of troops. ~b Was defeated in this patUe alSo, arid was arrest~d and taken as a prisoner t.o China . Many Y" ars after this inc1d:mt, Srong t san-Gampo died

tr: l...D -- 65'7. ~ i'l -'3pali !l.Jlbas~y went to China the l1~",,"t year .L.D, 651). Later becaus~ or the conflict bet\'Iccn Tibot ~d China, political relations between Nepal and China '

- :,i!llLaincd-- orokcn for 6)0 years • •

4. Yu ~\n_Chc cama to :Nepal ' for ·tha" third timJ in .'u D. 657 as a rronl~ \~r..1l ~ vi si ting fuddh1st shrin,Js in Inclir.. . ;I.ft,c:r tl:ut ~Ji lBri.mag~ , ht: r eturn (;.'<i t o China th.rtlugh th.? ancLmt and circuitous rout e vi a the Pami rs. H(;: hnd :;iven an account of tha Nepal of that timo in !"'.is t r avcloeul.."!, \·,hieh is now available onJ.y in e XC 01'ptS . k. ~mm<,ry of thes'::: ;.;xc.:: rpts, as given 1n a Tang Ch!'OlllCle, is as fo l lows .

Tk stat..:: 01' N..;p .J. 1i <.::: 6.on the" W'a ~t o f Tib>:}-;; . It is th.:': cust01U of the p(:opl~ of tI~pal to shave tlWtl.:::;:-tiV(!S up to thG €ycbl'O.\-/S. 'r;lCY piarcc their ears and wear a ring of baml.:oo 01' horn. Eal's that N<ich the should~rs ar'~ a si gn

of beauty. They e[!t \'nth tl!eir hands in;:;te~d of us1n;; S!)oons or sticks. Tht!l r utensils a re made of cOi,)p ;'r. There :)r~ m .. : l1Y tradl.."!rs ... :1d p edlars. The numb".- r of fal';'l ' ~ rs is v :,J r:! 5,:1a11 . 'l' llcir coin b(~ ;:.rs t11€ effigies of a )..: ... n. on oue side :.;.(,.1 01' ~ .. horse on the other. .:'hi;;Y do no t pie rc o the nos~s of thei r c attlc·~ '{'hey W0ar a on~piece galtllunt that covers th,;.i entire bJciy and bathe many tiLld~S in a day. Tln;l,r houses a.r~ Diade of \~Ooa . The \/alls of t heir hous{;s ar~) carved and painted. 'fL .. :y al'03 fond of danCing and ga::1C3 . They p lQ' on tin }iiadaJ.. (Drum) and Karnal. (horn), and are interested in rc-scal'ch i n as '.;rology and -mat erialistic phi1oS(1)hy. Th ey ~'.rl! skllh,d ul.so in pre:paring calendars. 'I'h,:y worship fiVe boly spirits , and carve tho.:ir stone images . 'l'hoy bathe tr..osc 1mag~s daily wit.h holy 'wat a r and Sacrifice lambs.

'l'h-... ir King, i·;:ox:.:ndrn. D2va, d~o ra.tes hims.:llf \{lth prolCious juwels su ch as pearl, coral and emerald. He wears golden rings ['"Dd j~,",eJ..ry in th~ <.Ja rs, and a belt with -an i m::.(;O of the wddha and sits on a throno . His court h1'\ll is sp ray,~ \nth nowers and scent. The officers and oth~:c \,u .. ,:.lbe rs of the court sit on tilo floor on either side. Hundreds of arm~d soldie rs hank t hem . There 1s a s cven_ stor~y balcony l1nr~d w::..th ccpp·..:: r platu i:1 tho midst of the pal£..C 03. &.::..utiful ao'ld prcc:!-ous stor..c.s a rc set 1n its corridors, Ltt-::'ic...: windows P010S1 bl:aJll s and oth·~r 1ntt.!rior structur')s. ~/o.t or POUl'S ' out or t llO rroutil of a gold~ sarp~nt at th ,) bo-ttom. \later poured from the top cascades · in a spring from th a llX)uth of a 50ldcn crococli.L.:: at thu tottom.

Ob:v.1ouSly t hi s account Pal ace .

, rc:lat e'sto the Ka1la shalru ta . , ,

5'- : .. ft e r thu dc ,(th of H o.rendra Dava in circ ~'. ·,: •• D. 674; his Son Shiva D·~va II, ase,ended the throne 1n th(:! Koilashakuta PalaCIJ . Durine; the purlod of N<> .. rendra DG'va, fri ~ndly ti ~s .ri th T1b-:t were v~ry strong. _ Thl3ro was a custom of ii.JIPrcssing portor~ i'rom am~mg tha subjects bf' N'~a1 in thl1 difficult terrain of the bordIJT -for the conv!.::lniOOc:a of tr<;.vdlars :.oin~ to un~ colilin ~ f·ro:n. ,Tib,~t. S1m11ar ._ arrangcln ;~nts pos~lllY C:XJ.sted on thw .i:lb..J(.an sl.9-~ also. ltlh ~n th\J power of t hG.L h:;1 rs of SrQng Ts~-Gampo bage.."1 ' to incroas-.; , th~ _' , b~gun ,,0 try to bring H!.:ip aJ.. und;,;r th..:ir dominatio ll . Bhiva . ~ ;.;:va t hen made ~fforts to J?rotect l?is ind l.lpwdenc\! rut we':: Iorccd to n\;e du~ to the l.nvasion of the capltaJ.. by a large

119.

a:nny i'roi1 Tibet, \ohich t;\e~11shed the Ka11ashakuta Palace. The l'! ~cli 3.rmy later at tasked and chased th~ '1'1b",tf.!l1s os ['ar as -::'ill.;; Bl'£..mho.putra. lhe King of 'fibet, Tsitsa-Tsalang, 'WaS ldll~;d in this batUe (A.D. 705) .Shiva Deva rc1 b'11ed peo.ceful. ly thereafter.

, 6-. In circa A.D. 73), Shlva ~eva 11 w::.,s succc ooecl by i\ls son, Jay-a Deva. After him, h1.5 son, V1jaya D f, \ _1 , asc&l1dud the throne 1n drce. A.D. 745. Before-'~c Nepal_ Ti~)(',t war during .t!lC reign of Shlva Deva, Vlnay~(L.1;aya, the Chulultya King of j.1E1llD.rastru, who -ruled from circr.. A.D. 6&J to 696, invadeol the Qupta Empire, and thus W'eak~..,n~cl it. Kln~ YasnoVanrHl of Kannauj (circa A.D. 723-743) cJnerg;ed as a powerful rol ',~ r'; put an end to the Gupta Kin Gdom of '

"Magadh ; and th~l'eby created anarchy. However h(~ waS dethron::d by King l1uktapida of Kasrmir (circa A.D. 733-756), who had then emerged LS a powerful ruler. Muktapida had waged a war n~cinst Tib .-~t also. A dispute was then goint~ on betwe.en Tib'.:.t end China. In this situation, HepaJ. needE;d 0. wise and brave King such as Amshuvanna. 8.lt nei'th 'er Jay3. Deva no l' ,Vijaya Deva was a capable ruldr, with the result that

,. the ·second Llcchav.i. dynasty bvcame weak. For this reason, the -p <. .. riod of 115 years after V1Jaya Dava's rej e;n .is -:;!h rowded in c.l:J.litn3.SS ' 1n the poll,t1caJ. tdstory of Nepal.

7. At the t1.mc Hhen a dark' period beg<Jll in the politiCal history of ~iepaJ., the subjects of Magadh, disgustOd with anarc}]y, elect~d and inst~ed- a Hama1 namw Gopala as their King (ci:'Ca A.D. 765-769), .Hi.s son, Dhannap<LLE: (circa A.D. 769-80.9) w~s ~ llOwerful Kinr..K He con_gu.",,~ 'a'llut _ and :fungal, ana. con!>olldatf;:d hi~ingdom KanflUJ, loce::.ted in the hea.l-t or north -India, waS still unJer the c1omination of the "l~ings of Kashmj,.r. :Qharmapala defeated Jl~YJPida, arendson of Huktapida, and occupied Kanauj anci. ·pl'Oclaim~>d C'hakraYUd..ha as Klng. (Circa A.D. 795). Dharnli.lp ~l::t was a devout. :&.Iddhist. --lie served the Vajl'a.yana Sect of B..lddh1.sm, in th" Sa.ne ma.nner as Asholt,a and KSl1ishka had s';rvnd the Origilk1.l Buddhism ,tand th!3 "Hahay&na scc,t ~sp~ctiv,')lYti

8. ·After his defgat ' at the hanes of Illarmaal;i ',' in the battle of KIi."'lauj, Jayapi9,a. ·moved to the hilfs, from wht:!re he tried ~o ?ccupy tle:pal. S~e1ng , that Jay ~,pida was advancing toward .. tn~ . ·~ast WJ.th h1s Kashm1ri troops, Aramudi,

,.K1n[_ of Nepal;, m:J.rc~ed w1th his·Nepali army to driVEl him _ out. (.A.ramu di 15 th~ wrong tenn used. 1r. KaJ..hana's Ra iatarangin1. The correct faun ls probably Vanna Deva). Finill. f ; th~ arm1f;'s of Ja,yaplc1a uld A,ramudi fac~d eadl other Oil the bankS of th~ ilL' ri. t wlcb then ' fomed the boundary of the Halla state. Thc~Napal1 side built a dam on t;he upp ,~r reaches of the, riv1;)r :::.v that -the KaShmiri troops might ot:: d rowned the mom~nt thdj" trlod to .. cross it. Jay,ap1da and his army, findin~ that tm riv~r 'was not d~.ap, began wadinC; throu;:;..il the river. The Nepal1. troops then open.:.;d the dum. As a rGsult, soveral Kashmirl soldiers were \I"shed allaY, and Jay ~'Pi(i.a · ... a$ captured. He WaS taken to t.he :r1.ght- Danks of the Kali-uand.iki livE-rt where Aramud1 imprisou~d llim. HO"W6ver,

120.

,Tayapidc.' s mini~t~r, Deva Shanna, help .-, d his Kin g to . +.;: scape at tho cost of his (HID life afte r making an allurin .s promis;;:! to .Aramudi. Later, Jayapida w~nt to t,h<;! co.pltal of. ~:L"P:ll andwrou@lttavoc"tut t.l-te Nepalis drove hihl ou t b.;fcre long (circa A.D. 800). Even so, the Llcch~vis lost wn.:·,.t r .... 'lUainoJd of thulr power.

9. During the rci.gn of Vijaya Dava, Ti~t WaS :ruled by Thi-8rong-Dw- Tson, who Wo.S a gNat propagator of fuddhism (cirCa A.D. 742-785). He invited Shantarakshita, a famous prliloso:9hcr~teachc r of- Nalanda Univ(';rsity, and _e ~lsc;.g~d him for 25 y oars in hi s cO-'!Ip:li gn for the propagation of lliddhism~ Shnnt a r akshi tu. tul1 t a bi g Vihara nt!1il<.:d Samy <) n(:qr Lhasa. Eefp rc ~oin~ to Tib '..lt, h~ h ild st?..yed for soma YC"Iv,rs in the capital of Hepa1 ,l'oosovat~d Gum Vlh :':l'a1 ~nd Nnara '~d it uS SQl1ly~. Il~ di , d in Tib0t in circa A.D. '/80. Kin:; Ralpa ... 'l'son Ta, grandson of'· Thi-Srong· De-Ts6ri wa S a i'anitic adherent of BuddlLisrn (circa A.D. 817-541). He mada his o\lm son a . Bhikshu , and Eo.ssign?d important sta"\,'; duties to incompc:t;nt Bhikshus . The result ·was that tt-,are "Was a chaos ih thtl . ~.-1Juinist ro.tiori. Taking advantage of this situation , Longdarm, ~ldel' brother of the .King , spread romo :;:-s that the Qu~cn ..... a s

.h:-.I.vj.n e a.n illicit affair with a Btl.kshu. On th t; l.:.retext of th~sc ~aors, hu murden.~ that B11kshu • . Thd Qtl Jen committed suicide • . Longdarmt\·lith th ... h\.!lp of former minist3rs who "Jurf;! oppos<3d to ilw.dhism , !'.ss:lssinated his brothJr, and proclaim;~d hiHlsi~lf King (circa A.D. ·84-1_84-2). Deter.n1ned to dc",troy fuda.hign in Tibet) · h~ persecuted EUddh:i..sts Md rtestroY 'Jd and d(:j ~~~"lCrated ChaLtyas and Bahals. Aft(J·r ;.dghte:en .nonth s of such tYl':lnny, a RJ.1 kstu went to him in {1isguis3 :lnd aSsassinated l~m. Aft er .him, his son bgcamu king of Lhasa. Ho~!cvurt by tb,m the big s·tate of Tibet, crcf4tQd by Srong TSn.l1-Gam:p0l had .spli tinto several prinCipalities as a result of c1Vi.L w::..r. In spite of the disintegration 0:' the. fir5t state of Tibet, its n .. ~t1onn1 idunt1ty VaS preserved by its ~>Jograpllicol, ;lthnic, r13l1g1ous and linguistic unity.

10. 'l'"n,:;l.ater Licchavi kings had to remain constantly vigil<Ji1t against "l'ib;)t. Inc1dento..lly, the later L1cchaVi dynest7Lcame to a..."l I~nd v1th.~M disint.agration of 'i'ibet .~A.D. 000). Tb .. ·old HaUa K~ngd<?m of Dailekb .!ll1d tlw Kt'.tyurt 1.il1l:;dom of KUJllClllTI too h-'ld bean encro ached· upon in the wak~ of 3ayapida' 5 invasion. Th~ Licchavi state becauw · weak afte r his r eturn. with tl'l.<"~ Nsult that ~hQ Malla Kingdom of Da11c"kh bocrone 1~(bpondent. HOW~~!, the· Malla and Kntyuri Kin-gdoll1s soon dis~ntcgrat~d, and. tht:~r plac~ was takoo ov,'r by the Hujputs Who had s~t tJ.tXi down there. .

End of Chapter VII

Amo ur Jung ar.d 31:upendra June: were SOns of' J!.\Co.t Shumshere a broth t~r of PriLlC Minister Jung 3a.hadur . 'fhey ' occ;up1t;::d the eiGhth and eleventh p1aces re spectively in the roll of succession to the l.>r1me Hinistership prepared aft'.;l r the aSSassination of prime Minister Ranoddip Simha i n 1885 (1' erceval Landon. -N emtl , vol. '1, pp. 249-50), [ut \lere

. re r!t:lve<l flum th~ n'-.)w roll of succession preparocl ufter Prime liirti,ster Bir Shumshere staged a coup in tll at year. (SatH:h Kumar, Rani' PoJitY....1nEW, p . 163) .

'.rhe 21..tl~ ' la."1ds 9f Arubar Jung and !hupandra Jung W'3re all c~mfl.::catcd after 1885. Some of these lands, located in the P :uh1 ar~a of the 'f~st~:m reg1o~?, were ' p-nc.o,.,,,,d as . gat' for a telllpl:~ at Rid! on ASWin Bacu. 31 1954 ,September 1 97 . (~w1 nesearch Co]] Elc tion, vol. ';10, pp. 404=.4-14). Th~se l ~' :ld s yi el ded an inCODle of Kampani Rs 380-1 2 . The temple:: h :;l d b"l~n constructed by the el.d~st daught e r o f' Prime iUnistlJr Bir Sh1lrJshere.

• ••••

Jll_rtu Grent to Prime llim stn RaDQddip Si..!Jhs

ii::\jor Co.ptain Sangramasur Bl.sta ,Chhetr1 WaS b '~headed on cho.rC'!3 of treason, and his proP l-'l rty, as 'Wtlll as t hu p rop~rty of his brothers, WaS confiscated by the gov..!rnment. I t included 3,000 ropanis of khet and pakho l<lllcis , ooth "'aste and cult1vated, and homesteads, at D.lku gaun .

' Tl\..s~ lands l"CNi subsequt3l1tly gi'ant~d as Sarba.-Kara_ Akar2 .... Sarbangamafi Birta to Prima M.ini st e 'r Rano ddip Simha.

The grant .contravened ·the folloWing l aw : .

(1) Se ction ·· 3 of tho Law. on State-Affairs (Ra jkajko Ain).

(2)

"Ue1 thor the V1z:1.er, nor any of his sons and iJrothE:rs , shall accept lands other than those under forest 1n the old terntorio.s of the Ki.n:-idom acquired by other Viz1 3rs even thou gh His Maj esty may grant him. lands t}lrough favor or the desire td plQ:ase him. In c::,ase h~ does so, he shall be consldar.zd to be a fa1.tbl~~s person (nimak-haram).1I .

. , . "

Soctlon 8 of. the Land Law (Jaggajam1.~ Goswara) .

122.

S..lction 90 of the La .. on- Judicial proc ~dure (Adalati Eandobnstako).

The lOyal ordar dec reed that th,l!! l r:.il?-S mlmtion:.'d atova bz Grantod a s birta to Prime 111n1s~E: r ;tanoddip Simha no t\d ths t andin g the r~str1 ct1on !j p r'a seri bed i n thos e laws. It justifi r,;;(l s\.;cll actioil by poi:lting Oll t thnt Pr1;.:l<.: I·\ini st'.l r Ju ng Bahadu r too had 0 btaintid culU'la"t.:,;;ci. l and s as .!l!.rta 1n contrav~ntio:: o f those laws, ami t!lat th·;: lands no .... g r~~td~ as .m,~a to Prim>;: ",ini st.or Re.noddip Slmha "h ad .D~on 5X'n~scated from Haj o r Capt ain Sangr-aItla.sur B1 sta Chnc-tn , who h a d" b·..:J! ~ht;l ad\!c.I. Oi1 charges of tr'uason , andhis brothE;crs .

'rho:: 1 311c! s 'YL:llded an lncom .;: of Rs 2.05 In­caSh, and a Goat, cv~ry ya!lr.

Ashadh 3adi 2, 1940 (Jun. 1883)

Regmi Rcs-3arch Coll ..:lctlon, vol. 58, pp . 161-173 _

•••••

Food supplies in Ilam

Ci\"il and nn.l1taI"f O/Jlploy (;.2 s stat1on ~d 1n 11a .... a had custor.l ; ~rily b~on procu rin;; provisions from t ha l ocal plX'lple at rat tJs current in tho VillagiJ.

In ' A·~D. 1892, the Cl}.ia f Admini strato r of Ilnm, 'Chautartya Lt. Colonel Khadga Bahadur Shah, rt.."Po'rtc d to Kathm nndu that tho l ocal. peopl ;,: had r.31'used to SUpply proVisions any lOO!'e on these t ... m.s. Re prayod. that a fomal order ( ::;an ad) re :1,sru ud authorl·zing governm.mt anployaes in IlaJD to procure provisions from the ·local p~plc at rates cu rrent in th (.: Vill~3. .

Thu Sadar Dafdnrkhana \13 5 di Ncted to 1nve sti gate tha r .. ~qu(jst . Its r tipo:."'t \-Ias as f ollows· J

''rh .... p~opl~ o f llam cOIIl}.)lain that c1vU, judicial, ~nU. uilitaI'"! (!I"llployees in Ilam exact proVi sions from tho,\ at r atl.:.ls b·u.o .... those cur~nt· 1n the villae;J , Th l.'Y ~U.so cOl!ipl a1n that th 3s£ ~ploy~,js ..::xact Idoor s~ l"vicus fror.: thdUl for p~rsonal. nl:eds, i.!VOO though the local pcu) l.;: a rc u nde r obli gation to provi d 'J 1 300r s<JrviCQS to th~ gOY;;! r .1Ulun t •. "

123.

On A$hadh Dadi 6 ) 1949 (June 1892) I therefore, Prir.:.e Hinistcr llL r Shui;:s:lBre, on the recoUll'Jiendat1on of t.I .e Sada r D:1fdarkhan D. a!> endorsed by t,.'le Huluki Ad(~: .. , di.l.'ected that t1J.~ followin::; public notification (i~l-ttihr,.r) be i 5suE:d thrau ghout t..'1d Kingdom:

ITIn ca.se any ' .;soverrunent· employee fo rei bly , exacts prov1si011S from the local people at rat0s lo l·T. r than those current in the viJJ..age, or forces pe~) ple to ''IOrl~ for hilll -ilot\nthstanding thcir otUi -eul;ion to provide lal::or s ..) rvices to tha govc;rrun~mt, cODplaints !.lay b ',:: ":fil<Jd ['.t til~ locuJ. court, a lld justi!.!::! \rill b;; disp ::msi;d according to thtl law. Gov(> rnm~nt '~ilploy:;!t.:!s r;t:1Y .J.cco rdin: . ..J.:r proCUl'C provisions actually T! :)oo'ed by thUll at r at'.,;oS current in th~ village, 'bu ton]::;.' .. tft(!r leaVing ~.,ith the peopl~ th~ quant:' U:::s that th0Y. ',1ced ror t:1.;ll r otm consumption throughout the y ear. Thay shnll not prccur2: provisions in excesS of their actual needs.1!

Ash 'ldh Badi 6, 1 ~~49 (June 1892)

Regmi Research COll 'Jction, vol .. ' 58, pp. 532-36.

' 1~' 'yishmJ~1.aU,",J2c-l:!.r.A!:l ~{eglQn

OrUE'l' to Lt. LikhadlH1aj IOultri Chhbtrl frora P;,;1.llIa Hini~"'.;;.!r Jung Bah~dur :

IISinc ~ we iiltend to undertake a tour of that ?rea 111: tpe mont.l) of AshWin J92) (SeptombiJr 1e63) you aro .1ereby ordeJred to lJl.dcn the . .:x1sting millt~ route fr'-;:llil th,u Vishnl,.lm"" t1 .riv(: r to DeUrali in the \-,'est. At tt~se poin~':;3 tmare tJle routa passes throU&1 .. rough torrain, 01' 1s circuitous, it ~ould ' oo rua11gt1?d, QIld ;n:l.do snit:J)la for hors ,~ s and palanquins '11 thout any obstruction. Construct br1dgo;lS (.IDd.l., sq:n .'.' uu) where necessary. For the constructiori of ootli IOaci'S-and b:ddBes; 1r.lpress the laoor services of theJ..oCal people.1f

Cha1 tr, &td1 1, 1919 (March 186 3) _ .

• Rogmi H;:;soarch Coll '.~ct1ont vol'. 33, pp.- 4S8-89~

12'>.

2. §~i.iUlg.:t:::Humla P.-~giQD.

Pril::lo ;';iuist;;r Jung Bahadur1 s Or.;l.l, r to Chiof Colonel Dilli Sir;)ha "2asnyo.t Chhetrl :

11 \'/0 intC::1d to und~rta.k8 a tmlr of that ar'~a from l.}a r ga ~ , 1921 ( i'lov~mb ,: ;r 3), 1ffilt). You arc, tller.Jfo:r.-e, ordo:1Nd to J.uput& to offic.:=rs and podl'sonn<.ll of th~ lf ar:'l.Yan DuI P,iltan the tr;tpross thd 1:-1.OOr s3rv1c. :s of thu local poopl ,~ to construct a road from Satighat to HUmla . Ob"l,;a:V"l m.c(':' ::, sury funds -from th..: Kausi Tosakh,1l1a fo r px;.v:i. din ;j food (khajjl) to th0 lat:or~rs at the: rate of t\.O i) :;;is<:J. J.aily, · and sui.lnj, t the -accounts to th~ Kumarichok Dafdo. rkhana."

Aswin Sudi 3 19 21 (Septof'b"r 1~64)

R~gmi Resoarch Coll.;ct.ion, VD!. 33, pp. 501 .. 2.

PriMe i·Jinisttlr Jung &hadurl s OrdoJr to COIl'f!lt~1ctl.ng G.ju",r&1 B~ri lIai."' sing Kumlar Rana Bahadur on Ash r:dh Sudi 14., 1923 (July 1866).

"This Y~G.r, wc: int>Jnd to uud",rtaltc a tour to th:.: west thl''Ou~h PyuthWl "nti f:;I'urkll<~t . IOpI'!;sS th ,~ l <1bo r of . the local p,~opJ.,; fro!l\ ?alpa to Py'uthan for- tiN construction of :."U ~,ds su f fici.mtly wide for hors~s and p:UE'nqu1ns 'by th,J i::md of -;;hc IOOnth of Ashwin (Octob.!r 15). In :l('j'lltlon , u..:.~ran,gc for adaquati; stocks- of :r1c~~'puls cs , Iol :llZG, Inl.llct, flour, whoat, barley, peaS, S(>J.t , oil, gh(: ~ , tumeric powder, chillhls, ginger, etc to feed our :mtDurage . u ' , .

Such Ol"G.urs w~ra· Sffi1t on ~he sam· ... ·day t o th(~ f-ollowing officials clso :

(1) Captain &11. . B3.hadur Panda C!lhztrl for the PokhaJ:"a.­Pa1pa sector.

(2) Colonol Ran" Simlla Khatri Chhotri for the Kuthmandu­Fokhara soctQr •.

(3) :·h\jo r CO.Ptcln Udaya Simha Ecigat1 " Chhotrl. fo r tho pyuthan-Se.lyan sGCtor~

(4) Lt. Co:J..oncJ. Da1.Am~rdon Thapa Chh,,=tri for t~lc Salyan soctor.

' Reguti :~os :.,.;arch Coll..lct1oo, vol. 63, pp. 9-10.

125.

Pr:L-.1i . .: i:1Li.:.t;; :..:, Jung r;'lhadur' 5 ord,~r to ,Lt. Colon~l DaL~lIa:::'dr\n Thupz. G: lh~:)tri :

"1'111;:; year ( Vili:rama 1921!A .. D. ·1866) we -are l eaving on J. tou r of ti.le Naya Hllluk on the auspicious day of T1~~ .. (l.'.:;. tll~ Dasr, ain •• festival)., \fuen.c.:_'d ~l·S we,re sent t.o tll.1J:el"ent .,1'\;: .'}5 for tPfe Supply 01 proV1.31.011S, Suoba Padmanati1a JOshi raportoo from Denke that this year dl'Otlfl."lt has danw.ged the rice crop 1n Banke, so that :mfficient sUPl)lies of rice for our entourage will not be ~~·/ailahL·, .

;liou ::.rc, tht!reforet d+rectcd to mul\:e e:.rraneeraents for !:l:lsklng p addy receiv~d' as rer.ts (Pahchl;:U I'-bo.t idya, i. :; . oile-fiftJJ of the c:ror) from Dang and D",ululUl"i, ir-~01';;:JS the por'(..erage ;;d'vic~s of the local people foI' one do..y 0ucil on payment of wages and tl'nn!:lport the l'ice to ;;llC fe rry-point ( g:-!3.t). From tlle:':·G th~ rice shall be tro.llsflorted by toat to Sidhniya-Ghat. At that place, the ·co:::t of' the .:.'ica,cal.cul ;:ted at l'~,'~es current in Dang aad Del.l.lalUri plus the amount spent (Cs .. wages ","hil ·.: transport·in:; it to Sidhniya-Ghat, shall u ·~ realizai fro!u .subba padudl1iJ.1:ha Jcsh1. In this mantLr, ilk}: e a rranti'J!'Ih:.:,11:.S fer th :;: sr~(:: of ric>::: \-IOrth fuJ 20,000 or ils 25,000.

";In case t h e quantity of' rice collected ':".S rents is not su:'ficimt to fdad OUt entourage, o .::'(L~:L' the local. people to sell their product:: at SidhniYCi-Gh;;.'.; _et rates C'JrI· .. i.lt a1:. tr ..... t l'lace."

Aswin Sudi 4 1923 (Septembor 1 &'6)

RvguIi Rds~arch GolL~ctio(l, vol. 63, pp. 2'"/6 .. 78.

5 •. Slnuhuli:liaranr; i4:: r,iQn .

In i-i:l.:..'g<l 194-8 (D.)c"3m"ber 1891), Primo· l-1ini.ster Elr ShUlll~her~ lef't ~n. a huntlt:g tour of Morang throll3h Slnclhull. Re Was schedul .. u 1:.0 halt)..n th~ val.ll;:¥ south of Sindhul1_

.. Gadh1. on Harga 17, 1948 (Dec. ~llb.;r 3, 1.CS91), and at Slndhul1 .. Madi on the follcw1i1.~ day. .

.: . On J..:::.·l1n Sudi 2, 194~ {~61ltembcr 1~1), th:;;: f'_llowi.ng · 0 ro.er Has sent to ··the ofnc~uJ.s of S1ncllu.ll.-Gaclhi : . .

" I'he Prime H1nist.erI s party Will include 10,000 troopD and 2)0 !~9rs()s. l11ce, pulses, salt, oil, ve&etable, gh''::l3 t splc:..;S, tobacco, ducks, sh-::ep\ goats, c"lucl~sl eBgs, and .l. :::ed for horses Wl.ll be raqu~ rl;:o. fa r tn\:l"l . I ::iSle ordG:"'s to .the inl.l.abi ta~1ts of villages S1tu at::d in that ~r.t.::~' fo r the procu rall::mt 0 f thQ se suppli:.;s·. Hake arra"i!" :;md1ts to stock th.3ll. at Idach camp fOllr or five " . . uolYS "in :ldVt;tjlCt). Constl'llct roads strong und ,ride enough

126.

to ensure tl'k'1t tlOrses of Arab breed p ass t11I'CHC;h without any obs truction . Construct di rt bridges C:l st r~1;:JJs and r:lV';O:1'3, or ,,, ;.':.1:;;: u. rl'angewellts for teats in ad0quate num-b '!:,'s, as :o.;: ... p rop ri ate . 11 .

Regwi P.:~::;earch CoI l,; ction , vol. 50, pp. 625_-28 .

