Regional Program of Action and Demonstration of Sustainable Alternatives to DDT for Malaria Vector Control in Mexico and Central America Third Biennial International Waters Conference Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. 20-25 June 2005
Jul 14, 2015
Regional Program of Action and Demonstration of Sustainable Alternatives to DDT for Malaria Vector Control in Mexico
and Central America
Third Biennial International Waters Conference
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
20-25 June 2005
““The Convention reconizes three important facts:The Convention reconizes three important facts:
1.1. ... To mantain thier reliance on the use of DDT for ... To mantain thier reliance on the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying to control insect vectors, indoor residual spraying to control insect vectors, particularly malaria vectorsparticularly malaria vectors, ..., ...
2.2. A need to acelerate research and development of A need to acelerate research and development of safe, effective and affordable alternatives to safe, effective and affordable alternatives to DDT, ....DDT, ....
3.3. A longer-term goal of reducing the over-reliance of A longer-term goal of reducing the over-reliance of vector control programmes on pesticides in vector control programmes on pesticides in general, to protect both the ecosystem and human general, to protect both the ecosystem and human from negative impacts of POP pesticides.”from negative impacts of POP pesticides.”
WHO on DDT use in disease vector control under WHO on DDT use in disease vector control under the Stockholm Convention on POP’s (May-2004)the Stockholm Convention on POP’s (May-2004)
Dispersion of DDT in Mexico
Levels of DDT found on sediments in the Lagoons of Zempoala, Morelos and its comparison with DDT used for malaria control in Mexico
Decades
DD
T a
pplie
d (t
)
Year
DDT used in Mexico
Impact in BiotaConcentration of DDT (ng/g) in species of the food chain in
“La Cigüeña”, Chiapas, Mexico (2002)
Crabs = 23.84Fish = 24.08
Birds = 232.50
Sediment = 138.37
Impact in the EnvironmentTotal DDT (µg/kg) in superficial soil in malaria communities
Mexico, 2002
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000T
otal
DD
TA
vera
ge (
µg/
kg)
Ventanilla Cigüeña Lacandona
Total DDT interiorTotal DDT exterior
La Cigüeña
La Ventanilla
Lacandona
Impact in HumansDDT blood concentration in children, Mexico (µg/L)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Years
DDT in blood in children "La Cigüeña", Chiapas
DDD (µg/L)DDE (µg/L)DDT (µg/L)
Me
an
co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
µg
/L)
Impact in HumansDDT, DDE and DDEms levels in breast milk of 30 Mexican
mothers (ng/g lipid)
SubstanceSweden
1992Mexico
2004
DDT 22 366
DDE 227 1683
DDEms 0.4 3.4
Participating Participating countriescountries
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Implementing Implementing agencyagency
•United Nations Environment Programme
Executing Executing agencyagency
•Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)•National Governments
Funding Funding PartnersPartners
•Global Environment Facility•National Governments•PAHO•CEC Total
7.1655.8650.6540.200
US$ 13.884
DurationDuration Three years: August 2003- July 2006
General Information
Overall Objective• To demonstrate that methods for malaria vector
control without DDT or other persistent pesticides are replicable, cost-effective and sustainable thus preventing the reintroduction of DDT in the Region.
1. Implementation of demonstration projects and dissemination
2. Strengthening of national institutional capacity to control malaria without DDT
3. Elimination of DDT stockpiles4. Coordination and management
Components
This Project conforms with the Contaminant-based Operational Program No. 10 and will help demonstrate ways of overcoming barriers to the adoption of best practices that limit contamination of the international waters environment.
The proposed activities are also consistent with several provisions with adopted Stockholm Convention on Pops.
Focal Areas
Implementation Strategy
• To integrate epidemiology with social sciences, entomology, public health, environment and provision of health care.
– Epidemiological stratification with risk approach
– Elimination of the persistent parasite
– Ecological larvae control with social participation
– Control of the adult mosquito with inexpensive techniques and low environmental impact
– Sustained sanitation educational program aimed at the community
Demonstration projects
• Demonstration projects in sites selected
• Baseline assessment concluded
• Community participation attained
Technical Manual
Guide for the implementation and demonstration of sustainable alternatives for the integrated control of malaria in Mexico and Central America
http://shp.paho.org/sde/ddtgef/default.aspx
Dissemination
The Regional Perspective of Malaria in Mexico and Central America in the Context
of Epidemiological Stratification
The SIGEpi perspective has the purpose of standardizing, integrating, compiling and facilitate the interchange of digital cartographic infrastructure ( data, methods and software) as a foundation for
analyzing geographically the data about malaria vector control and DDT residuals.
Tropical rainforest distribution (red) CONABIO map Mex. 1999 and CIESIN
satellite image, 1995
Areas below 800 meters above average sea level. Digital Elevation Model (DEM),
USGS, 2001.
API by first sub-national level in Mesoamerica (Central America Basic Indicators 2001) and Mexico Rates x 1000 inhabitants by second
administrative level (SUAVE, Mex, 2001)
GIS-DDT-GEF Demonstration areas in Central America, GPS survey progress
and instrumentation of the SIGEpi Model up to May 2005
Tropical broad leaf rain forest
Municipalities with malaria transmission in 2004Municipalities with malaria transmission in 1960
Costa Rica’ s GIS Local Scale Observation Level for Malaria
Control
Mosquito breeding sites and surrounding positive houses to malaria
Progress in the GPS dwellings survey in localities along the border corridor between Costa Rica and Panama
Paper map
The same map in vector and raster digital format in SIGEpi
GPS demonstration
Panama
Costa Rica
From Sketch to Digital Maps in Panama Showing Malaria
Houses (red houses)
Calculating the number of preventive treatments in
the 200 meters surroundings
Malaria Stratification and Levels of Analysis in the GIS DDT Model for
Honduras, May 2005API, municipal level 2002 API, locality level 2005
Cases, intra-locality level cases 2005… in SIGEpi
• Identification of malaria houses per week• Detection of houses on transmission risk
•100 meters proximity• close to a mosquito breeding site
• Intervention programming of community actions and focal control and preventive treatments
Inventory of DDT and Other POPs
Country DDTOtherPOPs
Belize 13.000 0.008
Costa Rica 8.621 0.122
El Salvador 4.672 46.252
Guatemala 15.058
Honduras 3.539 12.490
Mexico 87.000
Nicaragua 0.003 5.647
Panama 4.545
Total 136.438 64.519
Steering Committee8 Ministers of HealthPAHOUNEPCECCCADObservers: World Bank, UNDP, NGOs, other cooperation agencies
Regional Operational Committee
1 Regional Coordinator8 Focal Points (Health)8 National CoordinatorsRepresentatives from NGOs and the Civil Society
9 Working Groups Demonstration Projects
National CoordinatorFocal PointEnvironment RepresentativeAgriculture representative
National CommitteeNational Focal Point (Health)National CoordinatorEnvironment RepresentativeAgriculture RepresentativeCustoms or Immigration Representative
UNEP/GEFImplementing/Donor Agencies
PAHOExecuting Agency
CECCooperation Agency
Advisory Committee
Universities, Research InstitutionsCivil Society, Organizations and NGOs with activities related to the project
Advisory Committee
One representative from each governmental unitRepresentatives from NGOs and the Civil Society
Organizational Chart
Malaria Malaria cases and house spraying cases and house sprayingMMééxico 1959 - 2004xico 1959 - 2004Cases Houses
ERADICATIÓNERADICATIÓN
Y e a r
DDT
CONTROLCONTROL
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Houses
Cases
Piretroids