Register variation in tourism terminology Virginia Pulcini Università degli Studi di Torino THE STUDY OF LEXICON ACROSS CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND TEXTUAL.

Register variation in Register variation in tourism terminologytourism terminology

Virginia PulciniVirginia Pulcini

Università degli Studi di TorinoUniversità degli Studi di Torino

THE STUDY OF LEXICON ACROSS CULTURAL THE STUDY OF LEXICON ACROSS CULTURAL IDENTITIES AIDENTITIES AND TEXTUAL GENRESND TEXTUAL GENRES

University of Verona, 11-13 November 2010University of Verona, 11-13 November 2010

OutlineOutline

focus on the language of tourismfocus on the language of tourism lexis and terminology lexis and terminology English loanwords in the Italian language English loanwords in the Italian language

of tourismof tourism register variation in tourism discourseregister variation in tourism discourse Anglicisms and Italian equivalents in a Anglicisms and Italian equivalents in a

B2B corpusB2B corpus

the specialized the specialized discourse of tourismdiscourse of tourism a type of discourse which “possesses all the a type of discourse which “possesses all the

lexical, phonetic, morphosyntactic and lexical, phonetic, morphosyntactic and textual resources of general language” (Gotti textual resources of general language” (Gotti 2006: 19)2006: 19)

‘‘scientific journalism’: brochures, scientific journalism’: brochures, advertisements, tourist guides, newspaper advertisements, tourist guides, newspaper articlesarticles

geography, architecture, cuisine, transport, geography, architecture, cuisine, transport, entertainment, fitness, beauty care (B2C), entertainment, fitness, beauty care (B2C), business, economics (B2B) business, economics (B2B)

the terminological the terminological principleprinciple

‘‘terms’ identify a single concept and terms’ identify a single concept and unambiguously serve the communicative unambiguously serve the communicative purposes of professionals in a specialized purposes of professionals in a specialized field (Cabré 1999)field (Cabré 1999)

monoreferentialitymonoreferentiality

word word a unit of language referring to an a unit of language referring to an element in realityelement in reality

term term a word referring to an element in a a word referring to an element in a specialized domainspecialized domain

hubhub

(mech.) the central part of a circular object (as (mech.) the central part of a circular object (as a wheel or propeller)a wheel or propeller)

(tech.) a central device that connects multiple (tech.) a central device that connects multiple computers on a single networkcomputers on a single network

(aer.) an airport or city through which an airline (aer.) an airport or city through which an airline routes most of its trafficroutes most of its traffic

focus, core or central part of sthfocus, core or central part of sth

(adapted from Merriam Webster online)(adapted from Merriam Webster online)

repeaterrepeater

someone that repeats or recitessomeone that repeats or recites

(tech.) a device for receiving communication signals (tech.) a device for receiving communication signals and delivering corresponding amplified onesand delivering corresponding amplified ones

(tech.) a watch or clock with a striking mechanism (tech.) a watch or clock with a striking mechanism that upon pressure of a spring will indicate the that upon pressure of a spring will indicate the time in hours or quarters and sometimes minutestime in hours or quarters and sometimes minutes

etc.etc.

(tour.) a ‘repeater’ or ‘repeat tourist’ is (tour.) a ‘repeater’ or ‘repeat tourist’ is a tourist who a tourist who returns to a destination or purchases a product returns to a destination or purchases a product from the same supplier on a regular basisfrom the same supplier on a regular basis

concept-orientedconcept-oriented

conceptconcept

designation designation realityreality

(or term)(or term)

discoursediscourse(Cabré 1999:81)(Cabré 1999:81)

register variation register variation (field & tenor)(field & tenor)

““If we extend terminology to include If we extend terminology to include professional or sports vocabularies, or those professional or sports vocabularies, or those vocabularies related to some human activity, vocabularies related to some human activity, the number of terminology users increases the number of terminology users increases and diversifies substantially and at the same and diversifies substantially and at the same time the degree of specialisation of these time the degree of specialisation of these uses decreases considerably.” uses decreases considerably.”