*****

Appoin.!E~:\~ .. of i'iul~!r~~Jinm£twD~ litill.m<':ii yur, f yuthan

On Kurtik P"""J.i 3, 1945 (Oc tober 1888), Kaji i 'i ,lr ti . Bah~,du r Shah, e. resid,mt of Harigaun in Pyt.;.than, :::'.ltoitted the f ollo ,ring petition t o Prime Hilustc !' Bir Slnu ', shore :

IlRevenue on- I!..~}illQ lands ( and hom '2 ste ads) W~'.S collected in l-:hulll ri~haur Village by Hukhiya RI.liDU Rok., , · .~1d on rice-terraces l);,r Ji.I1lmawal Pra-sram Ach'll'Ya. :j~cause Rar:DJ Roka resid ',d not in thi:; area L .• t. in a likL'ir,aun' he \1:15 not able tu mak"e col1..:ctions properly. il,.cco ;.Mngly, he rosj.gned ti1.:...t pOSition in t he n ame of his 1.";··.tlltl.r, l~h c..d.6 C". SLoh .;.. Holc.'_ . and himself, and the inha.bj_ta"'ltS . of r-:humchaur inclicated their WllJ..ingness to h,w~ the l~~s:i..J;nd.tion .. ':.ccepted. _ Accordingly t since tilt') Vikrama ye;:>.r 1929 (A.D. 1872). I have been col1.acti!l3 r~venue on PW10 l a.l!.1S (.nnd hor.:~steads) in that v11h~tJ.

n3ubseq1.«~i1Uy t T found t hat the J1rn.ma\J~t Prasram Ac~"l,-,.rya) was alJ:"1 10p!iatin~ income ·from undeclared ·rice-lands. inth rlJY concurrence s ~.utila.1 Pacihya and Deuraj Giri sub"J.itted ~ cotuplaint. Pras ram Acharya confessed his ~uiltJ and w<J.Sl · t'r:C l'~fOl'<3 . re[)laced py Motilel Padhva and Deuraj G~J. • Thay ttkn plaC.)d tti:.nr copy of tne judSj.lent in r.lY C'lStody. ·and from Vikrama 1925' to 1945 (A.D. 1072 to 18G8), I coll~ctad l'oJvenue (on rice-lands also in th~ c dpacity of Jimmavral).

tlASSeSSdCi1ts for the Gad1.mubaralffi levy, 1\;lpo sed. in Vikrama 1942 (A.D. 1835) Were made in my n:JIl~ under current ol'd..3:';·~· a:.1d Ngu1. ", tions, and the l.e ..... -y WuS coll~cted acco l'dingly • -

uIn tho Vikrf.Jlla y~ar 1944 (A.:l. 1887), t'1dt~rman Ibka e. son e f Kh<:.d::;a Siruha Pol~a and elder broth ':'r or Ramu ' Role:>. , aSSi gned th~ functions of Jimmawal, ~lh.icb had ~lro Q.dy b-.:lOn ~.ssign3d to us according to th.1 j)I"<;;:vious ur"!cision, co Hikruat Bl.sta CUQstrl, son of Su~.'d.ar Tula SiLilha Bista Chhctri, "van tttQugh the latt"-l' r()c;1c..(;Js in a pl::.c,J wl"'..1cl: li~s at a dists.nce ol~ 10 or 12 ·l;:~Sh and ·c:tnlto t therefore ,n rlke coll2:ctions prop,; rly. -i'.leh~nnan Foka told Hi1"iJ!\at Bista Chh~tri:. liThe ass,~:::snerits have been uade l.n. t ho name of my brother; we no\! uHthor1ze you to (!o~lact tt).~ l'eV7l ,Ud . A.cco rdingly , Hikm~\t ~list.a Chhatr1 had ·v;tsitud (.i.(humnch::w.r Villag~) to lIIu.ko c(,lL.:ctions."

,

127.

Kaji Nal'D. BclhJ.dur Sh.::th , in his petition, declar8cl th:::,t this action pf the Rokas ilad aggrlevc-ci him. He s.ddcd

t "The

Rok:-,.s rosirl.e in <1. (listant pl:lce. AS such, it wi '. be difficult for them to do ' thi.l govexruilcnt ' s work. I h ' .. d _Sign8d an undertald.tl,:t; stipuluting, (to coll\3ct r CVeilUe in Kbumchatlr Village), and the locaLpeoplt!-.--ara s at:i..:,f'it:d with my work. I llave not c au!:;.;d 3IIY obstruction in t/",;:,. ~o v~rnmentl s HOrk. ,,~~ such, it is not Q.~!')ropri &.te that I soould lose m'.l pc~l~ion 01' litkhiY8.-Jintn2.H,U, even uhen t ht~_ i-u:;k shad bu€:n rcmov0d froill. that position pr,<;vi.ously and a , ~ .cision 'lad b, _,~n ril~'Lde i n our faver. , . ior~ve.r1 the Rok:-:t;,} . .i.~ ')si(\e, at a P:I.~'.CQ u!uch li,~s a t a distancG of 1U or 12 }:OSll, so tn:'l.t they \Jill no t be ':lu1e to do the govcrnnent l s worh. . I haw been \K'rk:!.~lZ as 0. I~ulthiya-Jimmawal in mat vilL ... s:~ fe .. ' t he past fi fte en y f:ars in accordnnc<;l with the decision :.I~.ntion Bd .:lloX)'fc l. and no on,.: has filed any complai.nt ~tici.n~t m(~ . In t. •• cse circum!.:tances, it is not ::lPP1'OfJriate ,th:"'.t I shoultllose !.rJ ·posi.tion of Hukhiya-Jimmawal. HO\-l Can a person \k:.o had anc~ u ;.'t:ln re!lbved from tho.t pas! ;;101.1 choose a replLcc;,lent?1I }Caji liar a Bahadu./.' Shah, thoarcf0 i'b , prayed that the Adal~t GoswJ.l'a bl.) directed to reconfi:B :.im in th lil po sition of Hukh1y~Jlmmaw;ll of' KumIichaur VlllF,~:(! .

Co,:!!:I;J.Ilde l'-in-Chi·~ f General DevG Shumshere .:run;]; Rana Bahadur directed .that the p~tition 00 fOr\1;lrded +"0 the Sadllr Du.fda rltllona. ~1", noted: "In caS ;.! th~ (xm -~''';~lts of" tills pctit.ion .}.re true, a p~rson WO h<l.d onC E) r.':Jr.icned the Position 'and is ne"", :'osiding at a place located ~tt 11 distance of 10 or 12 l:osh cannot raj,s'~ .any trouble. A. f O::!llal order (recx;mfl !'i.lin g Ke.ji ~j ara Bahadur Shah in that po sitj.on) way

. bl) i zsu nd in acca l 'll<!. __ llce ""i t..'1 tho;: -laws and r~lUh.tj.ons. u Th~ ol'ci (: r \,IaS CO Hlntl"!1icatt:d to the- Sa4 £l I' DafdarY.hana by Capta:in Romal Simha Habat Chhot!'1, arld the AdaJ.u.t Goc;;wa.ra also dir:!ctod '"hai; t h:.: o.rdc~r b·..! o:lInpli<)d with.

On Hargu Dadi 3 t 1945 (l..Jov~b~r 1888) t the S<:.'.l..ar Dadfarkhana rE:coroU:l,ln~l.Ju ·thht tile Bakyauta Adda of Pyuthan 1><.: r.lil·~'Ct;:d to rclnst.at J Kaji h am nahadur Shah as HUl-ch1ya-Jinr!IUw~ in Khumrichaur Vj~l-3.Se if tlw -contents of th'J p -_.:t:. tion "';~ra tn.te~ and if not, to . submi t a recommendation for '_'.c tion aCco niin~ to t he Ln/s and rugulations. This r \..co:"uoi3ndation of the Sadar Dafd£.rkhana waS endqrsoo. by tho jVli.Ilu~~i Adda and apnro '",-,d by Etlpc ,·iinist-Jr Bir Shumshare or: :C ;~U'ca Badi 12, 1945 \. Iovmoor 13tsO). . . .

, Th...: S ad .J.r D;;,.fUdriiliana b a..;:::d i ts r,;Com.m~·nd;;.ttt.; 1 ')n th03

fo1.lo\ling Section 25 of t~"";. (: Lp..w.on ~1ction8 (J c.ztu Pnjaniko): 117alukdars shall not c.;: dismissed unl.:.:,ss th-.:y cO:i"!!',il t an offc'~Sle. In Ca S!;: it is rldCOsSary to appoint a.l1otlV: r Talukdar ?- p <.l rson chosen by the loc !).l J?c.ople. and c ap n'ulc of coll;;:ct1ng t.hl3 ruVCIlU f; sb:)Uld b;J SJ aPPol.nted.'! ,

Harga Dodi 10 1945 (D,'cumbor 188~)

RC:~i RC3eG:.rch Coll ,_!ct:i,on t vol. 62, pp. 1-10 •

1213".

Dot1

Orcl :~ r from Oan~: r<ll FattL: Shumsherc Jun e; Rana Bo..."1.aciu r, Comnand1n3-Gcn c: r .. 'Il for the Srutll,· rn zon,,:,:, to tlL , officials of thi,.; Dot i Distri ct Ht:udquart,'j r s (Gaurxla) Ofl'iC:':: : \

lIOn Poash Suc;:i 4 , 1945 (Doc afJb.;r 1888), you ~ l; 'll be en ord~ red to ohtain tax- assessment r ag1.stors ( t(:ri) from th..? foll owing Mukhlyas and JUnmawals, who h3d boJcn appoint ·~0. du ring the rev~nua setU ·).umt o f 1925 V:J.tr.:::l.l!la (A.p . 1868), and f OrW;ll.:u. such l· ~gist...::rs ( to Ka~hi1: .ndu) -"l1t hin sev~n days . 'i.'his ac ticn holu lJ~ "n t <!lt :!ll bl..-c ~lUze t;"'!c s ~ Hukhiyas and Jlll1Daw8.1 ~,; h~·_d Il~""n chttr g .. >d. Wi th h ?-.v:i..n g suppr,:!ss Jd info m atlo t! :,cL~~lnG to t a xabl .: IJl1(ls . You h ,'ld bt>~n orC..::r(;d aJ..oo to· a SC3rtain wh~th~r or ~Iot K8sarl C:lu."1 is capabhl of dischal'gio g th ~~ fLUlctlo11S of Hukhiya.-Jimma\Jal. in Purch.3lldi if al,!,oi:1t~>d i T! t h(,t position, and \,11 ath ar or not th~ local. P oopl --~ are \..'il;t.ing to a cc -.:Ipt him as su ch. It

Th lo: Dot.i District Hcadquart~rs Of fice ropli ",'d t hat it h u.d no t b'"""n po ssi bld to comply \,1.th th~ oI'di,;:r within th0 time limit pl'e s c rib,:d nboV3 b~C3il s~ the Hukhiyas ::.nd oth ~r r 3sp uc tabl~ p <!o}Jl 'J o f thd v:lll ;:;.~~ had l .::ft fo r the t our camp of P rim.:: ! anU>-t '~ r nir Shur.l;i;h.;!re.

Ano th,Jr o r dJ r W0.S s;,;nt tD thu Dot1 District ;!oadquarters Office in th" name of Carunandlng- Ge n cr-c.l Fatt'-' Shumsh...: ro on I-taCh Budi' 4, 1945 (January 1889) diructinz 1 t to send t he tax reg!. sters v.i. thin S.1v s n d;l.ys, sinc.:: 1 t w .... s not po ssi blOJ t hClt all '~h<; l oc:.l1 p,-",pl .:: l~ i1d 'l ef t for the Prim·.,: , iini ~tarl 5 tou r c~lJIl!) .

Y"t ru1oth,; r !'(;lrO.nd..:l' vlnS s-..;nt to th..:: Dot1 Di 5t.rl c t H·..: adquart ers OffiCi' on Chai tra "Uadi 5, 1945 (t.fal'C:: l 1889) I b..::c ausa it still 'h.ld not s..mt t ho t.ax N gist ll rs to Kathlll<lnlhl.

R,,''' blI\1 ROsi3arch Coll,~ct1on,. vol. 62; pp. !/J- 39 .

Regm1 Research (p r1 vat e) L td ISSi : 0034- 34ax

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Regrni Research Series

Year 15, NO,. 9

Kathroandu: September 1983

Edited . ~

Nahesh C. Regmi

******

Cont~n1§.

ReVEnue Assessments in Jumla

A 3l.ort History of Nepal.

Ne"w Kagate-HU~alt LineS

Revenue Collectio:l in Hunang and Oth~r Villa(: 8s

Revenue Collection in Chisankhu

The Gadkhar airta

Revenue Collection in the HUl Region

Birta Grants to Indian Priests

AllowanceS for Rana Colonels

Regmi Research (Private) Ltd Laz1mp at, Kathmandu, Nep&.!

Tolephon. : 16927

Page

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• •• 131

• •• 135

••• 138

• • • 1lfO

· " 11t 1

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(For pIivate study and research only, not meant for public .sale; distrJ. wtion and display).

129.

~£D:lfii As sessments in JUmla

During the nin :;;t'J~th cEmtury, the district of JUmla cOIil?l'l::L:d a · numb,: r of admln±strat1.ve di · ... 1.910115 ( dar a). Revenue 'Wc.$ coll t1ctcd under the ·the!s-thiti, Systcdil through V111 ag t.l hea dmm ( Ill.1kh1ya) . ' Reverues assesse1 , f o r SOUe diVi siollS f or A.D. 1850 were &S .follows: (Fractions of' a :rup ~a n ave b..!en 1 eno re<!).

ILi vi siQ.D. ReYenu 6= As sessiil l::n.!:

Tl brikot Rs 4,0701

Sij a , Rs 4,7342 .

Aa! Rs . 2, 79~3

H'Umla Rs 6,1084

Gant Hs 3,58~ Soru '"' 1 t )'or 16

Palata Hs 2,9707

RakaJ. Hs l,5~3B Sarmi Hs 9499

I'U~ Hs 1,76510

Dartl a hi. s Rs 2,705 11

KaJ.ikot Hs 1,47612

IGl atyad Hs 2,1 2713

·.References

1 •

;?:.

3.

1,..

5.

l'I'h\!k-Thi t1 A~'anganents ror T1 br1kot, 11 Shrawan Badi 4, 190YJuJ.y 1846, .II!!<, vol. 80, pp. 329-BD.

"l'ile_k_Thlt1 .A.rr:mgements for Sija, 11 &1saY.h &.di 13, . 1907/Apr11 1050 , ruc , vcl. 80, Pp. 551-56. The figure

was ns 4,536 in 1'll3S: (Chaitra Bacli ?, 1894) /larch 1838 1!JI:., vcl. 35 pp . 590-601), and Hs 4,6<.8 in 1846. ' (Sfira""" BadI .4, 190YJuly 1846, .!!!£, vol. So , pp. 389-437.

uTh ek.-Thlt1 Arrangements for As1,1I Shrawa,n Bad1 4, 19031 ·July 1846, IDP., vol. 80, pp. 437-61,..

::'l'hek- Tid.t1 Arrllllgeu:~ts . for Huml a .. :' ;:l ra~an Br;-4i 4, . 190YJulY ·1850, l!!!!<, vol. 80, ,pp. '1<>5-85. . . ,

IITh0k_TL ti A~rang~ents fol' Gam lt Sl.· . ..I.Jai-l Ibdi It, 19031 JuJ.y 1846 !lID., vol. 801 pp. 1,.86-501. fh o figure "as Hs 3; 335 In Vikr Wl!n 190U (Chaitra SUdi '0. 1900) ;;arcn 1844, It.1h a.sa Prakasila , Vol. 2, Part ·2, PP' • . 0!/J...B1h

6 .

7 .

"Thcl(- Thiti Ar.L'ange'llents for Soru, If Jestha D.:.>.cli 14, 19071 l-L y 1050 , RIq , vol . 80 , pp . 547- 51.

;ITilek .. 'fh1t1 A.l'r:m.gcUl ';>l.u;, S for Palat a, 11 Daisakh 13d.di 13, 1907/.~" r11 ,,;50 , RRC , vo1. 80 , pp . 557- 73.

8 . UTh ,.!l ~_ 'rhiti Ar:"'.Jl1ganent:; for Rakal ," Baisalm · ~1adi 13, 1907/Ap ril 1850 , illlQ., vol. 80 , pp-5?3-77 . 'the fi'J"ure .... ~s its 1,lf49 in Vi k r ama 1894 (. Falgun SUd1 3 , 1894 F...:iJIU ,ll'Y 1030, ill!Q, vol . 35 , pp . 58~89 .

10 .

11.

1 2 .

uThek_Th1ti Ar:- &'1gem.en:t,s for Sann1, It Baisal<h Iludi 12~ 1907/ A~ r11 1850 , jLQ, vol . SO , pp . 604-12.

"'rh ;:,:k- TIt it1 :·~rro.nGc;n?llt s fo r i4ugu , u Baisakh Dr.ui 13,1907/ l\prll 1850 . DW;, v ol . Bo , 1lP ' 61 2 .. 25 . - The ficure 'W¥. s Rs 1&)1 four Y:'(lr3 previously . Sh r awan Bad! 41 190 July 11:346 . m: , vol . Ba , pp . 247- 65 . In ViltraI'.lD, 19? A. D; 1880),"""t!1e amount of rev enue assessed in the Mugu division h ad r,O~le up to as 2,316. (Marga D..'"'.lli S , 19Y1/ Novaa b"~ r 1030/ )"bid . vol. 58, pp . 6 1-75 .

nor-a elc- 'f'n1 t 1 ~\rrangt': nonts fo r Barbal:d.s,1I fui 3w.';:i1 fudi 13, 1 90?/Ap r11 , 1~~O , RRe, vol. Eo , pp . 625- 35 .

IIThek_Th1t.1 Arrahe2men t s for Kal1kot , 11 .3hr~\fan Dedi 4, 190 3IJ\Uy 1846, ~, v ol. SO , PP_, 273-92.

uThek __ Thit1 Arrangements fo r Kh atyad, 11 i<\:J.;?Jn Budi 3, 1894/Februa IY 1838 , aRC . vol. 35, pp. 566-7l ••

DInin G t hu lllidcUe of t ho n1nEs teenth cantuIY, revenues from J"U",o.a distri ct '.tIere a3signed to go vc: rruncnt elJployees under the J agir S"fst 6'!l . In othe r words , almo st no revenue acc ru,:d to th~ state treaSury from the district.

Dur"ln:; the ~nr1y 1 B90s , four revenue d1 v1sions, : Humla, Galfa t Soru, and P :!l1chsayu, from t he jurisdiction ot Jagiro:.":.rs anc. plac l'd under t hp. sy s tem, th itt 1.S, under

the Cl1l",),~:t~joo!n~t.l~'O~<l~~.it~h~.:~~~~~~~~Revcnu cs from -these di visions were by the ~overnmmt . Revtmue aJ!bunted to Rs ·13,052 acco rdin:::: brealcdo\Vl1 WwS · as f o110 ..... s : •

"

Huriua Rs 6,176

GnJ.fa Rs ;, 877 • So", Rs 1,370

P o.,ch:say a Rs 3,6 2')

Rs 13,05 2

Out of the aJ!k:)unt ot! Rs 3,629 coU.:;c ted. i n Pru.lchsaya " ns 1, 46lt "'as aS3ign :...>d to ~ej Shumshere, a son of Prime .\j,'n1ster :s.~ ShulPsh~ru. Th e ba1.CIllca 01 R!l 11,588 wcs aepo:l1 too :It the State 'fret..suty in Po.lp a . (IIOrottr to Slr Ba)1adur Shcl1. n~gtl.rd1

- Collection in l1urlQa and- other Areas ;1 . Poush a ,d! 4 1 9~Jevenu~~ Dee",l,c!, 1892), ~,vo1. 58, pp. 1~B-9~). '

131.

A Short History of Nepal

By !

" &..b.l ralll Aeharya '

(Continued from the AUgust 198.3 issue)

Ihburam Acharya t "Nepalako Samksh.1pta ltiho..Sa ll (A s.1.0-rt histo·ry of llop:il) t PUrnimn Uo. 48, Cbaitra .2037 (Harch_'April 1981), edited by Devi Prasud fual'ld'1ri; Chapter VIII: UAgllillo HadhY~lYUgako Ncpa1.a (1. S;).m. 525--880 .Am.).- (The e:lrly medieval period, circa A.D. 525-880), pp. 5-8. .

1. Va,jraYtJ1a, an offshoot of' the ).i.ahayana sect of fuddll1~,~, had em~rg~ as a ne\'" sect after the fifth century. While ;1d.11erents of the !-ianay"na sect. regarded th'J lliddha as redl'l~A.lr of the h'Orld, those of the Vajra,yaI1a s~t ~onsider'.~ him ~ ideal man 'viho had 'attained sup ernatural povers (S1dd1;l;l.):- " T1.U the ninth century" thi::; S.ict had

-had several Sid,lhusr.. woo could displaY superna t u ral feats by ('.leanS of mantras alld. ycg1c powers. Among them we;.~e a number of philoSOphers. This Was th6 reaSon why the VajrayiUla sect could survive fop several. centuries. At the ver.t· time whe."'l the Vaj l~a.Y:ana sect "WaS being f'ounded, a new sect eill·crged from uithin the Shro.va sect of' the Sanatana rp~igion. It \"lnS call..:.d tha.·Tantl'ic ·sect. becc:.u~e its ploJ.nciplcs are outlined 1n texts on·· Tantra. Texts descrihing the pr.inc1pl):3 of the . Vajroy.:'n8. se.ct a rc also called TRlltr.l.c, h,~ca Vajrayana '-IaS Call'·d 0. Tantric s~ct. The words ''Lert· Path ll and I'Right Pi3:t.h" wQre used to distinguish betHeen the VajraYblla arid Tantrtc sects, because ·the adherlIDt;sof. the 1bml cr used to perfonn certain religious rites with. their lef·;; hand, and also us<..'Ci th.o:rl.r fingers leftwa.rd in th<3 COurse of recitation of mar!tras (J.apa).

2~ Hatsyendranatha introduced the VajraYana sect in N~pal • . Tl1·,: Sh.:J.v:l .T:llltriC suct had come ·to N"epnJ.. well before the a:ai val of the Vii,j rayana sact. The propagation of toth ·these ~ccts 1;.hus "gegan at abqut the Same time. 1'11(' Shaiva Tantl1c~ instal.l~ the image of Pashupat1natha, who was then I"~cognizA as the supreme .god of Nepal. Amshuvaxma WaS deepl~.r d:!vote<i to Pashupatinutha. Among liis titl.;;:s '''as one

·which lite.rally mGant~ · .lIblassod ~ Pashupatinatha." This title W"asUst3d . by his successor· Vijaya De.va aLso~ This 1nUicat.;s that· th~ imag~ of Pashupatinatha. had b~~cn ins·talled at thi.! beg1nn1n~ of the. moo16val p(~r1od.At al.lout the same tim.:, t:ollowers of the VajraYwa ·sect had .1nstalloo the 1dol of A:ynlok1 tesl1\-lara in· Kathi:llanchl.. It follow·s that th~ Licchavis t Abhiras, and. othl:r ·adherents of the Sanatana N1.i~on fOllowed tJ.le .Bha1va. TWltr1c sect. and the Neparas Who h:ul become fuddh1sts, the V~\jrayana sect, fOr nearly ~O years (AD 570 .. 765). A.mshuvo.rma nnd his succesoors. did not show any disrespect to the "VajraY·Ull.:.l sect..A.llshuva.:nna had, in fact, made arranr.~men.ts for .aqual offer1n.&s to ·· Pashupatin.ath and Gum Vihara. Narendra

132.

Do.::va hc.d install,-u t,h(; idol of V",-jrc:shWo.l~a to pro)j()te r~concili:lt1on b~t\",J~n the tuo sccts. Slliva D ~.wo. 11 h~,d ", ade laud a$signr.1.::;nt~ in raver of ooth the AchaI')"aS of the

Rmupa ta sect and H.likshus b;!lon gin t; to th~ V aj l' a~/ ::Jlar1a sact.

3 . Aft:) r thl3 establishm~t of the Pal-a dyn :,sty , Dl1annapala Ld.cl great ~1!1pha3i s on the propagation of the Vaj r ayana school of :)..\rld:ll.Sm . C~n:>uClU <.:l1tly, th~rv waS a frysh L:.nl\X of udh.er",nts of tht;;> s"":!ct into N.:lpal and they conv , l't~ tile Licchnvis to fuddhLJm . Till t:l (;1)~ thr';B fourth::: of' the il~pal'<-,s ;-~:ld ;ld.nr,l '.:d uith Aryan blood, so that t} l·,~·il· phys1ognoJ1lY ';10 lOll[,; " r diff;~ r~·:l ).UC'l from that of th .. ~ Licch3.Yi:; . Inasmuch as the ';;'\-10 cO!<ll .TJn itics had start.2r.. following th .. : s 'Jm::.: religion w)' tlia.t tir.l l' l they had no diff'icult.~,· l.'l ~st<.\bli :ili ',1 g 1i1utrimonial rd 3,tioi':S b~tWl.!Gl.l t,' -, ,'p.sd v.::.s. F'inally Licch2.vl s <:).1;:1 N cpuraS ll(;lC2f:l .; p L~,rt and parc el of tr.r.~ Same community ~p·..:nldn~ a COJIlr.iOn lW1gtiage (AD 765-880). Jlinwty p '.! rcent of the physio cno),w of th::'$ comnumty had Ar'Y l#;1 fe n.tur~.:. . llit it used tl'l: laliJ;urt.ZI.l spo b :n by th'-'l i'!:"'par as . Iha.t 1s why tha Bainsas .who l <~t.:;r arriv...:d in ~l.:pal call.o<i the corum ... mity IlJ!i\oJar.!I rhis nO'.l-Ar;rWi t,:rjjl (lid not S"xacUy ~"J.it th~ COm;.'lLlUity, hut Wr,S il011..::th ",l·.;ss usA because it W;..S thu nal1l0 g1v~:n to it by t: .r..: victClri::ms Dainsas. l'Ne::wClr U is the co:,.'rupt fo un of this t.:;rm ar:d i.::; still used.in N .... "Pru. The V,'lji'LlYana Stlct WaS thl.:s abll'! to ol'tn2; th .:; lie chavi s into its f:)ld, rut it \-i8.S pot ubl~~ to . x~ ~.ld its sliaY ove r su ch cOilla1rLlnl 1..i JS as H ""i~a~'~ <~nd Hunu1s.

4. P~opl;;; bdo(l~n~ to 'the t.'.ongoloid comnunities , lL1hllbit'-.~d the Ll·~\.i.lm.<' .. putr:l basi'a alSo bIJfore th~''i'.ibetan tJr<;.r."o1ch of the '£ibiJto-Eurman group crossoo tho rlii1nlayaS and start,'d l:Lvin ~ tLer.J LJld h<:..rassing th~. The ilongoloid cOLmllmity had lloigrut.;:d tv th~l.t r(.;gion whal the j-iimal~ran n OlS SuS \.J:.:;r(;: op'.m.n up durin, .th:: reitP o f Sron~ ~'san Garnpo. '.l.h:.:;y o.S::>i;'llilat.oo t;'l,~us~lv .js"'\oJith tho r1ongoloid COnl!!lUlities ::1lr(~ ~,dy inhabitine the HimalDyan and hill I'8gions . The process of a:':Si,'.d.latioll la~ted. suvc:::ral c'-:.4"'1t;uri'ls. Leg(,nds in this rega: .... ti hd.v~ b<:l(,n forgotten by I";ongoloid COllllllll'litL,s, rut not by th·J Yakt,;luiJlba corumu -:.ity. Fiv0 of t h:.:; ton clons of

. thi~ cOiil:iuni ty 'lrc S ,lid to belong to th~ Kashi Go t ra c12n, and thu oth"r flv\;) to the LhaSugotra clan~ ;bth these clans wor::;hip Sl-oUrl TSall Gampo as a god (Sirjang). The Yakthumbas usually pronounc~,d the.l.attur "khall Cl;.s uka, 1I h ..:nc,,:) the tcnn IIkash11t usoo by them to denote their clan shoulL\ bu pronounced ;tk11asl. 1i Th :o.: Khusi:.; of Assam still Sp8ak Hon,ploid dia.l~cts. It thus s~ ;:tlJS that the .Yak~humba cOlllnunity had COi.1";.; into toJin3 through th..:J uSsiIlll.lation of Indians and Tii.J>tailS lJdonging to the :longoloid community.

_ J •. 'i'he popula.tio:no~ N:;,pal incr.lased a~ a Co:Ins~quence of t~!: ;:-\~7:1..l,1ilat:~i1. or t.(H.! l'iOngoloid cOilllluni ties which hr.t.d m1grat~ from lJ.oJ..~t. afl..<.!'r ~'l,j op aung. of the HimalayD,(l pass ,:,s. These paS!::.":"s .. mab.l~ Ch_~_n;s(': and Tlb!Jtans to travel to w:~d from .~w~n;.;~ IndlU, il()~! sl.:tU',11l0nts Were 0pt.:nIOltl.in norl;h~m Inui:). H1 th<..: \-/ske 01 thB commcrcinl int,;rcoursc \.""ich dcve1op-:,d as a ::.'05'.<1 t.

133.

The I~ailashal~utabh av_:'Il1a "l ..... ~ destIOyal during the 1"o..l1e o f Shiv;J. Dev a Ii. E t) ttiel'efore, wilt a new palacu !lamed U .adrudhi v..:.sa Ui;:.Val1;-1 and shif't,rl his resid ence there. Con sequ ently', V Jish.:tl;i. b~Ca.l ~ depopulated, and t he canal con::;truct~d th,ere collapsed. It tUn13d into li strerun ,,,hieh continuoo to .:: rocle the town. v.hi le the town beC 3.lbt; d epopL11atai, otht'-, r !:l ~~ttleineI1tsappeared. At the plaee \olhicl.1 i s no w caJ.led Kathr.10!1du , there :.:.:dsted in incient tim-ii S a 'vi ll::tC3 named Panchakoll. '.the lhadr.aJ'::hlVa5atllavana waS pro bably lOC at ed. in that village. Panchakoli began transfonllin ~~. itself into ,,1 city ~lftc ~ r the construction of the i:1hadrCl.dlli vas~1.uhWana. Du ring th~ reign of Aroshuvanna, thcr~ were two s"I,ill villages in ",h .·,t is -now c.3.l1.ed Bhaktapur. Before long th., two vi llages com l:d.n <l <.llld ;~::J.1 aJ,dcd to aSsume the fon.'1 of a c i ty • Similarly, thel'~ "lmer ged new settle;ih;~nts in Dolakha t Dingla, j'fm-lako t, and Ric.li, wbich, for th e-i r growth, reli e:l on the Ph::J.ak , ii utiya, _K ;rung and Hu st'-lDg p a Sses respectiv~ly . It was at that time; ti'lat the round <lt ion or Gorkha town 'JaS laid .

