Regional Workshop on Sustainable, Inclusive and Resilient ...

Sustainable Urban Transport Index Framework (SUTI)

for Phnom Penh

Data Collection and Assessment

Regional Workshop on Sustainable, Inclusive and Resilient Urban Passenger Transport:

Preparing for Post-Pandemic Mobility in Asia

Virtual, 28-29 October 2021

28-29 October 2021

Chea Monykoran

Deputy Director, Land Transport Department, MPWT

National Conultant on Sustainable Urban Transport System, UNESCAP

CONTENTS

1. Study Purposes

2. Study Area

3. Current State of Phnom Penh

Transport System

4. SUTI Framework

5. Implications and Conclusions

• To ascertain the conditions of urban transport system in Phnom Penh before and in the

period of COVID-19 pandemic

• To assess the impacts of COVID-19 on the overall performance of sustainable urban

transport services for Phnom Penh, using SUTI framework

• To initiate evidence-based policy measures in response to the impacts of COVID-19, and

• To improve overall sustainability, resilience, and inclusiveness of urban passenger

transport systems and services in Phnom Penh

1. Study Purposes

2. Study Area (Phnom Penh Capital City)

General Description✓ Land area: 679 km2✓ Population: 2,189,460 (app. 14%)✓ Location: on the banks of 3 rivers✓ Municipality: 14 admin. Called Khan (districts)✓ Density: 3,224✓ Population growth rate: 3.16%✓ Estimated population in 2035: 2,868,000 (JICA-

PPUTMP)

3. Current State of Phnom Penh Public Transport System

r Rr

Road Network in Phnom PenhRoad Type Length in km % Coverage area in km2Arterial 212 15% 1555.5Collector 283 21% 2177.7Local road 884 64% 6636.8Total 1,379 100% 10,370

Registered Vehicles in Phnom Penh as of August 2020

Motorcycle Light duty car Heavy duty cars Total

Number 1,876,957 412,835 113,703 2,403,495

% 78% 17% 5% 100

Number of Casualties by years 2018 2019 Change (%)

Cases 670 1170 74.62%

Fatality 239 356 48.95%

Serious injury 686 1007 46.79%

Slight injury 716 806 12.56%

No injury 6 4 -33.33%

Unknown 8 0 -100%

Total 1,655 2,173 31.29%

4. SUTI Framework: Indicators, Data Collection, Derivation, and Assessment

Indicator Description

1 Extent to which transport plans cover public

transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for

active modes2 Modal share of active and public transport in

commuting3 Convenient access to public transport service

4 Public transport quality and reliability

5 Traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants

6 Affordability-travel costs as share of income

7 Operational costs of the public transport system

8 Investment in public transportation system

9 Air quality (PM10)

10 Greenhouse gas emissions from transport

Data Collection

Primary Data Source Secondary Data Source

Online questionnaire survey

on city bus service

satisfaction regarding quality

and reliability

✓ JICA-PPUTMP 2035

✓ Annual reports of PPCA

(2019 &2020)

✓ MPWT, MEF, MoE, MME,

NRSC, WB, UNDP, ADB,

JICA/CBA progress

reports

✓ Meeting interviews/

consultations

✓ Some previous studies

Indicator 1Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities

and infrastructure for active modes

Aspects Explanation Score

1. Walking

networks

• 3 master plans have been set out with clear goals and

targets, but no clear budget allocation and funding

sources

• Some sections of sidewalks have been improved along

the trunk roads as well as the ones near the 100

signalized intersections upgrading project between

2017-2018

2

1. Cycling networks • Clear goals and target, but no obvious budget allocation

and financing sources

• Some attention has been paid toward cycling networks

2

1. Intermodal

transfer facilities

• Clear goals and target, but no obvious budget allocation

and financing sources

• Some attention has been paid

2

1. Public transport • 3 master plans with clear goals and targets, no clear

budget allocating and funding sources

• accomplished 13 bus routes in 2020 beyond the target

• completed the construction and introduction of one

priority bus line with 4-km distance

• completed the improvement project of existing railway

line and water transport

3

Total9

Final derived value for Indicator 1

Aspect Value Year Comments

Indicator 1 7 2020A value of 7 is reflects that attention of

urban public transport system planning

and implementation is strongly paid,

particularly budget allocation in order to

achieve sustainable urban transport

system in Phnom Penh.