(Cabré 1999: 144)(Cabré 1999: 144)

‘‘flouting’ the flouting’ the terminological terminological principleprinciple booking / reservationbooking / reservation book: to reserve in advance <book: to reserve in advance <bookbook two two

seats at the theater> <were all seats at the theater> <were all bookedbooked up> up> reserve: to set or have set aside or apart reserve: to set or have set aside or apart

<<reservereserve a hotel room> a hotel room> ‘‘to make a booking = to make a reservationto make a booking = to make a reservation ‘‘airline booking’ or ‘airline reservation’airline booking’ or ‘airline reservation’ ‘‘holiday booking’, not *‘holiday reservation’holiday booking’, not *‘holiday reservation’

The English element in The English element in the Italian language of the Italian language of TourismTourism

tour operator/ operatore turisticotour operator/ operatore turistico

check-in/ accettazionecheck-in/ accettazione

low cost/ basso costolow cost/ basso costo

all inclusive / tutto compresoall inclusive / tutto compreso

the coexistence of a foreign term along with the coexistence of a foreign term along with the a native equivalent can be regarded as a the a native equivalent can be regarded as a case of multiple terminologycase of multiple terminology

a corpus of B2B tourist a corpus of B2B tourist language language weekly magazine weekly magazine Il Giornale del TurismoIl Giornale del Turismo 56,161 tokens / 8,976 types56,161 tokens / 8,976 types 300 non-adapted Anglicisms (3.3%) 300 non-adapted Anglicisms (3.3%) 145 (1.6%) general language 145 (1.6%) general language 80 (0.8%) business and economics 80 (0.8%) business and economics 50 (0.5%) tourism50 (0.5%) tourism tour operator: 35 occurrences (0.06%, 6.2% tour operator: 35 occurrences (0.06%, 6.2%

per 10,000 words) per 10,000 words)

Table 1. Occurrences of anglicisms and their Italian Table 1. Occurrences of anglicisms and their Italian equivalents in the GdT corpusequivalents in the GdT corpus

tour operatortour operator 3535 operatore turisticooperatore turistico --

incomingincoming 1818 in entratain entrata 11

resortresort 1313 località turistica, località turistica, complesso turisticocomplesso turistico

--

all inclusiveall inclusive 1111 tutto compresotutto compreso --

bookingbooking 88 prenotazioneprenotazione 1414

low costlow cost 88 basso costobasso costo --

business business traveltravel

77 turismo d’affariturismo d’affari 22

leisureleisure 66 tempo liberotempo libero 11

last minutelast minute 33 ultimo minutoultimo minuto --

repeaterrepeater 33 clienti abitualiclienti abituali --

Table 2. Occurrences of anglicisms and their Italian Table 2. Occurrences of anglicisms and their Italian equivalents in the equivalents in the La RepubblicaLa Repubblica corpus corpus

tour operatortour operator 662662 operatore turisticooperatore turistico 8282

(turismo) incoming(turismo) incoming 11 (turismo) in entrata(turismo) in entrata 22

resortresort 1414 località turistica, località turistica,

complesso turisticocomplesso turistico 189189

8585

all inclusiveall inclusive 22 tutto compresotutto compreso

tutto inclusotutto incluso480480

2 2

bookingbooking 1010 prenotazioneprenotazione 862862

low costlow cost 1717 basso costobasso costo 1,1551,155

business travelbusiness travel 44 turismo d’affariturismo d’affari 22

leisureleisure 1717 tempo liberotempo libero 2,2462,246

last minutelast minute 2323 ultimo minutoultimo minuto 2,3042,304

repeaterrepeater -- clienti abitualiclienti abituali 9393

Table 3. Occurrences of anglicisms and their Italian Table 3. Occurrences of anglicisms and their Italian equivalents in the ItWacequivalents in the ItWac

tour operatortour operator 55265526 operatore turisticooperatore turistico 25772577