6 . Derore ti:...:; time or Am f'huvaIlIl8., such raH l:l at~ da1.s as wool, ,nusk, honey and medicinal herbs proJuc ~:d in Nepd.l were all sold ill th~ towns or 'l'irhutand Magadil , a .. "1d the capitrJ. of N~a1 iMported from there goods s t.:ch f t:.i salt and cl.oth . 'l'he i:;t:f! alis were tims able to Caru on trade on a. lhli t~d scato so that they had not llUch weal th . Eut with t.\'l(r op p.nin e; of routes to Tibet, cQI!P.lercia1 i n t ,; !'Cou rse bet\-H,en Tibdt 41nd the south '2lm 'f:1rai r~gions h Gg<lll to b~ (:onduct:xl throu.gh l:! Cl~,u, t hereby inSpiring the lo'cnl Licchavis and i'lcpars to · cng:::. -" -:i. n trade. As a result, Lalitpu r became a proSPdrOUS town. i-.Jith the aim of r '..lrther developing this trade , A,.l1 shuvanna uinted coins of nine or ten types, \<Jhile Jishm! Gupta iss'..l oo on~ coin called Pana. Dur~,i1 :S the rule of t hese kings gold a nd silve r \-lere scarce, ino.s rilu ch as trade \-/dS then in its infw.cy. 'l'hls explain:> why t ht:S (; tlo.O Kings \-/e re a lJ11J to circulate only coins made or copp ~r extracted ' from copper ' mines in th~ir torritories. Silv':l r coins called' Pu rana. \I;;!re m.1.oted by cOinm~rcia1 houses theIn3clves. The va:tue of th,Jse coins waS equivalent 1::0 the actual prico of s ilvl;!r. Once tl10 seal. of a 'commercial. hous-a ¥laS affixed on Puran u coins there waS no need to w':iigh than and d J tw rmine their value, he.'cu tlliJY were accepted as cOins.

7. From the accourt. given by the Chinese \-.'ith regard ~ -tha Kailashkutatnavana wilt in the early m('.!di:wal period, l.t appears tilat the Nepal:is of thlScl days w,~re hi&.J.y skill ed in arc111t~cturc. lr.l.ages Of. the , fuddh,a in P,a,nauti ' and Namtudha, of Me.ya D~vi at Yan·galto'J..a l.n Kathrnandu, and o f Avaloli:iteshwara and 'rara, scattered. h~ re and thera in KathmWldu and Lalitpur, appear to have bt'; ,Jn oade during that PC!riod • . In deSign they resGf,1 bl('; the iJ:lagJs wilt in Bihar during thE:! lat;::,r Gupta P..:riod. TtlO architects t~ed th.,~r b~st, withou t lllUCh success, to make tha imag·s s exprt~ss1.v:J. :i:he Cha1tya at lhagwan Ihhal n'~ar Deopatan, and the Khasa Chaitya, werl3 d~si3fla:i during the Same p or1od. In thcs~ bi g Cha1tYas, one gets a glimpsl;l of the m.zdieval stuto;; of archi t:Jcture.

'13"-,

8-; During this period, HI..->pal1s uS8d to read Indi an literutul',) and philosophy wri"i:.too in Sanskrit. Official uc.cr~os too \ "-' 1'..] '-.Ti tton in Sanskrit. The Licch avis und AJ::h1rst. .t~Oi'l'8v .:;r , {;pol~c a langu...3.g~ which "!:lS a. d1~to rt\?d form 0 r lIagadhi Prakri t. Latdr, whon Li e: chaTI.s and N\::p ars ifI i:lr(;..:,d into a singl~ cOl1D11unity, they stopp-.::d using this lanf,>U:lr;c and switched t'o the ong1n8l. roim of th.:: iltld<JIn N~warl laIlguagc, that iS1 th\i: dialect oritP-nally spokcniJ'J the N.;po.rs. It originally consistoo of hursh-sou~1ding words. ilit throuVl a mi.xt.ur'J of \lords which fonndi a part of the distortzd form of ,;.ti'; dialect originally us~-d by t,h :.: Licchavis t the. Hords of' th(: new langu~gc were plwasant to h (!3.r. Db,10cts u s .... '<l by Oi;.ho;r £·;on:;;0101d ·colllt',<.l.oi t1 \,s such as Mu rfili s and Thamis also lf2nt through a continu1ns proCI3SS of cho.n~E:. HOllevcr, \"ords bclonzinf; to the , Aryan langu <.Lg~ s could not . ('nt ...: r into ~heil;' dicll"::Cts, as th.ey had not yet embraced 01.1Y India."1. reli gion .

Th e.: Khasas of the Khashanta region, howev.:::r, llS"ld _ to speale the original form of the Khasa dialect, \-/hil.:! thiJ _ Aryans \lho had llligrati;d to t!lJ,.t regi~m latzr spok -1 the AWadhi Prakrit languag.::: . During: that p·~riod, th" Kin ~do;'ll of Kannnuj was a c(mt ·.; r of InJian 'civilization .. Th;J _ peopl~, of that 3.r.::a spol~~ a distort~ fOIm of the_ ShauraStmi lai.lguage. Many :curd son,:":s nnd pOo;lms were composed and read in this langua~c. EoCallSJ Khashanta \(laintain 'Jd dar-to-dt'Y contacts with Kannauj, a distortP.<i -fonn :_of th~ Shauras<:.'l1i :!.a..'euago mix(;:d \-11 Ul the Khascdi!U.3ct, which rGrnainA in u;:;e for 3~Vc l'n1 c~nturit.:s thoreafter. .

9 . T;l,J political syst(Jll rollowsd during that p_:i'iod "'as th~ !law.~ tbat \"::tS 1'0110w3<1 in anci'ent t1m~s. HO\fC!v '-~r, tha poopL~ vh~riJ bJrdoncd with various kinds of taxEoS and 1a'oor obligations. CO\lrts were ostablish<::!d in th ::.; ,:)ast.:.~r.1 ~md­wcst0rtl parts of the countrY.C ascs r..uating to thu five major crim~s (Panchilkhat)" wer '3 disposed of by th~ statr, courts \li:u.~o th~ power to dispose of m:1.nor cases wn.s v·-=~tClC! -in th,J villagvs. A few vlllag :j~ wer;; ovun V.Jstoo uith sp...,ci31 powerS ~ Final decision on· ?as'ds waS p'ronounced "0/ the King, who l:nJoycd unlimited payers in o.lJ. matters. InC' . .:!od, villagers :l£:<.-.Q.Qd p :.: rmission fl'Om tha King to year gold and :Jilv~r ornamunts. "fht'Y varo able to obtain such p ;nilission only by pl'.;i.~.sing the King.

• End of Chapt>3!' VIII -

135.

( '\) vh alll:;g:~'l-J.l.aru

On Aswin Ibdi 12,1938 (Septenber 1881), Pr:i.Plo ~iinister Ranoddip Sii1'ha ordered the opening of a new Kr..e t~.te-E1.llak1 lin':! 1"01' tl1e tre&)sportation of mall between Dhanl~l.~ ta and Ilmn., Eight nt;U KU$ate-hulak posts \-Iere establi:;;h ~)d for this Pill':!)OSe, and 16 :'ocal rousero1.ds ,were assi Gll~d tc each post. Four households wert: selecte:l froln r.".ch village in t}l"-~ a!'~a w1 thtn c. maximum distarice of 3 !s2~ f rom the llulak rout~ to provid-s mail traTlSportation :;arv.;.r: ("! & by rotation. Provi::Oio!l was made for the allotment of 100 muris of ric·::-l~1ds toIJacll I~agate-hulak porter, incltlsivn of his O\'fl"1 cJ.Oldin1. : In the case of a shortfru.l j h;) \las allotted lands cultivated 'tu cnothar person in the area, rut QI'.ly if the lat-~,,!r was unwilling to ~·rork as a kagate-buh>J~ po rter hiruself. .

"Land Allotaients to Kagu t;,)-~ulak Porters in Rntamate,1I Aswin ELdi 6, 1944 (Sdptember 1887). '

Ilzgmi ne search Collection, vol. 91, pp. 256-62.

(2) Ku ri!u;ll~:tc_U.JllU'.d.l!.l1S

•

On .3.11 !"'awan Dadi 11, 1943 (July 1886), Prim,:: i'hnister Bir Shumshere ol'der'.1d the· op~1ng o ·r a neW Kagate-hulak l1n ~l ~'or 'ehe tl'<:t.'lS!lortat1on a:f mall between i(urinch at and Upard.<J.;lg. Four n ·:;w . Kagata-hulak posts "Werv \3st Ool.>lishai for this pUl""POS~, with 17 hulok perters includinc; a ,: :UkhiYa, 1n each ; )osl;.. 'l'hesu posts started functioi-lin r~ i n L UI'tilc 1c;,43 (Oc"Cob", r 1985). Because no rice-lands \"(;r~l availabl <..! for allot:·.l:...>nt; r _' 1'sonS enroll\xi as Kagat0-hulak pOl't.;: rs a g r i:1 cd to Ih-:rforw t he work on the condition t hat t.ll ~ Were dxet!1pt ~~' (: from l.h.s.In (forcad-laoor) _obligations an t", hOlilBstead · taXt;;S (3 _· .:.'ma, Saunefai:,'U).

. According to a report sutmitted by the Ruvcnuo Office (Mal) :md the Court (Adalat) of Chitaun on Kartik Bud! 2, 1943 (Octobl!r 1886), the Kagat~hulak porters enrolled. in the ncwly_cr3atud four posts bt:;tween KUringhat 9-'ld Upardang rec.;;i vcd huUl~tltead-tax exemption aruun ting to Hoh;;..r Rs 94-12 and 16-c;andi (pa1sa) Rs 7-12, totaJ.ling Rs 102-8 •

. ' l'hes;;) arrang:::rnoots were approvl;.d by the Nep <l.l 3os"Wara HUl81q;ha.r (G0nenl.l Post Office) in Kathmandu, nne. sanction(.--d by ,Prir.l-"; Hinist "; T i31r Shumshere on &isak,.'I-J. &.ldi 15, 194-4-(April 1887). . .-. . .. .. .

Magh lladi 3 19'+4 (J anll"ry 18~8)

Regmi Ros",rch CNUoc!;1on, vol. 91, PP. "-97-521 •

136.

,} tllinf!e;Iat;- U.dayapu t,J,iillJl:li

In Pwsh 191 3 (D<~cenber 1856), P rime lo\iniste r lliil! Eahadur o rdered t.he openins of a ncW Kagate-hulak line for the tran spo rtation of official. maU from P11inG- Ghat to Udayapur Gadhi . .An o rder to er dnt· . t he Kae ;.~ e-hul.ald. porters Ser.:oJl tax r flll1:; :;ion up to one rupee in each household, as l'Iell as eXolll-t,1 ::m from the .1iill!n·~fa!?;B t ax and forc ed-labor (jha ra, bodth , b~~ar) obligations was i s sued on Poush Dadi 10 , 1914 ( De co3Ill ber 1 8~ 7 ) •

Regud. :1osc<.l.rch Coll cr;: tioli, vol . 81 t pp . 213-14.

4) Kothr" i'!l<J!l - L1st 1

On RW.d ra Sudl 8, 1911 (AU gllst 1854), ord.ers Here i ssu~d to Op(;ll ~ n ew Kagato-liulak line froe KathmandU to Li ., ;;'1 on t h e Nepal- Tibet tord~r throu gh Sankhu, with po~t s at - intervals o f 1 to 1} l;o sh .

R~em1 F:'::!;earch Coll ll ctioD , vol . 62, pp . 37 2.-,{4.

5) Kathn~illdu-Kbum.!!!

On Poush Sudi 7 , 1911 ( Dt::c(:)!llber 1854) orders '-I,,:;re i ssued to 0j?t'1l a ne'J Kagato-hul ak. line from Okhaldbmga to j{lium !::u. on t .1t:: ;:~;::l)'al- Tioot tol'd~r through Ch1.sank!lu , 'Jith pos t s at lt i.t ~, rvru.s of 1 to 1i kosh .

I n both (4) a.,d ( 5 ) t th~ ordtl rs pl'Ovided th.:>.t 11' t.l-te nW'lhe r of p :lI'sonS av...:i.lablc for i!I1rol.lrnent E.S -Ko:;ate-Hulakis 1'n villaB(;s adjoin.i.~ thn I"outo H:lS not adequat e , tho:.u living w1 thin a distance or' on;;: dayl s -journey should also b.l ~'n roll cd •

• ~<.;g;inl n~suarch Coll ,·ctiou t . vol. 62, pp . 374-76.

(6 ) Chh1n~lm-T1lJOtar. Ebrdo r

~rin!J: t h e Nepal- Tiber .... ar, a ne .... Ka.gat~Hul olt line HaS (.)stabl1shed bet .... a~n ChhinaSim (.JumJ.a) and the Tibet an Larder ar;;:as adjoining Humla. A total. of 29 Ihllok posts v ere c l'eatl".>d alon:; that line_; each post .... as mar.w-d by 16 ~ou:Jcholds. On !3eisakh &tdi 13, 1913 (April 1356), r n-me f'linistcr J ung Dclladur ot'dert'hl that t hese posts b8 nb:::lished bc c(l.u~ >} the war h o.d corn:) to an <::nd .

RC@lll Ros~arc.h Coll ec tion, Vol . 66 , pp. 162- 16:; .

( 7) Rcdui.;t~on 1n fiRniQ ':r o f Kagate Hu1 akU

Durl!l3 the !i C'!" al- T1b.:t war, the numb.) r o f IIulaki porters as silJ' l. -.;d to a,tcll Kal}ato-Hul<4t1 post in the hill N gions o f th", 1~111 :.:;dom W::LS 1:1cr'.:!aS<.ld from_ four to J3ight. On Ashadh Bad! 2 11)1 3 (June 1856), Prim>! Hinister Jung Bahadu r onllJ roo thll t

.Sau;.lr D::Lfdar.(huo'-1U to restore the original fi ~rc o f -four lh;c:atU:<J the war had coma , to an and.

H .. :.;t:d. ik:~o.lardl Coll wc tioll, Vo1. 6(,. pp . ' 80-H~ 1. ,

137.

(8) K&'7at\<-iiulflk Sq"'Vicgs in Gorkha

TU;.mty hous.molds had b,." er\ enroll,Jd as porters for the t ransportn.t1on 01' mail under the Kagat~HUla'l{ systan ::Lt Thontipokharl. in GorY.ha in the Vikrama year 1866 (A.D. 1309). In 1931 Vikl'ar.la (A.D. 187lt), DiH'clcar Rana was appoint(}d !,t..lkbiya of the Thant1pokhari post . On Chai tra Bad! 9 , 1935 (March 1879) t an orde r was issued fOl'T!lally reconfirming his appcint!T: cn~ . 'lhu o rd~r also list,;,d th~ inwmbent Hulaki porters and their rice-land allotm(;;nts as :follows :

f. Mu"kh1ya D.l wakar R&l1a

3. Khadu P adhya

4'. llishwanath PaQhya

5 ~ ' Ravila1. Padhya

6 ~ ' , Jagu Padhya

7. Lalitaballaltl aana 6. L axmi Das Nyaupano

9 . Lochan P <>.dl1ya

10. :·1Qn()rath Pt.udy.al

11. J{ashidatta Padhya

12. ' Shiva Koudal

13. 4 --' 1 ' •

Punashi1.a Padhya

Go b1nda G1 r1

1 f: Ra:gtip ati G1 r1

16. Itlotu Panda

17. li:mdak1sbor Padhya

18 . Da)"aram Kouda.1

19. !Calu Padhya Koudal

2,). airabh~dra Rana , ,

21. Harka Dahadur Basnyat. Chh.t3tri

Chaitl'" lladi 9. 193> (~\arch 1879)

...

.. ,

...

...

...

... '"

...

...

...

... . '"

'" ... ... ... ... ... '" ... ...

Hilgm1. H!.lsearCh Collf::tction, vol. 67, pp. 515-528.

* ••••

82 mu ris •

101 n

104 11 ·

98-~. 11

100 It

104

99

92

93

101

102

103

100

',DO

98

105

90

97

i08

100

101I

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Tb.;. .iilp\:;e-~ or seven v111upes situated in th'2 Rajya of L<::,:,\junr, used to pay Rs 1,786.88 as Slrto, as \'1(,11 as one cusk pod (Sarbangi - Kasturt) and one pair of .oochn by the: end. of th~ jllonth of M.::.gh (FebruaIj' 1 2) every yGar.

(rh :;::;~ seven villag'!s were as fo l lows :

1. i .ananr;- Gaun

3. Kham 5U r- Gaun

'>. Ghyaro \ofD..- Gaun

5. Fisang- Gaun

6 . P~ll'U_ Gaur

7 . ill. ra- GaU 11.

B::u~h:).t Daltadur Bi.sta, ;:"J. resident of Jar':ot in 3amagaun, subtli ·;;t,·~d an offe r to take up the collection o~ 1"'<JV8r,ue in the!;G ~oven vill:otgcs for a one-year p(Jl"l.od co l.Hcmcing Bais r.\m 1 (April 13) . H(;;l st.ipulated an increase 01' 5 p(~ rcent in the Sirto r~yenuel. thus increasing the am.:)1.m·~ .1Jy Rs 89 .3ll-} from 115 1 t 786. till to .Ks 1,876- 22h and off ered to remit th ~ e,.tire 8.lTnunt in .:t. sin gle itlstalllllet\t durinr, th e ;;'oath of (·1agh (commencing January 14-). 'l'he musk.pod and t ile docha weI"e ~;J.SO to bl.' supplied as usual.

The Pokhara To.hasil Auda submitted the fullmdn;1 report to the Sir,.ha Darbar ;·iagad! Tahctbil or. Dahhat fJah:;.dur msta l s petition:

UFoI' villages (l-fwang mra, Khamsur and a p"n,lanent ( s:ibasale) thek- t l11ti

co'1clud,hl with the loc",.l Chhar an, Sand Rinjup.g

• Under this setth . . l(,.llt, '}"'n'J.re uncl"~r obligation to re:ni t ;·;ohal'

t a..'1nas dll rin 6 th . __ .month of H;;.g~l evriiI'Y Y03~l.r to th~ 'l'hap'-l.thali Palace through revenu,"}- . :::<.>lloctors {T::ll"w.s11dal·) deputed to collect r.,y '::nu~s in Easkl .. LUinjung eV3Ij' year . In consid':!l'ation of ~llat payment~ they are e·,:tiU:;d to approprj. G.te l.n(;Or:lt~ from .'::!..tr::.t.& tax, fl.nes and penalti c :J collocted throu~: . tilC acil:d.nistration of justice, and esch 03atS t ::t.ld all oth~r sources, :: xcc;-pt Crown 1 -.;..'Vi0S (Raja,..anka) :ll.~d. f~n2s .:md. penalti!:s collclct~ frQn p;". rson3 ~Uilty 01 .il.:tJor crim:ls (P .:..llchaKhat)."

The r ~ :]}ort of the> Polmara Ta.hasil Adda continu r~d: uAs regard:> th~ oth,:r thre~ villages, :iarko,(Pisaqgt znd Phru) , the £l)l£.~!']-s hav..:: cond to InUia ( rloglan); L,JO c .. ~ 1. :; has ;",o t been po :.;,s3~ble to ' insp..,ct the Z'Cl~vant ord.::rs (S:1l1nd). H

hi1' Su bba Sh::<m::11cr i'!<O-.'1 and Naib Dittha KI'1~,,,~, : ian of the Simha D;'.rbar Nar:; adi Tahabil then S l: bni ttei the following recoiiifJr)ndat.1on to Prim~ "'ini::>t.::r Chandra Shumshere :

1!:')o C'J.JlL(:nts j,·elJ.ting to t!1(j rev.::nue set.tlcm;fiit of t ll.J.'ec vill3.,"; .;s ( ~ja ri'..o? }' isong, u.nd PhI'u) ma> not lu uV.lilu liL oJ, but it ~~ clear l; ll:lt a p .' r :,1aJ1 ·,: ,.t th.lli';.~thi-ll settlo;:lGnt had b'::cl1 l:ladc for tin"'! o t h..:-r tOllr villag,.,::> ( Ha.n;:mg, :llra, Kh:JlIlsur, and GhyurtH/a) . Ac cordinely, it woul,.1 not hav ~ b~en approp ri_nt ;:; to l'uC'): ,lffi '.'.:nu thJ.t coll~ction of rdVl,:;lnUO from -(;11i", source b....: g.iv~n CVL: rto th.;) IJ<:rson who haS now offer8d to PiXY a hi t:;h ') l' al:tount of r,'wenue. fu t b.;Jcans:J th e: o rf(~ r m\:l8l1S hi:J1.<J r incor,h . for the gOV~rrull81.1 ·::~ i 'Co 1ios ~'.t ',,;.he discr.)tion of th(:;l gov,,,; Iflfiwnt Wh ·~t: lel' to r· co,1finn thJ.:. ~xisting arrangemonts a'ld r<:j ::lct it, o r hlvit", !,ids on the basis of tha.t offer. a

Th (;; iiuluki Adda ooclors;d 'this Ncom:tl dl'ldation of tll',) Sirnha Da~'bur . ~.; :l.gad1 T~1lJ.1Jil . On Chaitra Z7, 1960 (Ai.) !~1 9, 1901.-), Prlrl18 hl.nist'~r Chandra Sbuul$here decro2!oo that bi'ls ba lnvitdl.

'i:i:l;,;: Silnha D"" rbar Hagadi Tahald. l accordingly inv1t\~d bids for tli.':- coll,action of r<.lvc:nu(: in th (~ sev<:n vil lag e mVl'ltiop ';d alJ:)vu ac_corilin ;:; to th.: pruc0dure.prcscrib\Ol d in _&::ctlon 7 of its r'.:t;u.latlons, as well as S..:-ctl.on 8 of tho " !hkOOl Bandobas tll (Law on i1cvl!nu ~-CGll£,ct1on Arrang<:lr:l;~nts contain ' d in th ~ t-1ulul~l Ain. A full transl;;.tion of this law is contc.incd in Bes l:l.i. tl0 Sdarch S'~l'~ :1§) Yea.r 12, No. 5, May 1, 1980, p. 66).

J3.,c ::-.uso no ot;h;;:r bid \{as .Nce1v~d. Bakhat Th:>.hadu r Bista-'

s off _ r' W.lS accopt<Jd for a on.>-Y8ar p'.:ll'iod from Tlaisakh 1 t o Chu.1tra 30, 1961 (April 13, 1904 to April 12, 1905).

Th.;: n3W Sc.\'v:dl1le ol" p9.)'l(\ >nts was as follows:

Y.,11J,aSiJ

1. Hanang-Gaun

2. Narlro_lJaun

4. Ghy e.rtt"!a.-Gaun

5. P1s ,_mg .. Gaun

6. Phru-.}au :1

? 1-l1ru_'Jau n

To tal

Pr~y1QUS figure

Rs 771.5"0

Rs 254.88

Rs 205"0

Incremant TotC!l

Rs 38.5n· Rs 810.7t

Rs 12.74;1;, ns 367.622-

Rs 10.2'n· I1s 215.77;-

Rs R, 192 9.60 R::; 201.60

Rs 96.50 lls ~.32;\· 11s 101.321.

Rs 83.50 Rs It. 17;" Rs 87.67>

Rs ·,83 Rs 9.15 :.. 192.15 ~---=~~----~~~8'~·~'·'-tl.·~~~~~--Hs 1,786.88 Rs .;. , .: its \ 8/6 .221-

1'h -;.: ~e paymunts w;Jra in addition to one mU!ll<_pod und ono pm.r or £1£tcllo as usual . J''-!sth;). 13, 1961 ( H:J3' 26, 1904)

, RC!grnj . ... L:sea rcb CoU ,;o::iion , vol. 78, pp. , 1l~3-1 51. t., . <-... "" ... Ii<*

'.'

J, _'

On rt,'...zh Bb.~:i 1a, 1918 (January 1862.), King Surendra granted Gadkh<!I', und 'jight other v1J.lages in !:tu\o~ak;)t as Sr..r ba-Kara-.AkaI·,:p Sa.·rbang3111 afi.- Blrta.- B1 tal ab. Th '.0. gr3.n. t was r,l[I.dc in ,appr:.!ciation of Sung Bahadurt s s i: rvic: ,.~s 1n escOrting King Sllrendra 'during a pll.grimage to (jo sainthan. (Regml R'~3earch Collection, vol.. 33, PP., 43lt-1f3S, and vol.. 69. pp. 21 b- 213) •

'.'

Tr.':' lands and to Prime H1nlster Jun.' lI..Lhudul'included and ~~. 'rhe ili.~possessed .Q~rtupuners an' lands in cY-cha.'1 ;;e elsewhere. On Pm.,:h Ba.d.1 ,. l"i."lds- 'Were similarly ~ral..It.:;d 1n e"xcl.lullge for 190 of 'k.1'?at lands undE;!,r the ' jUrisdiction of ' j··i.1jhar Ehima Dann\fiir of Labdugaun. PaY'nunts on these lalldS, amountin2 to 19 Il'UriS

I' 11 path1s, 'and 2 mEl!l8S or

paddy' and 12 armaS as lL.h1Y. _khane), had been 1:'.s si ",ned to a .1i.1J~y. (Ragm1 Research Gollection, vol.. 69, pp. 70.3-?15).

The birta laJlc.s of" Prime Minister Jung Bah~dur were _, confiscatad afv:r tiir Shumsbere became Prime i ·li~li.:::;ter in .. ·ovembor 1885 .. On Kl:lrtik Sudi 9, 1946 (Octob-'r 1389), the Gad.khar L1rtg. j .d~ltlon,,";d above was granted to Fl'i',l::; l ~inistfJr Blr Shum'Sfi"eF~ as SarbangOOlafi-Sasim-B1rta..Bital q.b by King . Prithvi -Blr B1.kram • . The preanble to the grant {; "ta.tcs that "You r (that "-131 P rillle' -Minister ' Bir .' ShutQ.shere' $) p ,; rfo nuance haS So f"ar hoon oxcali:ent, and you have done much for the Welfare of thi$ coilo-try .. tb ,On ,Bladra Budi " ,< 1949 (.Allgust 1892), a neW' 0 roe r waS lsml.::ld for measuring the ~, and specifying t !le area and. i:oUi1daridS. (Regml Resea ['Ch-con ""'! ction, vol. 58 , Pp. 7 2't-7~5) • . .

...... *

Reywue Call action iri t;hig IHil , Raglan .' ." ! . ,"," ":" .•

qn Sh~\rl~ , $l~ .1.1 ', :1949' ,C.;Tt4y: :1892)I . ~r:1mG_ Hlnister Bir - Shumsh(lr.:) orde~tl' thtt~ada}" _D!-f.qal'khana to' send -the foll.o'Wing 1nstluction~~.to, .J3al9" .. 8Jlt~, Tah~ll and Gadb1/Gaunda Offici)s 1n thz 'hill region.

l'AppOint ' r"aspOilsl~l'.J'. rmd well-ta_do lo'cal p "wsons as Umras ,!n vac11 _tmm to, ,cpllect revEIIl;ua from jagera-J.a;'lds , and homsteadS. 6ach -sucli'lJij'ra s1'ial:l' be responsi ,bl~ for th'!: cOl.lo;:ction or

. rt)y~ue ' a,ut)lfn~1p-..8 ,to, Rs ,9,OCX:>:;pr Rs J010oo,. . ' , , ' ,. . , ~., , . . -ItR~a-roata _ex1-st1ng..tbwe! . for th1s pUl1losa, if nac03ssar-.t.

Bp '_~cify , Cl~arlY the area and toundadas of t.'1e jurisdiction of each Qp!ra. '.

UEach Umr~ shall be ent1 tlt::d to tht:: f olloH1.n g . p :rquisit e s ;

(a) Ont,; oy ..... teClJll from each local. bJus ~;h.old i n the :a:.:n'Ghs of l .. shadh and Ha::~ I! , or onc la~::orer from e :: ch : . .ousdhold which do.=: s not PO Si,: :;: s,; an ox-t ~ ~ll .

( b) A ICh<!p~ yL:u.din~ an 1n~om ~ of not ,!lOre t rlan Rs 100 a yea r frum lands which tdlJ. b!~ brought un(lur cultivation in tll~ futuro .

" 'I'ha Uml'a sr:all undartak~ p 1 r:,c,n al 11 abU 1 t y fo r the fUll collection o f t he :1ss P'~sud r evenue .

R~ glJl1 itG s.::a rch Ccll cu t1on" vol. 513, pp . 76 }-770 .

lit ...........

.ll:i.l$..a... Grants to Indi nD~

I n '~he V1krW!ltl y-aar 1937 ' (A..D. 1880) , Pri::.l!.! ; '~inister Honoctlip Sirr.h a , accoLlpanL:d by thd thr~ conso7ts o f the lattJ Cl"'O\b P d uct.; 'l' rw.1loky<.l. Bir Bik r wJl , visit~d I:1cli..a on p11 GI"lm ..... Z;J . Tbuy uc.de r:J.Q.all donations of I:lJU ,,-.y Q.S t'ollows at th;:: fol l owin G pl ac ;-;l s :

At J a r;nnnath

I ·n th .) name of th\O: l ato Crown Princ"" T r a110kya

El dest Consort of do .

Second do .

Youneost do .

In thG n rune of tb~ late King

Prim t; Hin1st or :::al".oddip SiJima

f rim..; nini st !;'.l r RanoddiJ? 31mha

A t ~! .n::i,.1{~

P l'illi,J I,u nis·t,;:r Ranodd i p B1mha

To t al

• •• Rs ' , 000

• •• ns 1, 000

· " lis 1, 000

• • • ns ',000

••• • R~ 1,000

• • • Ri 5, 0'00,

• • • ns 3, 000

• • • Rs 3, 000

ns 16 ,000

On :rhadra Hadi 12, 1938 (AUgust 188,)>> a royal. ord e r WaS iSSll.3d in th..: nam~ of King Prlthvi :iir Bikrall to Tharghars Hal-: arar..anda P o.Ul l~· i!. !"':'Ilsko ta, Devadatta Padhya Poudy al, and .shivas~.lankQ.r P adh~'a Arjyal 'to nli3asura cultivat ed lands in Raub~1.i.1t s t:fnc:Ler:.t to y1u1d a.'"I yearly i r:. coUl t;! or Kamp an1 Rs lt8o, bdhti: ~ r etu rn on Us 16 , 000 .3.t 3 p.::rcont •

. ; .. ncwni Rc:s"-ta rch Coll.;ction, vol. ·.58 ,. pp. 108-113.