Indicator 2Modal share of active and public transport in commuting (%)

Final derived value for Indicator

Indicator Value Year CommentsIndicator 1

11 2019

• The data was derived from UNDP

report, 2021

• The value is less than the

minimum (10). This can be

refereed as the public transport

system in Phnom Penh is weak,

which possibly results from

several determinants, such as

service, facilities, and others.

PURPOSE COMMUTING (Education

and Work)

MODE Modal Share Subtotals

a. Scheduled bus and minibus 1.55

a. Train, metro, tram 00

a. Ferry 00

a. Informal Public Transport (Fixed route, fare,

access to all)

0000

a. Other public 00

f. Public Transport 1.55

g. Walking 00

g. Bicycle 00

g. Active Transport 00

J. Motorcycle 60

K. Passenger car 25.90

L. Para-transit, taxi, truck, and others 12.45

M. Individual motorized 98.35

N. Total 100.00

O. Public and Active 1.55

Q. Modal Share of Active and Public Transport (%) 1.55%

2%

60%26%

12%

Modal Share

scheduled busand minibus

Motorcycle

Passenger car

INDICATOR3Convenient Access to Public Transport

Number of Bus stop/

shelters

Coverage area within

500 m radius (km2)

Population density

(inhabitants/km2)

Inhabitants in

PP

625 491 3,075 1,509,825

Total population 2,129,371

% within 500 m buffers71%

Indicator 3 Value Year Comments

Convenient

access to public

transport

services

71% 2020

The data is based on the CBA report. The derived

value reflects the satisfactory accesses to public bus

stops in terms of figure, but does not reflect the

quality, convenience, safety, and others as many bus

stops along the streets are using roadsides which

might sometimes cause accidents. Moreover, thereis a lower density of bus stops in peripheral areas.

INDICATOR 4Public Transport Quality and Reliability

Dimension

Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied

RESP AVS scoreSATISF

(%)Very Partly Nor Partly Very

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Frequency of the

service74 84 80 62 102 68 10 480 3.58 37.5

Punctuality (delay) 101 74 89 67 84 50 15 480 3.35 31.04

Comfort and

cleanliness of

vehicles

23 35 62 71 89 126 74 480 4.75 60.2

Safety of vehicles 15 27 59 101 80 129 69 480 4.8 57.91

Convenience of

stops/stations32 51 77 69 150 98 3 480 4.16 52.29

Availability of

information21 40 35 52 181 145 6 480 4.64 69.16

Personnel courtesy 100 65 72 33 89 97 24 480 3.26 43.75

Fare level 46 74 38 87 124 90 21 480 4.1 48.95

Responses 412 450 512 542 899 803 222 3,840 4.08 50.1

INDICATOR 5Traffic Fatalities per 100,000 Inhabitants

Number of Casualties by years 2018 2019 Change (%)

Cases 670 1170 74.62%

Fatality 239 356 48.95%

Serious injury 686 1007 46.79%

Slight injury 716 806 12.56%

No injury 6 4 -33.33%

Unknown 8 0 -100%

Total 1,655 2,173 31.29%

Fatalities 356

Inhabitants 2,129,371

Fatalities/100,000 inhabitants ≈ 17

Indictor 5 Value Year Comments

Traffic

fatalities per

100,000 in

habitants

9

2019 The data was based on the

report of NRSC in 2018 and

2019. The derived score is

beyond the maximum value.

So, it is required to modify so

as the assessment is made

possible. The value reflects

the city and stakeholders to

make more efforts to

improve such severe

situation.