(turismo) incoming(turismo) incoming 1717 (turismo) in entrata(turismo) in entrata 77

resortresort 32363236 località turistica, località turistica,

complesso turisticocomplesso turistico 898898

570570

all inclusiveall inclusive 909909 tutto compresotutto compreso

tutto inclusotutto incluso18711871

311311

bookingbooking 740740 prenotazioneprenotazione 39,21939,219

low costlow cost 1,8951,895 basso costobasso costo 9,3399,339

business travelbusiness travel 102102 viaggio, turismo d’affariviaggio, turismo d’affari 88

leisureleisure 533533 tempo liberotempo libero 28,77828,778

last minutelast minute 3,2743,274 ultimo minutoultimo minuto 4,3944,394

repeaterrepeater 22 clienti abitualiclienti abituali 330330

conclusions (1)conclusions (1) ‘‘tour operator’ is preferred in all registerstour operator’ is preferred in all registers in the GdT corpus in the GdT corpus tour operator, resort, all tour operator, resort, all

inclusive, low cost, last minute and repeatersinclusive, low cost, last minute and repeaters are used consistently with no Italian are used consistently with no Italian equivalentsequivalents

in the GdT corpus ‘prenotazione’ is preferred in the GdT corpus ‘prenotazione’ is preferred to ‘booking’to ‘booking’

in the LRep corpus Italian equivalents are in the LRep corpus Italian equivalents are general words and phrases also widely used in general words and phrases also widely used in contexts different from tourismcontexts different from tourism

in the web corpus tour operator, incoming, in the web corpus tour operator, incoming, resort and business travel are more frequently resort and business travel are more frequently used than the Italian equivalents. Italian used than the Italian equivalents. Italian equivalents are general words and phrases equivalents are general words and phrases widely used in contexts different from tourismwidely used in contexts different from tourism

conclusions (2)conclusions (2)

Anglicisms are used and often preferred for Anglicisms are used and often preferred for stylistic reasons in all registers and stylesstylistic reasons in all registers and styles

Anglicisms are more frequently found in web Anglicisms are more frequently found in web language than in newspaper languagelanguage than in newspaper language

Anglicisms are favoured by experts because Anglicisms are favoured by experts because they better answer the need for they better answer the need for monoreferentiality and concisenessmonoreferentiality and conciseness

linguistically Anglicisms are better suited to linguistically Anglicisms are better suited to be used as terms in specialized discoursebe used as terms in specialized discourse

resortresort

semantic process of narrowing and semantic process of narrowing and metonymic extensionmetonymic extension

English: “a place where a lot of people English: “a place where a lot of people go on holiday/vacation”go on holiday/vacation”

Italian: Albergo situato in spazi aperti, Italian: Albergo situato in spazi aperti, al di fuori di un centro urbano: al di fuori di un centro urbano: un r. nel un r. nel desertodeserto Propr. “luogo di vacanza, Propr. “luogo di vacanza, luogo di soggiorno”║ 1989. (Devoto-luogo di soggiorno”║ 1989. (Devoto-Oli)Oli)

resort, hotel and resort, hotel and villaggiovillaggio appear not to be interchangeableappear not to be interchangeable

L'offerta riguarda tutte le tipologie di vacanza L'offerta riguarda tutte le tipologie di vacanza quali week end nelle capitali europee, quali week end nelle capitali europee, villaggivillaggi, soggiorni presso , soggiorni presso hotelhotel e e resortresort, , settimane bianche, crociere, gift e tour di settimane bianche, crociere, gift e tour di medio e lungo raggio. medio e lungo raggio.

ResortResort is semantically better suited to is semantically better suited to refer to holiday complexes because of refer to holiday complexes because of its monosemin semanti status, its monosemin semanti status, hyperonymic value and specificityhyperonymic value and specificity

low cost – basso costolow cost – basso costo

several grammatical functions in several grammatical functions in Italian:Italian:

compagnia aerea low cost, voli low cost, compagnia aerea low cost, voli low cost, le low cost, vola low costle low cost, vola low cost

codeshare, codeshare, codesharingcodesharing

no equivalent in Italianno equivalent in ItalianAccordo commerciale tra due compagnie Accordo commerciale tra due compagnie aeree che operano sulla stessa tratta ognuna aeree che operano sulla stessa tratta ognuna con il proprio aereo e decidono di mantenere con il proprio aereo e decidono di mantenere uno solo dei due voli vendendo ciascuna uno solo dei due voli vendendo ciascuna anche per conto dell’altro i posti disponibili a anche per conto dell’altro i posti disponibili a bordo: bordo: accordo commerciale di c.saccordo commerciale di c.s. . Comp. Comp. di di codecode ‘codice’ e ‘codice’ e sharingsharing ‘compartecipazione’ ‘compartecipazione’ ║║ 2000. 2000.