. . Anothdr royal ord~r was issued on tho sam~ day d1 rccting

th~ Tharghars to 1':l(:<lSuru a total area of 273.75 bighas , 1nclu~1v (:J of 1 ~· 3. 75 bighas of cultivated lWlds in Barn P a l<~al and Raut ahat Y~4din~ a. y~aliY inCQUlcl 01' Krunp ;;d Rs 4~ll-6h and ,' ~ bighas ' of was't u lcmds. 1'h€S,;l If'J1 ds were to b~ grant od s\~al'atel.y to tht) following f .. brul~ (priests) at thL' following plact:'s for the following purfl o scs :

(1) Si. ;.:: b1.ghas 0 1' cultiva t t')d lands, yi.el.d1ng 1'. y (:· n rly income of Kampani ~s 18. at "thi) .: ra.ta of R~ 3 a h1..~ :. aJ. to Panda Chhoto Naro.yan at RSmcshwar. The gram. had o..."">t.IU made by Prim es }:1nistar Ranodd1p Simha.

(2) 7~'l5 bigJ.las of cultivated lands y1Q.d1ng a y ~.:arly 1ncom(: of fis 2.3-6~· a t th~ rate of Rs ,3 a ~1s.ha. Of t ills amount, Rs 2?-8 .... as to be paid for thu rcc~tal. of the Rudri onc ,j lJV ~~I'Y u.ay at Ramcshwar (at tha rat~ o·r 1 alU1a for each rec1tal, or· Rs 1_14 a month, or Rs 22- 8 e. year), and 141 annaS · 3.$ rQ'D.ittance fe3. Th.:: tlllciowu1..:nt had b~~, mado 'rJJ F rilll.3 i-i1nlster Ranoddip Silllha.

(3) 35 b.i GhdS of ct:.l tivatai l ands, yieldinG a YCf.'. rly income of KSl"!lPMi lis 105 at th <! rat.:: of Rs 3 a bigha, and 25 bigha s of' \taste l ands, to Panda. Alap Din .;)f Prayag, as follows:

(a) 25 .. bl.~has each of cl.lltivat~d and waste lands, makmg .:J. total:: of 50 O1 ghas, 1n the nam oJ of th~ &cond Consort of Crown Prince TraUokya Bir B1kram.

(b) Ton bigha.s 1n th.; nOlI1·.j. of Prime !1inist ..: r Ra;lo ddip Simha.

(4) 95 ·o1.ghas of cul.t1vat·.xl .lnnds y1uldin:g an Yer"lrly income of . Kalolpan1 Rs 285 at th~ rato of lls 3 a bigh", nnd 105 big/las

of uncul ti Vll.t~ lands, ,to Panda Krishnalal. a t 1-ianikarn1ka in Kask1 (Vara.i3si), as f oll ows: '

(a) 25 b1@"u;.s ~ach of cultivatod and waste lands in the naID;J of tllo t i U"\;ld C::msorts of Crown Prince Trailokya J!lak1nZ n total of 150 b1ghas. '

(b) :!) bighOS of cul ti. vatod lands and 30 biCI1. s of waste lands in th~ nem a c.t: P,ri.ala M1nistur Ra)1oddip Simha.

"Bhadl"'3. EmU 1 2, 193B (l.u (lUs t 1881) .

ROf1lli Rdsearch Colll;lct1on, vol. 58, pp. '1.}-121 ·~·

•••••

1"" . .&JJ Ot'iaDces for RaDa CQIODr.lS

COnrn o.ndl1r-ln-Chief Dr..ir Shumsher used to I'.~c.;d.v2 an allO\-:anc€: of R3 16 ,000 a year. -He dli;d on Octobur 14, 1881 •

.on Chaitra &J.c.i et 1941 (Harc..'t 1885), Prime .,anlst~r Ranodc1ip Simha increased the allowances of the f ollo\dng !tUnas as follows :

; P revicgs fill Owance!!cI.nc·r caecd ·· ftilQWBn~ ,

1 • Colon",l Dhlr 1i c.. rsin g " "

Ran.

2. Colonel Tod Narsing Rana

3. Colonel Fatte Har"sing Rana ·

... Colonw. Mahendra 1'larsing Ra.na

5. Colonel Nil aran Narsi'ng Rana

6 . Col()nel G1r1.l"an Na:..- sin ,:! Rann

7. -Vi.: . Col onlll l-llp. "' R .i'i ;)'I's1ng ana

,

Rs 6 000"" " • Rs 6,000

Rs ",$00

Rs ",500

Rs 1 , 800

Rs 1,800

Rs 900

,

Ils 6 , ltoo

Rs 6,ltoO

, Rs 6,ltoO

Rs 6 , ltoo

Rs 6,ltoo

Rs 0 ,400

Its 5,000.

Tho o rl1>3r aJ.d·3d t hat abolished JURiI' o r j ~ ;'; !;'iJl (pakho) lands bu as:..;l ~n ;; a. in lieu o f these allOWances, 0 1', if such la.1.ci.s ~·/ er.J not 2.v35_1a:;'1 ~~, the amoun t. of Rs 16 , 000 previously gra:.ltGc. to Dhi r Shumshere be used.

D!!1r ;~ars1n3 n,ma and 'rod Narsing Rana were sons of Dhoj i-I.arsing and gI'aIldsons of ?adl"1 i:arsing, a brother of Prime :11n1stcr Jun g Bah:ldur. It has not been T'Jo::is1ble to 1dcnt:d 'y the othars. ..

Rcgmi Hesearch Collectlor:., Vol . 85,pp . 581- 83 •

................

Riilgmi Rusca rch (Privatl.:.1) Ltd ISBN : 0034-34Bx

1 •

RcsmS. Res@arch Series

YlJar 15, No. to

Kathmandu: October 1983

Edited By

Mah0sh C. Regm1

••••••

Contents ,

Landholding in Majhkirat, A.D. 18~7-50

•••••••••••••

Regm1 Rosearch (Privato) Ltd Lazimpay, Kathmandu, Nepal

, , . 'Telep!><>ne 1' 16921

Page

• • • 1~5

••• 15~

. (For privat,..! study and research only, not ~ant for public sale, distrill.ltion and display).

Landhol ding in Maihk1rat. A.D. 1847_50

BeCQl'If;U:ma ti.Qn....Qf.Kipa t Ho] 01 og in Kbotaru:

As1k B1r Rai nnd Kulahl Rai of Khotan g in Hajhklrat dis trict SU bmi ttoo the following petition to Kathmandu :

. Itto.n:is in Phov.:l¥ur Village deduc ted f rom the holdin g of Sr1harsha DhaKal l which hav~ been asslg:led. as , j f:'.g:l.. r , to the Srina t h KOoJllpu ana t:1C' Sr1rajadaJ. Kalq'.lu, h ad previOUSly been reCOnflr m·:::d as kip a t i n -the name of lilumajlt<t . ~·ltH11 iib1 maj ita d1\!d, hi::; son, elopa:i with aoother man 1 ~ :"'1fe to India and t oO:ttll t: roYal. order of reconfirmation aloo.g \11th nim. Pan>.th Khatn, a resident o f that Village, obtained · gran t of the l ands under .t.~ tenu re . As a result, we have been rendered homel ess, Whil e serviceS and paymunts (doko- toko ) due on the holding have l up::;ed. \"le too are entiUed to a share in it on bh;k~t of the stipulated thek and other payments and services •

...§ shoul d not be allowoo to d i spl ace us in this manner. 11

A !'OJ"nl. order 'W a s th En issued on Ba.i sakh Badi J), 1904 , (flay 1847) ontltling l:Aatk Rai and Kulahi Rm . to USe IIric~fie1 rl.S (khat)! pasture .. lands (kharka), payments fo r th l.: u s e such lands kharchari) .. cardamo m- ga r dens, fish1ng rights (t! honey .. curobs (mahabh1r)" et e 1n the holdin g, adm1ni~ tcr and a thek revenue of Rs 41 and 8 annas evezy yea r The royal. order addoo, IIPr ovidlOl doko- ooko like oth er memb·~rs of your COmnumty, proll'Ote reclamat10n and settl~ .:mt and uSe thu lilllds as your l< ipat in the same manne r as {he ten Ki tat groups ( of Pallolt ira t). We hereby withdraw th e previous ro~aJ. orde r a nd r econfirm the iands as your .l:$.1pa,t. u

. -lla1 sakh :Jadi JJ 190" (Hay 181t7) ,

.. . Regmi Rcsaa rch Collection, vol. 80 , pp. 74-76 .

loor oo re than two years, th3se landB L. totti khet and pakho remaln o.;:d undar t he ju risdic1;lon of Aslk tllr Ra! under this ' royal. orclt) r. SU bs:;:quootly , tha kh~t lands Were detach~d from his kipa.t holdin G and allotted to a pHrson from outside ~he district. Asik Bir" 'Rat then aUbmitt i!d a co!Jplaln 'i;, to Kathmandu through t h o cone~I!l..;d revenu~ settlCj~lent officials . On Cha1tra lladi 12. 1906 (,",rch 1850), an o rd" r was issu.:\ authoti.zing Asik B1r Ra i to appoint Prith-..i. Singh ' naut to coU~ct paYllltIDts . Aslk Bir Ra1 was then gr ant e:d author1ty I

(a) To coll.::ct and a!)pro!lriate hom~staad tax judicial f i n l! s and ptmaltics, t ax on dyers and print erS of in lieu of ficl.d .. la"b;)r (bdth1), and f~l:3s duo to the l a!{irdur (aUIoJ.1) except Crown and makl3 a flxlA paymi.i..>"lt of Ra 41_8 to onOooy03<lr p ".!riod from Baisakh Badi 1 to

Raja.-Anka) , for a 15, 1907.

,,,

'" ,

, --;':--:!:'

'.. ,,"',

~;if.:~:;'~:'" "--,~"'.~

• .-9'':;''- ::-.. ~

14?

.Recogfil:!.aat1on of Kinat Lands

_, . F.oy;U order 1:0 Jugajit Rai, Prithu ftai and Prithvih:::I1.1 .. tai of i;:' . i:lJlltel in ~·;aj'lkirC::l.t '~strict, ·1I,.sha. your dispute \11th lliipclte Rai atou t your lkj.pat lancis \oI3.S heard trJ the Kotelin; C\dalut) 1 it h 'dd that the 11lnds belonged to you and divided the h .. n ds o.ccolu ln r';ly . (Boundaries of the lands follow). PreViouslY, our grandfather (King Girban) had ~co,lfirm2d these lands "as li..:l..'9~ und~r the royal. seal.

IlSu b3t~quentlYJ yeu submitted a petition to us through reVenu ~l s ;3ttlem;;;'1t officars in the Vikrama year 1901 (A.D. 1844) Compldnin ~ that dhak~ had, sGCured a royal ~ .p-ant '-' :1 lands f',,):L'hu.ng pCl.rY 01" your kipat holdings, f5.J.saly that t h :.:se l a nds t£lc:1ged to £.,Q.i\<ar tenure, aad that you were cons \~qu .:;>ntly findin g it difficult to previaa doko-guiQ. Servic-,;!l and payra , )n~st and tha thek payment of four lupeeS on each household. .

, - "Ue- hl.!rcby withd raw the royal order grantinG to .9hakres t.ne lands that had b '-~ i!n reconf1!1I1ed as kipat in yo-... r nameS by our gra,1di's. th '3 r a~1d again r econfi rm you r tip B.:!!, lands. 11

The royal ord.er ~uso r;ntiUed Jagaj1t Rai t Prithlj Rai, anc;. Pr.l..thvitoli Rai to use their kipat land3 "in the samtl manner as the ten Kirat groups 11 (of Pallokirat).

(Cha1tra Bad! 10, 1906 ,(March 1850 )

Regrrd. R~soarch Collection, vol. 80 , pp. 193-195".

" In the Vikrama year 1902 (A.D. 1845) t tile revenue settlem<;nt . 1n Rat .... a, Majhkirot, was rev1~H;d by SUbedar Sh.1vadaJ. Khadka 8lld .J~iji\.a.dar Aiman Khatri. All rice-lands in the araa were lI.easured, aad, in the process, thG actual a rea \Jas invar1.ably ~ t.O b~ in ,·,xcess of tha previou area. The lands ""ere- then raallotted under the sYst'Jlll to the local ,"CUltivators (nnhi) und:;r the of ,Jimmawals. JUl ~PreVious al.l.otwwts \-1,Jre l anus h,-~d all been ~ a::;SiGnoo to 'l'hv allotm:::nts were subj uct to the rtOllo\/lng

: (1) Cul tivators sha11 not " be evicted fro m th(.!ir ullotm!~ts So lon~ as th'oy illtik,: the pr~scribed paym"J:1ts to thGir ..1ar;1~-landlordS •

J"immawalS and cul tivators shall put manure 011 t..'1e:i r fidds, irr1 gatJ: them, l'upilir _damaged dams and irri~ation chann • .;J..s Sow the fh:lds, a..'"ld pay " th~ rents (~1) wit.hin the ilbnth bf Falgun 1n .;ach Ydar to th-J jagirdar.

.. Parti cul a r§.

Area i n wris and pathis

Ji ni"l~ Previous AIfll --Cl,) (iiJ. ris

1 • Sri vil as _ P and;i t 518-10 527-1 0 Rs 238-~

2. Dhannana.'1da Pad.'1ya. 389 396 Rs 155-4

3. Datta padhya and La:xrli. Harayan Padhya 1097 1115 Its 431- 9

•

4 . Sr1k rishna Saisi Gh1mire 224 • 232 Rs 86

5 • Ran~a1.al. Pad-hya >.64 >.69 Rs 152-13<

: 6. Sarup Khatri 257 274 Rs 125-11

7 . Indrablr Ka rki 140 142 . . Rs 70- B .

B. Ghamonda Ra1 . 232 252 Rs 96- 8

9 . Yadunat h Padhya 122 124 Rs 47-1 1

10 . Gangadhar Pad-hya 266 29 3 Rs 121-5

11. Kashl d.at ta Padhya 9 2 111 Rs 32-9

12. Gangadha r an d 'f' Shlvanidhl Padhya 13 Rs 7_13 ·

13. Bisul<aaa.lapati Padhya · ,.nd .Ramnaran J"ai s 1 2Bl 290 Rs 112-6<0

14. Bal.b1r and -t·

Dasharath Ra! 94 loB Rs 25-" : '0

15 . JU 1"e Ra1 72 94 Rs 22-6 .

- 16 . Ramok rishna Pndhya Adh1kar1 147 . l B2 Rs B2-8

, 17 . Gan;;.::.ra.m Regmi 21 4 21 9 Rs 68-2 '.

1 B. Kah a r Singh Khat ri, Bandahl.r Khatrl, and Dart a Singh .) Khadka 252 265 Rs 103- lf

19 . Chhotu GhaJ.e x 4 R. 1 .. -;..,f

- .'\ aJ. Chi ranjivi Padhya N1raula. 9:0>-10 12:a. 10 R. 50- ai .. •

21 . Amayo. S1i1~h Khat ri

22 . Kanak SinGh Khatri

95

157

23. D!rgha Singh , Ga.nja S1ngh, ond Uttimbar Rai 51

24. Ghar,tanda Hai

25 . Ch;:~nlC. dhar Rai

~ . furvl<.:. Ra!

':!l . Bad!1ya lla!

28 • .Togya Ra1

29 . N ony" Rai

}) . Bhadana Rai

31. Sarup Rai

~ 32. Asakama Rai

33 . Simhakarna Rid

3~, J aSmr RaJ.

35. Saman"i;a Rai and Adi. 51ngh Ra!

. l'> , Hatty" RaJ.

.Jl. Pancile Rai

" 38 . I ndra Ra!

39. Ajar S1061". Ra!

~. H1mkhabir Roi

. "1, Bandabir Rai and Ihul. tl.I RaJ.

' ."2, Ra tnn Singh Rai

· "3, . Anlll. r RaJ. , , '"', Kalu RaJ.

, '>5, Jashang RaJ.

' %, lIirdi Singh Rai

". ? , Ihupedal. Rai

•

175-1 0

, 8

39

82_10

57-1 0

21

28

65

32- 10

27

134-10

71

39-1 0

38 98

62

32

217

6

59-5

56

59

86

229-1 0

105

17~

65

30

~

87-1 0

57- 10

2~

30

68

38-10

28

146-10

7~ ,

51- 10

39

102

68

37

231

I>

. 65-5

62

62

101

~).-10

Rs 38-11

Rs 75- 6

Rs 18-1~

Rs 69-'·

ils 7- 8

Rs 1).-8

Rs 2).-6

Rs 15- 2

Rs 8-1"

Rs 8

Rs 17-8

Rs 9- 8

Rs 7

Rs 38-8

'Rs 21 -1 2

Rs 12-1 4

Rs 14-~

Rs 27-1 3

Rs 19- 8

Rs 9- 14

Rs 6).- 13

Rs 2

Rs 17- "

ns · 16-12

Rs 18-3

Hs 26- "

Ra 71-2

150.

48 . Bajakama Ral t DoJ. bir Rai and Sh::unshe l' Singh Rni 140 167-10 Rs 55-10

Lp}. bajuc..:.ma Rai, Harkas Rai, and Ja&ndll Rai 1))-10 153 Rs 43

50. J1 tl'a Singh Ra! 23 23 lts 6-4

51. Dawajit Rai 63 67 Rs 17_12

52 . Anukrishna Rai 3 3 Rs 1-6 .

53. Jon Ra! 186 213 Rs 59-7

54 . Ja6bir Hili 1)) 142 Rs 37-4

55 . Salchya. l1ai thlOugh V 110 chiln P adhya 115 137 Rs 36-14

56 . Bi ro.d.'1an Rai 130 149 Rs 38-5

57 . B1ratel~ Rat 139-6 150-6 Rs 4O-Hl-

58. m rahaIijs a Rai and Ri~uhRi'lsa Ra! 72-10 83-10 Hs 22-10

59. Jaool' Ra1 and . 7-14 3i t1kar:la Rai 24 'Z/ Rs

60. Kripa Raf 16 17 Rs 5-3

61. Go binc'. Ra! 84 . 93 Rs 23-1

62 . Ratna Rai 65 69 Rs 21-~

63 . Madhu Singh Ra! 221 243 Rs 75-2

64. Foud Singh Kh:ltri and Ki"rtilna."l Gurung 697 733 Rs 2""-10

65. D1mgmasayakarn Rai wd Jurya Rai 39 47 Rs 11-12 .

66. B:llikama, Harka.bnd1, Blde Singh, Cli.1d Easte Rai 14 19 Rs 8-4

67 . Kalu Padhya 156 165 Rs 49.1

68. Indrabi r Rai 13 13 Rs 2-6

69 . Manb1r Ra.1 5 5 Rs 1-4

70. Ajbi r Rsi 20 20 Rs 4

71. Ranjit Rai 192-10 2'Z/-10 Rs, )6-8 . . •

151.

72 . Gajinand Rai, Pb epsya. Rai , and GQ.Ilgya Ra! 31

73 . lUly< iW.

74 . Jatna Singh Ra!

75 . Indravinod P~dhy3.

76 . Ja[;unnc::. th and Chhab11aJ. Von

77 . Jabar Rai

78 . Haril~l1.shna Gin

'19 . Lohv.re Rail Tabhya Rai , and ,Am bar .Kai .

Bo . Jasu Gurung

81 . Deu bar Ra1

82 . Ransur Gurung

83 . , Du ryodhan j 1 fusnynt

84 . Gurja Slogh Dasnyat

85 . Bij~ld ra &lsnyat

86 . Jiti Rni

87 . Drunbar Ro1

88 . Harka Ra!

Cha1tra Dadi 10 , 1906 ( Mar ch 1850)

82.-10

32 ,

151

230

87

83

118

248

100

289

56

50

106

61

171

78

,

'6 1;6-1 0

32

158

261

90

112

122

252

10~

293

56

50

107

75

185

79

R~gmi Rosearch Coll ection, "'Vol. 80 I pp . 21 2": 247.

Jagir Land Al l Ot,rnsp t s in Khru~

Rs 5-1 5

Rs 15- 6

Rs 5- 6

Rs 25- 1~

Rs 44-1~

Rs 14-9t

Rs 18-60

Rs 2)- 15

Rs 44-9

Rs 18-8

Rs ~3- 1

Rs 9 .1 3

Rs 8-12

Rs 19

Rs 13-6t

Rs 25-st

R. 27- 6 .

A royal order \Olas lssu i.."<i on Chaltra Tb.d1 10, 1906 (March 1350) allotting a total. area of 16~ 1 0 nuris of l andS 1n llictllub .:-sl, Khamtcl. ( :f.taghk1 ra t) I Which had b· ~ en assi gned as jagl r to the S.i.'inath Kampu and the Srira jadaJ. Kampu . Tll8y' "WGre r<i:lqu1. rLrl to pa.y a th..:k revenue o f Mohar Rs 81-5 on those l ands inclusiv~ of roots on vint 'J r crof>s, thu ghiukhsme and th~ ch llrdrun-thXk1 f ue at rates custom&!'", in that area. allotlih~nts wl3r~ canccll?d . · Th~ royal. ord~ r pay1il(uts b-::: fore t he l as t d'iiy o f the lronth o f and obta1i1 recei pts f r om the j I!g1rdar. I f th l,) l s not J.or'.!s31t, n:al~e payrn'.mts through the district . Any culti vato r (nohi) who 1 1n arrears sh:Ul .be punishfJd. Do no t clea r uppl3 r and lowclr ~1d~, s of rica- fields . Do no t cut

152.

Particulars of cultivators, holdings, and ~<;, payments were as follows :

Q.~:';' ti va to I

1 • Huktinath Padhya

2 . do .

3. Aiman Karki

4. do .

5. do .

6 . Sakh a t Karki and Meghu Ka.rkl

7. Adi Ka:rkl

8. Sarbo.t Rana

9 . Aimen Karki

45

15

12

30

10

42

9

5 1-10

Anount of 1'h ~k

~ayment

Rs 23-10

Rs 5-8

Rs 6_4

Rs 15"8

Rs 2/;

Rs 22

Rs 4-1 0

R. 1_4

6 ann as •

Chai t r a Badi 10 , 1906 (March 1 850)

Ree1nl Research Coll'..1o:=tion, vol.. 80 , pp. 195-198 .

~d Allotmrot Re·'{UlatiQns _. , ' . I I .

l1H~ l',.;llowing royal ordel' was issued on \.!haitra Bad1 10 , 1906 (IoiarCh 1850) 1n the names of the village headmen and other p oopl~ of thJ following areas I

(a) Area situatoo. between pamakham and the Amn river in 11ajhl~ irat.

( b) Ar ea situat r-: d between D.ldhkosi/Bahaduraand Pamakham in Majhkira.,t .•

(c) ANa situated - ~tween the Arun riv er .~d fudhepukhaya (?) in Pa].l.oki:rat.

"In t he Vikrama year 1902 (A.D. 184-5-46), Kuml.:hedan Sh1vadal Khadka and Jamada.r Aiman Khatri h ad conducted a r evenu e s ettl (ID.:JOlt in that i.s:sued and appointed

for ·of in ·that area. in respect to these

I

(1) Cultivators ( llOh1., kurtya) shall not be diSp03S ~SSed of their kh et lands 00 l ong as they make the pr;.:!ser1bed payments.

(2) Theo: level of rents on toth khet and ~lill2. landS through cO!i-:petltive bidding until the Vikrama y-aur 1906 (A.D. 1849 ... 50) shall not be reduced. .

Haste lands adjoining rice-fi".l<'l.s shall be r""claim,::Q and ir:-i;;a-:'oo where possi blE: . If t }1..; cultivator is unable to r;;::claim and irrigate such lands himself, h:.; S113.l1 lat ot;1"'rS do so.

(4) Th,:,,· :Q ~rson \-:ilO r.3claims new lands sh all Q,9Propriate the entire ?roduc-a for three Yo;lars. r!~ shall pay l:' ,~nts on such lands from thd fourth year.

(5) Th~J cultivator shaJ.l pay the stipulated I<;ut or thek .rents to the ia. '{irdc.r ';3V'1)ry year.

(6) Tr ees .shall !10'i: b..;;; cut within the range of a ruusk~t-shot from sourC~8 of watI.:Jr, dams, and irrigation channcls. Slash shall not b03 cleared.

(7) Erect shelt3rs (mach), use wat-=r and manure, ",nd sow riCe-fi,adS.

(8) If dams and irrigation channels are damagad, Jimmawals and cultivators shall coll~)ctively repair them. If their strerl,;th is not ad,Jquate, raf~r the matter to the Chief (chota.Qdar) of th:..'· d1str1ct, who shaJ..l llilprl1:>s t:olilpulsory and unpaid laoor (jhara, mlll.r) in the entiro division (thurn) fo l' uuG.~rta\dng such r~airs.

(9) Paymc ilt of rents . (.!&h!.) to th~ landlord (.!el.sins) shall be compl.JLd . b,'!!'oi'e the last day of the nnnth of :b'.:.lgun (huh;n '13). If the lan l: :_o:cd is not pre:.ent, such paym..:nts shall ~,) made throueh the' district-level functionCl.ry (jiUadar). .

(10) ill. nllotJn~ts ti1at may hay,) been mado previously nre hereby cancciJ. :>d. . imy person WllO acts in {!ontrav<3ntion of these regulations sl1~ bo severely pun,ishoJll .

Chaitra s"ldi 10, 1906 (;"'rch 1850) .

Ref?i.'1Rc':z~arch Coll ,~ct1on , vol. 80. pp. 2)4- .2'1 2.

**.**

15,..

ThfC AdyisOIY Assembly. 1951-52

HOYal P roc1anlat.1,Qn

\IHy Delovzd Subj(~ctSJ

mtltlU:r-3dS th~-, Council 01' i liilisters forrJl;~d and appointed by us rdtHJt conduct t he UfC:,dl'[; of th~ govlllnmo.lt according to the int e rlm Con~titution approved by us until a Constituent Assembly cO hlpos ,·d of repr'!sentat1ves el ',cted b'f the people frames a Constitution,

!lAnd wh€;reas i 'c \'Till take SOUlH tim~ to for el,~ctioi1s to t.l'J.e Const'ible";).t Assembly, ··

!lAnd whereas it is my dc;.;ire to enlist the coop ·~ratlon of repl'.'l sentatlv?s of th<l lllajOrity of the pcoplo i-:1 lunning the affairs of stat G du ring the interim p e riod. itsclf.

1li.'lO\'/ therefore, I appoint an .\dvisory AssemLly to- h131p and advise me and our Council of .,jinl.sters throUGh this I proclamation. Rules for this .;'ssembly -will b,,; pro rm.llguted shortlyJ, detnber~ of th~ Ad\'i~ry Assembly have been appoi .. -;;'X'. by laC: on I the: b:;;.si s of r ..:£ion and population. H~loors of our Council of Ministers will concurr~ntly be tnem~rs of th "J Ji.Clvisory .\.s sem Qly •

l'Ile h -:~rdby CQiillJlund all our subJects to extd"ld full cooperotion to the: Advisory J.ssembly appointoJd by us.

"It is our finn b;;lir.lf that the formation of this .... ssembly will r;rcatly help our gover~m<:::nt to work 1n -the intere~ts of the m .. tiQn Ui . '1 tin: poople.

IIHay God gr<!.nt s~ rength and ciet..:rmination to us and our sutordino:i:.e authorit1,1s in fulfilling our desire to btOnafit the plilOplc. If

Aswin 16, 2008 (October 2, 1951)

Conposi tiQn of the ;.dvi so XX ;.ssemblY

ThJ .:~dvisory : .. S5e:mtJ.y consistud of the following manbers :

1. Prof Ratna. &hadur Bista

3. Raj ;:;shwari Prasad

5. Mahab1r SJ:lumsh'dre

? Ihd.rat Han! :harms

9. Mah ,-;ndra Bl..kram Shah

11. P a rashu Harayan Chaudhary

, 2. Sh1va R~~ Pant

4. Radh<lkris!ma Tharu

6. Dr. Trlv~ Prasad

8. Eharat i3am Malla

10. Slivapati Prutap Shah

12. Dham Prasad wrung

13. r.bl-"ltan S1n~ 3u run g

15 . Lali t i·1illl Tamong

17. Y.edar MWl

19 . Dr . Brijnandan

21 . n aj Das

155.

23 . 'l's~rin J 'r cnzi ng Lama.

25 . T11 Bi\-;: rotn S'lr~stha

V . Ram Narayan ioiishra

29 . Ralli, 2shwor Pras a d 51ngh

31. ttat rika P r a sad Ko1rala

33 . Krishna Prasad Upadhyaya

35. Df~mbor Dhva j Rana n ega r.

14- . GopaJ. ?rosad Upadhyaya

16 . Khadga Ilaa Sin gh

18. Sar ju Pr:!sad

20 . Gul a b I'Iar'ayan Jha

22. Badr1 llIJ(ram

24 . Na rad :·:u ni Thul ung .

2h . Slamsh· .. r Dlh ~,du r Su bba L1mru

- 28 . Hahendrn Ha r o.yan N1 dh1

30 . Sl rya i!ath Das Yad nv

32 . Narend r n. Nath Banstola

34. B1renur-", Bikram Shah

Sou r c e : Gri shma Dah ndur Devkota , NepaJakO Ra3aoitika Da rpana (Po11t1c<ll .-m..rror o f n apal) , K a thL.1andu : Keshav Cho.n d ra Gau t am, 3)16 (A.D. 1960) , pp . 104-5.

Reorgani zation etf the Advi SO r'{ A;;:sembly

Gr eetinGs to Du r Beloved Su. b.i acts, . ,

On Aswin 17) ' 2.Ju8 (October 2t 1951) we have announced too f o nnation of an Aciv i sory Assembly "consistin g of 35 non_ govemmentaJ. membt,; r $ a nd ministers. The follo\1i n :-; members nave n O\ 1 b.1en appointad as Iilinisters o r tp ve rnm';!ilt officials, o r do no t l'E:I!1ain non- govemmental m\;.'a bE:rs "o f the Assembly :

1. Prof. Rat,na Bahad.ur msta 2. Sli va Raj Pant

3". 1;a.Jor G~lh~ral. !1ahab1.r ShuOlshereit. Mn.:H nd :..'a. JJ1k raOl Shah

5 . Khadga han S1niJh 6 . &trya Prasad .