INDICATOR 6Affordability – Travel Costs as Part of Income

Description Amount (USD)Monthly cost on public transport 22.2Minimum wage, 2019 182Affordability – travel costs as part of income

(%)12.20

Indicator Value Year Comments

Affordability travel cost as

part of income12.20 2019

• The derivation was based

on CBA and Ministry of

Labour and Vocational

Training.

• The result shows that bus

users (lower or middle

class) allocate 12.2% of

their income for the fare of

using Phnom Penh city bus.

INDICATOR 7Operational Costs of the Public Transport System

Service Market shares

(%)

Revenues Transport Operating

Expenses

Fare box ratio

CBA 100% USD 1,024,788 USD 7,726,097.56 13.26%

Indicator Value Year CommentsOperational costs of the public

transport system (%) 22 2018

The data was derived from the report of PiBO project of

JICA/CBA in 2018. The fare box ratio is comparatively low.

More attention and measures are required to ensure

sustainability of city bus operations.

INDICATOR 8Investment in Public Transportation Systems

Investments in 2019 (in

million USD)

2020 (in

million USD)

Average (in

million USD)

Public transport

facilities

112 112 112

Public works and

Transport

nationwide

513 568 540.5

Share (%) 21.83% 19.71% 20.72%


Investment in

public transport

systems

20.72% 2020

Based on the JICA-PPUTMP

2035 and the Ministry of

Economy and Finance. Through

the value, financial resources

should be increased and made

sure it available in accordance

to a set schedule.

INDICATOR 9Air Quality (PM10)

Annual mean of PM2.5

in 2019 (µg/m3)Conversion factor

Annual mean of PM10

in 2019 (µg/m3)22 0.5 4422 0.5 4430 0.5 6023 0.5 4621 0.5 4215 0.5 3025 0.5 5019 0.5 3824 0.5 4821 0.5 4245 0.5 9020 0.5 4019 0.5 38

Annual Average 47.08

LocationAnnual mean

PM10

Total city

population

Phnom Penh 47.08 2,129,371 (2019)Population weighted

concentration47.08


Air Quality

(PM10)

47.08 2019

The value is based on the Ministry of

Environment of Cambodia and

derivation using conversion factor

recommended by an environment

expert. It remains lower than the

standard set by WHO, (PM2.5=25)

INDICATOR 10Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport


CO2 emissions for

transport (CO2

emission/capita)1.18 2019

Based on the data from the ministries of

Mines and Energy and Public Works and

Transport (2019)

Motor vehicles in Phnom

Penh in 2019

Total amount of CO2

emissions from transport

in Phnom Penh in 2019

Total Population

in 2019

CO2 emissions per

capita in 2019 (tons

of CO2/year)

Motorcycle 1,876,957

2,313,042 tons of CO2

/year1,952,000 1.18Light-duty

vehicle412,835

Heavy-duty

vehicle113,703

SUTI RESULT

# IndicatorsNatural

WeightsNormalization

units MIN MAX

1Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes

0 - 16 scale 0.1 0 16

2Modal share of active and public transport in commuting

% of trips 0.1 10 90

3 Convenient access to public transport service% of

population0.1 20 100

4 Public transport quality and reliability % satisfied 0.1 30 95

5 Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants # fatalities 0.1 10 0

6 Affordability – travel costs as share of income% of

income0.1 35 3.5

7 Operational costs of the public transport systemCost

recovery ratio

0.1 22 175

8 Investment in public transportation systems% of total

invest-ment

0.1 0 50

9 Air quality (pm10) μg/m3 0.1 75 10

10 Greenhouse gas emissions from transport Tons/cap 0.1 2.75 0

MUST SUM TO 1 1.0

56.25

10.00

63.75

30.92

10.00

72.38

22.00

41

73.51

57.09

INDEXGeometric mean 35.37

- The result of 35.37,

- indicator 9 -the highest score,

followed by indicator 6, with the

normalized values of 73.51 and

72.38, respectively

- 5 indicators - normalized values

more than mean score (50)