Oltre agli Oltre agli accordi di accordi di codesharecodeshare, la , la collaborazione tra Alitalia e Jet Airways collaborazione tra Alitalia e Jet Airways prevede prevede partnershippartnership su programmi su programmi frequent frequent flyerflyer, su attività di scalo e su servizi cargo. , su attività di scalo e su servizi cargo.

prenotazione - bookingprenotazione - booking

Advance booking, advanced Advance booking, advanced bookingbooking

are preferred to are preferred to prenotazione prenotazione anticipataanticipata

Prenotazione fatta con notevole anticipo, spec. Prenotazione fatta con notevole anticipo, spec. per l'acquisto a prezzo scontato di biglietti o per l'acquisto a prezzo scontato di biglietti o viaggi. viaggi. CFR. First minute, last minute. CFR. First minute, last minute. (Zingarelli)(Zingarelli)

last minute – ultimo last minute – ultimo minutominuto

vacanza last minute, domanda last vacanza last minute, domanda last minuteminute

semantic preference: offerte, semantic preference: offerte, occasioni (deals)occasioni (deals)

semantic prosody in Italian: positivesemantic prosody in Italian: positive in English: in English: something done “before it something done “before it

is too late”is too late” (negative prosody) (negative prosody)

check-incheck-in

accettazioneaccettazione is never used in the GtD is never used in the GtD corpuscorpus

fare il check-in, check-in online, zona fare il check-in, check-in online, zona check-incheck-in

metonymic extension of “check-in desk”metonymic extension of “check-in desk”

Evitare file ai Evitare file ai check-incheck-in, controlli e , controlli e scannerscanner oltre oltre a lunghe attese nelle sale di imbarco e a lunghe attese nelle sale di imbarco e viaggiare come degli viaggiare come degli executive managerexecutive manager di di grandi multinazionali è il sogno di molte grandi multinazionali è il sogno di molte persone. persone.

leisure – tempo liberoleisure – tempo libero

important sub-sector in tourism: important sub-sector in tourism: leasure tourismleasure tourism vs vs business business tourismtourism

settore leisure, turismo leisuresettore leisure, turismo leisure tempo liberotempo libero has a more generic has a more generic

valuevalue

all inclusive – tutto all inclusive – tutto compresocompreso

usually hyphenated in English (all-usually hyphenated in English (all-inclusive)inclusive)

patterns: formula all inclusive, in all patterns: formula all inclusive, in all inclusiveinclusive

Le prime pagine del catalogo sono dedicate a Le prime pagine del catalogo sono dedicate a vacanze mare in destinazioni decisamente adatte vacanze mare in destinazioni decisamente adatte alle esigenze dei turisti italiani, con 26 soluzioni di alle esigenze dei turisti italiani, con 26 soluzioni di soggiorno in soggiorno in resortresort e villaggi in e villaggi in formula formula all all inclusiveinclusive o in pensione completa in località di o in pensione completa in località di lungo raggio come Maldive, Cuba, Mauritius, lungo raggio come Maldive, Cuba, Mauritius, Kenya, Zanzibar…Kenya, Zanzibar…

neologisms:neologisms:

Voyage designerVoyage designer

Il ‘Voyage Designer’, lo stilista dei viaggi (una Il ‘Voyage Designer’, lo stilista dei viaggi (una figura professionale sviluppatasi negli Stati figura professionale sviluppatasi negli Stati Uniti), ha nel nome la propria missione: la Uniti), ha nel nome la propria missione: la soddisfazione del cliente attraverso la ricerca soddisfazione del cliente attraverso la ricerca dello stile in una vacanza tailor made. dello stile in una vacanza tailor made.

Fam trip / Fam trip / familiarization tripfamiliarization trip.. A low-cost trip A low-cost trip or tour offered to travel agents by a supplier or tour offered to travel agents by a supplier or group of suppliers to familiarize the agents or group of suppliers to familiarize the agents with their destination and services. with their destination and services.