7. Badri Bikram 8 . r~ar3.d ~"iLmi Thulung

9 . ~1atrika PTasad KoiraJ.a.

All the" 35 non- g~vemI4ental memb~rs of th.a Adviso ry Assembly had oo :.;:n s:llect~ froiD diffe rent. regions o f the country. Even thEn, 1n ou r opinion .. t here a re also othf: r el.;rll e.l ts of special importance who nus t l"lnd a place in th~ Assembly. So far as r~presentat1on 1s concF.! rnoo, only a regular el ection can r on ect thtt gcnu1~e voi ce and 1ntarc~t of the people. How~vl3 rt such an ulection appoars to bil i~ss1ble 1n our country in the

·-

near futurll. Accord1n::;ly, we hereby nominate t he following g antl('lilCn and 1 :\01 ::" 2 also as non_governml'mtal m0lr:i.l'';I's .of UlfJ .. AsSel,lbly 1n ordt:r to .:,Jl1su re that its character \.),_ C:)1.",S as rep .e-· lieJltati.Y3l-.-e as pl"acUcabl . in the pr'!sent ciru .. \r.: stanc~s; and that th~ p ·X)pL~ ho.ve full faith and <xmfidcr..(;..; in 1t.s \<10 rk .

1. Ihanu Iilakta

3 . Dharma Bohwur 'i.hapa

5. llora P r a5::.(. Jo sh1

7 . H r1day a. &.j 3harma

9 . 91sh'oleshwor Prasad Ko1rala

11. Hrs. punya Prai::ha D~v1

13. Laxmi Prasad Devkota

15 -~ Tnnka Prasad

1? :N ripa Junt; Rana

19 . Rishikesh Sh3ha

21 . k's o Prathawati Devi.

2 . Dillp SL1Bh

1+. Khad ;:;a fuholdu r Halla

o . Ayo dhya .prasad Tharu

8 . Su bb3. Pashupat1 1\01 ral::..

10 . Mrs. ;:oinya Ku Jt::. r1 Sl ah

12. 1>1'. '1' ~hLr

1lt. Shiva Fro.sad Raun1ya r

1 6 . '!\llsi M.~har

18 . Kulanand J ha

20 . DaYa Sh.:mkar Hunsh1

~IEl hope: that our bzloved subjects will ~xtend rbcessazy hdp and cooperation to the rjl~mbcrs of thi s Advioory Assembly.

3;.J. s u.\ill 1 , d)09 (April '3. 1952)

Gr1~hma Bma.d.ur Devkota, QD. cit . pp. 159-60.

• Hon ' b1.e Cho.lrman and i-ielllbers of the Advl3:>lY Assemb1.y ,

1 . I am very happy to ha.ve hem abl e to .... IllCOlllc you to this first se:;sion of -the Advlsory :t.ssemb1.y . This day l "S of great importanc e in the history of the na tion. For many y '£!arS it had b,:;~n my desire that the BQ vc mment of the country -should function accordin g to the pu blic opinion, and tJtat its J.dmtni:>tration should funcHo:1 acc":; l'dlng to the desirtls and inture~t:l of the) people. I r ... cl 3ati.llfiod to !:l~'. t;! t hut this old draam 1s r; radually b~in:! fUlfUled throu ~ the coop 0ra t ion of all. It is if1Y finn d,,' stl~ 3 to carry our-· gQvemm<31t forwai'd for the public ~ood on th~ strong foundation of fully ' d~t<r:lcrat1c principlas throufjl the P~liJiUDcntaI"'J - system with the st.rength ~aincd fIm,l th.:! har(,l'work, goodwill, and coop~ratlon of all . he s<llness sl.!rvica and coop .:l rat1on of ,1,11 is hi~ly _ n~cessarJ for th -..:: succ~ssfu1. attainment of this goal for the we1fara of the nntion and the people.

1,7.

2. A iU3jo r chang~ occurred 1n the history of the nation in 1951 t and the nation and the p.:;:oplf' took a nN} step forward. A proc.-.;>s of change in the entire p.;O V.'IH{,l;:>atal systan \i .. S stcll'tct1.. 'l'oday, '~t:te inauguratiol. of. 1J:!is AdviSOry A.::sembly fa:r strangt~ening Uns new change has E ll.tiated yet a ~lo th '.;: r step. This ;~ssembly bas bf.,en formed with the objective of as.;;oc:i ...• ting the p~ople to the max1rrumpossibl £< ·;~x.t.ant and t raininc '.:oil- em in the Parliamentary system even du.:" inU the intorj. m p<! r1od untU a Coastituent Assembly 'consisting of r~pra~h'!;:'d tives el\JctQd L,y the p;;opld is formed. Such a system is a new on....: for the natiol1; hence t~e r.1,~ilbc: rs of this J1.ssembly ~iill have a majo r role Q,.1d Nsponslbility in saf~gual"dii1 gJ nurturing, and ' streng:th",ning the il?-cipicnt. derrocracy. 1 have nigl.l hop esth.:..t the mOIlltr.Jrs w~ll fulfl.ll th~ir duty of -aJ.ways b earin g a spirit of Selfl i-~ S,S S81'lfi c..:J to the l1~tion, '.::schewint; ;i!ll tual. jealousy, maJ.ice,' and ~crimony, and payin.s :l.ttention solely ' to tlv-, larger. cause of Ch 7 p ro gress and · ..... r>.J. f n rc of the nation and the peoyl~ in· a fr:i.8ndly spiri t. I also hone that YQu ""ill' d~voto your selv~s to t hq task of . l ayir::.:. emU devcl.o;;l.nz the foundation of" a pure aua d ,-".,;ucratl.c Pa rllanl('l'l'c<lI'Y syst·~ in the country. 'fha mc..in fUilction of this l~~s ;·nlbl y will b, tci ,!xtend help_ and coopC:lratio !1 to my <!OVI;) If). ;:iI.Hl.t in working for th~' progress and welfar:' of the nation th !.'O~c:h truthful and sel~lcss criticism.

3. ;.i'h:: international situation Is pro t;rt.l ssivel.y \-Iorsening because of differ\·mc:·!s and tussles botw~n tha 0"0 sup :; r-powers. In this c~ 1. tical int(:rnutional situation, my gov:;,r.lm,,,nt will always mak:-. <:!ffo rts to avoid JOinin.g any bloc, SaJ:"leuard the sovt;:reien status Gf t.'rl1:1 country, and attain the all-round progress and devel0plil ,,:.nt of the n~tion. We have co:,,'dial r 3lations with all i:lutions of the world. My gov"·rnment will Ci.ciopt Cl I; :;licy 01' paace and ;: ':' i",ndship with .lll - n a tions. In the pres,mi:. sltUo.t1ol!, in which blocs h av<;l em'-.~rged as a re.9llt of inturnntional hosulit:: , wo.'! are det;;:rutln<:d. to rimder wbatlolvar contrib..\aon a small nation can in makin g successful the lofty objective of a rousine fedin gs of fraternity in tllC whola of !ll8.nkind u;ld mainta ining international. p \1ac u. lJi ::.h "(.he objective of ensurinr:; thli:.t our nation too should bJ abl,~ to r1ilY a prop e r part in th <1 task of int <;i r,mtio!?-al p ·. ~ ac·3 and S(-;CU1-i"'Yt . we had applied for memb,,;:rship of the Unit .. d Nations. bJ ryon,~ lmoW's how our application ha-s b~en 0 bsr..ruqtA as a result of int~Iflational ', difftJl'wc;s. Ev(?;TI then, w.,? have Dl.NWy obtainEd r,l:;mb,:,r'ship of the Food and .I.~riculturc Orga...'liz~t~on, a constituent a .(~\mcy of the " Unit~d l: <:.tl.ons. \~ o huvo also Join~<i the Colomto PLun.

4. ~l,J f..: ·:1. happy ov.; r thri mann;:r in which a \W.VI'l of national. ind _lP -;ndr'nce has sveRt: OVllr the continents of ASia aJ.1d l.f;rica aftJr the: s;;:cond world war, and tha in(( :p.;ndence gained by nations I·mo· had rclmainldd supprt:sstrl for long.

5. l~rom ancLmt tim,;,s, \1.3 have had very intimate rel ations With n ';;ir;.""lborlng; India, Our two OJuntrio.i!s ara i;ounci. togeth :r

\ by cultural, eeographical, pOlitical, and oth"r ties, and there 1s wholooe2. rted and cordial fridndship between U~. Evc:ry possible tYpe of coop~ra.tion arid assistance has been exchanzed between

1,8.

the tHO countri -:!s in tim~s of need. '1'he two countries have L "ft no stOllt.) unturn~d in extending such cooperation and assi:}tance to each other, and they will continue . to do ::.e in the futul'e. We '-:.ave received a:ldqu.;:~te cooperatlon from friendly Indi;;, when<Jver we have sought it fo,r our reorganization, development, and _s~curity. My govl~rn!ll.;:nt has r~cently decided to provid'::'l vhatever cooperation and assista..'lce It can by-supplyin ~ food to the U'ttar Pradesh and West B,mgal Stat~s (Jf India. IlIe have b'~ en raucl.n1.ng whatever assistanc~~ 'We can whlmever any crisis occurs.

6 '. CUr ancient and historical friendship with Britain has beon furth~r str0flgthen ~d by . the -treaty Sigi1:_~ \-/ith that country 1n 195'0. Britain's institutions and e}::p c,ri·mce will prove h,~lpful 1n many ways to thd system of Pal'llamootary d-alll,)c:cacy which wc; se~k to establish in the country. WIJ maintain friendly r.llat;i,ons H1th the Unit& Stat~s of Am .,:, rica and France also. J.h<3 tuclmical cxp~rience and assistance of all th ~:S 0 countri~s will eontr1tuta significantly to the developmunt of our country. Considerable assistanc:J has bean r~coiv ·~ from SWitzerland also. All thas~ countrie s are expected t o provide graa..t,;;r training faclliti.;s for our stud.mts than th~~y C.re doinz now.

7. OU old relations with Tibet, our northern n'Jighl:x>r, remain intact. He hav~ good\or'iJ.;t for the central gov~rnment of Chine.. Tb:.; relations of our conct:l11Bd offi'ci2J.S \/ith the Chin .... se authorities ar\;: good, and our relations with Tlb~t ar~ fricndJ.y. 'l'he two countrio,;:s haVe relations of fri endship and amicablt3 ift::havior with ~ach othtlr. The nJw political situation in Ti bet has not altered our old ralationshlp.

S·. Our cQuntrJ hc..s lag r: :=d' far bahind 1n devalopment and education. Owing to lack of tranSport and comnunication facilities, it has not b.len possibloJ to propar1y utl11z~ our natural. r,,;sQuI'CCS, namcl.y, forasts, mines, and wat;Jr , resourcCS. A Contral. Sucrotariat hus been creatc.d to run the admi-n1stration of the countr,r srrootllly and along !"iodem lines. 1-1.y govc rom~nt "has ~a1d stress on th~ compi1.ation of basic statistics which arc, esswtial for any d(..'Velopmont p1.an. l-1.y ~v.;: :rn.il :mt is giving du~ consld urat1qo to the.: n3ed for' propl:'r Co!lsorvation of our :torests. As '1s known to al1.

t We can d;:.,rive sp(~ciaJ. ' bml3i'1ts from the min~ral. r~sourcus possess~d by our country. Experts who have com~ from thl;! UnitQd stat~s and SWitz..,r1.llll.d to , assist us are currrntly can~uct;i;n~ geological. surv\..>ys in order ta p,!'E:lparo a gC:!olodCal map of !.·;lIpal and lc'cato min·~ral dvposit~s. Such surv ... >yS or the r~gion fr:>m _ W..:.st Na e_ 1 to Mustang are dxp~ctad to ~ coc;>h.:ted b~fore th ':J end of this y ... -.ar. Plans for pa'War gcmnrat10n at var1?us p1.D.CI3S for the dcvolopmoot of tho countI"J are und..:Jr cons~d(jrat1on. Impl-..:m.;)otation of th~s;J p1ans will go a l.ong way 1n developing agrirulture and industry.

9. 1·1y goV..::n1ru -..:ilt is making t:fforts to develop m~ans of ~ransport ~d cOiiIDlUnicat10ns. COnst:roct1on of a road, from !11imphooi ro the Capital "Ul commanca 1mm<A1ato1.y afttlr thol ,:;nd of the I:IOn800n this year. It is a:xpucted to bo complJted

159.

within tHQ years. Construction of main roads in different districts has already been started . '!'h e question of \.Jhich type of roa ds should be l:uut to facilitate comnunications in ti.lE: T~'.ra.i. and hill 'areas .:111 be decided soon. l";y :;over!1!r,,~nt i ntends to ~zfi and postal and talephone faciliti ~s all ove:-r the CQU,itI"-J grad .. w..lly. ~'Ii.re1.ess stations h iive ull'?aOy been set up in H"Qst of the dis tricts and will be openai in the rest or the 'country. in t.~u near future. Construction of ai rfields i s going on ut different places. The development of transpo rt and cormrunications will facilitate the progress of tIle country t of trade, education, etc.

10 . DevEU.opra':.'lnt of agriculture is essential for a country \~hlch is predominanUy agrio.:.lt:ural. By eov~rmllent ­intends to reclaim waste lands, make irrigation arran gern~mts as early as possible in ever.r district. organize demons tration of h .. :n::;J:'i ts which aC Cl\l ..; from the use of illJ.lrovcd s~eds and scientific techn1 qli.cS, and open l e.boratbries at various places. Compilation of statistics regarding foodgrains is being expoo.itw. By gov~r;1mei.1t rcru.izes th~ nc:ed for lan.d reforms. Efforts are also unn.C! r way for improving the ,lot of our peas<-tnt brothel's. ~lith the objective of conductine prop <.! r studies and oi1suring speedy progress in all these fh,lds, foil' government has recently establish~d a National i"ood and ' Agricul tu re Agency.

11. Efforts arc b.::ing made to c;qJand and develop cottage industrLs and gradually in{tustrialize the country, i ntroduce n~cessaIY amcndl:ltlir',;;S in Company law, and pro'mote trade and CO,;lIllerce. A factory law will , be presented b..ilfo rt) this assembly as soon as the Labor Coroin1ssion submits its report regardia ,ij b~ ,nefi ts to be extended to workers .

12~ The proC:,I.3SS of s~tLngup Panchayal3 all over the country continues. A total. of 1,500 Panchayats uill be fann ed soon. liy :~overnm(;nt int..:;nds to introdUce appropriato changes in the curr.mt Panchayat law to o::mfer greater judicial powers 0·,1 Panchayats. Arrang <:lU 3llts will be made for the installation of wat.::r taps a t different places •. j'ly government 1s conSidering plans, to op.:m hospitalS, as well , ,$ J\'k)bile clinics to l'1.:J.k ", m;:J(.i.ical s~rv1ce~ availabll3 to th3 po3Oplz . Prop ,"r ar:--s.ngt:lllents are USa b-.llng mad<.: for thE: pi'.;paration and supply of .AyuI'\l';.~dic mt:d1cines. By .,;vv,--'rnm,mt has decided to encourage the h?Jlloopathic therapy alSo. Efforts ~rc being made to obtain mumo~rship of the World Health Or~<:Inlzation.

13. For the d0fe;'ls.a of the country, my gov~:rrunont is making nvcessary arrang Ojilj .. n ts in rogard to :n11itaxy affairs. A Cbmpro::: h·:.lnsiva pl ,:m for imparting education as \full as nodem traininc:; to aI'lllY p (~rsonncl has already bt;tm drawn up. My govemJ}, . .'J.1t has invitl;..>o' a military group from India to advise on training to our. military p'lrsonne1 and on raorganization of tl?-e army •. That group will work here in conformity with the opin~on and l.nstruct1ons ef i1tf gov~rrun.::nt. W..., hav u a1.so sont qu aJ.ified mUi tary p ..:;rsonncl. to undergo i.l.dvanced mili tary training in foreien trainin3 clmters. He have considered arran8a.n,ents for the rJlOp ,~r organization of the Poli ce Force and for training 1 ts personnul in mainta1nin,g l""w and order.

160.

11~·. liy gov· :rnr.;~nt has attach..:J iillportanc8 to the developm ant of ~ducatlGn . CUr students hav\.: b"' r:i1 ~ 'ut to . va~(:m ~j rollcf.\.ti(~m[~l c .mters abroad for high8r studi,.'s o I n pi;1rt.~cul.:;,r, lot ].5 n "c 'Jssary ':"0 mak l! our s[u>.l.:;nts pl'o flci";"'flt in ::;d ::..n<:o and t "c~1nical subJ~cts.

It has b .;: ffi dc,cid:.,{i to turrow Rs 150 mill ion from thod go v emu,,"n t of India for i C!pl '- :m~ntin g various con .';t ructi vl:l proj~cts in thc' iakr,) sts of the dconomic developm • .=mt of the countr:.,r . 11y ;pv.;. rnul.J;l t has to pay full att .-mtion to all asp 8CtS G f th ~J si tu::. t10n ~ Nothin g c .. .n b~ ac..!ompli ::;hud taI'Ough ~/ishful tt,i.nking . TIH t aSK of devel.opmont of the COll ntry can be fu l f ill'Jd if ev :) ryon.;,: hon GsUy ullgag::.:s in 1 t and COOPdr£i.t. ·..; ~ i n its 1mpl".;rnsntat::"on.

15-, '11n forOiilost task of my goverrun c . L is to hold i reo;) and fair ..;l~tions to a Constituallt Assembly . Population census o'oe r atiOilS a re un(h;~r\iay . 'rh", Ell:! ct1on CommisZion formoo last y~a r is COII1pilinC voters· lists. AnL1ounc em<.::nt of f~l ;;;ctiol is will b~~ i'.l:lde i mfll dlatcly ait~n' th(: vote rs' lists are ruady.

16. 'rh,J country l s ludg <.:t , prii:parcd by UT"j zov,:,. r::i:l,mt , 'Will be pl'escrlt.,~d before this s:";5:,;1on of the '5s~mbly for its cOi--;slderation. In th,,. f u turu, drafts of all l a\"'s \i."li ,:::h aru submitted for my ass~"'!l1.t shall be first pr~sl.IDt~d 'u~l'orG the Ass0mbl:,' .. I 'Would Iik.::: again to ..... AiJ rt:;s5 mfl';l hop ~, and confidcnc0 that all tho.:! m.;:m bC l~S will d<.,;votc th'~sclv\:: s to t h.ir r '_, spectivo;) duth:s, and wo rk ac cordin g to th~ rul '~s, l-' .,'...!piI13 the int;.;rcsts of thl;] na.tibQ: · in mnd .

17. In conclusion , I pray to God to mak~ the proc -;: ooings of this Assembly succbssful for the 'Welfarta of our bcloved (.:oun--c.ry . Jai N~pal .

( So'ace : Gr1shma Iahadur D .... 'Vkot~, .QI;!. ill. pp. 161_66). ,

Re grrd. Research (Fr1vate) Ltd.

~ Research Seri6S Year 15, Nos. n-u

Katrunarrlu : NovemDer-December 19;.;3

B:iita:i By

Mahes he. RdgfTl1

con ... ents

1. The National Food CUld Agriculture cr 9anizC:ition~ 19:::'2

2. L."}gislation Relating to the 1952 Advisory Assembly

3. ImFOSition of Fines on Sino-Eating Conmuni ties

4. Raja Mandhir s .Jhi of Bajura

5. l-brang Aff;;,irs~ A.D. 1 806

6 . Garhwal Affairs, A.D. 1814

,. Minas ani Mints, A.D. 1812

B. The !)ware

9. Ban on Beg ar Labor

10. Jagic Lands for SJPp1y of weapons

11. Laro Rec 1amation ard. Set t lemeot in Si.;.;c hale hori

12. Salami Levy ln Fallokirat

13. Ijara Grant to Prim.= mnister Bhi masen T hapa

14. The RaJya of Jehham

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Regmi Research (Privat~) Led.

LaZlmp i.Jt~ Kathmaniu, NePal

Tel~phone: 2~16927

IS5N: 0034_348x

Page

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(For prtvoce study ani rest::arc h only, not meQllt for pJ.blic sal~~ diStribution ard d ,isplay) •

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161.

~ :1 ,1t1.Qil& :~Q9:.i and -A:<:ricylt\lre 0 rgani ztltio.i1 , 1 Cl ? 2

' ~hl.: .! h'tic,l'll ..)'00<1 :lOd As ricul tUl'e Organizatio!"( r'i;';:::: t ion ,:d <n io ...... 1' --,,,,,, ~' ''"!'~'''~ So " 0 t-h , ... '~,ri .. .,·, ~·r ~s .. "n"'-"~ on Tttl" 8 10<,'0' ..L • .,I~ .. . ,,~:..L ...... '-'- .. ~ ...... '" ' " ~\I.I., ~~" ••. ~ .~ • . ;.u... ..J", _ __ I \~a s h .... 3.d.1d by the; Lillist ,~ r 0J.' I'larmin~ am !JevclOpl,HI1~ . Tt cons:i.st:,J. of the folioWit!g lD1)mbers , acco rding to & !10tificatio .. publish"d by t hc . ::inistry of I'lanning hnd Devt"'~oJ?m..)nt in the iIe}?aJ. GaZt~tt8' ( Vol . 1 , ~;0 . 116) or • . 'i.:.Jh~d1l17, 2'Jl..9 (J'uly 1, 1952) . '

1 • k ;ri cu~, b r e

1. rnakt;.l. RalHrlur Rairaajhi , S.-Jc r et..:ll'Y, t':inistry of Agricul turt! .

2-. Cianga B1tra .. '1l Sijap;J.t!, Director, lbpartL!tmt of A;; ric",.,Il tCl. !'l::.

3 . Ss:tya Lal. R~j i tkar, :!o::'ticulturist" Depu;."'t me~1t of Agri.:~uJtu !.'e.

I ' f. HutarGilll Vnidya,

Ag: ri-~ [;in ·~er, Depart~:ien t of A3r1cul tul'8.

2. FO l'F.:~t.§.

1. Lt. Col. dh ,'lr j- clng 'I'hapa) S ::cretary, :I1nistry of For~sts.

2. Gobind ~larsing Raimajhi , DiVisionul t'o rest Office, Department of Forests .

3. 3iaernld June: Ran3.,

4 '. i,;ohan Bikrwn,

5. SUdhir Jur.3 Thapa,

3 . Finance

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do.

do.

do.

iI1malaya,. Shurilsi'lere J .B.R.l.. S:;cr et/:l.IY, Ministry of !'l.nance.

It. QQ!:1!n(; r ce

1 • Su boa Nil' Raj Raj 1i18l.dGLri, St3crett'l.I'Y, ~1in1stry of Industry and Cor.une rce.

2. ;,iahash Cha'ldra. ReglUi., Di_:"'~cto r, Depa rtment o1~- Industry anp. Comme rce.

5. .Dev?.lOjJmm

-1. S,'.l'dar Ihim Jahadul' Pande, Secr~t ~, ryt H1n1stry o.f rlann1n~ and D~velopm~t.

2. Kularatna Tuladhar, :&1sin~ l;::l rt I'ublic ' Horl~S Departm~t.

hukund Batuldn r 'l'hap&, ~nGin eur, l:;l ,:o; ctric1ty Of!1cs .

, .

1 . i3o. rdar !·: $.r ~:'1d.1'a. ?'lani A.D. t :;ec r et<lI'""f t For:iign t1iDi stry.

1 • Dr. Siddhi j·k'..'1.i A. D., Dir.;ctol'- G_n ,·;!al, .Dcpa rt'LC'Ilt of Health .

1 • Sllblla Prelll ·r!n.l's1ns Pradha'1. , Sec Ntury, r:inistry o f pl.ahning and DEW"llOp:nent (sic) .

2. ·I ;j.;r s..l"bl-a · Ku.st.d. Raj .Panda,

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.Lc-J1L1:u;10n Relating to ;ile 195 2 Ady1:pry AS$ernblI

- IA.t.n1.em GoV.·:l'Ili.!l(1l1t ~ r Hepal. (Second. Amendment) Act, 1952 ( ~ ep.u.. Gazett ~ . Vol. 1, no . lt6, Ashndh 17, 2009 (July' , _ 1952) • •

A L a\l :&tlact cd to J.lll~d the 1951 · Interlm Oov ~;}:mnEllt of Nepal. il.ct. '00 Prcv1a.e fo r ·th~ Fono.J.tion or en .\dvi301Y As samhly. P r e amhlo t

• , \fn:: r O<i. !J it is : x9 )dient .il!"ld de Si·r.abl. e- . to fo:rm an AQv130I'Y J..ss:3miily in OrC.~11' .to advise and.' aasist· Ris Maj:,si, ta:ld his COlJ..~c:'..l . of il"i.n1 ~tel'"'.l in th.l JischarBe of 'their f\.mcj;ions so as to '3nSllr~ !7eat !~ I' particl}latl o! l of t h :} r qp resentath"'88 of the paopl.f1 in th e al1..?;l~ .n:J.stl-ati VG n.ffa1rs of the country) '

!:ow th;)r~ror~ t the following ord.1nanct=s have b""¥.!Yl: "p1'\:)cu).gatao! ; . . (1) l'b.is la"" may · t.~ call ,~ the Nepal Inte rlm Con:jt1~t1-Qn .U:kcapd Amm d;"ent). 195 2 . (

( 2) It~hall COCle into Corcet ..It once.

D'~fini. t10ns

2. Unl-C3s 0 theI'\(is€ meant with ref erence to th~ CC:1t(l:.t, i n UliS 1 <;:';1,

The term principe' law meanS the- 1951 ":i-=paJ. ~':nt'7rim ­ConJti ti.. tion.

Other t.;;rms not- h~rein d'diT!',w. s;.;;.J.l h,·.v~ thi-: saMe m,::,wlir, ,· and si:;nificanc(; as in. th0 p:L1ncipaJ. law.

T!j.'.J following: ch apter hus b'~;:;'!l n.d'l ed aft~r Chaj) t;ar 1 "ZX ,·cut.1v(: l~th.Q.!'i.tyll in Part 3 01' the pI··"ncipaJ. luu.

Chant~ l' 1 C.Ui .~dvioory _'.ssnmblv

3enern1 Provisions

28 ..... (1) ~'1l1 ;.·d:,,1sory ~.3se:nbly shall ;o~ formoo in ~Icp ll·. 'I'he nl.l.mb ;.~ r of its m~mb",rs sha.ll be DoS pr(! scrib.~ by ~Us i ':uj~.sty. SUch )il.::mbers shall, be nominat~ from D..'lt;m3 t: ,,1.1 c':rtifi·:.:d citiz<3ns of !:lepnl.. ,1U.l mln1stars, ministers of state, -and deputy, uc.i11tdrs ot" UHol Goverrim~;nt of' NJps.l ' shall Ix. ex_officio I:1,,-,mb,,'rs of thll .1dv1sory ;.SS(:,!i!llil.y . _

(2) 'l.'lJ _Av1sory :~ss!3mbl.y ~all cuasa to ~Xl.st a ft _.,l' a Constituent ~·.ssJmbl:f is foltlloo.

28D~' Perrons rcpr;>stlIlting different Ngions, class,',s, and id~101ogi ~; :1 of the countzy shall bt.: saJ.~ct,-,d as far a s po 3sibl(, as _non-30V:.;.tn:-'~,ntaJ.. ' ?\ . '!l.b;~ rs ef thc: ;.ss;i,mbly.

28c. No ' p~!rson _shall bu e1,ig1bl.:; to bi3 nominat .;.;d as a r:!dllb·,- r of the _'Jivioor,y ' .:'ssembl.y -unl~s; . het

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. U)" Is-> a ci~zOl) :·of IftlilaL; • 1 · -- •

(2) , ), . ,'. ,

flas .attai,vdth,-" ag:J of 25 years, and

(3) ne -.is' not' suftor from th..; disqualifications in 280 b"loW.

TIE; follow1n i:f Ptri'sOnS- S"lail not· bu cligibl~ t o ho nominated as f;l, .• r:b·<ll'a.! of ~ ;tp9 ,~dv1 $J rh ;-,: ssanbly : . - ' ' , -; ' ,

'.. -

(b) P~·:tr-s:.ns .... bP,-h ,;;.Vo) . b ;(I1 oonv1ct::d py a court of law , " o~ an~:::ot:t·~SELul'vol.v1n3" iJt)ral tU'rpitUd~ or corr..lpt10n,

{c;~ul\at1~. , '- ',,' .

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164.

Provided that for the purpose of thi s :.I'ticle HWllb tlrS of th~ Council of Hln1ster5J ri~.r.1s't.Jr ::; of .. tate, and d~put:f m1nist<Jrs of Nepal s !.all . .0 t te r~ ~.u-d.;.ti as l.Olili.n 6 ~fl'ices of p i'Oi .i.t.

(2) Ho p ... rson sh3.l1 ba l'f33a nhd as . a ri1t:'1'I0 "' I' of the .i. ~sembly un.-t.ll h e h a s tal:,"-i"I oati:.

(1 )

(2)

;. ::,.!RO-l' or th·: . .dviX)ry . s senbly shall bl) 6.0Cllllu to have vaca~; :):t his S I;" :J.~ in if'I y o f tilf; f ollov1r. g cil'clII:wtsnc;'!s f

(a) If h"l sui:m1ts a sisn ~d res1Bnntio.n to th~ Chairman, or

(1.:) If' he Suff~rs from any of the disqualifications lI1ent1on\.!d 1n !.rticlfJ .2.6D, or

( c ) If he re:.in1ns abs :~nt from session s of t!1~ .... ssembly for a p . noll of '4 days without p-:-I-jr:b:sion .

p rovid~d that 1:.'1.15 25- day p·~.rio d s1l. .. 11 not 1nclu<,.:: any p n'ted of lll:He tha.~ four oonsacutiVi' days fO.r '~id. ct. the _'..sse::'lw.y iQa,y have been cdjournEd. .

In cu.s~ arw qUIi!et1on aris :: ~ as to "Wht;!thdl' 0 r .lot any l.lur .. bJl' suffers frow. Cl.a""1.y of the disqualificf:..tion:3 !II\Ontionad in :.rticl ::: ~ec, it sh.all. 00 .r-aforroo to "1::; i·l aj ~sty, and ill.s Maj (~.sty l s d~iS1on shall be final.