- Indicator 2 and indicator 5 - the same

lowest normalized score of 10

- 5 indicators whose scores are below

average score (50)

SPIDER DIAGRAM

56.25

10.00 63.75

30.9210.00

72.38

22.00

41

73.51

57.09

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.00

Extent to whichtransport plans cover

public transport,intermodal facilities

and infrastructure for…

Modal share of activeand public transport in

commuting

Convenient access topublic transport service

Public transport qualityand reliability

Traffic fatalities per100.000 inhabitants

Affordability – travel costs as part of income

Operational costs ofthe public transport

system

Investment in publictransportation systems

Air quality (pm2.5)

Greenhouse gasemissions from

transport

Discussions, Implications and Suggestions✓ The spider diagram demonstrates the performance of public transport

systems in Phnom Penh

✓ The air quality in PP is deemed as fair ( 73.51) – WHO (PM2.5 =25 or

PM5 =50)

✓ Indicator 6 (72.38) – affordable – in parallel to CBA/JICA-PiBO report and

fare discount policy

✓ Indicator 3 – in compliance with the CBA report

✓ Indicator 9 – lack of data and information- from the figure of fuel sales of

MME

✓ Indicator 1- clear goals and targets within 3 master plans and some

achievements in reality in terms of public transport facility improvement in

the last few years

✓ Indicator 2 and 5 – the lowest score – supported by total trip number per

day and number of bus users in Phnom Penh. Indicator 5 – statistics from

NRSC

✓ Indicator 7 – CBA/JICA report and discount policy on fare

✓ Indicator 4 – congestion, illegal parking, and no priority bus lanes,…

✓ Indicator 8 – no specific figures for public transport facility investment

(only the planned/estimated one from JICA-PPUTMP 2035); and Budget

Laws of the MEF

PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSION

✓The SUTI demonstrates a well-established framework of 10 effective and

efficient indicators to develop a sustainable public transport system for a

city/town. The result illustrates that to have a sustainable transport system, all

indicators must share the same directions and good coordination

✓The framework elaborates the weaknesses and strengths of public transport

systems

✓The result will possibly contribute the government, transport authorities, private

sector and concerned stakeholders to take decisions and actions to develop a

more sustainable public transport system

IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON PHNOM PENH CITY BUS

General Situation of COVID-19 Disease in Cambodia

✓ First case was detected in Sihanoukville, the imported one on January 17th, 2020

✓ First death identified on March 11th, 2021✓ It has threatened seriously economic activities in

various areas, while tourism and manufacturing for exports and construction are seen as the hardest hit

Public Health Response Measures✓ Inter-ministerial committee to fight COVID-19✓ Social distancing measure is the most effective

front-line

Number

Tests 2,058,880

Cases 113,475

Deaths 2,406

Dose

Dose

Receiver in

million

Dose Receiver (%)

compared to total

population (about 16

million)1st dose 12.05 75.3%

2nd dose 10.3 64.4%

3rd

dose/booster830,814 5.2%

IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON PHNOM PENH CITY BUS

City Bus Before COVID-19 ERUPTION✓ Bus routes: 13 covering the majority of Phnom Penh✓ Bus fleet: 235✓ Ridership increased from 1,566,342 in 2015 to

8,265,107 in 2019 ( about 30,000 per day)

COVID-19 Impacts on CBA✓ Since the beginning of year 2020, the city bus

operation and JICA/CBA PiBO project sinifcantlyimpacted

✓ On March 26th, 2020, CBA announced the temporary suspension of bus services as part of the measures to prevent the spread of the virus and in compliance with the government regulations and measures.

Responsive Measures✓ CBA and JICA are jointly developing an operation and recovery plan

which includes mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery to ensure the safety of passengers during the prolonged disease and in the post-pandemic period

✓ Those measures include regular cleaning, and disinfection of vehicles and equipments, social distancing on buses and trainings in hygiene and prevention measures, as well as providing preventive equipment

Thank you!

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