2BF' . The reruiloratlons (:r.d &J.lo,";ances · of m~ .. nrb~rs sha.D. :be as · prf:lScl"'ib ~d by His Nu.jesty.

:"'13'1 . : If un~' p ·.?:'scn pa:tic~?a·t.:s r · :d vot·~3 in t."'l~ s~ss1ons of the :..d.v1oory .• ,ssembly ,::van b";lfore t4k.1r. ~ oath or knoH1ng that he 1s not. el1gill1. .. ~ or 1 :' disquaJ.1fiild to o ·~ coce a m~lll"bet' of the .:".s r.<lm hly , hod $bQ..l be pun1sh1dd with a fine of Hs 100 'for each cl,,-]"

?"'. .. -.); .. whal h;:: p tl..;.~tic1p~t ,~s or vot.u in this manno~. .

·l'he pO\l;.!r to fill up vacancl ,s , if :i,V, in the shall b~ v-:!stoo 1n H 1~: Maj lH.ty. .

Qtttc'Z=Bgarers of thB lssembly . .

2.8I . :~t Us !'1r3t. sitting of its· sesSio~'; :~~ shall bt;! preS1d~d OV,Jr by u mtfllbcr or p ", rson dcs1gnat~ by His MaJ <~ fltyt . tlJe .i.ssew.bly sl.u.ll elect two of . 1 ts mt;m~rs ail'- Chaf!"6an · and· V1cEl­Chair;·l!:l..' r ·-l sp \jct1v ~,lY. In th~ 'Jvcnt of a Ta'can cy in th.o pc::!sts of Chairman 01" . V~cOo:Ch~·.in:lan sub.suquantly, · ~t .s~ elect anoth~r m~!llber a s .... 'h .:. lXl!l5.n or V1c~Cha1%1!tOll. P.S trie case 1:lc.1.y tJl!. Tha Clu:.1r'."lQ.n and the V;1c.e-Cha1nrlan;· !lhall be 'UoOIctad by ~ uejo.rity of th,J ;nu"lilb :~ I'S pros~t 'at the sass1on. · Ax..,off1c10 rD. ·~i1 i.)ers S,!all not b , 3ltitl ·.d to stand as cand1~.at(!.s for thi:SO posts. .

23J. l.ny memb _ol' who hol ds the post of Chairr:Ian or Vic(.,-Chc.1 r man of the .~ss emb1.y :

~,0l ­_~iJ.' • •

(1 )

( 2)

(3)

(1 )

Sh&.~ .l v<J.cate his post! ' be no long~r ~~ema1ns a m';:l"IlLtfl' of the _~-q,vioorJ .;lssar.·:bly. .

Fay relinquish his post t!lroU~ a Si (:,.11ed r~si;,,11ation C!. c:dI"..lssed to ~"iis Majesty. ,

. . , Hay bo.) re"l()v:-d tl1rou gl1 a r ,.:;solut1on passed by a majority of t \/o-third!> ol' the m~ ,j\b~rs prase:lt ,at the s \:!sSion .

In .:::ase the post of Cha1 rman falls vacant , the Vice­Ch::.ir:.u::.n, Ill1d in case the post of' Vice-Chainnan too f5.11s va(: ':t:rt, a m ,i,ll .. r d,~si ,.."ated tr.f ti is }iajesty ,for this ::,lUl''pOs~ shall fulfil1 the duties of t~at post.

(2) III t~l':~ aLsE:ln~i.l of the <"'hainnan , the Vic?-ljh~irr;Lan,a.nd in "til e ab::;, ',;,·.c~ of J:1~ Vice-ChairiJan as \Jell, !:i p"'r;,;on tiss1e;nated by tlH: .:'s s<3l!'1bly accoluing to its rul'3s of p~1)'c ~duret sh all preSide ov~l' any sitting of .. the :i.ssembly.

201 . me Chail"::lan, or t.i.le Vice-ChOoi'rman o.r oth ::rpe!'GCm vho fU nctions ' :l.~ ChaiI';)8.U of' tha .'l.ssemQly, sha.l.l M:ve no r ight to vote in tbe f1r~t .in;3tanco, rut may exerclso:'< a cf,sting vp to in th.;: event 01' a tie.

28f.i . 1)uriOJ t:l ·3 debatc ' on a "Nsol.utiQn soeking to r '.~ .r.nv :~ hL"llt t he Chain:mr. o r the 'f1ce-Chailttlan ,' a s the case /ll3.y ' b? , Sil ;tl.l ¥';:' bot cnt1 ';;J.,,:a to o,;:o.tpy :11s poat in the :i.ssembly.

23£1 .'I'ha reill..tn;)rations an~i a;uoW"ances of the Chai rman and th,~ . ·li e d- C.:, -. .i.I'wan .::;c.<lll w :.is p~:epCl'ibad by IT i.: H&.j ~sty.

"

280. (1) The • .dv·1sol".r ~~ss~b1y ·shall. be. convened t'Jicc fN~ry

,

y,,=['.r ar.d thd .1n·'i.<~rval. .~t.w_l3en .any t\1O s essions £hal.1 not excaoo six m::.nths.

(a) ConV:3ne , . th::l .~ssembly at any pla<.:o ~d tirn" coH~idered ayp roPri:;;.·t ~.

• • i...y him,

( b) ? lW'O ~,u·~ j"lO S'olS sion.s. of th~ .~3semb1y •

~P. :,t tJ.1') co~e[l:c'.!ll!oot. · o~ ~y ,) ry . s ·"8s1on, Uis Maj l~f;ty Shall addr.,s$ th l;l ~·~ ;:.~u\~bl.y aJ.l.q .. ~cquaint · it wi th the reasons fo r summoning 1 t .

~1: . (1) His daj . .!sty l.'~' . address the .~ssembly and 'r,,,qt:.i r o· the pr": s ·n~~. t ' of th,j roEH:lb,..rs for this pu.~se. . '

' ( 2) . Hi:J ,11Cl;j tl:.sty . l:lI.\i' . s3nd m,e3.;uiges ' to . the Asse filb1l~ 1n conn.adio·._ W1.th aw item on its, aga'ldtt' or ,any oth", r mrlt,tar, and (thiOl :.SS ":ll::'bl.Y) ~hall -d;tilberata on the SUbj"'3ct of t,."w ru ~ssa.ga '. as ;tarly a·s l'o:isibl'~ ,' ac50,~ng to , conv..m1'i:.'l.CO' •

. ' . ~" ...... " .,r,

166.

Conduct of Sess10ns

28i': . &'~fore tai<:1ng his s eat, every member of the : .. s.3 anbly shi:i::.. l ti;1ke o<to;;ll in the form ment1.;noo in the sch"Julc i~ the presanc ::l of His Haj '!3ty o_r the person c. t' sig!'l.at ud 'crI ills f'ioj~!~ty l'or t hf': purpo~G- .

28S . Uf'less o th:.lrwi:;e :!! _'Ovid", d for in ~his l a w, .d~ cis:'-on~ o n every i ~"" Ll shall o,~ made ty a L1aJorit.y of thf! ,r.:'Jilbers :gr~sent :ll1d vat!n '-:, c,~h~r th an the Chai l' m~\l) or atE,,!, perso~

' l unctio!~in,'; in t hC,; c<lpacity . ,

(2) ThG proo::tJlinC}i of the .~ssembly s hull i10t b .3 invalid, on tile Ground th",t ~.y s;3at - is vacant, 01' it 1s Otlb83<!uently l'<3Yc:D.}..! : thdt any un.1.uthol'iz~, p--:·rson has votod er otln rwis>3 partiCipated .

(-3) Th~. quorum fOr sHt1ngs of the ;ossembly shaJ.l consist of 25 j,\ ). :lbe rs.

(4.) -I n CJ,S ,~ th(;r\:~ is l <\ ck of the prescribed quorum during any si t tinb of the :"ssombly the Chairman 01' th:3 p8l'son fUh ctioaing on hi$ b".half S~all susp .-md t~e proc~ro1ngs u'ltl~ tha qUOl'J r,l 1 s fulfilloXi or adjourn tho ai '.:.ting.

sw .. >ciD] P fiy1 J eggs QC Hoohfirs , 2BT. (1) ~bjec"t to this law G.Ild the rul,QS_ of proeQdure ot the .L~ .:.; er.;::l~~

there shall be freedom. of speech ,at the J.sseml?1y. . .

(2) Ho action can be initiated in any court of 1'a\ol agatnst l~:"j :n~m ~~r 0,_ the gnun.:t of anything ha JI1 r;ht have said _fl_"; ~~':-- :'

, Ass embly or at any- Cpumi ti'es thoreof'. · Si r.t1.larly, no sueL action can "be initiated agaj,.nst an¥ P_ul.'Sl,)n f o r having puhllshed any -repC)"l.t, letter,'-opinion or r t.lport ot -the proc~cdin&s With-.,tbe pemiss1.on of the A$::: Cillbly or und"I::" its Jurldiction. '. . '

2&1. , 'l.'hq Adv1sory , Ass~bly may<aUb'ri,Jte~ on :U1Y i"!lS.tte~ relating to t:! .;;. ', :~ logiS lati y(;; a1l.d~x.icutl V~ aetion'lr ot'~: the ,2',OvuInmcl1t othur t~lan .-th Q f01lowing:- . , , '., .~- _ "

(1)

(2)

(J)

(It)

h~ttBl'S on which a fri.Jlcl1y r(~ations for~gn nat1on.

'.' . . / . .;:'., '- " .- ,,"

d(,:!bat~ may iia,fo al1 Ldv:~t;::. a toff ~et on the .:~ of the Govai'rim"op.ti '-bt )f oJPs.l with a":1Y -

. ,,' c",'· '

.. " . , ' ,' , ."c, . ' . • , .:

Matters ralating to. th",p~rsonQ]: 'mnd.! et c. ! :Eris 'I>fuj esty' ane. ID3Ilbcrs of th", royal fam}]'l~ : _ i'~ : ' -', -- . - " ,'" ' ,' "' , ' , '

, " - '<

Hatt;;;rs \obes o JlI.sclosu r..,j -'n.ay n'arrn ·t,.l-J.a- WbJ.~c intorss't, . su~~h . as tho dl:1plo)'1llorrt and m)vemmts of' th\.t ,arr:;:{.- ' __ . . ' .' ,. . ; ;. ~ " ' -'. .'

Motions of no-"eonf.idooeo -~a1nst any i't1.n1:st~r 6t tha' Counc!.l( of M1n1sturs aB a who1u •

• •

28v. No law may b.;. submitted f'or the assent of' His M.ajesty Un18S E:

it is debated and voted upon at ~e J.dvioory Assembly.

28\01. Any memhar of' -the .J.dvisor,y · ,4.ssem"b1.y may ask . question on ally issue concerning' the l.cgi.!:. ... atlv3 and e:it~cutivt3 actions of Gh( Governm~nt, cxc~pt those mantionud 1n J~rt1cJ.o 28D.

28x. :Any m.::mber of the J .. dvi so ry ' :i.ss~bl.y may present a resolution on any bill. f'or ·i ts considorat10n vd tl1 th.:; p;;;rmission of t.h3 Chairman and .;in. ac.cordance. with tho' rules of proccdura of the Assembly.

2,sy . His Majesty may at ~1S discretion withhold .his assiDt to any hill. o r r ..:.solution : p'as ~od by the .'..ss.:m}bly, or send it back to the ':"ss ~l".olbly , vi th aJ.. torations 'and amend.ci ~"'1ts considered appropirat~ by him. . •. • .

28Z. In case th~ Ass.Jmbly rejects any o.fficial bill or resolution , Or do 3S not acc3pt th<3 aJ. tcrations and am\.il1diil .,;nts proposed by His Maj;:)sty, and in case His Majesty conSid'}rs it appropriate from t he vie-w:point of the public interest. to approve such b1.l1 J ' resolution, uterations o r amoo.dments, His Najlo:sty may~ auth.:mticate such bl.ll, r.Jsolution, altoratio:1~ or am..ndm..nts as hav1.ng beon .pas sad by the 4-"SS .JIJl"bly.

28.l.l.~ , Slbjllct to the provisions of this lawt His Maj..:sty may frame rul eS rillating to the working proceduro and conduct of rosiness 'of tho l..ssombly.

4. J..rt:tclll 28 -of th~ priJ?ci paJ. lav shall 'be r opcal od, and r~plac~d qy the following ~rticlo '28,-

. . 28". -The annual. 1:1ldj<lt estimates sh~ be pres.~tcd_ to the

.AQdsort · J"ssi;;lllbJ.Yt' _ ; w~ . ..:h·',_shal1 hav~ : t::lp r,'IOwor to hold dabates and · vote tzl.$rcc)ft". ··· .. .'

'- ;-- ':... ' '., . '

P rovid'6d tlfat' rh';) '..l.'ssanbiy · shaJ.l not hold cmy d.:batc 00 the priVyp..ti"se of His Majesty and rel a',;."e~ ' ·matters'

_ ' ;', -.•. ,;j ... -f ., . • - ' . ,

.. .:..nd 't.b~F tt. .a,: ptttvislons of krticl(js 2BX, 2~. and 28Z Shall "b;j _ilPi>~1c~bl.. to mattors Within tikpurviev 01' this i..rt1clJ as well.

5. Claas.1,) 2(,tJ of :..rtiel,e 29 of· the Interim . Cons:ti tution shaJ~ 'be r~pealedt . and replacCtCi by the follow1nZ- clause 2(JJ:-

~ . - , . , >; 1 . .' · _. · ·~ . . ' "

. I t shall be .d1ssolvad .. ~.rao ,Iilonths a1't~r', th~ beginning of ,tha nuxt .s~·s.s1.on cf the J.dvi"SJry Assembly. - " .

~, ".-, .. .. _ .. ~ .; ' .. -: -

I shall.

• , law ste~

168.

Hi th r.::sp..:ct and a pure conscience, and denJ.. justly with ;ul catego ri es of p0rsons according to the Consti tut10n and thE; law without f e:ar or ravor, affection or 11H/i11.

2 . For',;l Q1 O;;th QL..§ ..: cr:;cy fQ.r MWi ste.t4 l11n; 'St~....Q.f ,st6.tw, ll-~cPYty H1nist)J:§.

I •••••••• hereby sWCJ,r by th0 nam'] of God/s0L;:,mly aff1nn ;,.1"; .t, I shall not r8veal or expresS 'directly or incb.I' octly to any on!;) ii1 any ci.rc-cl.ms tan ccs any matter .Jhich £.12Y u<J rt;f ..: rrucl to r.1", or coma into uy knowlEAgo in Foi',/ capacity of H.1nistar/ HinistIJ r of Statu/Deputy H1n1ster, cxc.::pt \{hC~l n3c'}ssary in thcl caurs:...: of th~ proper d1schar& ", o f my dut1'~ .

3 . Form Q.f....Q~lL..m.r Mcmbe;fS "f the ;\dvtsory j'tssqwbly ,

Hhureasl I hav(.. b0\Jn norrd.natod as a member of th~ ~i.dvisory Assembly, I ••• 0 '" sW'~ar by the n "ulle of God/soL:mnlY affin:! that I sh:ul. r;;.:j;la!n loyal and fa! thful. to His Maj ..;sty and His Majesty1s succ,-<ssors, as wcll as to the Int(.;rim COllst1 tut10n ",stablish(;d bylaw, and faithfully dischargo th...; du tieS p~rta:ining to the post I am al::out to assume.

Imptlsitian of Fines on Sine-Eating COrrmunities

en Asha;lh EaU 12, 1862 (June 1805 ) • . Kashinath Upadhyaya was grante::l CJJ.thc..""1ty to collect fines from peopl~ belongi ng to the G.lrung, Rohani, Elhuyyal, and other comnunit.:i <, in the r egion situated east of tha Karnali river and w~st of the AtUn river who ate &loo (flesh of dead catcla) •

Village heaimcn and lard-ownors· in th\! region we:re ordered to help the employ€€s 01 Kashinath upalhyaya col L et:.

· these fin.:;.s in tl""lcl.r r.;)spc!ct!ve c..railtl. (R~9mi R~search COllection, Vcl. 6, pp. 89-90).. .

, . "

The following public notification was issued in th.; name of sino-aating communiti~s in t~ Karnali-ArUn region the same day, "ouing th~ time of our f ;;:tncr (King 'Ran s ahadu.t shah), you ha:i pl""dga:1 to give up sino--=aUng, tb.Jr.::.by getting eX-=:mption from th.:; o bligation to supply hides and skins. Today, how~ver, you hav; violut.::.d that pl~gc.You eat sino, }:ut do not SUpply any hid.;;s ar¥i s,kins • .Eines at the foTiowing­r::.t o:\s hav.; now been impo.sl';d, on yoo in consiu.;r",tion of such violation, as well as failure to ~upply hid-.;s and skins , sO far. Transmit thes ", fines t.hr'oo.gh the 6mployees; of Kashinath upadhyaya. In the future, you may take sino, but rrust supply hid.as and skins to thw (Kathmandu) Mlnitlons Factory. Your life an:l property will b~ forfeited if you agaiJ1 pledge to give up Sino-eating an::1 demand oaxemption from the . obligation to supply hides a~ skins. . ,

169

Rl;:.tes of F1ne§

f-).lkhiyu

i'lij har

• •• Rs . 3 fo r each 'household

••• "5 . 2 - "-Gour uug • •• Rs . 1 - "-

Ho.l " . Rs . 8

ooyam • •• Rs . 4

sin • •• Rs~ 2

Chahar • •• Rs. 1

0;; hot- SUbjects ( PC'aja) , Ho.1 household • •• R!:. • 2

• DoyGltl . •• • • • Rs. 1- 12

sim •• • • • Rs . 1

.clr..lhar • •• 8 annas ."

ASn~h s ad! 12 . 1862 R~m!. Re search" ,COllection, Vo l. 6 ~ pp.: 90-91.

Th~ letter of appointment i ssuE!$:l to KQShinath UPQdhy~ya t he sarn:.! day listed the r o.t es of t he fine as rnenti one:l abOJe , and cAJIod: " Remi t the proceeds of these fines to ,l:s. In case i:Illy Perso n CCflses any difUculty c r obstruccion ill collecting the £10-15, ti e him up and s ." n:1 him c o us, am t ake action as ordere:l . Coll:::,-,t the fine .... ';'tho..it .my f d.ver, and l'o¥ sal .u-les at the "rescribai r a t es t o the ;following emploYl!es with the i ncome :

Tahasildar • • • (No t mentlonai )

Bahidar • • • -"-

Peo~ ( ,yid., • •• - "-

Tahabildar •• • - "-

.$:I'!!pl o ¥ $)e/i . t the K <lthtnal'd u - He'" Office ( Gosw ara)

Tahabi ldar •••• (Not mentioned)

Bahi dar • ••

Ashcdh B<:di 12. 1862 it ~grrd. Rasearch coll.eceion, vol . 6 , fP . 91_ 92.

,

...... " ....... " J

I

170

Raja Mandhir sahi of Ba jura

(l ) Royal ordr:!' to Raja !1andhi r 5ahi of Bajura: "~ie had r Gcognized your father, Manta sahi, as Raja of Bajura. si.'1ce your father is now dead, we . confirm you as Raja of -Ba.,;ura. Discharge all .he fur.ctions ti1at your father had been clischarging from the throne when -that territory WaJi occupied i:¥ us"."

Kartik SUdi 8 , 1869 (October 1812) Regmi Rese.;trch Collection, Vol. 41, p. 132.

(2) Royal order to the subed,ar and oth~r pe£'sonnel of the Samarjit company: "The territory of Kadha h .:.s belonged to Bajura fro~ former times. ~rir.g the . revenue settle~nt , conducted ::.:.- p uran ' Sahi, it was detached from Bajuril and p I :l.ce<i ~ under the authority of Bahadur Samb a. Toaay', on the request of Raja Mandhir Sahi, we heceb)'" restore Kadh.', to B~jur~ subject t o an annual payment of Rs~ .29/ on thck-odn:li basis to the samarjit company. ACc~pt Paymen t of this arrount in instal ! menbS i,iccordingly."

Kurtik sod! 8 , 1869 (October 1812) • Regni Research Collection, ·vol. 41, pp . 132-133.

(3) ROyal orde r to the subedar and other personnel of the Ranabamba COmpany: "During the revenue settlement conduct<::d by Furan Sahi, Karna simha. ~ La.xrni Dua Panth~ an arrount of Rs. 3,001 had bee:n a,ss.;ssed for Bajura on thek-bandi b.:lSis. Ra j a Mandh.1r sq,hj. hils ' now comp1ai,ri-<:d to' us that the assassment 15 exc~ssiV"e. We have.t!'loccfore , reduced the annunt'?t;o Rs . 250/cccept F·.:iym.~t. of this a.Il"OWlt in .1mtallments accortll n9 J.y." -

Kartik $1~ 8, 1869 ,"October 1812) • Regnl Research CO'lleccior •. _ Vol. 41. pp. ~33~134.

, Mlrang' Aff airs. A..D. 1806

( 1) Royal order to Bishnu Padhya an:l Sardar Gan:lhya: "The ryots of - Morang have -come here with the corrplaint that sarup puri has compiled 1and-tax-assessment records (jaiTlJlabandi) in an unjust manner in contravention of the arrangements made 1n 1850 Vikrama (A.D. 1893), an:1 is forcJng us even to sell ' oor ·oxen. ' .

• "We have accordingly sent YOl ' tO M;)rang . to ascertain .

\'Ihether or not these c.)m~lointS _are ttue, and make arrQ!lgements to hav!':; lams culti~ated "~ taxes collected, chgreby serving our inte.!"ests-. we haVe sent baCk the complainants to M:,)J.:ang. Mcertain whether or llQ4; their complaints are true. make apprcpriate ,decisions to the satis£3ct1on of the ryot's. ani have the actual revenue collected_ Arrange for the ra£urximent of p,ayments collecc.o.:d unjustly by Sarup PUn. if any. You shall be hdld liable if you leave the Path of justice cu"t of faVv£: towuN anyoru:. ~, . F"lgun sod1 5, 1862 (February 1806) R:-!9'ml Research COIl~t1on, vol. 6, pp. 735-36).

-171

(2) Royal order to 'subba ' s~rup FUri:' -"The ryocs of t-t:>rang district have come here wlth the complaint that you are unjustly collectir.g toxes in contravenl:lon of the arrange",ents

-mi;.:le in 1850 VJ.krama (A.D. 1793). If these conplaints a re tru " , _ ~ t~ ryots relinquish their lands as a re.sui t, s o that the country ls ruined; you will be liable to punishment and also to compensate the loss. Understand this, und collecc 'tax~ at the rat~ pres cribed in 1850 Vikr'gma.

Falgun swi 5, ' 18 62 (Feb.ru.:..ry 16(6) RegmL Res3arch Colleccion, Vol., 6 , H,. 736-37.'

(3) ROyal order t o ' Saru Ravildl Jail! I " ilyocs fro m MorClllg di st:rict h ave come to us with thl: complQint. that during the vikr.ama yoa,ar 1861-62 (A. D. _ 1004-5) ' _ saru~ l-ur! unjus :. ly collects:l taxes from them in excess of the r ates pr!;!scribed in ;;he .Vikrama y e QI 185 u a You ara therC:lfore ordered to

-sunmon both sides in an Alalat. C/scertain thetrueh of , the complaint, an:l obtain a c o nfeSSio :lal stdtement. ArCCi!lg C::! for t~ refun::iin£:nt of eXceSE. collections, 1f any. Allow s arup run 1..0 colleCt arrears due for -the Vikr.i:.ind ye ar 18 62 in i ul .l ; l.:;t him not collect unifJthorlz~ paymants, or try to coll .:e t in one day what should be ,collectecI during .0. period o~ two rronths. thereby compe lling . the ryots to l~ave their lands ~ Arrange for ac~ion to be taken in t h e: t:rcdi tional m&Il;1~·. r. so that settlements -are -maintaine:l an:i revenu~ collected. pUnist.rierit shall be inflicted on ar.y p e rson as a r esu l t of woos-a acti'on ryots may be forcci1 to l~av.~ i:h~r I gnis."

FaIgun s.:.di 5, 1862 ( F ",b ruary 18(6) Regntl Res.::arch collection, Vol. 6 , FP ~ 7 36-37.

Garl'wal Af f airs. 'A.O. 1814 . . .

1. Inr:iiscr1rn1nate EXaction of Forc ed ' an:! unpCiid ' Labor

Royal ~"Q&der ' tq mLl:1tary perspnnel, 'government employet:S, revenuti fUnct1oIlQC1es, an:l conuron peop:J,e travelUng through different vi'llages in Garhwa l district: "We hav~ received J;'",port$: that the country _has be~ !Ulne:1 because you exact forced _~a.b9r ~ervi~f;IB (bEth. b~ar) without paying wag£lS as well _ : f_r~cl; sUW~,~ (Khc.nu manu) from the locC?-l people_ ',;e .t~~or6~ o~-,er, .t .hat no pe.t:~D ·shall 8X(f:t such labor s~q~ 'Q9d supplies in. che f:uture, - except. for the

. tr4ns~~at;i.on of mj,l1~ary supplies ao:l sick ani woun::i ~-d 'p~rsons _,' liny ~~ wl?O do~ ~~ .~ thereby l:taraBBftB ani _ W4n:"~-'the peq~~.e '~~a,l~ be seyerely ~nishE4. .

.,- , . . "- '- '. , Mar9~ ' $a11 12,' 187~ 1.. (.~I'!~er 1814>-

. Re9~ ~~se¥'Ph , _~l,ld9.~on. Vol;_ ,41, - pp •. 445-:46.

172

2 .. Collection of UnCiuthorize:l Payments

Royal order to military units holding Khangi lams in lSarrMCil district: "We hay/::! rece1vei reports that you s.re col l o2Cting p aYrTlP.nts ev,~ry ye '>..c from the ryots ln exces ::; of th~ rates -that h.cP. been pr~.::;cr1~ previously .. In the future. coll~t only the pa.yments st;!pulats;i on each Khangl holding. 00 not coll~t extra payments an:l cause haroships to ryots. In c a S 2 any person does so.' the excess shall be recove red from him. tnd<::rscani thiS, and do not comnit injustice."

H~lrga J3a:li 12, 1871 (Novemb t:r 18 14) Regmi Researc h colleCtion, vcl. 41, P. 441' ..

3 .. unau t.horiz ai Collecdons on Newly-Reclaima:l LarPs

ROyal order to amalis, assignees (bharria::1ar). and military units (Palt dn, ComIJany) in t~ three divisions (j(hc:.nda.) of Garhwal: "We have received reports that you ara collec1:.in:;J p ayments on newly-reclci.1med lams also 1n aj dition to those on the lan.is assigned to yO\,l. Those lams will noc be incltrled in your Kha.ng! ,J,::,signments. ColL;c:t paym.ants according .:0 th~ 'Ch:::kbat'd1 arrangements madEl previously. Wc hav~ grdnted authority to Krishnanarxia Khadari

.' am ohanabir Thc.pa to colLact · payments on newly-reclaimed lands. Do not CauS2 any obstruction in the colleCtion . of such

,payments; lee th.;m do so. In case any person forcibly occupies any ldrrl, he shall be liable to pay twice the ' arrount:: of r ,wenUe assesssi chereon.

"We have also r~e1ved r~ports that you. make eng3.gem.?nts with marchantB (mahajan) for the realization of Jo ans borroHed by the ryots of garhwal ~uring the time of th~ former k1ngs. Do not harass 1;:ha ryots in this m.aJl i":_c. Lot them pay their d-<.;bts themselves. You shall be punishEd if you comPel them to do so."

Marga Baai 12, 1~7~ (Nov~mb~r 1814) R,.,grlli. ResearCh Collection, vol. 41, Fp. 447-48.

4. un'.:Uthorus;1 Enslavement

. ~O'fal order t.o bhardars arid rnfl1tary companies who hav~ b.::en assigned 'la,n::is in. Garbtial ·d£strict" as w.::ll as to 'Kamins, sayanas, Zamimars, .anj ama11s; "we' have· receivEtl. reports that you sell the sons ani d<ll;1ghters of .. 'ryots an:i aubjacts to r~U2e .arre:ar6 of payment. We' hid previouely 1ssua:J, . .a royal o~.er ~rohibiti~ the salQ and 'PJrchase of hlman bi:;in;jS. Ho\"I;;ver, you have disobeyai that oJ:d~r, and'~' are still re.alizir.-.; <lcr""arl:, of payment du~ to you bf selling th,;: sont> QCld daughters of. others .. In c ase any person disobeys OUr ordar 1n the future, ~ s.::llB dlld p..l C'ChaSdS 'roman beings" his lif~ am proPerty shall be! :fprfe1tedJJndc::rstdl"Xl. this, arxl do not .;;ngaga in such .:...cts i-n the future _"

r-iarga Ba:l1 12, 1671 (NQ,vE;flIbo;i:r 1814). Rcgmi Research COlh . ..ction, Vol. 41, PP- 446-47.

173

. 5. I !legal sli:ave Tra ffic

Royal ord .:.·r t o ' Dittha ohanabir Thapa: " 'fIe hed prev1ou,s:ly ! s su:)1 o.r:d ~rs prohibitiD1 the amulis of Gar~ .. l ' from acce l:t.!ng boys and girl..& in lieu of latJi tQX ( pota) p.3y~nts. am other

~~s~~~oo W~O~1;~~~~g~~;: ~~~~&ysou:~e :~~t;, ani amuggles t hem to are SlS outside Garhwa.l,shall be comp.t: lled ':; u r~to.ce such boys am g irls to, their rum&S , i:ilXl 'shall als 0 be f.U n15 hed • "

poush Bad! 3 , 187 1 (December 1614) ltegmi. Researc h (;Ollection. vol. 41, p. 456.

Mines and Mints, A.D. l~'

Copper Mines in the c heeebtars y angdi - Bheri Region , " , -

Royal order to subedar Rarnaj1t J?haniari ani Bo.labhalira Padhya:

w~ hereby g r a.nt you amaDat ' ~thority to oPerate Copper mines 1n the region situated, west of. the" chepe ani Harayongd1 r1vors ani eQf::l t of the Shed rivert w1 th the except.ion · of Palpa., Ql l mi . Argha, Khanchi, ani salyan, ' 68' well aa the Ben1 Mint, &li .pr~1ous 11' oPerat~ by subba Jabar, effective Jestha Bedi ll, 1869 in the cas.:! of the Beni Hint, and Ashaih Sldi 2, 1869 in the case of copper mines.

'Ao g r ant you authority as mentione:! ~lOJ for this · purpos -:: :·-

1. All mines of cOPf'ar, l~~, cinnabar, .c.r:d iron, with t ht: &xception of tho~ in ThunJ. ~ Rukum.. have been placai

• • • I under your jurls;iJ.Ction.

2. Collect an:1 appropriec;e inCome from all lard, homastecd, and other taxS'J customarily Paid by persons holding allotments of mining ~a.ndB or working in minas, inclu:11ng Crown l evies (raja-anka>, escheat property, fines ani · penalties col1ectei 1~ the crurSt: of the a1ministra"i:.ion of justicG, inclu:liOQ thOse colltcta:l from persons g.ailty of major lPGl'lch~ha.t) .cr1If,~, !"lalak levies, .:.n:l income .from newly-dJ.·.cCi'l:~ mineral d (;pos1ts.

3. Do not let ·any other ~8~ ·purchu6 COpper in this region; con:iuct ptonopoly .t.r~oi:I (Wtahattl) ·in the entire copper outPlt and oPllrate ud.nu for ·minting Paia<} c o ins at POkhara, ·Baglunqcha.ur, ao1 Be n!. . . .

4.

•

pUrchase cower \od th inc~\J from the:· tr!i nu msio avsi1ab10 by tha gw_nt (darl,ar) ~ . . . . .. ~ ...

. '". .

ani . fume

174

5. Do not collect arbitrary taxes am other payments in excess of customary rates, thereby lea:l1ng to complaints from the local peoiJle. Keep thellt happy arrl satisfie::l.

6 . DO not caUse any loSS" cut of grt:ed: do not eng.:lge in er-ads on your own ~ccunti .:io not reduce the output or income of the Vikr0llia year 1867-68; an::l do not let arrea~ accumulate. Transmit to the government the increaSe3 outfUt or · 1~ome. 1£ any. " You shall be held personally li able ii you let output or income go dO\·m , or lo::!:t arrears acCUrTU l ~te.

A sum of Rs . 3 , 7 94 is hereby sanctione:i as follows from the incane colleCce:i from this source to pay the saLCJ.rias of employees every year:

ElllploYE:<:!s

SJ.b..:dar R.:.mc.ji t Bharrlari

D1ttha Balabh~ra Padh~a

•••

•••

requira:i for work in mines :-

Bcahma Padhya • •• Rs •

one Bahidar • •• Rs.

<ne Tahabildar • • • Rs.

one Bichar1 • •• Rs •

18 Dw~l£"es • •• Rs.

18 clerks for dwar~ • •• Rs •

Rs. 9CO

200

120

75

- ~50

540

126

" 10 peons • •• Rs. 250

one D1ttha. for w.;ighing co~er ••• R~ . 40

Four !<atuwals • •• Rs. 38

One J~ctiar • •• R.:~, • 205 Rs. 1,644

mp1oya;~s ro;OlguirE.d for the" Ben! and Bagluncphaur Mints

'!Wo Ditthas • •• Rs. 150

Two Bahid.;a:s •• • Rs • ..150 , Two tuhas!ld ars " • •• Rs. 100

• s:I.x peons • •• Rs •. 150

'!Wo D1c.th.;)S for .w<.jigh1ng copper • •• as. 60

' 175

Two mahanes •••

Gr.::ni Total •••

. Baisdkh Boii. 10. 1869 (APril 1812)

Ra. 40 -Ra. 650-

Rs. 3.794

Regmi R~E:~rch collection. Yo':. 41, pp. ·9~- '4 .

Royal Order:;o t-'.inars

Royal o.rder to miners (agri). smelters . (mah..:::lS)· ,)!ld their ·teartl--lea:ien:; (rr,uk , Jiya,) in the region betwe~n the Chepe!f.1arsyangdi cu:d . Sheri rivers:- .

In matt.ers concerning the ecploitation of minp.ral d~posits, yoo are ~;ceby order,~ to work faithfully ;J3 dirClCted by Slb~ar Rarnaj1t Bham ed. arrl Balabhcdra Ptdhya. Wc shall reward those who werk faithfully ~ directai by them. and punish those who do not • .

Bail;iak h Ba:i! 10, 1069 (APril 1812) Ragmi Rusearch'COl1<:lCtion, Vol. 41, PI:>. 87~S8.

public Notifications

en Bataakh sedi 10, 1869 ( 1812), 'a fUblic notification w'JoS issuai in the villages an:! of the region sitllate:i between the Chepe/JoIaraYao:Fi rivers accol;ding to which subOOar Rarnaj1t Bhardari ani ra p~hya had been grantel authori.ty under the amanat system to operat02 the cOWer rnonopoJ!' 1n that region, dS well. as the mints · at Bljn! ani Baglungchaur, where paisa coins (of copper) were minted.

Tha locd.1 people were ordered to supply' th~r . coPPer to the ulint ani receive payrrcnt at current priices. The notification eddEtl, "Du not sell copper e1~.awhe.re. In cas;; any trader or ottll;:r Pccson snug gles copfoe.r to other places, t~ local authorltiu:: shall confiscate it and hsnl it over to the mints. My person who .:eta in contravention of this ord~r shall pe severely

. P..lOi~ha:i ." .

·Baisaldl Baii 10, 1869 (APril 181 2) Rt::I9m1 R(;;scarc:h colloetion. Yol. 41, l=P. 89-90.

Public notification in the region situatEil W\0st of the V!shnumati river ·ani - east oi Pyuthan; · "Mines, ~ well as the B~l1 ~ Baglungchaur mints, 'have be·:;,n placa:l under thE.! arnanat ClUthOrity of SlDedar R~'TIiljit Bhan:1ar:1 ani Bo:olabha:1ra Padhya. Tra.l1.spoit sUpplies of cower ani ·Paisa. coins supplied by them witho..l.t the sl1ghtest delay through yrur ar~a or vil·lags. Nly p<-;:rson 1n ' wholje ariO!8 or villago these supplies are held up s¥l be saverliily .pm1S~." .

Bc>1stikh Bad! 10, 1869 (JIl=Cil 1812) Regrrd. R~~arch call<:ICtion,Vol. 41, pp. 90-91.

176

The following cagulati.:Hls were issued 1n the nQllleS of suba:iar Ramaj"it Shan:larl ard Balabha:1ra pcdhya for th~ amanat oper ;) tion of coWer mines in ', he ChE!pejMdL'syc:ugdl-8hert reyi..:..:', ,,,1 th tha excaptioCl of Pa!Pa, Q.l!fili, Jrgha. Khanch1.. Salyan, Thuli., arrl Rukum from k3ha'ih sudi 2, 1869,and the Beni Htnt. from Jestha Bad! 13. 1869:-

1. A rIDnopoly (ekat,~ttl) h.:.s been intro:iuc:t:.d in copper Pl.'"o:iu..::ed from mines 1n 1:.he rsglon 51tuate::i west of the Chepe an::l ~arsyangdi rivers and east of the shed river. procure COpper for nlinting coins at the mints of pokhClra, saglungchaur, ani sep ara.::.e coins of the denominations of 2 pais~ 2 d.2!!!, and 1 dam. affix st<:lmps on them, an:i transmit them to the .Tosak:'ana (in Kathman:lu) • Slbndt accounts after the ~piry of each yaar and 'obti:dn clearance. Do not allow surplus copper to hI! snuggled to the south (madhes).

2. FUrchase copPar offcrgj for sale by rrerchants to the Hint a.rrl make paynl(,:lnts at current pri.CEB.o If the rrerchants bring ingots or discs with the request that these ba minte:i i-nto coins or s tamPed, do so on payment of the cUstomary fG.;:5_

3 _ Ch-=ck discs brought by merchants and Stdmp them if no alloy has been m1xed~ ·In case the metal is imp.lre, impose fines 3.ccording to the extent of the offense.o In- case (merchants) offer coWer ingots. make payments at current · prices. USe the metal to mint coins, ard cre::iit the profit to the . ccca:mts _

4 .. Inasnuch as the traie in copper has bE:<::lfl brought un:ler a monopo':"y, if miners, smelt_rs, merchants, and. others do not supply their copper to the mint, but s:ruggle it to the sooth (madh.::sh), confiscate the COPf.e:r and hc.ni it over to th.:! min't. · Impose finGS on the offen:lers · acco.tdlng to the eXtant of their offense.o

5. In case the funds at your disposal are not aiequatoa to finance the prcx::urement of copper pro::1uced in the region · montione:i above. . you may ·issue Pet'm!t.s to other merchants to p.1rchase the metals from min.:=:l:S and smelters .. procure such copper ani· mint it into coins on payrqent of theprescribe1 L.;:es, ·and hani CHer the coins to .the merchants .. Incase morchants do not supply the copper to tht;; mint, and sell it

. (!lsewhere, confiscate it 'ani han:1 it over to the mint .. lmpo$:l fines On tho offen:lers ~ cre:iit the amo.mt to the ;:;t;ccunts.o '

6. In case old creditors pr~s their d;;:man:i for repaYlTIE;:O.t of loans supplied by the-m to miners, do not let woo. be obstructa:l. I IN(:stig at 03 thE:: matter, · arx1 if any aIflount is fcurxi to be a::tually dUe for repay-want by minors ani smelters, mak;J arrangements so as to e:nable them to Pay back their cra:litors in installrn~nts· after they coll~t the money_ DO not allow (creditors) to harass (the debtors) in violation of such arrangements.

177

7. Cbtain conf<;!s::uons fron; Persons \lho inci'te_ miners ani sm;:::lters bec<lUse of the fact that a monopoly hQS been ilolpose:l on the troie in copper. so that merchants Q1'Xi oth~rs itr;; not allow~ to p.lcch '..se copper from them, vr who -do not F\bi<le b:i arrangements muie in respec t t o creditor..! c.n:l dp.btors •

8 . SlPp ly cOf..per a t current prices to tr~er..! who need the motal for m<.1rufa::turing utensils dlld other gocds ne~ed by p':-copl(--, Hithin the country; do not lat ' t;1em ~port such COPPf>C'to the south. Confiscate -cyPPer being snuggl .,,:l Ly any pCrson to t he ;south. hand it over to t~ mil',t" and also p.Hush (th.a snu ;gler) with 0. hne.

9. Incur reas onable "expenses to prospect fo r new mineral deposits in different areas. If it is faun! t hat income from such d(2PQSits wil l ~ceEP the expenses, sPeed r::ore if n-'!Ce5sdrj'. 9:Jt if it is f aun:] th o,t income from such dt::lr~osits will b .", 1 {': $z than t he eXpunses, do not spc;;n:i a ny money (in work.ing the di~po.;:;its) •

10. ,.appoint eoppera.ru:tti5 (bandaJ in the nec~s 3ary numbe;c (.0 smelt copper, make discs, ani afIix st .3f,.ps on coins at the mint. ~.a;ovid. t hem with rations and monthly Salari es at the cust.omary rates.

11. Maintain mines properly so that i nc ane may be moximize:l. Give re''';;c.rds to the errployees in prOfQrt10ll to ' the increas03d income.

" l2 .. R,;cova;r arr e ars of yayment d\.J.e .;g.;J.nst a:!vdx::es ma:ie for the fUrchase of c opper from the property (of tt:.a defaulters) , Or else from their heirs an:l relatives if any.

13. Incur reasona,bJ..: expenses for supplies nee:1e::i for this work, such as paper, ink, oil, cushions, religious ceremonies " iit mines, " bellows, wickur "baskets, const%Ucti on of mild-ings for mints, clay for ma)c!ng "moldS", weigtts, charcoal, acid, u.rrl scales f o r weighing copper.

14. Pay dUties on cOPf'er covered by the monopoly to for 1861-68 V1krama as paid by subba Jabar ' lation moie in 1866 vikrama. }o'rom the vikrama year (collection of these duties) h ,ZB been tdken Q./er on amanat basis. Yoo are accordingly oro.;:rai to pay kirdna ani nirkhi duties at the following r;Ottea on a~h loa:! of 22 dharnis of copper:-

Kirana ••• " one ruPee ard four annas.

N1rkhi • • • Twelve annas.

15. A sUm of Rs. 10,Q(X) shall be made availab le co yc:u to finance this work as in the case of S:-lbba Jabar. Discharge the functi ons inentioned in the regu l.)tions with this ;;";".:7.Jnt, as wal l as with the io:::omc collectai from the min.;:g. SUbmi t ~IC CurCitc <;iCcoonts of the principal amc:unt and the profits at the end -of the 'year and obt.a1n clearance_

178

16. In c .;,se you are unable to decide on any matt& yourself, l:~'fp.r it to Kaji l'rnbar s 1mha Thapa of f'alpa. Refer to us m.o.U:' 3rS Hhich n.;,ed our d eci sion, c.rri t ake iiC ti o n as oclered '.

17 . on,: un! t of th~ Kewaljung COmpany st.ot! on.c:<1 at J ahari t 1.t", -:.' .n thF! surp lus r-ersonnel of th~ ' military UI'.i.t stat1on~>d ,Jt Nis anga:i hi, h av e b-.:en pl aced unier your c omnarxl for t unctions r e la.ting t.o the collection (of metals atrl re..- enue) •

Bdisakh (1) 9.::.di 1 0 , 1869 (APril-lB12) a~~ni R~search COllection, Vol. 41, pp. 94-100 •

.auE:'f'li8S -for Bern Hint

Royal eroer to the headmen (nuktdya. thar!, btrlha) and other inhabitant s - traiti) of I':alkawang, lopee, K afalddl'da-R<-:lTCh~. HistWl, arid s .:;.li ja vi llages (in Ba;;Ilung);

From the Vikrama y8ur 1869 (A.D. 11:)12). the follow,ing :.holl.!;;eholds belongi ng to -the i o l lowing vi l lage s are

oro eclo'd to su pply charc oul and c lay to the Belli J.iint. In consideration of that obligation. we hereby Ql:der that: . . ,

( a) Landlows sh",ll not eVict these hctls ·~holds from th •• rice-lams being cultivd.tEd by th{;:ffi on cdhiya tewre:.

( b )' Ghiukhani ~ax shall be paid in the customary manner.

(c) l.D ~ns shall be suppliEd to landlords within the limits of th\l er op if requira::l.

T)::O::~er.cuaeholds ,shall be exempte:l from payment of and other l~ies, a.s well as

( d)

from (jhara, bet~ beg ar) and l"ulak obligations.

Any person who defaults in or obs.tructs the supply of charcoal d.lil clay to the Belli Mi nt shall be severely punished • . ,

particulars

Vi llage· No. of Housaholds

Nalkawang 21

Kafaldan:la-ilQ/tChe 17

m •• ~ 15

Salija 19

Ba1sakh Bed! 10, 1869 l;.,pril 1612} Regm:l R.:.:search COlll..ct1on, vol. 41, pp. 88 ... 89.

.. §.lpely of Iron to K.3thmamu m rdtions F.iCtOry

(I) O'l M.-;rga sudi 4, 1869, the following royal or.ier was issued. 1n the name o f Sid::!hl Narayan Neww:'. who hel:J a., ijar& for th ~'! RichOk (ChisaPaniL Janagaun, an:l Ruping (Nuwakot) mi n<;:s :

"You a re "hereby granted .1. one-y ... .:;.r ij a r <:l for nlln,;:s on:i rice-fiel:.l s at Uckhu, J.g e.rkhu, .:arxl Kudlecar, ....s well. as . thre€= copper rrd.'les ~t 8a:1ahure (Dha:ling), _ -GhY.:.lchak (Gcrk n<:l) . dl'ld lllml1chok, previously h~ld by Ind.ra Slmha New-ar .

"Unde r this ij ~ra. you lrA.lst p a y Rs. 771 for the iron mines , , ard. 400 dharn1s of cOl-pat" uorth R.:;. . l COO , m"king a tota l of Rs. 1771. In lieu o f t :ris payment, supply 40 dharnls of iron everydq to the (Kathman:::lu) MUnitl'JnB Fa::tory.

"Do not act unjustly and: oH·lress the ~eof.>le. DO oot nt.i.x ""Uay ~it.h copper. lJ unish tho.::;e who sell an.:! purch=..3e (copper) 1n contravention of the IlOnopoly. T ransm1t incane from l-Ijlhadevakharka to the Nflali."

'rhrough the sc:vne order, "~aha:la.rd(harkC:a WeB p lace:i urner · thE: authority of siddhi Narayan tlewar so that he might recruit (comfUlsory and u npaid · labor)" to suWly charcoc:.l a.o::i extract. are fop the Ruping iron mines.

The conversion rates wen: prescribed. as follows:-

Category of Iron

Bhanctuwa

Dharn1s Pef Rupee ,

8

Dhangle 16.

Ingots 12

l-l;""~ga Sldl 4. 1869 (November 1 812 ) . Regmi Research Coll ection, Vol. 41. pp. 169-70.

(2) Royal o.cder to the inhabit~t·s o.f Richok (Chisayan1), Jani::l.gaun, "W"Ji ~p1ng (Nuwakot) · .

Iron is nCEdej at the · (Kathmardu) t-llnicions Factory 1n l..iCgu quantit1,es. Bec.:.uSe supplies of charcoal have not

. r,;~a:he:l RU.ping, it · h<1S b~orne necessary to woIk . mines at haha:1ovakharka also. YoU are therefore or:ier€:d to supply 40 dharnis of iron dailY by rotation to the (Katm.an:1u) M.1.n.itioos· Fac:to.r:y thrOlgh the Dware of yoor village. w~ herebi grant you eXernytiOll . fran forcEd ·labor ljhara, beth, begar) for othar work.. You shall be PUn1.she:i if you do noe sUI\)ly the iron fiNery day ~ o.t11~.

M""g o ",di 4, 186,9 (toJv""""'" 1812) . It:;gm1 ReBQ.arch colleeti0:D, Vol •. 41, P. 167.

180

(3) Royal order to Ba1ragi - Balak Das.

work is bein'g held up at the Rupirg iron mines 1n ~wakot by the scarei ty of timber. We h e r aby order that U nber be procure:i for working these mines fro m th.a fores t s o f Br e:.h mans, as wel l ~ those ruis~ by you, except for i:.,t: i: :: b~lon;Jlng t o the s hri ne of sri Machhin:iC4. AAy person who PCE!V ents the miners from cutting timb(;;!r fr~m these forest.s sha ll be liable to- p .. uti. shm~nt.

Baisakh su:11 2, 1 869 Re g.-li Re~earch collecti o n, Vo"1. 41, [,p. 12 0-121

M :!Sce llaneous I j o.c <:IS --. (1) L~ :::d l'11ne~ in pa~

, on · 8 cJ.sakh Bad1 Id ~ 1869 (APri 'l 1812), sardar Birabhad ra.

K.n~/...r was g rante:i ' a on~year ljara ' for o Perating leiJi mines in the- PCJ1g,l, Ni g ale, Chand.idanja. Chakc.r.lkhani, an:i otru.r ar,,= .. ~ . Th~ ijacg WolS pre.r1ou:;ly hold by Bahcdur Khatri.

Under the ijard, SanJ.'ar Birabhaira Ksnwar Stipul",tE.d the 'sufPly of 1,351 dharnis of lea:! fN e ry yt=~ in fwr 1 nstallments to the ~t;tha _o,f , t he Lea} Office In Kathmandu. Thu figure was pCal/lously 1,301 dharnis only.

sal."dar Birabha:ira Kanwar ' was granted authority unier tha iJara to collect and appropriate the procesls of all haneste.:d and other taxes in the areas un:lei his jur!.$liction. He was also ' granted the right t o' ~udr.1.$terjust1c~ and awrOPriate inc~e fro m fines aJrl · penalties, as well as c.schaat proPerty ·up to a limit of Ra. 100 in (i!ach Ca5e:; the b a 1aI"J:e was to be remittei to ~h~ go.rarnmeOt. .

. Finally, sardar Birabha:lra Kanwo..r was g.c:Qntai authority

to \-Iork lea:i dePOsits wherever ,these m1ght be locQt~ in the Kingdom.

Baisakh Badi 10, . 186~ (-,,=,ril 1812) Re gmi Res·.:: <.;.rch COllE:Ct1on, Vol. 41, 'R>. 86-87.

(2) Iron Mines le! NJwakot ,

Iron I!1~P08its were located on IQn:1s ass1gnecl as JB91r to the Samarser Company at Chckda. in -~wc.kot • .

on gr :~ta:l Ba1sCikh

Ba1aakh Sldi -1, 1669 (ArPrtl 1612), these m10es w~rG to B~hidhar La ma unier a ooe---year j.jara etfective Baii 1, 1869. . .' . ...., . ,

. \..

The ijar.:dar stip.llatc::d the supply of 301 dharnis of iron a year in four 1nstallmenta . to the Xathmardu l-llOitions F"J:!':: ory. The samarsar COmpany was entitled to t~.liza Ra_ 15 1ncash rRery yGlJr from the Kiithrnan1u MUn.1t:ioll8 Pactory.

181

The ijardiar WciS entitled to. UfPro1Jriate iocome not excea:iing Ra. 100 in each Case from escheat property am judicial fines and penalties, iitI3 well as the proce£d.8 9£ homestei:tl (gh<..rgani, slrto) ani other taxes, ani fines cOllec'ta:i from ,lJ€ rsons guilty o£ illicit sexual relations (chdk ' chaJc3W.i) • The government aIdo w~ve:l its rig;: co exa::t force:l am unpaid l<J,bor (jhara .. b-=th, begar) fro:n the inh.:.bitapta of the ar~as umer the jurisdiction of the ljara1ar~

8a;l.s.;kh $.ldi 1, 1869 (APril 1812) Reg.ld Rese2<LCh Coll f"'ction .. VcL 41, ~. 113-114 ..

(3) Other IjactiS

some other ijar.:.s, issued. on similar terns ani con:Htlons during the: vikram'e year 1869 .• were a.s - follws:

(a.) Ijara for Deulang m1.nes .(In Dolakha) grante.d for one yecr to Tej Abhimanta Newctr on 8aisakh Sold! 2, 1869 for Rs_ 605 ln cOSh payable ,in frur lnsto.llments. (negnd Rese;).rch colleCtion, Vol. -41, P. 116).

(b) Ijara f~" copper - and leQi mines at Gyaji and Phenam (in Go:dcha) - granced for one ye,M - to Man! Narayan Newar :for sUpply (Jf .12 dharnis of cOfPer arrl 601 dharnis of 1eo]. 'to the (KathmatJiuj. MJ.nitions Factory. (a . .;g.ni Rc:sei:lrch collection. vOl. 41, pp. 116-117) • . .

(c) Ijc;.ra for copper an::i sul£ur mines at ,Jhar1ang ,granted for one year to Jabar ;tlhikari on Buisakh 5\J.di 3, 1869 for 801 dh·:.rnis of sul£ur · to b", SU9f- llad to the oLttha of the GJ.npa .... der .. Facto~y.

Reg~ Research collection/vol. ' 41, ' P. 123.

(d) IjQt'a for iron mi.ll(;s in the area south of Chisapani . on: the Thotne-~hola gcant.:d for one year on Kartlk

sudi 6, ' 1869 to s-jun Tha,Jla and 'Bhanarsingh for 150 dharniso'f ' iron to b~ supplla:l' to the (Kathmaniu) MlJ,qiUons 'Fa::tory .. TW ijaraJ,ar was also owgrei to pr.cis~t for deposits of cOPP0r an:! lecil in that aroa'. " .. . . . ,

. -, , Re9mi Resaarch COllection, Vol. 41, pp. 126-127 ..

IjQCJ. for M;;.hibalircn m1n~ tin Tanahu) grantoi for onc y~ar on M<:.rga s:.di 4, 1869 to Jasbir Gurung andCham Gurung for tha suW1y of 401 dharl'J.s of lroo to too (Kathmarxlu)l-Unitlons rectory. 1n four lostoallmeni;.s .. HonlCsteitls held by Sordar .Tlk..al:>a11ubh on 'Chhal:- tenur ... were allot.ted to mtne1:5 workl nlil ,t'hes ~ mines.

• • 'Mi1I'ga' 9ldi 4, 1869 (Novemb~ 1812) Regm1 Research Collect1o~ vol. 41, P. 170.

. .

182

~rangements to prosPect fce New DePOS1~

Public notification in the region situace:l west: of the K'1nclca Qlld Tista rivers a.n::i cpSt of the Seti river.

"Cop"~er, led. .. undo iron a: - ~ needa:l 1n large quantitloo,!s by the (Kathman:lu) Munitions Fact9ry- w~ ", re serdin;J men ~o d). f Z erpnt ;;1('e dS to work new' deposits of thes e l~t.31s. You are her8by Q .• ;o. erai to locate such deposits in yOJr re.:>pectiv~ areas. Irrrnediately after the men s~nt by us to ' work n~ deposits reach the r ': 1 show such dePOsits to them.

"I.l case there is Cl short c.g e of labor to won the deposits, impr ess the comp.llsory an:i unpaid sez:vlces (jhara) of the local p~ple according 'Co the requin:mer.t:s of che men sent by us.

"If new dePOSits ar~ l.;,.catcd, but· the men sent by us do :lot r ..:.-ach there , report the mott~ to the (Kathmamu) MUnitions F~tory ani work the deposits a::corrling to orders.

"MY p(;:("son who workS a new duposlt shall be entltla:i to afPropr! a t.e oOd-sixt h of the income during the first 'i""'~; the b alancd Shall b e tr~ilSmittlA to the (Kathman:iu) MUnitions F .::..ctory. From th=::: s o,:;.'Corrl y ear, t he depcsits shall be workt:!d on ijera basis.

"In case the m..;n Stlot fro ll! h(::r.a to work n6W deposits facE; a ny difficulty or obstructio n in any ar""a, persons ua::l~r whost:< jurisdiction soch arQa 1i es,~hall be liable to punishment."

Baisakh 9ldi 1, 1969 Regmi Research collection, Vol. 41, W. 114-116 ...

Roya l ordcr to Subba Ac:hal ThaPa

on Baisd<h Sldi 2 .. 1869, the following royal order HCS sent tq S-\bba ';Chal ThaPa, chief o( the state-trading establiShment (Kothi) at Bhangaruwa ln Sa})tctri district:

We hereby order YOl -tO opera.ta CL Mint (Taksar) for minting pais;:.. coins. procure cOfPer from mi n~s .:.n::l nU nt such coins accol.uing to the pr .::scribed samt:les and wcl,ghts .Keep the coins at the Kothi. If:. the .:;rrl of the y~ar, subrrd.t accounts of th(~ prct! ts arxl obt ~in c laar an:: e.

Regmi. Ri?Bearch COlleCtio n, Vc!. 41, P. "118.

In the villages of th~ bill region, jagirdars usually coll.::£t.::d ta,x.:!s and othar paymf.?lt8 through a functionary }~n~m 3S dwart::!. ;.s tha lOCal rt:presentative of the jagi.tdar­l~lord, the dware dlso OXt;trcisal, his juiiclal authority. Th,,=­f0110\"riag docum..;;nts provide 1nfonnation on the role of thl;t a wc:r;£.1 <:is r~-venu.a co11..;ctor a.n:l magistrate 1n the village :

183

. ]1 s allKro.l (LalitfUr)

ar.der to the arnal1 (Ja:;Jlrdar) ;':Ind the dware of Blsankhu ( L .1 1.i..t p.lr) from Gener;-a l BtU.rnasen Thpa, Kaji Ranad~aj Thapa , d/lU K a ji Rewant a Kunwar:

" Harshoieva J oshi hus com~ here with chc complaint tha t the am>!!! has allotted a Port of -his tulakl hOlding eo another person c o ntr :-:IrY to the customary prc.ctlce~ If his complaint is true, t i"l.e ho 111n.,) of d tu h Jd pocter c;.nnot be dsiucte:l. If the f ,;-iCts . re di ff~rentt b oth s id es a r e hereby ordered to appear before u s •

. 1 87 5 ( .;.D. I BI S) Re gm1 Res e arch ..... .... llectio n, Vol. 3 8 , P . 5 3 2.

Gaik hur ( Gorkha)

crd :-:::r to :J,-/aro::~ s3ihurc.m r~ il:i Jodhya Khdws,8 of Gaikhur (Gorkha) f r om Gzneral Bilirn;.:IB en ThdPQ ",,"lCi Kaji Rew ant a Kunwar:

"c hoUkta 'J.' hap::l. h~ come hec,~ with the c omplcllnt thc,t you hav;;:l s clztP, his g el:.lt:a goa t OS penalty b ecause his cow damaged t he crof,.S of J aguwa o If the cows and wffalQt,S of any person ..:i ::) 'I'agG tha crops of ",not her ~rso..1. . t.he a lllcunt o f such damage may De.= r €aliz e;j from him, if the lat.t.er is will1ngo to accept Ydym~nt. Restore th\: property seized in consideration of the off<mS~. DO not CaIolS e any ot.struction in this regatd. If any other of fens~ hc.s b e en c omnittei, s .;;rP both pax a:.ies hera .

Hur ga Bedi 14, 1875 ( :)...">Cemoer 1818) R-=gmi. R"lBaarch bollection, Vol. 38, p. 533 •

• Cha1n·eur (Terhatnum)

crder to thE: amali. d ware, an:i tha r! of ChainfA,lr from Genae:'.l Bhimasen Thapa, Kaj1 R.:.n3ihwaj Thapa, dI"d Kaj1 Rewanta KUn\'lar :

"wc hav,;: r ... :ceiva:i repocts that you hav\: impose::l a fine on Pas tuputi Jd1si, a birtCi owner of Khaptllw a , on the grooril th<l:t hu h.;;tS not ~ tulak porterage services. However, his name 1s not enrolled in tRa hulak register, hene .;;; he c annot be pun1,;hQj in th1s m~tlln~r. 'Do not harass him in this way. If the f dcts are d1ff.:;:r.:nt" li?t both parties appear be fore us.

, .. Poush a ad! 4, 187-5 (December 16 18) Re gmi. R~earch colli3Ction, vol. 38, P. 535.

RASJ1n cS (La mjung)

CX'da: to th~ dwarc w;n the tharl of Raginas l Lamjung) uOO er the snnath Kampu f r om ~nc:r..ll Shimasen Thapa1

"G.;.urik.ant .. pantha haS $ubmittsl the follOwing pCtitiQn: "r-;y bi rt£:& homc,st. e cD am. Pakho lands ha:! not bei:m conf1scatod in 1£)62 Vikrarna (.;..D. 18(6), an.:l the ~M. hai, th-=rcfore, not­coll~te::l ;.;. h..: sur-m§. tax. Now [Mare BaI'll Panda hus demanded frur ~n~ i:lS s;.:rma-t"*?" ond sa'l.ed my utensils (lota) in lic..u of PaYITk>,:tlt. It

IB4

"If the serma tax ha1 not been imposed o n the blrta lard,;, of G~lJrikanta pantha 1n -I862 Vikrama. it ci:ln" c:t. be imposEd now. DO noe cOllect the tax: from him."

F"'<J h sudi 7. 1875 (January 1819) Rsgrrd. Rusaurch Coll2C:;ion, Vel. 38, P. 537.

LJ.;allg (Gqrkha)

Ocl.er to Dw.:...ce Tekanarsingh of Uglig {Gorkha} from G~eral Bh.i,Il~;.::;(>n 'l' h<l.Pa...Kaji R.;;..nadhwaj T h apu, anj Kaji Rewanta Kunwar :

"Icchanan:l a DeicJc::Jta, has CCIM here with the complaint that a deduction has beF·n m<ii~ from his P3kho land allotment. If

•

thi~ allot~t iJ :> l,;.I').]s to i:i hui&.i porter, do not raise any ,j~fUttf!. Let not .'iIly comploint be submittei to us in this regard."

,~' ilgh Sldi 14, 1 67 5 (Jdlb.lll-y 1 819) f<,-;,gmi Resec.rch Collection, Vul. 38, W. 538-39.

sikha.rx.ot

Order to [)Ware Vishru N.:..rayan- of . Sikharkot from General BhimgSan T hapa, Kaj i RanaJ.hwttj 'r hap<l. and Kaji Rewanta Kunwar:

"Kashic3.fIl p , .. dhya hdS come here with the complaint that the tclX on his lorrls, amamUng to five Olpees, has been raised on the ground that the nurrt>e.c of tt:;:.l" .. :lIlta (Kur1ya) ha:> irtcre.:t:l.::d~ s1nc~ the laois have long been in his occupation, let him retuill tht2.lll if he 1 ::-. willing to pay Rs. 5!.:i."

Jv!agh Sldi 14, 1875 (January 1819) Regrni Re sec:.rch collection, vol. 38, P. 539.

'Risturq (Cldsapani~

UCuer to the 'from General Bhim,"::;;"

the naike, an::l the thari of Tlstung ar¥i Kaji -Rew'anta Kunwar:

"Hari ' Narayan "l'adhya, -,d hulald ' fort~r, has con:e . here with the ccrnploint that;. he is being .~icte4 from lan:ls qn which he hcd filid the chardam--theki fea .mi go,.m wheat. If yOu haY":: actually accepte;i faymeo.'1t of t:h0: fee from him, lE,!t him continue occupying the l ams. If tha tacts are di.fferent, let both sides aPpear before us." . , '

Falgu:. Ba:li 3, 1875 (February 1819) Regmi. RGSearch collECtion, Vol. 38, h 541.

Ll!9Cj~

crd.;;,r to Kale Khatri, QlTI.3.l1 of LuOO51n, an:l o,.,_are NaraYi,&n a harc:.:.ti. £ran Genecal Bhim<l.SJ: Thapa. Kaji Ranadt..'aj ThaP~ <:J'd-­i<ilji Rt::.wanta Kunwar.1 ,

" !lBi~hram Kh ,'itri ,has co~ here with the complaint tnat ·h<:;

00011 oroerai to go throl..:."oIh the dh.mq<t-c !}~!. cererrony for ­following act I .ACcortpan1 ~'lCl by Latil Khs.t.n,-Vishram Kht'Otr1

185

had stopped at Cl. cattle-shef;l, cod(:ed .8!~ wh:h millet flour ani ghee on the f1rep!a:e and eaten it, ani also taken s.,,)Ur milk prured by et sleNe,. - thereby contamioQ,ting him through the flCM of the milk.

''Ther~ CQIl be no cvntam1.! 3tion by taking breai or cook '_..1 1n ghe~ br 011" when taken from the hams of a boy or girl. such foodstuffs can be ~aten. There can be no contaminatio n thrvugh thu £1..", of sour m1.1k .m:i the drinking of such milk. ;:lO not haras s the people 1n such matters."

F""lgun 30:11 4, 1875 (F.;hruar": 1 8 19) Regd Rs:se.;;.rch c';lleCl;i;Jn, Vol. 3 8 , P . 542,

(Brian H. Hodgson h .:;.,5 de$cribe:i the dtunga-ctuaYi ceremony ciS £0110,./5; .. A stone ( dhung~J, the i mage of Vishnu, is p!QCe:l befo..::! th~ l.:)S~r when he is lost, :..n:i he 1s cornlll <:Jrled to t ..;;.uc h 1 t. ' Ht.1 pl<..c ~z onc J:U.(Jed am on.:= Pica on the sten.e, and then :;;<.llt\.;~ it with a bow, ono. r.: .. tires, leaving t~ offering. The proc r::eds go to th3 BichdXi." "Some Jc:count of the syst ems of L(j,\v dld poiice, ;;)S r~O.:lillzC'd in the st~te of

.. B .'--,n on 8~9 ar Labor

ROY<Jl order to 9lbba Dasharath Kh.=.tri:

" t-1a have race1ved reports that the Darogaa om Mahouts of elephant-depots in Bara, Pars a, am Raltahat : arc inipr~ssing forc0i and unpaid labor (beth, begar) · from the People and alSO""" coll~~ting ·provisions without making any payment. We hereby.- ./ ord~r you not to perm1t such pract i"es. They must P-lrchasYlvhat is offot'eO willingly tty the people. ./

~ . /

'IWC have Q.lso receivai reports that Chandharls K i;iru~OY';':::.; forc>3 the People to plow their £i elds wi th:)ut pa g any waglO!S. ani that all this has ·cause:! great hatdships t . he people.

"MY person ' who disobeys orde.t"$ issued ~ us in this rl3g"ard shall b~ ::u!II&031y pun1s~." / . .

. /

JiSwin Sldi 4, 1850 (SQPt·~mCcr 1793) /" RoJ.grli ·Res.;a.rch CO~l ... >cti~nf Vol. :.w. P. 1. .

Jas1r ·Land ·Grants ·fer SlPPlx .. . ~w~apons . . . . ./'. " .

. en Bhadr.'.l. ~udi 8, 18~6' >(JIlgust 1793), Rillla Slmha .:dhikari of. · AginchCit ·tOhGd1hg) w;:J6 : grdo1.t;;e:i 9CO nuris of r1ce-fi-=Jds ani too ~tta::hed hom::se . .;~ in Jafe under jag-i r tenur;Cl. Th~ grant ..mta11$l . th<3 ohl1g?lon to supply eight: swords (kl"uda) and eight bo\>IS Cdhanct) whan ne.:ded.

. /

&N ;:.!ral.s\:lch gr.ants ware l't"Ia:le on the same day in Ramp.lr (UdaYaI=Ur1}4" Pblanchck, .Narja (NUwakot), slr anchck (Gorkha), Sl.Pu~. (Si · hupalcho)c), MaidlJ. (Dha:lir.g), LcJc.uwa (Dha:llng),. Jya . ' t Dhad1ng), Jiunp,lr (Dhcding), .Bh1rkot, Parbat, La.T1jung, S~~ at (Kask1),. : J<S:.hrnarD.u,. ani other areas. some of tht:.:lll r~1r~ ' t~ .upplY: ~·of .. 'a ·prea~r1Ped number of rrusk~8 as w;.:!ll.

/ . .. _. . . /' Regml. Rt!srJarch COllection, Vol. 36, pp. >. 17.-19. \, .'

,),86

Land Re: l i::l.~tion and ' set:: l e ment

in B-.:.chhakhorl

I3hichhat;.ori was s itu i,ted on the mui n r oute be twe .:m Ktlt. hmundu An::!. the Ncr-,- l-Inj j.a f r :: nt1 c r e-,t Pa£':; •. • The jla:t:.ance betw :'o?-: • . Dhich.l;. :khori i)m ~- ioirsa w:.3 abou t fou.r;;. ~en miles, according t v ilard i. ton . Cb 196 ).

Kirkp.J.trick l ... 32) ..... d t es : " Bechi~od l s the nClm·~ by "'/hich t he t.:he .::: .do.gh~t1 hills are dist .. c.gu ... shai in t his p.: l.t 0':': t h:;dr r ange . 'l' here are .a few mi s erdble hut. ~ ~itu ata:l o r. -the e 03C

bunk of t he nu ll a , ut no g J:t':at ~istaCK:e t r om the entcance of 1 t , wnic h a lso b(;o.r t he ndlTle of L;echi.:lCori l but which we f uunj zbi:ll'done1. "

• /iCCordin;;! t o Hdl;11e o n tE' . 196) : "Bichl-Iako r contuins aoout

cl doz en ruts. <:!ni <)fforos 1'10 .:mppl1e.s ~cept woc;a an:iwater, of which l ast there i s a very fine spr ing , am sev eral sma ll stre . .;IT6

ln Cl v Ary wide stony channel, the only cIa.:.r pla::.e in the v!c in;'. cy ••• Bichh<;iko r d erives its name from the plac", abounding i n scorpions . T here i s 00 c ultiv atio n near i t, and tt.e only inhc.J>i t a nts ure a f&l I- dt"i... .. ,tiyas, or mru nc ui n Hi.ldus . They .ce sids a t the p l ace t o col l::ct some duti .:.s , c..nd for the accomm:dation of tl~ avell.:tn; , and by l ong habit.. have bccom(· . i ru r a1 t o t he climat e , .m::i e n . ibIs:!. to r esist its bc.rmeful i ll£lu ;-.:nce, whi ch, from the e m of March, t.i 11 the b~ginnj ,.,g of December , is exc e ,;.<i!ngly de~truc tive_ to a ll strangers."

, , Oldfield (P . 13 9) h oa describsi "Bichakoh" .;.;S " -3. s rn .. ll pOL·t

siL:u pted in the be:i of Cl. rrNi' • .3 . at the junc tio n of two stroalTS , on~ o f which h f'.5 its source t o the northward, the other to t he ",est. "

p~c,,-...... al LaUlon (l :172) m'~ntions "t he rumps ard long jc"''- o _ .J.. : ·of d usty turf that curvG c;n:l cros s arrl j oin anj d ivid e the footworn chonnl!ls of h a rdenEtl sarxi that have s e£vsi as the roctl .

. co W.c h Clko a m the valley since 100) befor~ the Q.,rkhas captu ro:i Kathman::iu, perh~ b e fore King' Jlrnsh1.Ivarmen sat upon the thron~ o f th~ Valley." He a:i .:ls (P . 173) , "At ·Bichako the alluviCil p lai il of India hus washed up against th", backbone of the wor l d an:! c an no more."

In 1871 Vikrama (A.C. 18 14), u'llaJit Roi ha:i be.:n gronted ctltoority to urdertaka a 1.3n:l racl~ation '*"" s~ttlClfflant proj~ in the 8i c hhQkhorl area. b ourdt;Si "ut th.a B~lp~t s tre am i a t he:: . e ast, Jdawar in th", south" t he Bh1mvaJ ~t r<~"m in the west, ...m D.lmj a in the north. 1.1'1 consideration of th" t c.uc tority, h :::· ' ''035 pl~ai un:ler tha obligatio n of m.1ki ng a pay~nt of Rs . 151 teN ery year. ,'-

, . • . I 1

However, the s~tt l a rs b rought to tha t are a by Dalaj1t Ra! we r e unable to st 3y the r e . In the Vik.rClffi a ye..u- 1871 (A.D. l!jl.(,,; , the payment of Ra. 151 was therefore ' r~tta:l for 187 1 Vikram~ a nd r ~duCa:l to Rs. 101 from the next year. provis i on wbS ·~Ilso · . med~ to remLt the arrount in any year wht:.n thG route was cloaad . o..:.l a jit Ra:! was instruce .'Ii to bring bdCk the s:at1:lcrs and . ,[Jr o rrote land ca::: lamat10n ani sacelem.;,nt in eh..; ar""a. He WQS also pla=:tJl urxler t~ obligation of supplying £1ft oJ .m parrotS and t on mynahs to the royal pala::e .:!Very yaar.

187

sal3Illi LeVY in Pallokirat

'rtle . Mijhars of Ulllbuw.:l!l subrnicted t he following petition to the ,l."oyal palace through Subba Prithvi Simha: "In the Vikr.:.;.<Tl.::, ¥Aar 1 667 ( A.D. 1810), a royal order hoi been l ::. sue:3, l->rescribing the rae..:,., of fines and penalties for offens es commit te:l by mf..!Illbers of our corrmunities. However, the order was lost, ~ thesa .d ays amalia and (rever»..le colll:!Ctors) co ll (;.c t such paymants arbitrdIl1y. r esu lt, f~rcy sel:Vices ( targhat) 1:.00 ar-~ 1:-...1ng aff~cdj." en 3aisakl"1 L..ldi 2,1 9 01 (A,t:..r':'llB44j , Kaji Nerasimh<;i Thap.:1 informe.d th.;l Mi joa-s th<:.t th-= p'~ltlon had b..:.E:n r '::i",rrv:i to;;.I),,; pal..::c,~, and th~t th02 3I'rarlgomc.."lts ma:i' , -in Vikra;na 1.867 h.;a:i bee .:. rec..:.p.firma:l.

In considerZlt1on ef such raconfirm<l.tion, Su! ,-:.r.J.. l ..::vy was i mposed on each oousehold iu that area de the following cutes:

category of I-busehold

coyarn

Sim

Chahar

R<..te of Sal~ ~vy

Qne rope.;;-

TW'?llve aMas

Four annas.

Regmi Re.:iearch Collecelon~ vol. 31, PP- 2 -3.

1 jara Grant to Pt'ime r-linister Bhimasen :rhaP.2;

en shrawn Badi 4, 1883 (July 1826). Generi3.1 Bhimasen Thapa was grante:l a t al-year ijara for lam. r.=clama.tion an:l r .<;!sett.lerr..;!nt in th~ rrouja of Badaharhani-Sankhara in Khesraha Parganna of Bara-Parsd district.

The grant entitle:1 Bhimasen Thapa to appropriate income from l:.:nd ::n::i other t<lXSS paid by the .settlers. wi th the exceptio1) of (Xow-n l <:,.vi.:a ( r~ja-anka). dS well as fin~ olIJj penalties coll-;..ct;J:i in th.;! course of th~ Giministration of justice.

Th..;: rrouja. w;.;.S d;;t~he:l from the jurisdiction of tht.:; local administr~tion C11'li brought ut¥i~r dirt;;Ct c~tr..ll control..

Bhim~an Th2pa was instructed to procure. s~:ctlers . from India, .;.s w<Jl1 ca from birta aai j t'gir lams, but on· no ~count from t.:.x:abl.a ~l le.nds belonging to the government. '

. The sche:iu le of payments due on the lfOuj a during the t <:'.n- .yedr Period of the ij ... r.;o was as follo"'$:-

Year ( Vikrama)

1884 2 - 8 _ 0

18f6 2 -12 _ 0

188

1886 3 - 2 -

1887 4 - 5 _

1888 6 -15 -1889 9 - 9 -

1890 11 -15 -1 8 91 13 - 6 -18 92 14 - 3 -1893 14 -11 -

ReJrni. Research collec:tion, Vol. 31, pp. 301-2.

The :{.::. jYd of ,~hham

F':;'~$n Badi 1, 190 9

3

2

2~

1~

2

2'>

3'>

0

On Falg un B.:d.i 1, 1<; 09 (Feb ruary 1 85 3), prime Minist,=r Juag 13aha:iur reconfirlOel l end a~s.1gnments unier chhap, mM achamal , and halban:ii t:enures in ACh!"J am Yielding <J. t.:>tal ir.comeof ks. 511 8 year, in che name of captin Laccru singh sw.:.nr Chhetri. The figure includetl Rs. 2~1_12 from 9 06 m.l ris of ric~lands a S$ignsi to hi m as his khangi for di s chargi.' 9 the functio..)ns of l-bhi naike-Jirnmawal in )L:hh,am. · In 1939 Vikr brnil

(A.D. 1882) Prime Minister Rano:i::UP S1ngh co.;.oflscate:i tht! khan;;! on th~ grouni that capttin Laccru 510gh Swanr Cr.hetri WdS not entitled to it. The khangi was then i -ncluded in the assignmdnts mdl e to h.:J.j a 0.;,,1 Haho:lu r Sh • .:"b.

In 1947 vikrama (A.O. 1890), ·pri,nti Miai.st~ Bir . Shlmsh.:::r-= cook i.:J.way . th...: !!.!!clll9i from R ... ja D",1 B.:.h5iur Shah o$nd r -lO!stbced it 1.:.0 C<jJ,;ta1n Lacctu Sing~ s ... .:lnt' C~tr1.

Bdsukh . Sldi 1, 1947 (-'Pril 1890) Ragmi Rasearc:h COl k ction# vol. 50, ~. 343-347.

Ch:J .. tra Badi 3, 1931 (M .::rch 1875)

Lanis ~ rE:Vanla5 ~ follows had b.;en grantEd urd;:,-r chhup tE.lnur~s to t~ fa llow1ng ~b€::ra of th~ former ru li ! • .;J

th,~ Principillity of AC:hhams-

(1) KCirtik Sldi 13, 1859 (Octob(::r 18(2) : Rico.:= l.::.n:ls amoun.ting to 305 ITllciS, an::l mmQsteais ard villag".s in the Chorpan1.-Goganfoani ar'.,.:a grant;;:d <:IS chh'::J: to Mar sh;:oh,i.

(2) /.S'din S:.ldi IS, 1&94 (Septcmlber 1837) : Chhap fuld ffido<lcham.::tl assig~nts as follows, ma:le In th", n-,rn.-~ of RC!llabhim sruh1:-

lB'

(a) Bi:ir agaln • •• .... 160 _ • ( b) N9,Uhise • • • R •• 135 - • ( c) Ohdasen • •• Rs . 123 _ 8 -----_.,-

Total " . Rs . 419 -1 3 •

9.l b::;&.l uently. Dhar.u>en vi 1-1 4~e waS r . .,floved from the assignme."It. an::l t h'O! alTOunt f rom Bacugaun was r~<iuc ed from Rs . 160- 9 to Rs. 11 9- 9 , th.H. r ;ducL ':g t h 8 t.otill i,Hi'Ol.!n t from Rs . 419-13 ;; ... Rs. 255-6.

Th.lse C&.:lslgnmencs weCe reccnfizmed l n c he tOClme Cof R .. ncbhi m Shahi 'a grarxison. Oat Baha:iu r Shal\ on b .a1.sc,kh sdi 6 , 1 9 10 (...,rl1 1853) .

(3 ) Marga B.:di 1, 1907 (November 1850): Mcllochamg l asBi gnm~ts as follows 1n the O¥<lE! of Oa l Bahctiur Shah' 5 rroth:er, Trl bhuwanesh.oiari Devi :-

Rice Lands 1n .ACr.l'.;;.,m • •• Rs • 60

BaragalO ••• Rs. ·· 41

Oharasen '" Rs . ,129 --.---

Total '" Rs .• 230

Q'l Chaitra SoU 3, 193 1 (March 1675) . t h(;:se o'ssignrnents were r~on£1r~ 1n the name of Ddl Bahuiur Shah. H~ WgS a l so granted the ti tIe of R.aj a •

.\f;gml Rcse:axch· CollE:Ctio~ Vol. 69 , pp . 600-605 . . .

Ch.:;ii:ra aa:1i 10 , 1929 (M€. cc h 1 873) , ord.;r from Comnander-in-Chie£ General Ranoddip Simha

Kunwar Raoa to thu sodar D.4~gd{hilDa:

"Bids W';Co.; iuvlc.,,:l in our pr -=s<:nee from c~f.'ta1n Kalu swunr Chh;~tr.1 an::l R:..ja T1kabhJ.pach.,xrablr snah1 for the coll ... 'Ct1o n of +E~aBJ.t;I 1n /lccham, whi c h has bC: oi;:!n ' assigned (as jugir) to th;.:: 8.,rakh p-.7llt~. The Raja. oiterEd il r 3te of 19 pathis (o r pu:ldy) a rup~e,. which the captd.n .... us Wlabl.: to mc:t ch • . ~co.tdl (. gly, pr1ffilit M1r.ist& H;;.h;lC .clj JUng Bah;::dur has orddr c:d -th",t it concr~t (patca) for revenu e coll.oction 1n Achham be gr::!llt\:d for thr~ .. · years from the crop y r:;uz; of v::l)cr ",ma 1 930 (A-D. 1~3) to Ri.l j a T.ikabl"&lpachakrab1r Shah! on the- fol low1ng t (-=nrB ~ cOJui tioOS 1-

1. Collect t oxes and ot,her payments fro m lan1holdc rs (.c~1ti) bt cu.storno.ry rateB.

.2. In c';:'so;: ,;p.y Idnpo ld ~r r~linquishes his ho141ng w1i.: rout h~dt1ng crops, ta.x~~ - s~all nOt' be coll .:c tad from him. How~or, he sh" ll be Uable to pay t dX(:S. whuro::.-.ver h t:: may b c .if he h.!S harvt:Stod crops. If people from

190

other ~;r - - ' os m1 ;!r;;,te t o AChham, 'do not permit tdXes to ~'! col::"cct.ej :f r om cnem i f they h""ve cot harvested c r ops Oil their pc-:vious holdings. If, However, th~y huve h . .Lveseed c r oJ.JS the re, permit the realiz c:.ticm of t axes from them only for ch..; t~Qr when they h;-;.ve j ,::: n,~· so .

3 . ReJ),it t.he.! a.munt 0 1 tQX-rE,N<;:ou e CO!l~, . UC;d into c,JSh aC th", r lit e of 19 p.;;this a rupe~ ln 1nstEr.l~nts as usu..,l and ob-cain c l c; a.r;;.JiC 2 .

4 . Col l (£t Qr.ly such t~es and oth~r P'.iJ· ::;~nes as ar,,,, customary. In C3Sci an::' pLrson complo:.ins that $ tr l.\

payments hav~ I)i...Jl collect .,,-}, aol the complaint ls provai to be true, or in .~ as.:;! you collect tQX ()S

f.t\)m l andoold""rs who h ,-N "! r .,J l1nqulsh ..... "'d t::hdr ooldiC1gs without h;:.rv: ~sting crops , or ln C~; you d ..::f ault in the remittaoc ... of p<!YI'Ck:;nes as th~y b .com~ duo.!, your contract will b~ c...ulC e 1lcd '.:ov e n b",for .:: th.c. uxpiry of the thr~f:.-y ei.ir t erm ."

R ;gmi R~s<ilarch COll i:;:c t ion, Vcl. 50, pp. 138-39.

p.')ush BedLll, 1934 l ·D o.'Ccrrober 1 877)

Raja. Da1 Rch&:iur ·Shah's p· ... tltion t c Priroc Mi •• ist k R;:;no5d1P 51mh ;·: : unti 1 th~ vik r .':lIna y .;;.Clr 1 929 (A.D. 1872>", th~ D,~f,l '". r'kh~a (be..idC1\li:i.cters) of t.:-~=. BC1l:aklt P'o lcan.l:.o whp:n revenu~ from /CJ:lhf.m )' h~ b.:.~ :;:.slg!)eci ;),5 j ;.t~L' u s,"-d to procure· suppli ,:s {of pa.1dY. at r d t :.!S rungi .. g b ....tw",.:.n 27 p,this an:i 30 p~this a rup~ , whi l (! . colL.:cting t.:-x-PQym _·nts at th..;: conve rsion r a t.::: of on<J: rrurl a rup;..cl·. It thus Buf f....rdd 0.10$:3 of sc.q~n to tt.lli path1s a rup • ....:. In t he Vikr u.ffi<! y~ar 19 30 (A.D. 1873), th.::l Swanrs and wc oH...r.Ji bids ill competitio r •• 8f:cause th ~ territory was onc.:;:. rt.:. l ... d b y our f .• rn!ly, w,;;; 'tl",r ... un ",.ble to l~avE it. SO we of i .;.. r.:a

" :J. r .J: .., of 19 pat his a rup~..= , wh",re<:}S collec~lon was act .... ·"lly m~4,:; at 20 p~h1S a rup ... >e. W", thus suft:~e::i a loss of Rs. 7,788 e y';:.~.or, rut con tinued to m~ ,~ puyrn..:;nts as atlpulatai. w~ C311 no long.,;r ia::ur. such lossts, heCV::1:; we arc:"! unaPle to t ilkc up

.the r .. V€l'1Ut: col1J:,tio n contr;et for K!hhilffi."

prime Minlstec Ranoddl~' Simha then granted IIChham ' the s~c.b.ls of Ca Thekk~R c}jya with Dal BahQ:iur Shah as Raja. A royal order confirmlng th1s arrangement w~ 1ssUsl on pOJ.sh , Bctli 11. 1934 (D~cember 1877). Its "main {Cints were afJ £011ow5:"" j

. c •

1. collect larLl taxes at" the conversion rat.e of one rruri a rupee and transrrd..t the 'Ptoceeds in 1nsto llments to the h e oiquart.ers of the ·BarakhPalt.:ul, in a.:J:iition to thr~~ thetuwa (blankets) a .year.

2. Transmit rl.."Y enu-= collect~ from 'j<!iqera lanis, if any, to the Sadar DafdetJ:kh.:.nCi..:l (1n Kathmaoou).

3. Do not· collect unau thdriZed taxt:lS al¥i lev1~ · from the paopl~, do not ~ Clrlct"· l?.aop16 from.' the1r 'ootn<::stc.:tis. ,'

191

4. Reclaim waste rcikar Idnds through your own resources and appropriate both the tenant I s share ani the landlord t s share of the crop_

S. 1 _1 case such lams 31..J reclaimed .by '::'ntlividua!s, you may collect r .ents ' at current r ates from the £:)urth year after letting "the tenant appropriate both shares for three years.

6. Refer Cases which ace p.lnishable with ::le-ath, Ute 1rrt=1ri~onment;, or deg~;;dat1on of caste status to us through the Itachapli and tcke action a::cording t o the law arxl our orders. Transrrd.t. t;hoa 1ncOme from fines ' and penalties in suc h caS es t o the l>1Jluki KhcJna in Kathmardu.

, 7. You are he reby empowerEd. to disPOse of cases of other categories according to the law and appropriate the -income from" fines ani penalties •

. 8. "Pproprlate 1nco~ fro,m Khil!.Chari. a ag3t, sape, a nd

other taxes ' coll~c~ , from trcdl;lr$ 'of Tibet .and JUmla who visit JChharn, ~cept when such taxes have b.Jcn incluo.E'P in j agir assl9nffients or ijara grants. ,

9.· With effejt from the harvest of the vikrama year 1934 (AaD. 187,7), we hereby place_ the .terdtory of ;chham, ait\&ated east of th-= Karnali river arrl west of ChJ;d.lktuta. , . urxler yrur jurisdiction as your Rajya_

10. YOU Sh<lll b~ held r.::sponsbla if you do not ltefo!p the people satis£is:i, . do not a:imi~ster justice according to the law ani ·opprc8D the people, CEllae haDlships t o them by collectirg un;J.lti"orlsai or Ulo1trary paYlT"l(:lltst 1rxiulge in injustic e, or take bribes, and If · any person comes here with such cottlpl.aints.

11. We shall take a::tion at our discre tion if. you do not make payments in inst.:1l1rI1(".Qts as they tall due.

12. Accord.1ng to trEd! tion, the eldest son born of your senior Rani, or your (junior) Rani, the grard-daughter of prime Mlnister ani COnmarx:ier-in-Chlef General Ranoddip S1mha Ralla Baha:iur shou.ld inherit the Rajya . However, 1n Hindusthan it is the custom to place on the throne the chi ld born of a princess of the roya.l dynastya ICcordingly, in case your junior Rani gives birJ::h to a prince, he shall inherit the Rajya after your death. If the junior Rani is childless, ani the senior Rani gives birch to a rtnce, he shall be r~arded as the son of your junior Rani, and the Rajya shisll be aj,m1. rUstere:i a::cor:Hng to her orders. He sh.:.\ ll then inherit the Rajya df c1:!r the death of the junior R03.nt.

13 • . In case ooth your Sen·lor and JUnior Rants are childlt:.!Ss, the Re jYil shull be inherit.ad by the appropr1.acE:I Pt!rson after the d~ath of the junior ().lean. God PasruP<ltiuath ani Goddes6 Qlhyestlolari will cast indignant ~yas on any r a l ative of yoor senior Oleen or yourself who may· make any claim to the Rajya.

192

14. Collect the gadinubarakh l evy this y~ar if paid willingly bj the people. Do not Use force to collect the levy.

15. Transmit rev enue on jagir lands to the appropri.jt e J agirdars, and on J agera lams to the Mlluklkhdn<:! in Kathmaniu. Remain loyal to us, and ..::-njoy the Rajya as a Thek-Thiti Rajy.:.. fro,., generdtion to

generation.

Regmi Research Collection, vol. 55, pp. 681-88.

AShadh Bad! 3, 1950 (JUne 1 893)

In Vikrama 1947 (A.D. 1890) captain LacchJ. singh swanr chhetrl was given a tnree-year contract for the collection of reJeru e in Achhem. The conditions were as follows: (1) 18 pattlis ' in each Jruri of r€!Venu<:z assesse:i in the- form of }.Jcildy should b·:::; cornnutai into cash. ard only the; remaining twO pathis should b e colL .... >Ctc.<i in pa:idy. (2) The contri::lctor W dS empo' .... .:;:r~d to dispense justice in , cas~s other than those reldting to Panch~hat crimes. The contract was r G-n~wE<i for anothor thri.:;~year period in vikrama 195 0 (A.O. 1893) subjo.:et t o an incrclfTlent of half a roPE:!'-.:l pdrcent according to the l a.w . No bids ' were invi t <~d. }-bwtNer, the judicial auth:lrity of th.~

contra::tor was trans£ Grre1 to the oail,.,kh Kialat. The g ov e rnme nt: . r~tain~ one-sixth of the inc ome from fines ani penalties, and . h,' ln:icl over the balance to the contractor.

Ashcdh Ba:li 3, 1950 (Jun e: 1 893)

R89ml Research collection, Vcl. 58, t:p. 311-15.

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